2

naSromSi ganxilulia wmida ilia marTlis zogierTi

msoflmxedvelobiTi sakiTxi. wina planzea wamoweuli iseTi

sakiTxebi, romelTac naklebi yuradReba eqceoda qarTul

istoriografiasa da literaturaTmcodneobaSi.

redaqtori profesori merab vaCnaZe

recenzenti profesori avTandil arabuli

3

wmida ilia marTlis tropari

RuawliTa da sisxliTa SeniTa udabnoÁ igi soflisaÁ moimuSake da gonebiTa RmrTivubrwyinvaliTa dacemulni

kualad aRgvadginen, WeSmaritebaÁ sTese da gÂrgÂni ukvdavebisaÁ moipove, simarTlisaTÂs daiTmine da

zesTasofeli didebisaÁ daimkÂdre, Zeo qarTvelTa erisao,

erisaTÂs wamebulo, wmidao ilia marTalo, yovladdidebulo,

evedre qristesa RmerTsa ZmaTa SenTaTÂs, Sewyalebad sulTa

CvenTaTÂs.

4

saTave warmatebisa ers TviTon Tavis sakuTars

suliers da xorciels arsebasa da agebulebaSi aqvs, Tavis

sakuTars cxovrebasa da istoriul msvlelobaSi.

wmida ilia marTali

1886 wlis 31 ianvari

is adamiani da is eri, romelic uaryofs WeSmarit

rwmenas da masze dafuZnebul Tavis tradiciebs, uaryofs

warsuls, mas momavali ara aqvs, is aucileblad daibneva da

daiRupeba.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi,

uwmidesi da unetaresi

ilia II

2006 wlis 2 aprili

5

ideis momniWeblis Zala

RmerTma ineba da am ramdenime wlis win xelSi

Camivarda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is `epistoleni, sityvani

da qadagebani~. ortomeuli 1977-1997 wlebs moicavs. Semdeg

1998-2006 wlebis epistoleebi da qadagebebic wavikiTxe, zo-

gierTi maTgani TviT uwmidesi patriarqisagan movismine.

yovel epistolesa da qadagebaSi me davinaxe saqarTve-

los Zveli, axali da uaxlesi istoriis Rrma mecnieruli da

originaluri gaazreba. bevri naSromi, romelic aqamde momwon-

da (maT Soris Tqveni mona-morCilisac), xelmocaruli adamia-

nis ubadruk naxelavad momeCvena.

imTaviTve gamaxsenda, rom zustad aseTive grZnoba da-

meufla ori aTeuli wlis winaT, rodesac ilia WavWavaZis

publicisturi memkvidreobis Seswavla davasrule. RvTisagan

rCeulis azrsa da sityvas sxva, metwilad Cveulebriv mok-

vdavTagan Seucnobeli, Zala da dideba aqvs.

ase daukavSirda Cems cnobierebaSi erTmaneTs ori gan-

sakuTrebulad gamorCeuli moazrovnisa da moRvawis _ wmida

ilia marTlisa da uwmidesi patriarqis ilia II-is saxeli.

pirveli, rogorc warsuli dideba, da meore, rogorc dRevan-

delobis imedi da xvalindeli dRis rwmena.

wmida ilia marTliT daviwye. imTaviTve vigrZeni, rom

mZime tvirTis zidva gadamewyvita. gadavifiqre kidec. gadaw-

yvetileba Semacvlevina uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is qadagebam ive-

riis RvTismSoblis saxelobis karibWis taZarSi 2006 wlis

2 aprils.

6

prologis magier

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegs ilia WavWavaZis

winamZRolobiT samoRvaweo asparezze gamosuli Taoba (Ter-

gdaleulebi) win aRudgnen ruseTis imperiis koloniur poli-

tikas, mis calkeul mimdinareobebs da am politikis ganma-

xorcielebel konkretul pirovnebebs. erTi SexedviT, uTanas-

woro brZola imdenad kargad iyo gaazrebuli da organizebu-

li, rom seriozuli sirTuleebi Seuqmna ruseTis saimperato-

ro karsa da kavkasiis koloniur administracias:

pirveli. qarTuli enis devnas Tergdaleulebma iakob

gogebaSvilis `deda ena~ daupirispires;

meore. ganaTlebis sistemis rusifikacias `qarTvelTa

Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ aRudga win;

mesame. centralur da adgilobriv rusul presas aspa-

rezi waarTva qarTulma presam (`droeba~, `iveria~);

meoTxe. rusuli wignis monopolia SezRuda qarTulma

wignma;

mexuTe. saqarTveloSi rusuli da sxva ucxouri Teat-

rebis gabatoneba ar dauSva Tbilisisa da quTaisis profesi-

ulma Teatrebma;

meeqvse. rusul imperiul fulad-sakredito dawesebu-

lebebs seriozuli konkurencia gauwia erovnulma fulad-sak-

redito dawesebulebebma _ Tbilisisa da quTaisis sagubernio

saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankebma;

meSvide. saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbebisa da qar-

TvelTa erovnuli Rirsebis Selaxvis mcdelobas mohyva

brwyinvale polemikuri werilebi da saqarTvelos istoriis

popularizaciis mizniT dawerili SesaniSnavi mxatvruli na-

warmoebebi;

merve. qarTveli eris Seuracxyofas erovnuli moZrao-

bis warmomadgenlebma didi protestiTa da sakuTari sicoc-

xlis msxverplad SewirviT upasuxes;

mecxre. qarTveli eris garusebis politikam sawinaaR-

mdego Sedegi gamoiRo _ gaZlierda erovnuli cnobiereba;

7

meaTe. saqarTvelos calkeul kuTxeebad da xalxebad

danawilebis mcdelobas mohyva sapirispiro Sedegi _ `qarTve-

lisa~ da `saqarTvelos~ wmidaTawmida cnebebad gadaqceva.

am did moZraobas hyavda erTi winamZRoli, RvTiuri mi-

siiT movlenili adamiani, romlis saxeli iyo

ilia.

8

`raTa varT ese?~

(qarTvelobaSi fexgadgmuli seni)

ilias pirveli nawerebidanve aSkarad Canda, rom mas

zedmiwevniT zustad hqonda gaazrebuli yovelive is, rac dam-

Rupveli iyo qarTuli cnobierebisaTvis. didi xnis ganmavlo-

baSi, gansakuTrebiT bolo saukuneebis manZilze, saqarTveloSi

mosuli yvela dampyrobeli, aSkarad Tu farulad, gvitovebda

raRac cuds, qarTuli cnobierebisaTvis ucxosa da miuRebels.

erTiani saqarTvelos daSlam, Znelbedobis, mudmivi omebisa da

rbeva-dawiokebis, fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis dausrulebeli

brZolis xangrZlivma periodma qarTuli cnobiereba Zlier

Secvala. 1862 wliT daTariRebul werilSi `ciskari~ 1857

wlidan-1862 wlamdina~ ilia werda: `sakvirveli kacia qarTve-

li!.. Zalian Tvalebis abma icis, sxvis Tvalebisa ki ara, mago-

dena ar SeuZlian, Tavis sakuTaris Tvalebisa. Tu moindoma,

da Tundac ar moindomos, ise xelobad dasCemebia, rom rac

unda keTil-svindisiani saqme iyos, aseTs kuds gamoabams,

aseTnairad waSlis-wamoSlis, rom Seni gakeTebuli saqme Senve

ver icno, Seni naTqvami sityva Senve veRar gaigo~. bunebrivia,

rom ilias ainteresebs, ra iyo yovelive amis mizezi: `raT

uyvars qarTvels amisTana sulis klakvna? mravali ram aris

amisi mizezi, Cemo mkiTxvelo, sxvaTa Soris isica, rom sike-

Tes yvelani gadavCveulvarT, keTili ara gvwams, suli da gu-

li amogvSrobia~. vinc sikeTis qmnas gadaeCveva, mas sxvis mier

uangarod Cadenili sikeTisac ara swams: `kacma rom patiosans

da keTils saqmes Tavi Seswiros, erTi Cvengani ar daijerebs.

ratom? imitom, rom yoveli Cvengani im kacis alagas Tavis

Tavsa daayenebda da ityoda: me uangarod amas viqmodi? amis

pirdapiri pasuxi `ara~ iqneboda, rasakvirvelia... `maS arc is

iqmoda~ _ daaskvnis gonieri qarTveli~. ilia amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT erT ambavs ixsenebs imdroindeli qarTuli sinamdvili-

dan: `me vicnob erT kacs, romelmac simarTlisaTvis samsaxu-

ri dahkarga, magram arc erTma qarTvelma es ar daijera, da

9

igi, simarTlisaTvis gamogdebuli samsaxuridam, sazogadoebaSi

aramc Tu nugeSsa, Seuracxyofas poulobda~. sikeTis qmnis

daviwyeba, moyvasis mier qmnili sikeTis daunaxaoba da ardaje-

reba, usamarTlod daCagrulis Seuracxyofa da gariyva, nuge-

Sis cemis qristianuli movaleobis miviwyeba eris tragediad

miaCnia ilias: `qarTvlis Seusyidebeli guli exla Seisyideba

xolme. TviTon rom sikeTes gadaCveula, sxvisganac sikeTe

aRar sjera, rom im dedamiwazed, saca TiTona scxovrobs da

aTasi kidev sxva misi msgavsi, aRar sjera _ rom im dedamiwa-

zed kaci aris, romelsac sikeTe sikeTisaTvis uyvars, romel-

sac imodena sulis Zala aqvs, rom Tu gasWirda, sikeTisaTvis

Tavsac dasdebs. qarTveli rogorc TviTon aris, ise Tavis

moZmec hgonia; amitomac yoveli patiosani saqme patiosnobis

siyvarulisagan ki ara hgonia warmomdgari, aramed romelime

dabali da samarcxvino grZnobisa da wadilisagan~. qristianu-

li zneobis ugulebelyofam mTeli qarTveli eri, mTeli sa-

qarTvelo didi safrTxis winaSe daayena. samSoblosaTvis Tav-

dadeba, sikeTis qmna, simarTlis dacva SeuZlebel da saSiS

saqmed iqca: `mravali weliwadia, Cveno davrdomilo qveyanav,

rac Sens Svils erTi cocxali azri, erTi patiosani grZnoba

ar Cavardnia gulSi~. ilia xazs usvams imas, rom keTil saq-

mes, siyvaruls, Tavdadebas saqarTveloSi marto mteri ki ar

devnida, aramed TviT qarTveli: `pirveli qva, romelic Tavga-

modebuls moxvdeba xolme, qarTvelisaganve aris gamotyorcni-

li~. qristianul RirebulebaTa gadafaseba Zvirad daujda

qarTvel ers. ilia svams saWirboroto kiTxvas: `raTa varT

ese?~ da iqve pasuxobs: `imitom, rom Cven azrsac, grZnobasac

gadavCvevivarT. mere ase gadavCvevivarT, rom cocxali azri,

patiosnuri grZnoba, uangaro gulmxurvaleba, Tavgamodebuli

xalisi rom vnaxoT, verc ki vicnobT. es kidev araferi, rom

ver vicnobT: aviRebT da imasac lafSi gavsvriT~. ilia sanu-

geSos verafers xedavs imaSi, rom qarTvelTa Soris erT an

or kacs samSoblos satkivari awuxebdes: `sawyalo qveyanav!

Sens Roniers dedamiwazed iqneba oriode kaci imisTana dadio-

des, romelic sadme marto Cumad stiris Sens mag yofazed,

Cumada tiris imitom, rom Sen Svilebs rom Tavisi cremli

daanaxos, is patiosani, mduRare cremli, _ Seni keTili Svi-

lebi TiTonve dascineben da patiosans cremls upatiod gaux-

dian~. eris cnobierebis aseTi cvlileba, cxadia, qarTveli

eris gausaZlisi cxovrebis, aTasi juris mterTan iZulebiTi

Tanacxovrebis Sedegi iyo: `Cvenma cxovrebam daaCvia qarTveli

10

kaci Sursa da mtrobasa. mag or dasaRupav TvisebaTagan yovel

qarTvelis guli SeSinebulia ase, rom sikeTe ro gindodes

kacisa, maSinac ar gendoba, TiTqo SiSobso, rom eg sikeTe Ce-

mi dasaRupavi safrTxe ar iyoso. qarTvels TiTqmis yvela ka-

ci gveli hgonia, romelic jer gulSi Caekvreba, rom bolos

dro ixelTos da daSxamos~. mtrisagan datovebul erT saSi-

nel senzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas ilia: `amas garda Cven saw-

yal qarTvelebs erTi sxva saZageli senic gvWirs _ yizilba-

Soba. gulis Semazrzeni, kacis Rirsebis dammdablebeli pirfe-

roba, urcxvi tyuili qeba, saZageli klakvna da piridam Taf-

lis dena, romelsac qarTveli `zrdilobas~ eZaxis, _ eseni

erTad Stoebi arian dampal yizilbaSobisa. ise uyvars qar-

Tvels es gamryvneli da wamxdeneli seni, rom Tu ar miefere,

piridam Tafli Tu ar idine, sul yvelaferi uzrdeloba da

lanZRva hgonia~ (`ciskari~, 1857 wlidan-1862 wlamdina~).

qarTvel ers yvelaze didi saSiSroeba mainc erTian

qarTul erovnul cnobierebaSi bzaris gaCenisagan eloda. qar-

Tul erovnul cnobierebas seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna saqar-

Tvelos daSlam samefo-samTavroebad (XV saukunis meore na-

xevari). politikur daSlilobas samefo-samTavroebs Soris

dapirispireba da samxedro konfrontaciac ki mohyva. daiRvara

sisxli. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlas meore didi

ubedurebac daerTo _ saqarTvelos teritoria sparseTsa da

osmaleTs Soris gadanawilda. marTalia, qarTul samefo-sam-

TavroebSi qarTvel mefeTa da mTavarTa xelisufleba Senar-

Cunda, magram saqarTvelos teritoriis nawili (War-belaqani,

javaxeTi, samcxe, aWara) ucxo qveynebis (sparseTisa da osma-

leTis) administraciul-teritoriul sistemaSi gaerTianda

da saerTod moswyda qarTul sinamdviles. mdgomareoba kidev

ufro gauaresda mas Semdeg, rac am teritoriaze mcxovreb

qarTvelebs ZaldatanebiT miaRebines islami. qarTuli ena da

saqarTvelos eklesia iyo is fenomeni, riTac samefo-samTavro-

ebSi qarTuli cnobierebis erTianobis SenarCuneba SesaZlebe-

li xdeboda. politikurma daSlilobam gamoiwvia is, rom dai-

karga saqarTvelos rogorc erTiani geopolitikuri sivrcis

aRqmis tradicia. didi erovnuli safrTxis aRqma xdeboda

calkeuli samefoebisa da samTavroebis interesebidan gamomdi-

nare. xsnis gzas samefo-samTavroebi damoukideblad, xSir Sem-

TxvevaSi ki erTmaneTis usafrTxoebis ugulebelyofis xarjze,

eZiebdnen. aseTma viTarebam seriozuli saSiSroeba Seuqmna qar-

Tul erovnul cnobierebas, qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis er-

11

TmaneTisagan gaucxoebis safrTxe sul ufro Zlierdeboda. es

procesi kidev ufro daCqarda ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dap-

yrobis Semdeg. ruseTis koloniuri politika xom erTiani

qarTuli cnobierebis ngrevisaken iyo mimarTuli. oficialur

dokumentebSi `qarTveli~ mxolod qarTlelisa da kaxelis

aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda. `qarTvelis~ gverdiT `erovnulis~

aRmniSvnel cnebebad ixmareboda: `megreli~, `svani~, `xevsuri~,

`TuSi~, `guruli~, `imereli~, `aWareli~. samcxe-saaTabagos

islamis aRmsarebel qarTvelebs `Turqebs~ uwodebdnen, War-

belaqanis (saingilos) mosaxleobas aseve ar miiCnevdnen qar-

Tvelebad. afxazeTis megreli (e. i. qarTveli) mosaxleobis

eTnikuri kuTvnilebis gamomxatvel cnebad `samurzayanoeli~

daamkvidres. am didi safrTxis gacnobierebas eZRvneba ilia

WavWavaZis 1866 wels dawerili publicisturi werili `zo-

gierTi ram~ (daibeWda 1876 wels). am werilSi iliam mTeli

sicxadiT mianiSna qarTul erovnul cnobierebaSi bzaris gaCe-

nis, qarTvelTa gaucxoebis saSiSroebaze. iliam dasva kiTxve-

bi: `Cven, qarTvelebs, sayovelTao ra gvaqvs?~ `sad aris qar-

Tveli da qarTveloba?~ `varT-Ra sadme?~ ilia iqve aRniSnavs:

`Tu Sen, Cemo mkiTxvelo, adamianoba, kacuri-kacoba xelSi

mCvrad ar gadagiqcevia, vici, rom am kiTxvazed ZarRvi Cag-

wydeba; isic vici, ra tkivilic amogakvnesebs~. am SesavliT

iliam mkiTxveli moamzada imis mosasmenad, rac yvela Segne-

bul qarTvels mwared daafiqrebda. aki afrTxilebda kidec

mkiTxvels ilia: `esec unda icode, rom balRamSi amovlebuls

WeSmaritebasac vaJkacuri mosmena unda~. da sanam saTqmels

ityoda Seqmnili savalalo mdgomareobis srulad aRqmisaTvis,

ilia kidev erTxel amzadebda mkiTxvels: `riT ver gaige, rom

Cven ubedurni varT!..~

is mware simarTle, romlis mosasmenadac ilia qar-

Tvel mkiTxvels amzadebda, aseTi iyo: `aba daiZaxe: qarTvelo-

Tqo, Tu Savis zRvidam moyolebuli kaspiis zRvamde marto

Rip-gadmogdebulis qarTlelis metma (e. i. goris mazraSi

mcxovrebelma) Semogxedos vinmem, da Tu gaWirda, iqneba ka-

xelmac Tavisi sxvili kiseri Senken moiRrijos, sxvani ki

yursac ar gaTxoveben, TiTqo amaT ar eZaxio, TiTqo isini ki

qarTvelebi ar ariano~. Seqmnili viTarebis, didi erovnuli

safrTxis srulad gaazrebis mizniT ilia daaskvnis: `is Sem-

kreblobiTi, didebuli erTiani azri, romelsac yoveli Cven-

Tagani qarTvelobaSi unda xedavdes, is saxeli, romelic yve-

las gverqva, dairRva, Cvenis gonebidam amoiSala, da qarTveli

12

exla erTis kunWulis mcxovrebia, sakuTari kerZoobiTi saxe-

li-Ra gaxda da ara saerTo, sayovelTao mTelis im xalxisa,

romelic erTad tanjula, romelsac qarTvelTa Sesisxlxor-

cebulis istoriis mZime uReli WirSi Tu lxinSi erTad Zmu-

rad uwevia~. ilia Zalze amZafrebs Seqmnil viTarebas. misi

azriT, Zvelad qarTvelTa erTobis, erTiani erovnuli cnobie-

rebis safuZveli qarTuli ena iyo. qarTvelobas `erTisa da

igive eniT WirSi uglovnia, lxinSi umxiarulnia~. Tumca ek-

lesiur azrovnebaze dafuZnebuli zneobis dacemis pirobebSi

enis erTobac veRar Svelis saqmes. tradiciuli moraluri

normebis uarmyofeli qarTvelis zneoba isea dacemuli, rom

qarTveloba `dResac erTisa da igive eniT _ Tu arafers ake-

Tebs _ Tavis moZmes mainc abezRebs RmerTTanaca da kacTana-

ca~. Zalze saintereso daskvnaa: zneobaSeryeuli qarTveli

enis erTobas erTiani qarTuli cnobierebis gadasarCenad da

gasaZliereblad veRar gamoiyenebs.

ilias arc is amSvidebs, rom kuTxuroba yvela erisaT-

vis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. qarTvel erSi am damRupvel movle-

nas meti simZafre SeuZenia, ufro Rrma kvali dauCnevia qar-

Tvelis cnobierebisaTvis: `magram metyvian: eg yvela xalxSi

ariso. marTalia, magram ara egre gulsaklavad, rogorc Cven-

Sia. iq, sxva xalxSi, saca TviTeuls pirs Tavis damokidebu-

leba Tavis xalxTan ar Seuwyvetia da sisxlSi da xorcSi

gamjdari aqvs, iq magisTana saxelebi SinaurobaSi ixmareba ur-

TierTis gasarCevad da ara saqveynod, sagareod. marselSi

mcxovrebeli francieli, rasakvirvelia, francielsave etyvis,

marseleli varo, magram ucxo qveynels ki etyvis, francieli

varo. eg imas niSnavs, rom igi SinaurobaSi marselelia da ga-

reobaSi _ francieli. ucxosaTvis erTi imaTgania, saca yvela-

ni amisaTvis cxovroben da yvelasaTvis TiTona cxovrobs. eg

imas niSnavs, rom Cemi Zala _ Cemi xalxis Zalaao, Cemi sikeTe

_ Cemi xalxis sakeTeao, rom Cemi sisxli yovels franciel-

Tan erTad duRso, yovelis francielis cxovrebis ZarRvi Ce-

mis cxovrebis ZarRviaTo, da Tu gindao, yovlis francielis

avad da kargad myofobas Cems majazed Seatyobo. eg imas niS-

navs, rom Cemi wyena ucxosagan _ Cemi xalxis wyenaao, da Cemi

xalxis wyena _ Cemi sakuTari wyenaao~. ilia am SemTxvevaSi

ori eris _ qarTvelebisa da frangebis _ Sedarebas imitom

mimarTavs, rom mavansa da mavans damSvidebulad ar egrZno Ta-

vi: eg ubedureba marto Cven, qarTvelobas, ara gvWirso. ilia

qarTvelobas afrTxilebda: safrangeTisa da saqarTvelos si-

13

namdvile gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. erTiani erovnuli sa-

xelmwifos warmoqmnisa da gaZlierebis procesSi safrangeTis

kuTxeebi mWidrod daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs, saerTo-erovnul-

ma STanTqa viwro-kuTxuri, kuTxurobidan momdinare safrTxe

safrangeTma erTxel da samudamod daZlia. erTiani qarTuli

erovnuli saxelmwifos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis procesSi

saqarTvelos kuTxeebs (samefo-samTavroebs) Soris daiwyo ga-

ucxoebis procesi, romelsac aCqarebda saqarTvelos istori-

uli teritoriis ucxo saxelmwifoebs (sparseTsa da osma-

leTs) Soris gadanawileba, xolo Semdeg ruseTis imperiis

koloniuri politika. saerTo-qarTuli nel-nela daCrdila

kuTxurma. ase rom, safrangeTSi procesi kuTxurobidan saer-

To-frangulisaken, xolo saqarTveloSi _ saerTo-qarTulidan

kuTxurobisaken viTardeboda. qarTveli erisaTvis es umniSvne-

lovanesi daskvna qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelad iliam gaake-

Ta. iliam safrangeTis sinamdvileSi cnebebis `marselelisa~

da `frangis~ dapirispirebis fonze qarTuli sinamdvile ase

daaxasiaTa: `CvenSi? eh, raRa giTxra mkiTxvelo! Senc kargad

ici, rom qarTveli Cvenis tomis saerTo saxeli aRar aris,

aRarc Sina da aRarc gareT, arc maxloblisaTvis da arc uc-

xosaTvis. imereli _ imerelia, guruli _ gurulia, megreli

_ megrelia, qarTleli _ qarTlelia, da sul yvelani ki er-

Tad qarTvelebi ar arian~. swored amitom saqarTveloSi Se-

degic safrangeTisagan srulebiT gansxvavebuli, sapirispiroa:

`vai im xalxs, romelsac saerTo ZarRvi gauwyda; vai im qveya-

nas, saca saerTo ZarRvSi sisxli gaSra, saca yvelaSi TiTo

ar aris da TiToSi _ yvela, saca TviTeuli yvelasaTvis ar

fiqrobs da yvela _ TviTeulisaTvis, saca `me~ xSiria da

`Cven~ _ iSviaTi!~

ubedureba iyo is, rom `didebuli qarTvelobis azri,

is sayovelTao saxeli gonebidam gamogvecala~, magram procesi

aq ar SeCerebula. ilia aRniSnavs, rom dakninda cnebebi: `qar-

Tveli~ da `qarTuli~: `qarTvels, romelsac sazogado mniS-

vneloba hqonda, kerZoobiTi mniSvneloba mieca~. kidev ufro

dakninda `mamulis~ cneba. winaT sityva `saqarTvelos~ da `ma-

muls~ qarTveli erTsa da imave cnebis _ samSoblos _ gamo-

saxatavad iyenebda, radgan, ilias azriT, `mag sityvaSi yove-

lia, da yovelSi yvela aris~. erTiani qarTuli erovnuli

cnobierebis Seryevis, kuTxurobis gaZlierebis, saerTo-qarTu-

lis daviwyebis pirobebSi sityva `mamulma~ Zveli mniSvneloba

dakarga. am SemTxvevaSic iliam pirvelma mianiSna qarTuli si-

14

namdvilis kidev erT damRupvel movlenaze: `mamulis xseneba-

zed exlandels qondris-kacs Tavisi nexvdayrili saxnavi miwa

warmoudgeba xolme~. zneobis dacema amiT ar mTavrdeboda,

damRupveli Sedegebi kidev ufro savalalo iyo: `mamulisaT-

vis brZola exla sasamarTloSi Setanili Rerbian qaRaldzed

sadavo saCivaria; mamulisaTvis Zlevamosileba _ mogebulis

saqmis ganaCenis piria, jerovnad Semowmebuli; mamulis simagre

_ tyruSuli Robea, venax garSemo Semortymuli; mamulis pa-

tivi _ nexvia, saxnav miwazed sasuqad dayrili; mamulis-Svi-

loba _ mxvnelisa da mTesvelis saxeliRaa~. zneobis dacemis

saboloo Sedegi ki aseTi iyo: `TviTeulman Cvenganman Tavisi

xvedri, didis `mamulis~ naSTi, Tav-Tavad SemoiRoba; im Semo-

RobilSi TviTeulman Cvenganman Tavisi sakuTari qveyana aaSena

da sazogado saxeli `mamuli~ Tavis kerZo mamuls daarqva da

Tqva: `Tu me ar viqnebio, qva-qvazed nu iqnebao~. am saxiT Tvi-

Teuli Cvengani Tavis SemoRobilSi Seiketa, Tavisi sakuTari

Wiri da lxini aiCina; da rom TviTeulman Cvenganman saero

saqmes Tvali moaSora da goneba Tavisi saerTo saganzed aRar

avarjiSa, is gonebac ise daubrmavda, rom igi Tavis qonebis

Robis iqiT veRar gadaucilebia, rom Tavis moZmes gaexmauros

mainca~.

qarTuli ena qarTvelTa gaucxoebis damRupveli pro-

cesis SeCerebis, Tavidan acilebis Zlier fenomens warmoad-

genda. ena iyo ukanaskneli imedi: `qarTveli veRaravis gvic-

vnia, Tumca ki yvelani qarTulad vlaparakobT~. kuTxurobis

gaZlierebam da gaucxoebis procesma qarTul enazec moaxdina

uaryofiTi gavlena. ilias es bunebriv movlenad miaCnia: `Cven

yovel-sferoSi gavTav-TavdiT, azri da yoveli sagani gaviTav-

TaveT da sityvac, romelic marto azrisa da sagnis niSania,

gaTav-Tavda. amitom Cveni ena kiloiani gaxda, igaviani, orpiri

Seiqmna. ase, rom erT da igive sityvas mravalgvari azri mie-

ca. aba ra giTxra imisTana, rom Sen kilo ar gamoaba? miir-

Tvic rom giTxra, am kargs darbaislurs sityvas, Tu moindo-

meb, cudad CamomarTmev, Tu nametnavad zogierTa kacis gulis

garyvnilebaSi Senc wili Cagidvia. SemobrZandi rom miTxra,

xom kai sityvaa, eg Cemze hkidia, sawyenad miviRo, Tu salxe-

nad. ai aq `hkidia~ vixmare da Senc aTasjer xmarob, magram

vSiSob, rom mag sityvas erTma briyvma vinmem Tavisis wamxda-

risa da garyvnilis gonebis azri ar miaweros~.

ilia aSkarad mianiSnebs did erovnul safrTxeze: qar-

TvelTa gaucxoebis, kuTxurobis gaZlierebis, saerTo-qarTu-

15

lis daCrdilvis da zneobis dacemis procesi Tu Seuqcevadad

gagrZelda, safrTxe daemuqreboda qarTul enas: `sadRa aris

exla qarTuli ena? an gvindaRa qarTuli, roca Cven TiTon

Cvenda dasaRupavad qarTvelobazed xeli aviReT? gonebiT rom

aRar vscxovrobT, qarTuls enas azrs rogorRa gamovaTqmevi-

nebT? erTobisaTvis rom aRara varT, erTnairs sityvis mniS-

vnelobas rogor movsTxovT Cvens enasa? Tundac rom Cvens

enas da sityvas azric gamoaTqmevinoT, vis rad gindaT, enas

azrs vinRa sTxovs? Cven TviTon davcalierdiT gudafSutasa-

viT, calieri sityvebiRa gvinda, calieri xmebi, rom enam pir-

Si iStvinos da yurma ZarRvi ifxanos. sxva risTvis gvinda

ena? saerTo saxeli qarTveli kerZoobad gavxadeT, mamuli da-

nexvil nafuZvrad gadavaqcieT, pativi _ nexvad, Tavi _ gog-

rad, da Cveni uadamianoba iqamdin miviyvaneT, rom kaci kacs

aRara niSnavs, Tu zed kacuri ar davumateT, da mis Semdeg

kidev gvinda, rom ena gvqondes?~

kuTxurobis gaZlierebisa da gaucxoebis procesis

dawyeba, erTian qarTul erovnul cnobierebaSi bzaris gaCena,

qristianuli zneobis dacema saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad

daSlisa da dampyrobTa (sparseTis, osmaleTis, ruseTis) xan-

gZlivi batonobis Sedegi iyo. XIX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis

qarTvel ers kidev erTi didi safrTxe daemuqra. ekonomikis

ganviTarebam da misma Tanamdevma socialurma procesebma eris

SigniT arsebuli socialuri fenebis dapirispireba kidev uf-

ro gaamwvava. socialur fenaTa Soris qonebis gadanawilebis

procesi am dapirispirebas noyier niadags uqmnida. cxadia, so-

cialuri dapirispirebis Seuqcevadi procesi Zlier dartymas

miayenebda erTian qarTul erovnul cnobierebas. es safrTxec

qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelad iliam gaacnobiereba, gaacnobi-

ereba jer kidev XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegs: `qar-

Tvelebi ar arian, maS ra ariano? arian Tavadni, aznaurni,

mRvdelni, vaWarni, glexni, Cinianni da uCinoni _ yvelani ari-

an, da qarTveli ki arsad aris. Tavads aznauri sZuls, azna-

urs _ Tavadi, glexs _ orive, nuTu eseni qarTvelni arian,

erTis dedis saqarTvelos ojaxis Svilni? Tavadis azri _ sa-

Tavadoa, aznauris _ saaznauro, glexis _ saglexo, vaWrisa _

savaWro, nuTu eseni qarTvelni arian, erTs Teslzed aRmo-

sulni? Tavadis azri aznaurs ar uxdeba, aznaurisa _ Tavad-

sa, orivesi _ glexsa, nuTu eseni qarTvelni arian, erTisa da

igive xorcisa da sulisa nayofni da erTis dedis saqarTve-

los ZuZuTi gazrdilni?~ (`zogierTi ram~). am dapirispirebis

16

mware nayofi saqarTvelom gacilebiT gvian, XX saukunis dam-

degidan da Semdgom aTwleulebSi moimko. iliam SeZlo qar-

TvelTa gaucxoebis saSiSroebis daZleva, saerTo-qarTulma

gaimarjva kuTxurobaze, magram socialur niadagze qarTvelTa

dapirispirebis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebeli gaxda. saqarTve-

los istoriis es tragikuli epoqa ilias aRar unaxavs, igi

mxolod am sisxliani istoriis prologs moeswro.

17

`Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes~

(Tavisuflebis ukvdavi idea)

politikurma daSlilobam da ucxo saxelmwifoebis

(sparseTis, osmaleTis, ruseTis) xangrZlivma batonobam, fi-

zikuri arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis gadaxdilma umZimesma

brZolebma Tavisi daRi daaCnia qarTveli eris sulier yofas,

qristianul zneobas. Seicvala qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba.

swored amitom pasuxi iliaseul kiTxvaze _ `raTa varT ese?~

_ nawilobriv ukve Seicavda pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra unda viRo-

noT, rom ase aRar viyoT? 1860 wels daweril werilSi

`oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas-Zis erisTavis mier kaz-

lovis `SeSlilis~ Targmanzeda~ iliam Tavisi RvTaebrivi mi-

siis arsi ase gansazRvra: `sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa

Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu amasac ar

upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomav-

lobas~.

qarTvelTa gaucxoebis saSiSroeba rom realobad ar

iqca, es qarTulma enam da saqarTvelos eklesiam ganapiroba.

politikuri daSlilobis miuxedavad, yvela qarTul samefo-

samTavroSi qarTulma enam SeinarCuna saxelmwifo, salitera-

turo da saliturgio (saRvTismsaxurebo) enis funqcia. sa-

qarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis pirobebSi saqarTve-

los samociqulo marTlmadidebelma eklesiam SeinarCuna er-

Tianoba. eklesiurma erTianobam mniSvnelovnad Seamsubuqa po-

litikuri daSlilobis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.

enis gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba qarTveli eris is-

toriaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, imJamindeli qarTvelobis yofaSi

iliam ase gamoxata: `ena saRvTo ram aris, sazogado sakuTre-

baa, magas kaci codvilis xeliT ar unda Seexos~. Tavis ukom-

promisobaze enis siwmindis dacvisaTvis brZolaSi iliam ase

mianiSna: `sxvisa ar vici da Cven-ki mSobel mamasac ar davuT-

mobdiT Cven mSobliur enis miwasTan gasworebas~ (`oriode

18

sityva Tavad revaz-Salvas Zis erisTavis mier kazlovis `SeS-

lilis~ Targmanzeda~).

yoveli socialisturi mimdinareoba Tavis erT-erT um-

Tavres misiad aTeisturi azrovnebis damkvidrebas miiCnevda.

kosmopolitebi sworad varaudobdnen, rom uRmerToTa sazoga-

doeba advili samarTavi iqneboda. aTeisturi azrovneba swra-

fad gavrcelda da didi safrTxe Seuqmna sazogadoebis azrov-

nebas. ai, aseT viTarebaSi, 1886 wlis 13 aprils, qristes

brwyinvale aRdgomis dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT, ilia ga-

zeT `iveriaSi~ aqveynebs werils. am patara werilSi iliam

SesaniSnavad gamoxata Tavisi rwmena. movitanT ramdenime ad-

gils werilidan:

_ `aRzdga igi RmerTi, romelman gvianderZa Cven urTi-

erTis siyvaruli...~

_ `aRzdga igi devnuli, tanjuli, vnebuli RmerTi...~

_ `aRzdga igi meufeT-meufe, romelman aRadgina Rirse-

ba adamianisa...~

_ `aRzdga igi nugeSismcemeli RmerTi...~

_ `aRzdga igi yovelTa Semwynarebeli RmerTi...~

_ `aRzdga igi RmerTi madlisa, siyvarulisa da gaWir-

vebulTa gankiTxvisa, romelmanc simSili, wyurvili, siSiSvle,

sneulyofa, pyrobileba TviTeulis adamianisa Tavis sakuTar

simSilad, wyurvilad, siSiSvled, sneulyofad, pyrobilebad

miiTvala...~

_ `aRzdga igi sikvdiliT sikvdilis damTrgunveli

RmerTi...~

_ `aRzdga igi kacTa mxsneli RmerTi, romelic mis mi-

er xsnilTa kacTave ganhZarcves da qlamandi mewameuli Sehmo-

ses, SesTxvazes gvirgvinic eklisagan da daadges Tavsa missa...~

_ `aRzdga igi jvarcmuli kacTagan kacTmoyvare Rmer-

Ti, RmerTi, yovlad mxsnelis siyvarulisa, Sendobisa da mi-

tevebisa...~

_ `aRzdga igi RmerTi mkvdreTiT, romelmanca sikvdi-

liTa sikvdili dasTrguna da ganaxlebuls kacobriobas axali

cxovreba mianiWa~ (`qriste aRzdga~).

ilias mxridan es iyo gamowveva im Zalebisa, romelTac

surdaT sazogadoeba RvTis gmobis gziT waeyvanaT, xolo

qristianuli zneoba dromoWmulad gamoecxadebinaT.

qarTveli eris sulier cxovrebaSi qristianuli sar-

wmunoebis, marTlmadidebluri eklesiis did rolze werda

ilia 1878 wels yovelkviruli gazeTis `iveriis~ mowinave we-

19

rilSi: `Cven vambobT, Cvenis mama-papis samRvdeloebazed, im

drois samRvdeloebazed, roca RvTis msaxuri kaci iyo qveynis

da Cvenis eris msaxurica; roca igi WirSi pirveli meSveli

iyo, ukeTesi mama, gulSematkivari damrigebeli, maRali zneo-

bis magaliTi, gamkiTxavi yovlis uZlurisa da davrdomilisa,

gamkicxavi yovlis borotisa ukacurobisa, uSiSari mqadagebe-

li WeSmaritebisa da simarTlisa, Tavdadebuli da Tavgamome-

tebuli rjulisa da erisaTvis~. ilia xazs usvamda imas, rom

`Cveni istoria savsea saxelovanis moRvaweobiTa da netarxse-

nebulis samRvdeloebisa~. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyro-

bam, saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis av-

tokefaliis gauqmebam, ruseTis saeklesio politikam Tavisi

mZime Sedegebi gamoiRo. ilia gulistkiviliT werda: `warvid-

nen is mama-papani da Tan gahyvnen is saxelovanni RvTis msa-

xurnica, romelTac saqarTvelos gaqristianebis dRidam am sa-

ukunis (XIX saukunis _ avt.) dasawyisamde xelT epyraT Cve-

nis eris swavla da mecniereba. mwignobrobis, mecnierebis,

swavlisa da ganaTlebis droSa maT eWiraT xelSi da am gone-

biTs simdidres ise ki ar epyrobodnen, rogorc Zunwi fulsa,

aramed guluxvad, TavdadebiT axmarebdnen ers, avrcelebdnen

yvelgan, rac ki xeli da Rone miuwvdebodaT~ (`samRvdeloebis

samsaxuri qveynis winaSe~).

qristianuli sarwmunoebis, marTlmadideblobis rolze

roca saubrobda, ilias Rrmad swamda sibrZne, romelsac igi

am sityvebiT gamoxatavda: `kacTaTvis msaxureba msaxurebaa

RvTisa~, radgan TiToeuli `Cvengani erTad Seadgens im kre-

buls, romelsac eklesia RvTisa hqvian~ (`sityva, Tqmuli gae-

naTis monasterSi gabriel episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes~).

qarTveli eris istoriaSi qristianobis rolze vrclad

Cerdeboda ilia 1889 wels: `qristes sjuli qarTvelebisaTvis

marto sarwmunoebrivi aRsareba ki ar iyo, igi amasTan politi-

kuri qvitkiric iyo saqarTvelos mraval nawilebis gasaerTeb-

lad da Semosakrebad. erToba sarwmunoebisa erTobas erisas

moaswavebda. dro iyo amisTana da sxva ara-ra elementi maSin

SemZlebeli ar iyo es Cvenis istoriis dasabamidam sasurveli

erToba daedgina. sxvaTa Soris, qarTveli eri amisaTvis uf-

rTxildeboda Tavis sjuls, romelic Tavis Sinagan Rirsebis

garda, duRabobas uwevda erTobas~ (`ai, istoria~).

mamulis `patronobaze~ fiqrs, mamulis xsnisa da

aRorZinebis gzebis Ziebas Sealia iliam mTeli Tavisi mowame-

obrivi sicocxle. Tavisi nafiqrali pirvelad qaRaldze 1861

20

wels gadaitana. `mgzavris werilebma~ didi safiqrali misca

imJamindel qarTvelobas, aranaklebi _ Cven, dRevandel qar-

Tvelobas. safiqrali eyofa momaval Taobebsac. 1861 wels

dawyebuli fiqri 1907 wlis 30 agvistos Sewyda. raze fiq-

robda mowameobrivi sicocxlis bolo wuTebSi ilia, es mxo-

lod RmerTma uwyis. Cven ki, ubralo mokvdavebi, vbedavT da

vfiqrobT: iqneb ilia grZnobda, rom moaxlebuli iyo Jami

`mgzavris werilebSi~ aRTqmuli ideebis aRsrulebisa. aTi we-

li, cxra Tve da oTxi dRe qarTveli eri ilias gareSe midi-

oda ilias gzaze.

arCevani, romelic ilias unda gaekeTebina, did sib-

rZnes moiTxovda. iliam kargad icoda, rom es iqneboda sabe-

diswero arCevani, romelic gansazRvravda qarTvelTa mravali

Taobis bedsa Tu ubedobas.

vladikavkazidan Tbilisisaken momavalma iliam `rusis

pirdaubaneli da Tavdauvarcxneli~ `iamSiki~ warmogvidgina.

dainaxa Tu ara `iamSCiki~, ilias maSinve aseTi fiqri aReZra:

`sakvirvelia! rusis mxatvrebis suraTebzed ra lamazad aris

xolme gamoyvanili am sqelkisera `iamSCikis~ briyvi saxe, imi-

si oyrayuli sanaxaoba, imisi midun-modunebuli zlazvna, ua-

damiano da pirutyvuli mixvra-moxvra. ramodenadac suraTia

kargi, or imodenad saZagelia namdvili~.

vin aris rusi meetle? esaa ruseTis mosaxleobis yve-

laze mravalricxovani fenis _ glexobis _ ganzogadebuli

tipi. ilia ar wers, rom yvela rusi glexi aseTive `uadamia-

no da pirutyvia~, magram iqve sagangebod gvafrTxilebs: rusi

mxatvrebis mier daxatulma rusulma samyarom SecdomaSi ar

SegiyvanoTo! sinamdvile sul sxaa da igi savsea CvenTvis nac-

nobi meetlisTana adamianebiT. es meetle ki ara marto `uada-

miano da pirutyvi~, aramed agresiuli `pirutyvia~. etlSi

Cajdomisas ilias meetlem `bRvera dauwyo~, xolo roca ili-

as gaecina, kidev erTxel gamoavlina Tavisi agresiuli buneba:

`_ Tumca me samxiarulo ara mWirda-ra, magram mec ga-

mecina. `iamSCikma~ Tavisi Zroxis Tvalebi Cemken mwyralad mo-

abruna da ise mrisxaned SemomibRvira, TiTqo memuqreboda:

Senc egreo~.

meore rusi, romelic iliam warmogvidgina, meetlesTan

SedarebiT, gacilebiT maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgene-

lia. esaa ruseTis armiis aseulis meTauri, umcrosi oficeri

(podporuCiki). iliasTan mosaubre rusi podporuCiki tipia

ruseTis armiis oficrobisa. am kategoriis xalxs saTanado ga-

21

naTleba unda hqonoda. ilias da podporuCikis saubridan ikve-

Teba rusi oficris Tvisebebi: gaunaTlebloba, umecreba, sib-

riyve, eSmakoba, gamomZalveloba, mediduroba da agresiuloba.

rusis oficersa da ilias Soris aseTi saubari imarTeba:

`_ axla, radganac agixseniT ganaTlebis mniSvneloba,

Tqven unda erTi rama gkiTxoT: TqvenSi civilizacia rogor

midis?

_ magisas veras mogaxsenebT: didi xania Cems qveyanaSi

ara vyofilvar.

_ eg araferi, me exlav Sevityob, rogor midis: ramde-

ni generlebi geyolebaT Tqven, qarTvelebs?

_ iqneba erTi ociode mogrovdes.

_ rao, ociodeo!... o, o, eg didi saqmea, _ warmoTqva

didis yofiT Cvenma mecnierma, _ ociodeo!.. am erT muWa xal-

xSi da oci generali!.. eg, batono, didi civilizacia gqoniaT.

ver uyurebT, ociode generali! ara mjera. iqneba Tqven, mecni-

erebis eniT rom vTqvaT, deistvitelni stackis sovetnikebsac

marTal genelebSia sTvliT, ese igi, mdabiuris eniT rom

vTqva, iqneba Stackis generlebsa, anu ufro mdabiuris eniT

rom vTqva, uepoleto generlebsa, anu amazed ufro mdabiurad

rom vTqva, uulvaSo generlebsac marTals generlebSi

sTvliT?~ da roca poruCikma Seityo, rom misi mosaubre mxo-

lod namdvil generlebs gulisxmobda, ixtibari ar gaitexa

da amayad ganagrZo:

`_ ociod marTali generali! baraqala marTlmadide-

bel ruseTs! saxeli da dideba! saca fexs Sesdgams, daamyarebs

xolme civilizacias. sul ramdeni weliwadia, rac ruseTi aq

Semovida?

_ iqneba samocdaaTi.

_ Svids weliwadSi ori generali? didi saqmea, didi

civilizacia aris. mere rogori generali?! marTali generali!

Tu RvTis ZaliT TqvenSi civilizaciam egre iara, samocdaaT

weliwads ukan kidev oci generali mogematebaT da sul or-

moci iqneba~.

ilia arafers ambobs (ver ityoda!) imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogor unda earsebaT erTmaneTis gverdiT rus meetles, rus

oficersa da lelT Runias. pirveli, praqtikulad, gapirut-

yvebuli, agresiuli arsebaa, meore _ gaunaTlebeli, briyvi,

magram amave dros eSmaki da mediduri; mesame _ sanTeliviT

wminda kaci, samSoblos bedze mwared Cafiqrebuli, RvTisagan

boZebuli naTeli da daxvewili azrovnebis unariT. daskvna na-

22

Telia: pirveli da meore erTmaneTis gverdiT Tavisuflad

iarsebeben, erTmaneTi Tu ar eyvarebaT, gaugeben mainc erTma-

neTs. mesame pirvelisa da meoris gverdiT ver iarsebebs, Tu

iarsebebs es sasjeli iqneba misTvis. amitomaa, rom ilia

lelT Runias sasjelisagan ganTavisuflebis gzas eZebs. am

gzaze iliam `mgzavris werilebis~ dasawyisSive, vladikavkaz-

Si, sastumrodan gamosvlisas migvaniSna:

_ roca avibarge, ese igi Cemi erTaderTi boxCis odena

tyavis xurjini Cavagde povoskaSi, mivubrundi Cems axlad

gacnobils fransiels gamosasalmeblad.

_ eg etli visi mogonilia? _ mkiTxa man da mimiSvira

xeli foStis povoskazed, romelzedac jer argamofxizlebu-

li `iamSCiki~ ugemurad sTvlemda.

_ rusisa, _ vupasuxe me.

_ mgoni ara xalxi magaSi ar Seecilos. mebralebiT,

rom Tqven iZulebuli xarT magas gaalayebinoT tvini da gaad-

RvebinoT gul-muceli.

_ ara uSavs-ra. mTeli ruseTi magiT dadis da me ra

RmerTi gamiwyreba, rom damiSavdes raime.

_ magiT dadis?! imitom Sors aris wasuli!.. RmerTma

mSvidobis mgzavroba mogceT. me ki swored giTxraT, Tavs ver

gamovimetebdi, rom magaSi Cavmjdariyav~.

Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom etli (povoska)

ruseTia, xolo misi iZulebiTi mgzavri _ saqarTvelo. mgzav-

risaTvis etlSi Cajdoma aravis ukiTxavs. man kargad icis, ra

autanelicaa am etliT mgzavroba, magram iZulebulia, Tavi

ase daimSvidos: `mTeli ruseTi magiT dadis da me ra RmerTi

gamiwyreba, rom damiSavdes rame~. es dialogi frangsa da ili-

as Soris aq rom damTavrebuliyo, logikuri ar iqneboda. ki-

dev iyo raRac saTqmeli, romlis gareSe ilias pozicia ver

gamoCndeboda. frangi ilias sityvebs ase pasuxobs: `magiT da-

dis?! imitomac Soris aris wasuli!..~

yovelive zemoTqmuls Tu gavaanalizebT, cxadi gaxdeba

ilias pozicia:

etli _ CamorCenili ruseTi.

meetle da oficeri _ CamorCenili ruseTis RviZli

Svilebi.

etliT mgzavroba _ autaneli da saSiSi.

mgzavri _ viTarebas iZulebiT Seguebuli saqarTvelo.

frangi _ mgzavris autaneli yofis Semcnobi evropeli.

23

etliT mgzavrobis perspeqtiva _ civilizebuli samya-

rosagan CamorCena.

iliam frangis ukanasknel sityvebs _ `imitomac Sors

aris wasuli~ _ ar upasuxa. Tumca amaze cxadi pasuxi raRa

iqneboda. meetlem cxenebs Solti gadauWira, `cxenebma amis

pasuxad tyup-tyupad tlinki ayares, rogorc iyo adgilidam

dasZres Cveni povoska da ZunZuliT gaswies. danJRreulma

zarma daiwyo Tavisi ugemuri JRaraJRuri, povoskam qvebzed

xtoma da me laylayi xan aqeT da xan iqiT~. etlSi Camjdari

ilia, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, Tavs imSvidebda (`mTeli ruseTi

magiT dadis da me ra RmerTi gamiwyreba~), magram iqve das-

Zens: `Tumca me samxiarulo ara mWirda-ra~.

ai, ase dagvixata iliam ruseTSi saqarTvelos yofnis

gausaZlisoba da uperspeqtivoba.

lelT Runias sulac rom ar eTqva `Cveni Tavni Cvenadve

gveyudneso~, isedac yvelaferi naTeli iqneboda. lelT Runias

uryevad swams: ruseTis samocwlianma batonobam qarTvelebs

sparseTisa da osmaleTis samsaukunovani batonobis simware da-

aviwya! aSkaraa, imJamindeli yofa, miuxedavad qveynad mSvidobis

Camovardnisa, lelT Runias gausaZlisad eCveneba. mas isic

afiqrebs, rom Tu adre mteri (sparseTi da osmaleTi) mtrad

aRiqmeboda, exla ruseTi mtrad aRar aRiqmeboda. ruseTis mier

motanili mSvidoba moxeves `carial mSvidabad~ miaCnia. aSkaraa,

rom lelT Runia am `carial mSvidabas~ omze uaresad Tvlis.

mteri da omi moxeves ar aSinebs: `rai arn mteroba, Tu eri

erobs? carial mSvidaba miwaSic gveyofis~. lelT Runias ru-

seTis mier motanil `carial mSvidabis~ periodSi dacemuli

zneoba adardebs: `awina eroba daiSalis, meZav-mruSobai Camo-

vardnis, xarbobai, angari gverivnis, erTsulobai davardnis,

mtroba-bZarvai gaxSirdnis~. marTalia, mSvidoba damyarda, mag-

ram uzneoba iqca yoveldRiuri cxovrebis normad: `awina tyu-

obiT, meZav-mruSobiT, ficTa gatexviT, erTurT RalatiT sar-

Co-sabadebel saSover gagvixdnis~. fizikuri sikvdilis SiSiT

zneobriv sikvdilTan Segueba lelT Runias ver warmoudgenia.

amitomaa, rom kiTxvaze: riT iyo uwindeli dro, uwindeli yo-

fa ukeTesi? lelT Runia yovelgvari daeWvebis gareSe pasu-

xobs: `adrida avad Tu kargad Cven Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyud-

nes, miT iyvis uked~ (`mgzavris werilebi~).

24

`wodebaTa dauyoflad~

(wodebaTa Serigeba)

`Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes~ _ es iyo is didi

idea, romlis ganxorcielebac mTeli eris gaerTianebas, qar-

TvelTa erTad dgomas, yvela wodebis (socialuri fenis) in-

teresTa Serigebas moiTxovda. wodebaTa Serigeba, klasTa Ta-

namSromloba, rasac mogvianebiT arCil jorjaZe `saerTo nia-

dagze~ dgomas uwodebs, advili misaRwevi ar iyo. es proble-

ma mxolod qarTveli eris winaSe ar idga, igi erTnairad

mtkivneuli iyo yvela erisaTvis, Tumca didi imperiebis mier

dapyrobili (koloniuri) erebisaTvis wodebaTa Serigeba gaci-

lebiT mniSvnelovani iyo. yovel erovnul saxelmwifoSi wo-

debaTa Serigebis, klasTa TanamSromlobis problema Cveuleb-

riv dgas. magram am mtkivneuli sakiTxis mogvarebaze iq qvey-

nis xelisufleba zrunavs, romelic met-naklebad gamoxatavs

(an unda gamoxatavdes) mTeli eris, yvela wodebisa da kla-

sis interesebs. cxadia, saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi upira-

tesoba mqonebelTa klass (socialur fenebs) gaaCniaT, magram

am SemTxvevaSic qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasru-

lebeli xelisufleba saerTo-erovnul, saerTo-saxelmwifoeb-

riv interesebs unda icavdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi Tavi-

dan ver aicilebs did socialur dapirispirebas. iliasdroin-

deli civilizebuli msoflio, kerZod, dasavleT evropis

qveynebi swored am gziT midiodnen. evropam ukan moitova re-

voluciebis gziT qveynis SigniT arsebuli socialuri prob-

lemebis gadaWris epoqa da saxelmwifoSi erTi idea _ erov-

nuli idea _ gaxda gabatonebuli. wodebriv-klasobrivi inte-

resebis gamomxatveli xelisufleba adgils uTmobda erov-

nul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis gamomxatvel xelisufle-

bas. qarTveli eri aseT erTa ricxvs ar ganekuTneboda. saqar-

Tvelo koloniuri qveyana iyo, mas sakuTari erovnuli xeli-

sufleba ar gaaCnda da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc wodebaTa Se-

rigebasa da klasTa TanamSromlobaze zrunavda vinme. cxadia,

es Zalze aferxebda saerTo-erovnuli ideis garSemo mTeli

25

saqarTvelos gaerTianebas. ufro metic, ruseTis saimperato-

ro kari da kavkasiis koloniuri administracia yovelnairad

aferxebdnen saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela wodebisa da kla-

sis Serigeba-SeTanxmebasa da qarTveli eris darazmvas erTi

ideis garSemo. qarTveli eris erToba did saSiSroebas uqmni-

da ruseTis imperiis batonobas saqarTveloSi.

vis unda ezruna saqarTveloSi wodebaTa Serigebasa da

klasTa TanamSromlobaze? es didi erovnuli misiac iliam

ikisra. ilias sami didi winaaRmdegoba hqonda gadasalaxi.

pirveli. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba da misi Tanam-

devi socialuri procesebi qarTvel erSi arsebul socialur

fenebs TavisTavad upirispirebda erTmaneTs. meore. ruseTis

saimperatoro kari, kavkasiis koloniuri administracia dain-

teresebuli iyo qarTveli eris socialuri principiT gaTiS-

visa. mesame. sakuTriv ruseTSi Zalas ikrefda socialisturi

ideologiis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba _ narodnikoba (xalxosno-

ba). narodnikebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen qveyanaSi wodebaTa

(klasTa) dapirispirebis gziT socialuri amboxis (revoluci-

is) gamowvevas. socialuri demagogiis gziT eris gaTiSvis na-

rodnikul ideas mimdevrebi gamouCndnen saqarTveloSi. cota

mogvianebiT socialuri demagogiis gziT eris gaTiSvis taqti-

kas daadgnen rusi social-demokratebi da maTi qarTveli Ta-

namoaazreebi. yovelive es did winaaRmdegobas uqmnida saqar-

TveloSi saerTo-erovnuli ideis gabatonebas.

wodebaTa Serigebis ideiTaa gamsWvaluli ilias moT-

xroba `oTaraanT qvrivi~ (1887 w.). moTxrobaSi am didi erov-

nuli mniSvnelobis ideis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis yvela

siZnele kargad aris naCvenebi. ilia `oTaraanT qvirvamde~

`glaxis naambobiTa~ (1862-1873 ww.) da `kako yaCaRiT~ (1860

w.) mivida. es imas niSnavs, rom ilias kargad esmoda wodebaTa

Serigebis mTeli sirTule. yoveldRiuri cxovreba wodebaTa

gaTiSvasa da dapirispirebas ufro uwyobda xels, vidre Seri-

gebas. yoveldRiuroba Crdilavda did erovnul ideas. 1862

wels iliam aseTi sityvebi aTqmevina Tavis erT-erT gmirs:

`maSin ra vicodi sulelma, rom ufros-umcrosobaSi siyvaru-

li sizmaria? ra vicodi, roma baton-ymobis Sua siyvarulis

xidi ar gaideba? egre yofila qveyanazeda, cals Turme calma

unda ucalos!..~ (`glaxis naambobi~). ocdaxuTi wlis Semdeg

iliam ki `oTaraanT qvrivi~ dawera.

`oTaraanT qvrivis~ tragikuli finalis miuxedavad,

ilia erovnuli Tanxmobis, wodebaTa Serigebis ideas uperspeq-

26

tivod sulac ar Tvlida. 1888 wlis 2 noembers `iveriaSi~

dabeWdil mowinaveSi isev ubrundeba wodebaTa Serigebis,

klasTa TanamSromlobis ideas. `iveriis~ es mowinave usaTau-

rod gamoqveynda, xolo ilias Txzulebebis krebulebSi da-

beWdilia saTauriT _ `wodebaTa Tanasworoba~. ilia pirvel-

save abzacSi mokled ayalibebs umTavres ideas: `Cveni guliTa-

di rwmena yovelTvis isa yofila da aris, rom eris warmate-

ba, qonebrivi Tu gonebrivi, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca

eri wodebaTa dauyofelad, didpataraobis gaurCevlad da ga-

moukleblad erTianis mecadineobiTa da garjiT hcdilobs

cxovrebis gza gaikvalos da burTi bedisa gaitanos wuTisof-

lis moednidam yvelam erTad da sayovelTaod. cal-calke weva

cxovrebis uRlisa, cal-calke xvna da mka, cal-calke Tla

lxinisa Tavisken da Wirisa sxvisken, marto TavisTvis xsovna

da sxvisi daviwyeba momakvdinebelia kacTa saurTierTo cxov-

rebisa da saca eg urTierToba ar aris, iq arc igi krebulia,

romelsac eri hqvian~.

iliam kargad icoda, rom wodebaTa Serigebis, klasTa

TanamSromlobis ideas bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda. yoveldRiu-

ri cxovreba aRsavse iyo socialuri dapirispirebis damadas-

turebeli faqtebiT. swored Tavis oponentTa sayuradRebod

werda ilia: `tyuilad hfiqroben, viTomc kacTa urTierToba-

Si SesaZlebeli iyos romelsame wodebam calke bina gaikeTos,

calke interesebi SemoiRobos, Semoifarglos da amiT raime

xeiri da sikeTe hnaxos sabolood. amisTana wyoba da agebu-

loba sazogadoebisa, Tu erisa, didxans Tavs ver daiWers da,

viTarca qviSaze agebuli saxli, pirvel qaris Semobervazedve

daifuSeba~. iliam garkveviT mianiSna, rom wodebrivi intere-

sebis gamomxatveli saxelmwifo da xelisufleba TandaTan

uTmobda adgils saerTo-erovnul saxelmwifos da mTeli

eris, yvela wodebis interesebis damcvel xelisuflebas: `ex-

la sul sxva droa da am sxva drom sxva moZRvrebac moitana,

moZRvreba marTali da WeSmariti. exla calke kacia, Tu cal-

ke wodeba, marto amas unda iZaxdes da marto amisaTvis unda

erCodes guli, rom Tu sxvani kargad arian, mec kargad viqne-

bio. vinc dRes amas iviwyebs, is iviwyebs sakuTars Tavsa, sa-

kuTars bednierebas suliersa da xorciels~. cxadia, yovelive

zemoT Tqmuli exeboda dasavleT evropis qveynebs da ara ru-

seTsa da saqarTvelos. ruseTSi da, cxadia, misi gavleniT sa-

qarTveloSi, socialuri dapirispireba sul ufro Zlierdebo-

da. amas xels uwyobda, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebis gauazrebe-

27

li politika da, meore mxriv, socialisturi orientaciis Za-

lebis (anarqistebis, narodnikebis, social-demokratebis) an-

tisaxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweoba, romlis mizanic iyo socia-

luri dapirispirebis gaRrmaveba da didi socialuri amboxis

gamowveva. saqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebas ilia ase axasia-

Tebs: `Cvenda samwuxarod, Cveni Tavad-aznauroba jer am moZ-

Rvrebas ver miswvdomia da, rogorc erTi calke wodeba Cve-

nis erisa, xSirad calke iwevs da calke iTlis. Cven-ki vit-

yviT, rom misi dRegrZeloba, keTil-dReoba, bedniereba, saxe-

li da dideba swored da mTlad imaSia, rom es moZRvreba

gulSi CaiWdios da erTs wuTsac gonebidam ar moiSoros, rom

Tu sxvani kargad iqnebian, marto maSin igic kargad iqneba.

WeSmaritsa da saboloo warmatebis saTave aqa aqvs da Tu Cve-

ni Tavad-aznauroba yovels Tavis mecadineobas da moqmedebas

am moZRvrebas Seuferebs da qveS dauyenebs, sasaxelo mizezs

arsebobisasac ipovis~. ilia uryevad dgas im azrze, rom wo-

debaTa Serigebis ideis praqtikulad ganxorcieleba Tavadaz-

naurobam unda idos Tavs, radgan qarTuli erovnuli burJua-

zia am periodisaTvis praqtikulad ar arsebobda da perspeq-

tivac ar gaaCnda: `exlandels droSi mxolobiTi gza warmate-

bisa Tavad-aznaurobisaTvis is aris, rom yvelas erTad, gamo-

urCevlad, gamoukleblad, moziare eqmnas Wirsa da lxinSi da

Tavisi qonebrivi da gonebrivi Rone ar Sealios amao cdas,

rom calke viyo da calke vbednierebdeo~ (`wodebaTa Tanaswo-

roba~).

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli aucilebels xdis kiTxvis

dasmas: Tvlida Tu ara ilia wodebaTa Serigebis ideas SesaZ-

leblad momavalSi mainc? am kiTxvis pasuxs `oTaraanT qvri-

vis~ dasasruls vpoulobT: `eg cremliani codna ukana swvavs

da hbugavs, wina hnamavs da amwvanebs. eg nami rom gabevrdeba,

mdinare wylad iqceva da mTels tivs moitans, rom Cven So-

ris Catexili xidi gaamrTelos da egre orsav napirs gaaer-

Tebs~ (`oTaraanT qvrivi~).

Tu rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo wodebaTa Tanam-

Sromloba, rogor unda momxdariyo `Catexili xidis~ aRdge-

na, ilias ar daukonkretebia. am ideis praqtikulad xorcSes-

xmis gzebi cota mogvianebiT arCil jorjaZem dasaxa. es kidev

erTxel adasturebs imas, rom ara marto XIX saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi, aramed XX saukunis damdegsac wodebaTa Serigebas,

klasTa TanamSromlobas sulac ar Tvlidnen ararealurad.

28

`qarTuli progresi~

(partiebad daSlis seni)

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi evropis politikur

cxovrebaSi sul ufro da ufro mzard gavlenas iZenda axali

fenomeni _ politikuri partia. politikuri partia garkveu-

li socialuri fenis (fenebis) interesebis gamomxatveli iyo.

cota mogvianebiT, XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi politiku-

ri partiebis aRmoceneba iwyeba ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi. am

periodisaTvis XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegidan ilia

WavWavaZis winamZRolobiT dawyebuli didi erovnuli moZraoba

ukve daSlili iyo sul mcire sam mimdinareobad: gazeT `ive-

riis~ mimdinareoba (ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi) sa-

erTo-qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis ideebis erTguli iyo da

erovnuli moZraobis erTianobis SenarCunebas cdilobda, Tum-

ca uSedegod. gazeT `kvalis~ mimdinareoba (giorgi wereTeli

da misi Tanamoazreebi) `iveriis~ mimdinareobasTan TanamSrom-

lobas gamoricxavda da qarTul sinamdvileSi axali ideolo-

giis _ nacional-socializmis danergvas cdilobda. Jurnal

`moambis~ mimdinareoba (niko nikolaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi)

burJuaziul-demokratiuli ideebiT iyvnen gatacebulni da sa-

qarTvelos momavals burJuaziuli wyobilebis damkvidrebaSi

xedavdnen. yovelive es Zalze afiqrebda ilias. igi kargad xe-

davda, rom daSlis procesi amiT ar damTavrdeboda. aseTi

daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleoda evropis qveynebis ga-

mocdileba da, rac mTavaria, qarTul sinamdvileSi Seqmnili

viTareba.

politikuri partiebis aRmoceneba araviTar saSiSroe-

bas ar uqmnida im erebs, romelTac damoukidebeli saxelmwi-

foebrioba da Sesabamisi politikuri kulturac gaaCndaT.

sul sxva viTareba iyo saqarTveloSi. ruseTis imperiis mier

dapyrobil qarTvel ers seriozul safrTxes uqmnida socia-

luri gaTiSuloba, socialur fenaTa dapirispireba. wodebaTa

Serigebis, klasTa TanamSromlobis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo

eris darazmva erTi miznisaTvis _ damoukideblobis mopovebi-

29

saTvis. amjerad ki socialuri dapirispirebidan momdinare

safrTxesTan erTad qarTvel ers partiuli gaTiSulobis,

partiuli dapirispirebis safrTxe daemuqra.

ilia seriozulad iyo SeSfoTebuli qarTveli eris

partiuli niSniT gaTiSvis saSiSroebiT. 1895 wels iliam

sazRvargareT myof noe Jordanias SeukveTa werilebis seria

germaniaSi politikuri partiebis aRmocenebisa da moRvaweo-

bis Sesaxeb. Cans, ilias surda, Rrmad da safuZvlianad gaeaz-

rebina politikuri partiebis adgili eris (saxelmwifos)

cxovrebaSi. noe Jordaniam SekveTa Seasrula. `iveriaSi~ daiw-

yo misi werilebis beWdva germaniis politikuri partiebis

Sesaxeb. iliam male werilebis beWdva Sewyvita. savaraudoa,

rom amisi mizezi noe Jordanias mier socialur problemati-

kaze yuradRebis zedmetad gamaxvileba iyo. noe Jordaniam an

ver aCvena (rac naklebad savaraudoa), an ar aCvena (rac ufro

savaraudoa), ra iyo politikur partiaTa moRvaweobaSi saer-

To-erovnuli, saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi.

ilias am periodSic (XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis

Sua xanebi), gacilebiT ufro adrec da momdevno wlebSic

uryevad swamda: politikuri partiebis aRmoceneba socialuri

dapirispirebis axali etapis dasawyiss niSnavda. politikur

partiaTa aRmoceneba gacilebiT ufro saSiSi iyo, vidre so-

cialuri dapirispireba, radgan ama Tu im socialuri fenis

interesebis dacvis ukan imaleboda viwro partiuli, klanu-

ri, ufro metic, seqtanturi interesebi. politikuri partiis

aRmoceneba TavisTavad ukve niSnavda saerTo-erovnuli, saer-

To-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis ugulebelyofas. ilia ama-

sac kargad xedavda, rom dgeboda dro, rodesac politikuri

partia politikuri cxovrebis aucilebel fenomenad iqceoda.

es iliam noe Jordanias werilebamdec icoda, am werilebis

gamoqveynebis Semdeg ki sabolood darwmunda: saqarTvelo am

senidan Tavs ver daicavda.

qarTveli eris politikur partiebad gaTiSvis dasaw-

yisis mauwyebeli iyo pirveli qarTuli social-demokratiuli

organizaciis `mesame dasis~ Seqmna (1892-1893 ww.) da giorgi

wereTlis gazeT `kvalSi~ (daarsda 1893 w.) socialisturi

ideebis propaganda. `mesame dasisa~ da gazeT `kvalis~ socia-

listur gatacebebs iliam mxolod 1896 wels upasuxa

brwyinvale publicisturi weriliT `Cveni exlandeli sib-

rZne-sicrue~. es iyo pirveli publicisturi werili, romel-

Sic iliam pirdapir mianiSna politikuri partiebis aRmocene-

30

bisagan momdinare did erovnul safrTxeze. am droidan ilia

Riad daupirispirda social-demokratebs. amave dros iliam

erovnuli moZraobis cnobil moRvawes giorgi wereTels saja-

rod dasdo brali social-demokratebis mfarvelobasa da wa-

xalisebaSi, xolo giorgi wereTlis `kvali~ uSversityvaobiT

ganTqmul gazeTad monaTla. aSkaraa, rom iliam giorgi were-

Tels ver apatia socialisturi ideebiT gataceba, social-de-

mokratebis (`mesame dasis~) mfarveloba, xolo `kvals~ _ so-

cialisturi ideebis popularizacia, `iveriasTan~ dapirispi-

reba, qarTul sinamdvileSi `iveriis~ adgilis dakavebis mcde-

loba.

werilis dasawyisSi ilia, rodesac mkiTxvels mTavari

saTqmelis mosasmenad amzadebda, viTomda SemTxveviT, sityvebs

`boyinsa~ da `zafras~ axsenebs da am sityvebisaTvis iqve bo-

diSs ixdis: `kidev mogaxsenebT, ukacraoda var-meTqi~. Semdeg

ki modis mTavari saTqmeli: `me vxedav, batonebo, rom Cemma

ukacraobam Tqven gagakvirvaT. nuTu am sityvas TqvenSi lila-

xana wauxda da xmarebisagan gandevnil iqmna? arc sakvirvelia.

me mgonia, erTi didi sabuTi unda gqondeT, es ukacraoba

jvars acvaT da saiqios gaistumroT. Tu boyini da zafra sa-

bodiSoa, Tu amisTana umanko sityvebisaTvis ukacraobas mo-

viTxovT, maSin xom Cvenma sasiqadulo `kvalis~ redaqciam Ta-

visi duqan-bazari unda aalagos, radganac wliTi-wlobamde,

yovels saaTs, wam-da-uwum am ukacraobis Tqmas moundeba. ro-

disRa moiclis im mSvenier da tkbil uSversityvaobisaTvis,

romliTac ase samarTlianad itacebs Cvens sulsa da guls...~

amis Semdeg ilia mkiTxvels Seaxsenebs, rom `kvalis~ ideuri

mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli giorgi wereTelia: `me mesmis,

batonebo, Tqveni sabuTiani SiSi, rom am ukacraobas ar gadaa-

yolos b-nma g. wereTelma igi lazaTi, romelic ase amSvenebs

`kvalsa~ da miT ar mogakldeT didi siamovneba `kvalis~ kiT-

xvisa~. amis Semdeg ilia isev `kvalis~ ideur Rirebulebaze

agrZelebs saubars: `marTlacda, ukacraobis cxrilSi rom ga-

ataroT `kvali~, raRa darCeba Zirs, rom vikiTxoT, viswav-

loT da visiamovnoT ise, rogorc dRes vkiTxulobT, vswav-

lobT da vsiamovnebT~.

yovelive zemoqmuli ilias imisaTvis sWirdeboda, rom

mkiTxvels daanaxvos mTavari, politikur partiaTa aRmocene-

bidan momdinare didi erovnuli safrTxe: `iqneba gegonoT,

amiT mindodes Tavi movawono g. wereTels, rom mesame dasSi

Sesasvlelad Tavisis bednieris xeliT kari gamiRos. sulac

31

ara. me ufro Sors minda gadavaboto. Tu RmerTi Semeweva da

me CemiT mogawoneT Tavi, me meoTxe dass Sevadgen da meTaurad

gavuxdebi. oTxi samze erTiT win aris da mec minda, Tu viqne-

bi, win viyo. b-n g. wereTlis didi Rvawli miT aris dauviw-

yari, rom amisTana advili gza gviCvena winaurobisa: saqme ex-

la TvlaSia, meoTxes mexuTe mohyveba, mexuTes _ meeqvse da

wava ese, minam adamians saTvalavi Semoakldeba. qarTuli

progresi es aris da evropisa-ki ra mogaxsenoT~.

iliam isic SeniSna, rom politikuri partiis, poli-

tikuri mimdinareobis lideroba, romelime partiuli ideo-

logiis mizandasaxuli propaganda ambiciurobis did dozasac

Seicavda. ilias azriT, swored ambiciuroba amoZravebda gior-

gi wereTels: `viRacam wamoroSa, rom Tavis-Tavis qeba dampal

kitradac ara hRirso. styuis, Tqvenma mzem. maS ram aacoca

Cveni brZeni b-ni g. wereTeli da daaskupa mumiasaviT `mesame

dasis~ Tavze?~

ilias eWvic ar epareboda imaSi, rom partiuli inte-

resebis erTgulebidan samSoblos Ralatamde erTi nabiji iyo.

iliam `mesame dassa~ da mis naTlias giorgi wereTels swo-

red samSoblos moRalatis bedi uwinaswarmetyvela. Tbilisis

saTavadaznauro skolis irgvliv atexili davis dasasruls

giorgi wereTlis TanamoazreTa ZalisxmeviT miRebuli anti-

qarTuli dadgenilebis kritikisas ilia aRniSnavda: `asea, Tu

ise, b-nma g. wereTelma sixaruliT maSinve depeSa gaugzavna

saiqios netarxsenebul katkovs da miuloca, rom Tumc moh-

kvdi, Senis anderZiT aw isev hsaqmob mkvdario. Cven, qarTvele-

bi, Zlivs mivwvdiT Sens sibrZne-sicrueso. gixaroden, mixeil

nikiforoviC, Sen mand, viTarca mixarian aq me, giorgi eqvTi-

mesZesao. ar viciT-ki, es sasaxelo depeSa marto Tavisis saxe-

liT gaugzavna Cvenma RvTiT bednierad brZanebulma g. were-

Telma, Tu mesame dasis saxeliTac~ (`Cveni exlandeli sib-

rZne-sicrue~).

partiobis seni sul ufro seriozulad RrRnida qar-

Tveli eris sxeuls. partiuli interesebi nTqavda erovnul

idealebs.

32

`me bevri ram kargi mWirs~

(uarmyofloba saqarTveloSi)

RvTisagan dakisrebuli misiis aRsrulebas rom iwyeb-

da, iliam kargad icoda, rom mowamis gziT unda evlo. vis-

Tvisac unda wamebuliyo, `pirvel qvas~ swored is esroda, is

uaryofda. uarmyofelTagan Seuracxyofili ilia ironiuli

RimiliT Sehyurebda codviT dacemulTa namoqmedars, xsnis

gzas sTavazobda da roca samagierod kvlav Seuracxyofdnen,

iseve ironiulad mimarTavda: `me, batonebo, asec mCvarSi nu

gamxvevT. me bevri ram kargi mWirs~ (`Cveni exlandeli sib-

rZne-sicrue~). yurad aravin iRo. ilias uarmyoflebis gaaf-

Trebas sazRvari ar hqonda. cxadia, ilia yvelas ver upasu-

xebda. erTi SemTxvevis gamo ki oTx maTgans (giorgi were-

Tels, mixeil maCabels, ivane maCabelsa da ilia xonels) mis-

Tvis Cveuli iumoriT ase upasuxa: `exla raki gamomecnaureT,

me aRarafris SiSi maqvs. usaTuod CemTan erTad ityviT, rom

me, ese igi Tqvens yurmoWrils mosamsaxures, yoveli is sike-

Te mWirs, rac saWiroa meoTxe dasis meTaurobisaTvis. xumro-

baa, erTs kacs wilad hrgebodes uSversityvaoba g. wereTli-

sa, ybedsityvaoba T. m. maCablisa, fuRursityvaoba T. i. maCab-

lisa! marTalia, zogierTi swavluli da mecnieri amtkicebs,

rom es samive erTad domxalsaviT rom aurio, kargad dazilo

da erTs keczed gamoacxo, is gamovao, rasac rusebi `nuls~

eZaxian, frangebi `zeros~ da qarTvelebi ilia xonels~ (`Cve-

ni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~).

ilias pirvelobas ver itandnen, misi popularoba Sur-

daT. erT-erT werilSi iliam sityva `arakis~ warmomavloba

ganmarta, ris Semdegac Tavisi `aRmoCenis~ dacvis mizniT

mkiTxvels ase mimarTa: `aqac gTxovT, memowmeniT, Torem ama-

sac xelidam gamomglejs Cveni g. wereTeli, eg sityva pirve-

lad me avxsenio da daviRupe xom kakali kaci. mesame dasi xom

daujerebs da daujerebs da erT adlze kidev maRla aaskupebs

Taviss meTaurs~ (`Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~). meoregan

iliam mkiTxvels `sibrZne-sicruis~ arsi ganumarta da iqve

33

dasZina: `gTxovT daixsomoT, rom am sagans pirvelad me mive-

kare, es sagani pirvelad me aRmovaCine, Torem bolos, roca

me amiT saxels viSovi, b-ni g. wereTeli wamomecileba, saxels

pirvelobisas is daiCemebs da sadaod gamixdis saqmes. eseTia

misi saqebari zne-Cveuleba~ (`Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sic-

rue~). iliasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iumoriT naTqvami sityvebis

ukan ra didi mware simarTle, moyvasisagan miyenebuli ramdeni

wyena imaleboda!

ilias uaryofa, misi RvTiuri misiis daunaxaoba Zveli

Taobidan ucvlelad miiRo axalma Taobam. Tavad ilias cnebebi

`Zveli Taoba~ da `axali Taoba~ tradiciuli gagebisagan gan-

sxvavebulad esmoda. am sakiTxs ilia exeba 1892 wels dawe-

ril naSromSi `werilebi mecxramete saukunis qarTul lite-

raturaze~. ilia svams kiTxvas: `marTla-da, ra aris da vin

aris axali, an Zveli Taoba? am saxelebqveS vin da ra unda

vigulisxmoT? aSkaraa, vinc am saxelebs raime fassa sdebs da

TuTiyuSiviT gagonils ar imeorebs, axals Tu Zvels Taobas

imaTSi eZebs, romelnic sazogado sarbielze gamosulan samoq-

medod. ueWvelia, es saxelebi unda ekuTvnodes am juris xal-

xsa, imitom rom sxva yvela, Tavis calke budeSi karCaketili,

amisTana saxelebis winaSe arafers SuaSia. Tu asea _ da, vgo-

nebT, uamisoba arc SeiZleba, _ maS siaxles da siZveles er-

Tisa da meoris Taobisas aq unda movunaxoT sabuTi da safuZ-

veli~. qvemoT ilia sakiTxs amartivebs, ufro konkretul

daskvnas akeTebs: `xolo sakiTxi es aris: ra sawyao vixmaroT,

rom an erTs mivuwyaT axloba, an meores Zveloba? hasaki da

wlovaneba? eg xom mtknari bavSoba iqneba! an kidev is, rom

erTi guSin movida da meore dRes modis? arc xom es iqneba

sakadrisi WkuaTmyofeli mkvlevarisaTvis! maS sxva ra vixer-

xoT, rom erTis juris sazogado sarbielze momqmedi kaci ga-

varCioT meorisagan?~ pirveli daskvna, romelsac ilia ake-

Tebs, aseTia: `CvenSi amisTana sityvebi, rogorc Zveli da axa-

li Taoba, calieri da fuye saxelebia da droa Taviss pat-

rons Cahbardnen da saidamac mosulan, iq wavidnen~. aqedan

logikurad gamomdinareobs Semdegi, mTavari, daskvna: `droa

Tavi davaneboT am gacveTils saxelebs da movikiTxoT marto

is, guSin ras vsdevdiT Zvelnica da axalnica da dRes rasa

vsdevT; ras iTxovda winadRe da ra pasuxi misca dRevandel-

ma~ (`werilebi mecxramete saukunis qarTul literaturaze~).

ai, am kriteriumiT afasebda ilia rogorc Zvel, ise axal Ta-

obas.

34

TergdaleulTa (samocianelTa) Taobis momdevno Taobas

1883 wels ilia ase axasiaTebda: `es aTi-Tormeti weliwadia,

rac Cvens mwerlebs erTi sakvirveli Cveuleba dasCemdaT: ga-

mosdgams fexs Tu ara saliteraturo asparezzed, yvelazed

uwinares amas daiZaxebs xolme: vinc Cemze win iyaviT, Zvelni

xarT, Cven ki axalnio; Cven win-mimavalni varT da Tqven ki

dros ukan CamorCiTo da Tu gindaT, `bolozed CasWideT xe-

lio~ da sxvani~. iqve ilia erT kidev ufro metad uaryofiT

movlenaze mianiSnebs: `amas kidev kaci, rogorc iqneba, aitan-

da, magram vai es aris, rom am bolos dros am Cveulebam

ibartya da erTi sxva Wiric gaaCina: gindaT Tu ara micaniT,

rom geniosi varo da winamorbedi axlis droisa, axlis moZ-

Rvrebisao, sufraze pirveli sadRegrZelo Cemi dalieTo...~

ilia zemoT xsenebul sens sazogado senad Tvlis, Tumca

mTlianad axal Taobas ar uaryofs: `Cven sazogadod axal Ta-

obas ki ar vyofT uars, aramed imas, vinc mag saxels farTi-

furTobisaTvis tyuilad iCemebs. _ axali Taoba axalTa az-

rTa winamZRolobaSi, axalTa azrTa moZRvrebaSia da ara ima-

Si, rom me dRes daviwye wera da Sen guSinao~ (`miTam da

`axalis~ razmis kaci~ anu ori feletoni~).

ilias SesaniSnavad esmoda, rom axalgazrda moRvawis,

mwerali iqneboda is, Tu politikosi, sazogadoebriv asparez-

ze damkvidreba bevr sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am sir-

Tulis Sesaxeb werda ilia 1886 wels: `cxovrebam CvenSi co-

tad Tu bevrad feri icvala. axalma drom axali moTxovnile-

ba dahbada xalxis cxovrebaSi. Zveli cxovreba Tavis nakvale-

vidam gamovida da axali gza-ki jer ver gaukvlevia, axlis

cxovrebis kvali ver miugnia. Znelia, Tu kacs gza aeriva:

ukan dabruneba uZneldeba da win wasvlac veRar mouxerxe-

bia...~ (`axali dasis molodinSi~).

rac dro gadioda, sul ufro matulobda samocianel-

Ta (TergdaleulTa) ideebis, da, pirvel rigSi, ilias Rvaw-

lis uaryofa. amiT SeSfoTebuli ilia 1888 wels werda:

`Terg-daleulma mogvca, risic mocema SeZlo, da gza dauTmo

axals Taobas, romelic dRes hmoqmedebs mwerlobasa da sazo-

gadoebaSi. aq iwyeba axali xana Cvenis viTarebisa; samwerlo

Tu sazogado sarbielze gamovida suliT da guliT fuWi da

uRono, gonebiT gauxsneli da drois Sesaferad moumzadebeli

Taoba, romlis Sublis beWedi `gulgriloba da mliqvnelo-

baa~. am Taobam kargad da safuZvlianad ar icis arc ucxo

mwerloba da mecniereba da arc sakuTari viTareba~ (`Terg-da-

35

leulni~ da axali Taoba~). es iyo mkacri, magram samarTliani

ganaCeni. saqarTveloSi swored XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis

miwurulidan da 90-iani wlebis damdegidan daiwyo erovnuli

Rirebulebebis uaryofa, ilias gzis gmoba, eris dayofa par-

tiebad. yovelive aman qarTveli eri 1905-1907 wlebis sasak-

laos gavliT 1921 wlis katastrofamde miiyvana, im katas-

trofamde, romlis Tavidan acileba ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg

aRar SeiZleboda.

axal Taobaze zogadad saubridan 1900 wels ilia

konkretuli adamianebis mxilebaze gadavida. ufro zustad, am

wels igi polemikaSi axalgazrda Taobis yvelaze cnobilma

warmomadgenelma noe Jordaniam gamoiwvia. noe Jordaniam sa-

mizned ilias `iveria~, misi ideuri mimarTuleba airCia da

`iveria~ bneleTis mociqulad warmoadgina. es, cxadia, mxo-

lod `iveriis~ Rvawlis uaryofa ar iyo, es iyo samocianelTa

(TergdaleulTa) Rvawlis uaryofa, ilias gzis gmoba. iliam

gamowveva miiRo. noe Jordanias sapasuxod dawerili oTxi we-

rili iliam ase daasaTaura: `umecrobis farTi-furTi~, `axa-

li umecrobani b-ni noe Jordaniasi~, `qarafSutoba, orTavia-

noba da orpiroba umecrisa~, `isev da isev b-n noe Jordanias

umecrobani da misi wajeg-ukujegobani~. werilebi iliam

`axalmosulis~ fsevdonimiT dabeWda (ix. gazeTi `iveria~,

1990, ##60, 61, 62, 78, 81, 87). ilia noe Jordanias Tvise-

baTagan gamoyofs iseT uaryofiT Tvisebebs, rogoricaa: qed-

maRloba, zedmeti Tavdajerebuloba, trabaxi, TvalTmaqcoba.

ai, ramdenime adgili ilias werilebidan: `b-ni noe Jordania

Tavze buzsac ar isvams da didis bukiT da naRariT iqadis:

raca var me varo. dee iZaxos, amiT aravis arc araferi daak-

ldeba, arc moemateba da Cvenc amaze ar gamovekidebiT Tavmo-

wonebuls publicistsa, miT ufro, rom rusuli andazisa ar

iyos, _ dee balRebma icelqon, Tavi Seiqcion, oRond-ki nu

itireben;~ `amgvar uvicTa da umecarTa Soris erTi metad

TvalsaCino adgili daiWira CvenSi b-ma noe Jordaniam. man

swored amisTana kacad gamoiCina Tavi, Tumca-ki Tavi did

brZenad da mecnierad moaqvs da raRac uzomo diadobiT gangeb

gabuebula Tavisi-Tavis qebiTa. imas rom hkiTxoT, igi movli-

nebulia, rom wuTisoflis borbals RerZi gamoucvalos da

Tavisis brZanebisa da nebisaebr atrialos ca da qveyana;~

`qveynis aSenebas gviqadis b-ni noe Jordania da misni aiarebi.

saba orbelianis zRaprisa ar iyos, TiTon mamalsaviT xeze

Semjdara da iZaxis: me aq viyivleb da Tqven Zirs iyefeT da

36

sofeli aSendebao. am imediT brZandebodes b-ni noe Jordania

da misi kampania, da roca am gziT iman qveyana aaSenos, me

wils nuRar damideben, ar davumdurebi~. iliam noe Jordania-

sa da mis Tanamoazreebs aseTi ganaCeni gamoutana: `baqiaoba,

kvexna, Tavis-Tavis qeba da gandideba utyuari niSania imisi,

rom zemo sarTulSi yvelaferi Taviss adgilas ar aris da-

lagebuli. Tavisis-Tavis maqebari Sors manZils ver gaivlis,

male Caakecineben muxlsa, roca daufiqrdebian da Seatyoben,

rom Sig ara yria-ra. amis dro, roca iqneba, mova, da igi bal-

Rebi, romelT winaSe dRes b-ni Jordania umecrobisa da uvi-

cobis malays taSiscemiT gadadis, gaizrdebian, iswavlian,

codniT Seivsebian da gamoarkveven, ra araraobis madania es

Cveni axali publicisti yovelisfriT, niWi gnebavT, codna,

Tu Wkua~ (`umecrobis farTi-furTi~).

ilias gzis uaryofiT Tavi marto social-demokratebs

ar gamouCeniaT. es seni saerTo seni iyo. 1901 wels daweril

naSromSi `publicisti _ ilia WavWavaZe~ arCil jorjaZem

ilias aSkarad dauwuna ekonomikuri da socialuri programa,

aseve eWvqveS daayena misi demokratizmi. xsenebuli naSromi im

xanebSi ar gamoqveynebula. miuxedavad amisa, ilias SeumCneve-

li ar darCenia is, rom arCil jorjaZe ver gadaurCa axal-

gazrda TaobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sens _ uarmyoflobas.

cxadia, ilias isic ecodineboda, rom, miuxedavad uarmyoflo-

biT gatacebisa, axalgazrda TaobaSi arCil jorjaZe ilias

yvelaze didi damfasebeli iyo. iliam sazogadoebisaTvis saxi-

faTod CaTvala arCil jorjaZis socialuri Sexedulebani.

ilias miuReblad miaCnda axalgazrda Taobis meore warmomad-

genlis _ ivane gomarTelis _ socialuri Sexedulebanic. am

sakiTxisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba iliam gamoxata 1902

wels gamoqveynebul werilSi _ `i. gomarTelis filosofia

da a. jorjaZis fsixologia~. werili iliam `axalmosulis~

fsevdonimiT dabeWda (ix. gazeTi `iveria~, 1902, #21). ilia

ase axasiaTebs arCil jorjaZes: `xom iciT, vina brZandeba b-ni

arCil jorjaZe? es is axali kacia, romelic marto imis fiq-

rsa da cdaSia, rom axlebsac aamos da arc Zvelebi moimdu-

ros. amitomac amisTanaebSi ase brZnulad ityvis xolme: Zve-

lebi, marTalia, mixvdnen, magram saqme axlebsaviT kargad ver

gamoSignes, gulRviZli kargad ver gauCxrikeso; mixvedra Zve-

lebisaa, gaCxreka-ki axlebisao~. kidev ufro didi iumoria

ilias Semdeg sityvebSi: `ai, RmerTma acocxlos arCil jor-

jaZe, misi axali mimarTuleba, misi axali mecniereba da misi

37

axali fsixologia. ver warmoidgen, qveyanas ra dovani dasce-

mia, ra iRbali hqonia da dRes-aqamomde-ki ara scodnia~. sabo-

loo Sefasebac iliaseuli iumoriTaa Sezavebuli: `exla swo-

red giTxra, ar vici, _ romeli ufro didi mecnieria da ro-

meli ufro win mirbis `sazogadoebriv idealebisaken~ _ b-ni

gomarTeli, Tu b-ni arCil jorjaZe? es-ki vici, rom es meoce

saukune Cven, qarTvelebs, kargs etlsa da varskvlavze dagve-

beda: xumrobaa, ori amisTana kaci mogvevlina, rogorc filo-

sofosi gomarTeli da fsixologi _ jorjaZe~ (`i. gomarTe-

lis filosofia da a. jorjaZis fsixologia~).

sxva senTa msgavsad uarmyoflobis senic ukurnebeli

aRmoCnda.

38

`exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~

(socializmis buneba)

iliam Tavisi cnobili publicisturi werili `Cveni

exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~ 1896 wels gamoaqveyna. werili

sami leqciis saxiT aris warmodgenili (viTom avtori leqci-

iT gamodis auditoriis winaSe). am droisaTvis pirveli qar-

Tuli social-demokratiuli organizacia `mesame dasi~ ramde-

nime wlis Seqmnili iyo. sazogadoebisaTvis kargad iyo cnobi-

li `mesame dasis~ programa da am organizaciis lideris (noe

Jordanias), aseve sxva social-demokratebis (silibistro

jiblaZis, petre geleiSvilis) saprogramo xasiaTis publika-

ciebi. `mesame daselTa~ sazogadoebriv asparezze damkvidrebas

aSkarad uwyobda xels giorgi wereTeli, romelic gazeT

`kvalSi~ sistematurad beWdavda socialisturi xasiaTis ma-

salas. ilias `Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~ swored gior-

gi wereTlis, `mesame dasisa~ da gazeT `kvalis~ winaaRmdeg

iyo mimarTuli. praqtikulad ilia ebrZoda socialisturi

(social-demokratiuli) ideologiis damkvidrebas qarTul si-

namdvileSi. XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis

cxadi iyo, rom qarTul erovnul moZraobas yvelaze did saf-

rTxes swored socialisturi ideologia uqmnida.

erTi SexedviT ucnauria: ratom arafers ambobs ilia

socializmis bunebis Sesaxeb, maSin, roca qarTvel socialis-

tebs miwasTan asworebs. amas SeiZleba erTaderTi axsna hqon-

des. iliam kargad icoda, Tu ra did Zalas warmoadgendnen

socialistebi evropasa da ruseTSi, am moZraobasTan Riad da-

pirispireba saSiSi iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom werili iliam `jib-

raelis~ fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna (ix. gazeTi `iveria~, 1896,

##20,21,22). ilia ara marto ar akritikebs socializms,

aramed arc ki axsenebs mas, mkiTxvels ar ganumartavs socia-

lizmis bunebas. Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT, ilias publicistur

werils `Cveni exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~, aSkara xdeba, rom

socializmis nacvlad ilia xmarobs `sibrZne-sicrues~. Sem-

TxveviTi ar aris, rom `sibrZne-sicruis~ mniSvneloba ilias

39

werilis dasawyisSi ar ganumartavs. mas Semdeg, rac giorgi

wereTlis, gazeT `kvalisa~ da `mesame dasis~ safuZvlian kri-

tikas morCa, ilia, TiTqos uadgilod, ase mimarTavs mkiT-

xvels: `exla droa SevudgeT Cemis leqciis sagans. smena da

gagoneba!..~ rogorc vxedavT, ilia sagangebod amzadebs audi-

torias (sinamdvileSi mkiTxvels) da mxolod amis Semdeg ac-

xadebs: `sagani Cemis leqciebisa aris exlandeli Cveni sib-

rZne-sicrue~. sibrZne-sicruis Tema, misi arsi da daniSnuleba

qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis SesaniSnavad iyo cnobili, magram

ilia `sibrZne-sicrues~ sulxan-saba orbelianiseuli gagebiT

ar iyenebs. ase rom ndomoba, werilis saTaurSi ar iqneboda

sityvebi `Cveni~ da `exlandeli~. cxadia, ilia ukve saTauri-

danve amcnobs mkiTxvels, rom saubari iqneboda ara `sibrZne-

sicruis~ tradiciul (sulxan-saba orbelianiseul) gagebaze,

aramed sxva `sibrZne-sicrueze~ _ `exlandel~ (XIX saukunis

90-iani wlebis) `sibrZne-sicrueze~. ilia imTaviTve grZnobda,

werilis saTaurs SeiZleboda mkiTxveli daebnia, radgan qar-

Tvel mkiTxvels `Zveli~ `sibrZne-sicruis~ arsi da daniSnu-

leba kargad esmoda, `axlisa~ ki ara. am gaugebrobis Tavidan

asacileblad ilia wers: `iqneba am saTaurma gagaocaT. me im-

deni Tqveni gaoceba ar minda, ramdenic is, rom am uTavbolo

dro-Jams, roca CvenSi davTrebi airia, roca ZaRls, ukacravad

ar viyo _ patroni ver ucvnia da patrons ZaRli, Sesaferi

saxeli ram daerqvas. me vamtkiceb, rom exlandeli dro droa

sibrZne-sicruisa, me vambob Cveni, ese igi qarTvelebis droa-

meTqi aseTi. sxvebTan me saqme ara maqvs. yvela ers exlandels

droSi imdeni Tavisi sakuTari TavSi sacemi aqvs, rom Znelia

sxvisTvis moicalos vinmem. mainc-da-mainc, dee sxvam Tavisi

icodes, Cven Cveni unda SevityoT~. `exlandeli~ `sibrZne-sic-

ruis~ ganmartebis Semdeg ilia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iumo-

riT moulodnelad isev giorgi wereTels axsenebs: `gTxovT

daixsomoT, rom am sagans (e. i. `exlandel~ `sibrZne-sicrues~

_ avt.) pirvelad me mivekare, es sagani pirvelad me aRmovaCi-

ne, Torem bolos, roca me amiT saxels viSovi, b-ni g. were-

Teli wamomecileba, saxels pirvelobisas is daiCemebs da sa-

daod-gamixdis saqmes. aseTia misi saqebari zne-Cveuleba~.

ilias werilis es adgili bevri raimeTia saintereso.

ilia aRniSnavs: saqarTveloSi `davTrebi airia~ da `uTavbolo

dro-Jami~ dadga. ram aria `davTrebi~ saqarTveloSi, ratom

dadga `uTavbolo dro-Jami?~ am droisaTvis sazogadoebriv-

politikur moZraobaSi da mTlianad qarTul sazogadoebaSi,

40

mis yvela fenaSi `davTrebi~ aria socialisturi ideologiis

gavrcelebam da qarTveli social-demokratebis ideurma da

organizaciulma gaerTianebam _ `mesame dasis~ Seqmnam. noe

Jordaniam, silibistro jiblaZem da petre geleiSvilma 1893-

1896 wlebSi gamoqveynebul werilebSi eWvqveS daayenes qarTu-

li erovnuli moZraobis monapovari, xolo misi xvalindeli

dRe uperspeqtivod miiCnies. amasTan erTad, daiwyo ilia Wav-

WavaZisa da niko nikolaZis rolis daknineba, Tavadaznauruli

inteligenciis abuCad agdeba. qarTveli eris winamZRolad

proletariati (muSaTa klasi) gamocxadda. daiwyo kargad or-

ganizebuli propaganda, romlis mizani iyo socialuri dapi-

rispirebis gaRrmaveba da socialuri afeTqebis gamowveva.

swored am movlenas uwodebs ilia `daTvrebis arevas~, xolo

TviT dros _ `uTavbolo dro-Jams~.

ilia aRniSnavs: is, rac saqarTveloSi xdeba (`davTre-

bis areva~, `uTavbolo dro-Jamis~ dadgoma), mxolod saqar-

Tvelos satkivari ar aris. igive procesi SeiniSneba sxva

qveynebSi (`yvela ers exlandels droSi imdeni Tavisi saku-

Tar TavSi sacemi aqvs~). am SemTxvevaSi ilia imaze mianiSnebs,

rom saqarTvelos Tanadroulad socialisturi ideologia

gavrcelda ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovreb TiTqmis yvela erSi.

ilia aRniSnavs: giorgi wereTels pirvelobis daCemeba

sCveviao (`saxels pirvelobisas is daiCemebs~). giorgi were-

Teli, marTlac, iCemebda, rom man pirvelma dainaxa socializ-

mis qarTul niadagze gadmonergvis aucilebloba da kidec mi-

aRwia mizans.

zemoT motanili masala da misi analizi gvafiqrebi-

nebs, rom `exlandel sibrZne-sicrues~ ilia swored socia-

lizms uwodebs, anu socializms miiCnevs axali drois sib-

rZne-sicrued.

Cveni mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs ilias weri-

lis kidev erTi adgili, sadac igi ukve aSkarad upirispirebs

erTmaneTs sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne-sicrues~ da `ex-

landel sibrZne-sicrues~. sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne-

sicrue~ ilias ase aqvs warmodgenili: `saba orbelianis sic-

rue-meTqi sul sxvaa. saba orbelianis sicrue zRaparia, ara-

kia, igavia. igavi, araki, zRapari amisTana saxea, kania azrisa,

romelic saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas zedmiwevniT gvixa-

tavs xorcSesxmulad, Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs, znes gvi-

wurTnis, avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTmaneTSi gasarCevad~.

`exlandel sibrZne-sicrues~ ilia asea axasiaTebs: `me vfiq-

41

rob, rom saba orbelians amis Tqma undoda: me zRapars geub-

nebi da sibrZnes-ki gamcnebo. zRapari mogonili ambavia, ara-

marTali, maSasadame, sicruea. am mxriT wigni saba orbelianisa

sicruea. is sicrue-ki ara, romelic swamlavs da hSxamavs

adamians da sicruis mTqmels ufro sTxris da auwmindurebs,

vidre sxvas. is sicrue-ki ara, romelsac auRia urcxvad Tavi

da qurdulad ikbineba geslian morieliviT da romelic ase

sazizRaria da samarTlianad devnuli yovel patiosan kacisa-

gan. is sicrue-ki ara, romelsac bude gaukeTebia Cvens sasiqa-

dulo `mesame dasis~ JurnalSi, b-ni g. wereTlis Tavmosawo-

nebel kvalSi, da romelSiac igive b-ni g. wereTeli kruxada

zis da sCeks tyuilebis wiwilebs da yovel-kvira gamohyavs

iarmukaze gasasyidad~.

`mesame dasi~ da `kvali~ socializmis ideebis erTgu-

li mimdevrebi da aqtiuri propagandistebi iyvnen, mesame dase-

lebi _ Tavgadakluli socialistebi (social-demokratebi).

Tu ilia pirvel qarTul social-demokratiul (socialis-

tur) organizacias _ `mesame dass~ _ iseT organizaciad miiC-

nevs, sadac `exlandel sibrZne-sicrues~ dausadgurebia, maSin

udavo unda iyos: socializmi _ es aris axali drois, anu

`exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~.

metad sainteresoa, Tu ra epiTetebiT axasiaTebs ilia

socializms. ilias azriT, socializmi `swamlavs da hSxamavs

adamians;~ `qurdulad ikbineba geslian morielisaviT;~ `saziz-

Raria da samarTlianad devnuli yovel patiosan kacisagan;~

`sicruis mTqmels (anu socializmis mimdevars _ avt.) ufro

sTxris da auwmindurebs~.

aseTi momakvdinebeli daxasiaTeba socializms qarTul

sinamdvileSi mxolod iliam misca. cxadia, social-demokra-

tebma SesaniSnavad gaiges, Tu ra mniSvnelobiT xmarobda ilia

`exlandel sibrZne-sicrues~. socializmis gabiabruebas ki

isini aravis apatiebdnen, ar apaties iliasac. 1897 wels so-

cial-demokratebma ilias 60 wlis iubile CauSales. uSede-

god damTavrda qarTveli sazogadoebis erTi nawilis cda,

ilias iubile dagvianebiT _ 1898 wels aReniSnaT. imxanad so-

cial-demokratebis winaaRmdeg aSkara gamosvla veravin gabeda.

social-demokratebis ideurma terorma Tavis mizans miaRwia.

42

`gvarTmeven yovels erovnuls Rirsebas~

(Selaxuli erovnuli Rirsebis aRdgenisaTvis)

ruseTis koloniuri politikis erT-erTi mTavari mi-

marTuleba qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis Cakvla iyo. amis

gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda qarTveli eris asimilacia, saqar-

Tvelos gadaqceva ruseTis imperiis ganuyofel nawilad. qar-

Tuli erovnuli cnobierebis Cakvlas ruseTis saimperatoro

kari da kavkasiis koloniuri administracia kargad gaazrebu-

li gegmiT cdilobda. es gegma iTvaliswinebda:

pirveli. qarTuli enis gandevnas dawyebiTi skolebidan

da gimnaziebidan, sasuliero saswavleblebidan da sasuliero

seminariidan, e. i. saero da sasuliero ganaTlebis sistemidan.

qarTveli mozardis ganaTlebis ena rusuli unda yofiliyo,

samyaro mas rusuli enis saSualebiT unda Seecno.

meore. saqarTvelos istoriisa da qarTuli kulturis

(sasuliero da saero mwerloba, saistorio mwerloba, arqi-

teqtura da sxv.) swavlebis ardaSveba saero da sasuliero

ganaTlebis sistemaSi, mozardis cnobierebidan cnebebis _

`samSoblos istoria~ da `mSobliuri literatura~ _ waSla.

mesame. qarTuli erovnuli faseulobebis, siwmindeebis

damcireba da abuCad agdeba, qarTveli eris warsulis, saqar-

Tvelos istoriis iseTnairad gayalbeba, rom masSi mozards

saamayo da misabaZi veraferi daenaxa.

ilias brZola Selaxuli erovnuli Rirsebis aRdgeni-

saTvis did moqalaqeobriv gambedaobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

ilia upirispirdeboda ara romelime konkretul saxelmwifo

uwyebas an Tanamdebobis pirs, aramed imperiis saxelmwifo po-

litikas. roca cnobilma Jurnalistma da saxelmwifo moRva-

wem, imperator aleqsandre II-sTan daaxloebulma pirma, ru-

seTSi erT-erTi avtoritetuli gazeTis "Московские Ведомости"-s redaqtorma mixeil katkovma Tavis gazeTSi qar-

Tuli erovnuli droSis Seuracxmyofeli masala gamoaqveyna,

yvela mixvda, rom es mxolod gazeTis poziciis gamoxatuleba

ar iyo. miuxedavad amisa, ilia ar Sedrka. piriqiT, Tavis we-

43

rilSi `katkovis pasuxad~, romelic 1882 wels gazeT `droe-

baSi~ gamoqveynda, iliam swored imperatoris favoriti mixe-

il katkovi gaakritika mwvaved. ilia werda: `Cven am masxara-

obas masxara kacisas (e. i. mixeil katkovisas _ avt.) yursac

ar vaTxovebdiT, rom bezRoba marto amazed Semdgariyo da ma-

bezRars ar Seeginebinos, upatiureba ar mieyenebinos mTel

qarTvelobisaTvis da mis erovnebis RirsebisaTvis. igi ambobs,

rom `samSoblos~ warmodgenazed didi xarji mouvidaT qar-

Tvelebsao, da qarTuli droSebi rom godfruas cirks miyi-

don, kargs izameno~. mixeil katkovisaTvis `masxara kacis~

wodebas yvela ver gabedavda. ufro metic, ilia amazec ar Se-

Cerda: `gacveTilis kacisagan yvelaferi mosalodnelia, magram

egre ukadrisad xseneba misi, rasac yoveli patiosani kaci,

yoveli eri Tayvansa scems, rogorc emblemas eris patiosnebi-

sas, eris Rirsebisas, romlis Seumwikvlelad dacvisaTvis _

aramc-Tu calke kaci, aramed mTeli eri yvelgan dedamiwis

zurgzed sicocxles ara zogavs da misTvis sikvdili saxelad

da didebad miaCnia, _ imis egreT ukadrisad xsenebas, ar vi-

ciT, ra saxeli davarqvaT da misi egreT momxsenebeli ra su-

lierebaSi SevricxoT~ (`katkovis pasuxad~).

1881 wels ilias cxare polemika hqonda kirile ianov-

skisTan, romelic kavkasiis olqSi ganaTlebis saqmis xel-

mZRvaneli (mzrunveli) iyo. kirile ianovski akninebda qarTu-

li enisa da saqarTvelos istoriis rols qarTveli mozardis

ganaTlebis procesSi. ilia 1881 wels gazeT `droebaSi~ ga-

moqveynebul werilSi _ `b-n ianovskis werilisa gamo~ _ ar

daeTanxma kirile ianovskis. iliam Tavisi pozicia gaamyara

cnobili mecnierebisa da pedagogebis mosazrebebiT. ilia wer-

da: `Cven mogvyavs es azrebi mecnierebisa imitom-ki ara, rom

gvegonos, viTomc b-nma ianovskim yovelive es Cvenzed ukeT ar

icodes, aramed imitom, rom yvelam, didma da pataram Seityos

da gaigos, ra Ronea deda-ena skolisaTvis saerTod da saero-

saTvis sakuTriv. Cven rom egre daJinebiT da ukan-dauxevlad

vTxoulobT deda-enisaTvis sruls da daubrkolebels gzas

saswavlebelSi, _ eg marto deda-enis siyvaruliT ar mogvdis.

vTxoulobT da vnatrulobT imitomac, rom udeda-enod gone-

bis gaxsna bavSvisa yovlad SeuZlebelia~. ilia kirile ianov-

skis Seaxsenebs, rom Tu skolidan dedaena ganidevna `maSin

skola gonebis gaxsnis saxsari-ki ar aris, gonebis daCagvri-

saa, daxSvisaa, daTrgunvisaa, gaTaxsirebisaa~. ilia svams kiT-

xvas: `da gana es sasurvelia visTvisme?~ bolos ilia daas-

44

kvnis: ` ... deda-ena cnobilia aramc Tu ukeTes da aucilebel

saxsrad, rom skolam Tavisi daniSnuleba aasrulos, aramed

upirveles sagnadac, romelic bavSvma unda Seiswavlos da

icodes. maSasadame, skolam sazogadod da saerom sakuTriv eg

samsaxuri unda gauwios ersa~.

dedaenis mniSvnelobis garkvevis Semdeg ilia msjelobs

samSoblos istoriis swavlebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da aseT

daskvnas akeTebs: `meore aucilebeli Rone da sagani saero

skolisa adgilobrivi, erobrivi elementi aris, ese igi _ is

buneba, is eri, is yofa-cxovreba, romelic gars artyia mo-

zardsa da romelT Sorisac bavSvi trialebs, scxovrebs su-

liTa da xorciTa dabadebis dRidamve~.

kirile ianovskisTan polemika iliam ase Seajama: `cxa-

dia, rom saero skola, rogorc pirvel-dawyebiTi skola eri-

sa, sxva ara unda iyos-ra, garda deda-enisa da samSoblo qvey-

nis maswavlebel skolisa, imisda miuxedvad _ gangrZobili

iqneba mas Semdegac swavla Tu ara. am skolas Tavisi sakuTa-

ri moedani aqvs, romlis Tavi da bolo iqve, skolaSia. marTa-

lia, patara moedania, magram yoveli hxedavs, ra mZime da ra

Zneli gasavlelia. nuravis nu hgonia, saero skolis sakuTari

tvirTi ise subuqi iyos, rom ganizraxos sxva sapalnec ahki-

dos raime.~

kirile ianovskisTan polemikaSi ilias erT-erTi Zlie-

ri argumenti isic iyo, rom ilia ar uaryofda rusuli enis

swavlebis aucileblobas: `marTalia, b-ni ianovski rusuli

enis swavlebas saero skolaSi im sabuTiTac Txoulobs, rom

aqaurebs hsurTo rusuli enis codnao. Cvenca gvsurs da Za-

lianac, gana marto imisaTvis, rom igi saWiroa viTarca sa-

xelmwifo ena, aramed imisTvisac, rom misi literatura exla

imodenad Zlieria, rom SeuZlian goneba-gaxsnils kacs sulis

sazrdoeba misces. igi Ronea, aramc Tu rogorc metis codna,

aramed rogorc saxsari sacxovreblad brZolisaTvis, igi

far-xmalia dRes CvenTvis yvelaferSi da yvelgan, raki Sini-

dam gareT fexs gamovdgamT~. Tumca iqve ilia imasac aRniS-

navs, rom kirile ianovskiseuli saswavlo gegma, maT Soris

rusuli enis swavlebisa, yovlad miuRebelia. mozardma jer

qarTuli unda iswavlos, xolo Semdeg _ rusuli ena, rusu-

li enis Seswavla qarTuli enis safuZvlian codnas unda em-

yarebodes. ilias daskvna aseTia: `im programiT ki, rogorc b-

n ianovskis miufiqrebia, Cveneburi saero skola verc Taviss

sakuTars saqmes gaarigebs da verc rusuls enas gvacodinebs.

45

im viwro gzazed, rac saero skolas CvenSi daniSnuli aqvs, am

orive _ sul sxvadasxva sagnis _ Sexvedra arc erTs daayris

xeirs da arc meores~ (`b-n ianovskis werilisa gamo~).

skolis rusifikaciis pirobebSi ilias polemika kiri-

le ianovskisTan, wminda pedagogiuri mniSvnelobis garda, did

politikur mniSvnelobas iZenda. ufro zustad, am SemTxvevaSi

ilias werili politikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro iyo mniSvne-

lovani.

qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis dasamarebas sxva Zale-

bic cdilobdnen, safrTxe sxva mxridanac momdinareobda.

XIX saukuneSi ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi gavrcelebu-

li yvela socialisturi mimdinareoba (anarqizmi, narodnikoba,

social-demokratia da sxv.) xalxis masebis `dauflebas~ es-

wrafoda. socialisturi ideologiis adamianTa cnobierebaSi

damkvidreba ki warmoudgeneli iyo cnobierebidan erovnuli

TviTSegnebisa da qristianuli zneobis amoZirkvis gareSe. am

mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebi rusma narodnikebma gadadges.

marTalia, kosmopolitizmiT anarqizmic uxvad iyo gajerebu-

li, magram narodnikoba erovnulobisa da qristianobis (mar-

Tlmadideblobis) winaaRmdeg brZolis kargi organizebiTa da

agresiulobiT gamoirCeoda. rusi narodnikebis ideuri Tanamo-

azreebi iyvnen qarTveli narodnikebi, romelTa didi nawili

(ivane jabadari, aleqsandre CikoiZe da sxv.) kargad iyo cno-

bili mTels ruseTSi. swored erovnebiT qarTvelma, ruseTSi

narodnikuli moZraobis erT-erTma gamoCenilma moRvawem ivane

jabadarma ikisra saqarTveloSi kosmopolituri ideologiis

damkvidrebis misia. ivane jabadarma gadawyvita, qarTveli eris

istoriis iseTi interpretacia moeca, rom qarTvelebs Tavisi

istoriiT veRar eamayaT. ase daiwera ivane jabadaris "Письма о Грузии", romelic rusul JurnalSi "Северный Вестник" gamoqveynda 1889 wels.

ivane jabadari, arc meti, arc naklebi, amtkicebda, rom

qarTveli eri daberda, fizikuri da sulieri Zalisagan dai-

cala da perspeqtiva aRar aqvs. ivane jabadaris es umTavresi

Tezisi iliam didi damajereblobiT uaryo. Tavis brwyinvale

publicisturi werilebis seriaSi `ai istoria~, romelic

1889 wels gamoqveynda gazeT `iveriis~ TeTrmet nomerSi,

iliam daasabuTa, rom ivane jabadarma ar icoda arc saqarTve-

los da arc msoflios istoria. ilia werda: `ra azri aqvs

eris siberes? ras gviqvian eris sibere? aiReT exlandelni

erni inglisis, safrangeTisa, germaniisa, amerikel-indoelisa,

46

afrikis zangisa, abaSis eTiopelisa da gviTxariT, amaSi rome-

li vigulisxmoT bebrad da romeli axalgazrdad? marTalia,

amaSi arian Zvelni da axalni, da es sulac im sebers da siy-

mawviles ara hniSnavs, rom erTs sikvdilis meti ara darCeno-

des ra, rogorc calke kacs, sibereSi Cavardnils, da meore

ki zrdaSi iyos, minam daberdebodes da siberes Tan gadahyve-

bodes. eg Zvel-axloba marto imas moaswavebs, rom erTi eri

adre gamosula saistorio sarbielzed da meore gvian~.

iliam SesaniSnavad icoda ara marto saqarTvelos is-

toria, aramed msoflios istoria. amitom misi argumentebi

mecnierulad savsebiT dasabuTebulia: `Tu bevri magaliTia

istoriaSi, rom eri sruliad aRgvila dedamiwis zurgidam,

siberes ki ar abraleben exlandelni mecnierni, aramed Sinaur

saqmeTa mouwyoblobas, urigobas da gareSe mizezebs, magali-

Tebr, mterTagan Zlevasa, aklebasa da aoxrebas. dabereba eri-

sa, rom marTali iyos, maSin Tavis drozed inglisis, safran-

geTis da germaniis ernic siberes gadahyvebian, daixocebian,

amowydebian. es SeiZleba moxdes, Tumca bnelad warmosadgeni-

kia, magram, Tu moxda, aq sibere arafers SuaSi iqneba, imitom

ufro, rom sibere erisa aramc Tu bunebrivi movlenaa, aramc

Tu arsebobs, warmodgeniTac-ki yovlad SeuZlebelia~.

ilias saboloo daskvna erTaderTi da kategoriulia:

eris sibere `uqmi sityvaa, misi sagani ar arsebobs da warmo-

udgenelic aris~.

ilia sagangebod Cerdeba enis mniSvnelobaze. ilia

wers: `eseve ar-SesaZlebeli SesZlo adamianis gonebam, roca

Seudga imis gamoZiebas da gagebas, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyo

kacobrioba sazogadod, an TviTeuli eri calke _ im dros,

romelic, istorias ar dauxsomebia, an Tvali ar Seuswvria~.

kacobriobis istoriis uZvelesi periodis Seswavla, ilias

azriT, wyaroTa simciris gamo Zneldeba. amiTaa ganpirobebuli

is, rom uZvelesi istoria `cxra klitiT daketili salaroa

da gasaRebi zRvaSia gadagdebuli~. miuxedavad amisa, ilias

swams, rom `adamianis gonebam mainc ipova es gasaRebi da am

salaros kari gagviRo cotad Tu bevrad~. am `gasaRebad~

ilia enas miiCnevs: `TiTon ena adamianisa, misi sityviereba,

mTeli xelTuqmneli istoriaa erisa calke da kacobriobisa

sazogadod~. enis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ase esmis ili-

as: `ena, rogorc gasaRebi daketilisa, yvelazed ufro Sem-

Zlebelia da yvelaze sando mowmea civilizaciis istoriisaT-

47

vis, radgan ufros-erTs SemTxvevaSi erToba enisa moaswavebs

erTobas kulturisas~ (`ai istoria~).

yovelive es ivane jabadarma ar gaiTvaliswina da ami-

tom iyo, rom saqarTvelos uZvelesi istoriis interpretaci-

isas uamravi miutevebeli Secdoma dauSva.

ilias `ai istoriam~ warmoudgenlad didi roli Seas-

rula qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi.

`ai istoria~ saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbebelTa winaaR-

mdeg brZolaSi dResac etalonad rCeba.

`ai istoriis~ gamoqveynebidan aTi wlis Semdeg, 1899

wels, ilia aqveynebs kidev erT brwyinvale naSroms _ `somex-

Ta mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi~. es iyo pasuxi somexi mecnie-

rebis mxridan saqarTvelos istoriis winaswarganzraxviT

uxeS gayalbebaze. `qvaTa RaRadi~ qarTveli eris mZime mdgoma-

reobis daxasiaTebiT iwyeba: `CvenisTana dabriyvebuli, dabal

Robed miCneuli eri, CvenisTana saxelgatexili Znelad Tu

sxva moipoveba dedamiwis zurgze. vinc gnebavT, an zed gvabo-

tebs, an gvqelavs da miwasTan gvasworebs. lamis kavkasiis

qeds aqeT Cveni xseneba gaaCanagon, qarTvelebis saxeli dedami-

wis zurgidan aRgavon da CalasaviT qars gaatanon. TiTqos

arc odesme vyofilvarT, arc dResa varT... suliT dabalni,

Wkua-gonebiT Clungni, zneoba-dacemulni, sulelni, uswavlel-

ni, gaunaTlebelni, gaRatakebulni, flidni, piris-gamtexni,

mxdal-laCarni _ ai Cvenis sulier da xorciel avla-didebis

suraTi! ai rani vyofilvarT, rani varT dRes imaTis sityviT,

visac ase Tavisda sasargeblod miuCnevia Cvenis saxelis gate-

xa, Cveni miwasTan gasworeba. weriT Tu sityviT, Sin Tu ga-

reT welebze fexs idgamen, rom qveyana daajeron, viTomc Cven

swored aseTi uxeironi da uRirsni vyofilvarT da dResac

aseTnive varT, Tu ara uaresni~.

ilia SeSfoTebuli iyo imiT, rom evropaSi qarTvele-

bis Sesaxeb swored yalbismqmnelTa mier SeTxzuli ambebi

vrceldeboda: `amisTana daRiT Sublze gaistumres qarTvelis

saxeli evropaSi, saca-ki ena da kalami miuwvdebodaT. aseTive

saxeli gauTqves qarTvelebs TviT ruseb Sorisac~.

amis Semdeg ilia gadadis somexi mecnierebis mier sa-

qarTvelos istoriis gayalbebis sakiTxze. ilia aRniSnavs,

rom somexi mecnierebi `sityviTa da kalmiT qveyanas eficebian,

viTomc kavkasiis qeds aqeT tigrisa da evfratis saTaveebamde,

TiTqmis Savis zRvidam kaspiis zRvamde, egreT-wodebuli arme-

nia (viTomc somxeTi) yofila aTadam-babadam dRevandlamde, da

48

Tu sadme viRac `vracebi~ yrilan _ erTi aTiode boslis ad-

gili Tu sWeriaT da isic TiTqmis somexTa mowyalebiT~. es

kidev araferi. qarTvelebis aseTi yofis mizezi, somex mecni-

erTa azriT, sruliad kanonzomieri yofila: `TiTon es `vra-

cebi~ viTarca eri arafrad saxsenebelia, imitom rom gawyve-

tisa da gadaSenebis gzaze dganan da, Tundac esec ar iyos,

Wkua imaT ar gaaCniaT, rom Tav-bedisa gaigon ram. aReb-micemo-

bis unari RmerTs imaTTvis ar uRirsebia, meurmeobisa da Cal-

vadrobis meti sxva xeloba ar ician da is patar-patara sa-

bosleebic-ki ver mouxmariaT, romelTac, qveynis sasacilod,

saqarTvelos eZaxian~.

ilia aRniSnavs, rom miznis misaRwevad somexi mecnie-

rebi arafers eridebian, yovelgvar siyalbes sCadian: ` ... gvarTmeven yovels erovnuls Rirsebas, sTiTxnian Cvens vinao-

bas, da rom sul mTlad bolo mogviRon qveynis winaSe, gviba-

Tileben mTels Cvens istoriasac, Cvens istoriuls matiane-

ebs, istoriuls naSTsa da saxsovarsa, mTels Cvens sisxliT

mosils Rvawls qristianobisaTvis Sewirulsa da yovels ama-

Ti TiTon iCemeben didis gaZvren-gamoZvreniTa~.

somex mecnierTa `Rvawli~ rom warmoaCina, ilia sru-

liad kanonzomierad svams kiTxvas: ra mizans isaxaven yalbis-

mqmnelebi? ai, es adgili `qvaTa RaRadidan~: `risTvis aris

atexili es mtver-buqi, es fuqsavati Weqa-quxili? imisTvis,

rom qveyana daajeron, viTomc amier-kavkasiaSi erTad-erTi so-

mexi eria, romelic Zvelis-Zveladac yofila, dResac aris, da

amis gamo momavalic misTvis ufro upriania, vidre sxvisaTvis,

radganac istoriulad daamtkices Tavisi sulier-xorcieli

sidide da Zal-Rone, Tvisi Seuryevloba da simaRle Wkua-go-

nebisao~.

morigi kiTxva, romelsac ilia svams, aseTia: vin idga

yalbismqmnelebis ukan, saidan imarTeboda mTeli es procesi?

pasuxi, rogorc yovelTvis, damajerebeli da yovelmxriv ga-

wonasworebulia: `visi unaria yovelive es? es ra Savi yora-

nia, rom Tavs dagvtrialebs, zed dagvyefs da dagvCxavis? Cven

adrec gviTqvams da exlac vityviT: RmerTma gvaSoros igi

brali, igi codva _ mTels ers somxisas SevwamoT, romelic

marto erTs gvars gunds somxebisas da im gundis mwignobar-

mecnierT ekuTvnis~. ilias seriozulad afiqrebda erTi sakiT-

xi: `minam kalams xelSi aviRebdiT am werilis dasawerad,

didxans Cavufiqrdi erTs CvenTvis didmniSvnelovans garemoe-

bas: rogor CamogvarTmevs werils mTeli eri somxebisa?~ co-

49

ta qvemoT ilia agrZelebs: `mTeli eri somxebisa aq arafers

SuaSia. igi, mSvidobianad mSromeli da gamrjeli, Taviss saq-

mes adgia _ vaWroba Tu xvna-Tesva _ da fiqradac ar mosdis

da arc eWireba pasuxis-mgebeli iyos im zogierTTa codvebis

gamo, romelnic ara-mkiTxe moambesaviT metiCroben da gars

dastrialeben, rogorc mumli muxasa. erma kargad icis, rom

WeSmaritis Rirsebis qveyanaSi mosafenlad saWiro ar aris

buki da naRara. kargad icis, rom matrakvecoba misis erTgvar

gundisa veraferi Tamasuqia arc amisaTvis, rom Rirseba mis

qveyanaSi gaiTqvas, arc imisaTvis, rom sxvisa avad xsenebiT,

sxva eris ZagebiT iq gamoinaskvos, saca ar aris~.

ilia aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos istoriis gabiabrue-

basTan erTad somexi mecnierebi aidealeben somxeTis istori-

as. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ilias pozicia aseTia: ` ... Cven qeba-didebas somxebisas sabuTebs ar gamovuCxrekT, Tundac ca-

lieri baqiaoba iyos. Tu saqeb-sadidebeli aqvT raime, RmerTma

SearCinoT. Tu ara aqvT, RmerTma misceT. Cven marto imas vCi-

viT, rom somxis maqeb-madidebeli gundi Cven, qarTvelebs,

gvTxris, sulierad da xorcielad gvabaTilebs da samarisaken

gviSvers xelsa, TiTqos marto Cveni araraobaa maTis Rirsebis

momaswavebeli, maTis Rirsebis maniSnebeli~.

iliam winaswar icoda, rom qarTveli sazogado moRva-

weebis nawili, e. w. liberalTa erTi jgufi (maT Soris iyo

giorgi wereTelic) gangaSs atexda da ikiTxavda: ras mogvi-

tans somex mecnierTa mxileba? maTi azriT, somex mecnierTa

mxileba daZabavda urTierTobas qarTvelebsa da somxebs So-

ris. ilia maT gasagonad ambobda: `liberaloba gana malvaa,

anu xelis wafarebaa tyuilebisa, oinbazobisa, TaRliTobisa,

TvalT-maqcobisa da yovelgvar namus-axdilobisa, da ara mxi-

leba yoveli amisi? Tu saZraxavsa ar amxel da samarcxvino

boZze ar gaakrav, maS risi maqnisi-Raa eg Tqveni mowonebuli,

Tqveni qadebuli do-ylapia liberaloba. maS es gamojareba

yovel saqmisa, es mzeze gamotana yovelis farulis da ara

farulis borotisa, _ imisda miuxedavad, SfoTs astexs, Tu

ar astexs, gana uwmindesi upirvelesi Rirseba ar aris WeSma-

ritis liberalobisa~.

am sakmaod vrceli Sesavlis Semdeg ilia iwyebs somex

mecnierTa mier samoci wlis ganmavlobaSi qmnili siyalbis

mxilebas. `qvaTa RaRadis~ es nawili, miuxedavad publicistu-

ri stilisa, mecnieruli gamokvlevaa, urTulesi sakiTxebis

popularuli eniT gadmocemis brwyinvale nimuSia. aSkaraa,

50

rom ilias Rrmad da safuZvlianad hqonda Seswavlili somex

mecnierTa, aseve maTi Tanamoazre ucxoel mkvlevarTa naSrome-

bi da iq arsebul siyalbes amxelda saqarTvelos istoriis

qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis, qarTvel da ucxoel isto-

rikosTa gamokvlevebis moSveliebiT.

`qvaTa RaRadis~ dasasruls ilia gulistkiviliT ac-

xadebs: `gana CvenTvis-ki sanatrelia eseTi daqsaqsuloba som-

xebisa! RmerTma misceT Rone da unari erTad moiyaron Tavi

iq, saidamac ayrilan da aqa-iq gafantulan. xolo Cven Cvensas

nu gvecilebian, Cvenis saxelis gatexviT nu scdiloben Tavi-

anTis saxelis keTebasa da Semkobas~.

`qvaTa RaRadi~ mTavrdeba mimarTviT somxebisadmi: `Cven

bevri gvqonda, Tu cota, SegivrdomeT, SemogixizneT, giZmeT

da Sin mtrad nu gvekidebiT. `mterisa Sina yolasa lomisa

gzasa zeda wola sjobia~, _ ase ityodnen Zvelni qarTvelni,

ase vambobT Cvenc, aseve ityvis yoveli gonieri somexi~ (`so-

mexTa mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi~).

iliam SeuZlebeli SeZlo: uaRresad rTul viTarebaSi

misi winamZRolobiT qarTvelma erma gaacnobiera Selaxuli

erovnuli Rirsebis aRdgenis aucilebloba. erovnuli cnobie-

reba ise ganmtkicda, rom 1918 wlisaTvis qarTveli eri mzad

aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom Tavisi bedi Tavadve ganego. amaSi `ai

istoriisa~ da `qvaTa RaRadis~ avtoris lomis wili ido.

51

`cxovreba da kanoni~

(ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis perspeqtiva)

ilias werilebis seria saerTo saTauriT _ `cxovreba

da kanoni~ _ 1877 wlidan 1881 wlamde ibeWdeboda jer gazeT

`iveriaSi~ (1877 w.), xolo Semdeg Jurnal `iveriaSi~ (1878-

1881 ww.). es uaRresad mniSvnelovani naSromi didi fiqrisa

da gansjis Sedegi iyo. ilias surda, Seefasebina saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba da amoecno ganviTa-

rebis perspeqtiva.

ilia naSromis dasawyisSive ayalibebs umTavres debu-

lebas. misi azriT, veranairi xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi,

veranairi bunebrivi simdidre ver ganapirobebs qveynis ekono-

mikur da socialur winsvlas, ekonomikur ayvavebas, Tu sazo-

gadoebaSi mowesrigeburi ar aris samarTlebrivi urTierTobe-

bi: `kacs magodenad vera Svelis Turme verc sikeTe haerisa,

verc simsuqne miwisa, verc SeZleba yovelgvaris warmoebisa,

Tuki kacTa Soris keTilad dadgenili da cxadad gansazRvru-

li ar aris urTierTSorisi ufleba da movaleoba. kacTa kma-

yofilebisaTvis, xalxTa keTildReobisaTvis, es ukanaskneli

ufro aucileblad saWiroa, vidre sxva raime qveynierebazed~.

qvemoT imave azrs ilia akonkretebs: `rac unda mdidari qveya-

na iyos bunebiT, Tu iq Cemi da Seni, ese igi kacTa ufleba da

movaleoba, Znelad gasarCevia da ar aris sayovelTao gansaz-

Rvruli cxadad da aucileblad, iq xalxis warmateba da ke-

TildReoba, Tu yoveldRe ukan ar iwevs, Seferxebuli xom

aris da aris~.

ilias miaCnda, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa kano-

niT mowesrigeba (`kacTa uflebaTa da movaleobaTa~ gansaz-

Rvra) 1864 wlidan, anu batonymobis gauqmebidan daiwyo. ilia

yma glexisaTvis moqalaqis uflebis miniWebas did istoriul

movlenad miiCnevda. amasTan erTad, uaryofiTad afasebda imas,

rom yofilma ymam imdeni miwa ver miiRo, rom damoukidebel

meurned (fermerad) qceuliyo. radgan sakuTari (mebatonisagan

gamosyiduli) miwa ar hyofnida, glexi iZulebuli iyo, Zalze

52

mZime saijaro pirobebiT miwa memamulisagan aeRo (memamulisa-

gan ijariT miRebuli miwis safasuri am miwaze moweuli mo-

savlis erT meoTxeds an sam meoTxeds udrida). ilia darwmu-

nebuli iyo imaSi, rom memamulesa da glexs Soris amgvari

urTierToba aucileblad Seaferxebda ekonomikur progress.

ilias azriT, memamulesa da glexs Soris batonymobis gauqme-

bis procesSi urTierToba ise unda garkveuliyo, rom am or

socialur fenas Soris dapirispirebisa da ukmayofilebis sa-

fuZveli aRar darCeniliyo. glexsa da memamules Soris ur-

TierTobis samarTlianad mowesrigebis gza ilias ase warmoed-

gina: xelisuflebas unda ezruna, rom `mebatones maSinve mie-

yidna glexisaTvis mamuli da mTavrobas glexisaTvis amaSi xe-

li gaemarTa, an ara da gadasaxadi moWriT ganesazRvra~. ilia

swuxda imis gamo, rom xelisufleba sxva gzas daadga da `ir-

Civa saqmis gaTaveba ise, rom glexsa da nabatonars Soris co-

ta klanWgamosadebi ram darCeniliyo. Camovarda meoTxedoba _

es ganusazRvreli mizeziani movaleoba erTisa da meorisac~.

ilia ar malavda, rom memamulesa da glexs Soris samarTleb-

rivi urTierToba arasworad mowesrigda da igi aucileblad

did zians moutanda sazogadoebas. anu ilia batonymobis gauq-

mebis Semdgomi periodis ekonomikuri da socialuri progre-

sis umTavres Semaferxebel faqtorad yofili yma glexis Ta-

visufal fermerad gadaqcevis SeuZleblobas miiCnevda.

ilia sagangebod Cerdeba miwaTsargeblobis sakanonmdeb-

lo bazis SemuSavebis procesSi xalxis fsiqologiis, xalxis

tradiciebisaTvis angariSis gawevis aucileblobaze. glexsa

da memamules Soris batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg damyarebuli

samarTlebrivi urTierToba (ijara), ilias azriT, iqneb misa-

Rebi yofiliyo rusi glexisaTvis da rusi memamulisaTvis,

magram saqarTveloSi igi miuRebeli iyo. ilia msjelobs

glexsa da memamules Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTier-

Tobis Sesaxeb da daaskvnis: `iqneba am ors WkuaSi mosasvlels

sagans raime sabuTi hqondes ruseTSi, magram CvenSi ki _ ara

mgonia. Cveni xalxi Tavisis binadrobis didi mkvidri moyvarea.

igi sofeli, saca mama-papas ucxovria, saca mama-papis Zvlebi

umarxia, saca mama-papis salocavia, Cvenis glexisaTvis metad

Zvirfasi ram aris. dResac Tu bedis brunvas erTis adgilidam

meoreSi gadmousaxlebia vinme, imis SviliSvilni da ufro So-

reuli STamomavloba TiTqmis yovelwliv uwindelis binis da-

saxedad midis, mama-papis xatisa da salocavis Tayvanis-sacem-

lad daiareba~. ilias isic SeuniSnavs, rom rusi `muSakaci~

53

da qarTveli `muSakaci~ gansxvavebuli fsiqologiis matare-

belni arian: qarTveli `muSakaci yovelTvis imis natvraSia,

sadme bina moikidos, sadme Tavisi sakuTreba iqonios, da mi-

wismomqmedi muSa ise ara qonebas ar etaneba, rogorc uZravsa,

ese igi miwasa, adgil-mamulsa~ (`cxovreba da kanoni~). ilias

naSromidan motanili masala kidev erTxel adasturebs Cven

mier zemoT gakeTebul daskvnas: Tavisufali fermeri da fer-

meruli meurneoba ilias soflad ekonomikuri progresis sa-

fuZvlad miaCnda.

ilia glexisaTvis misaRebi agraruli sakanonmdeblo

bazis Seqmnas imitom moiTxovda, rom batonymobis gauqmebis

Semdeg miwa qarTvelTa xelSi darCeniliyo. ilia grZnobda,

rom qarTvel memamuleTa didi nawili batonymobis gauqmebis

Semdeg miwas didxans ver SeinarCunebda da Semosavlis umTav-

res wyarod miwis gayidvas gaixdida. qarTvel glexs imdeni

fuli ar hqonda, rom memamulis miwa eyida. miwis myidveli

ucxotomeli (ZiriTadad, somxuri) burJuazia da ruseTis xa-

zina iqneboda. swored amitom ilias erCivna, batonymobis ga-

uqmebis procesSi glexs rac SeiZleboda meti miwa mieRo,

Tundac xelisuflebisagan miRebuli sesxiT. es momavalSi

mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebda ucxotomeli burJuaziisa da ruse-

Tis xazinis mier miwebis SeZenas soflad.

ilias azriT, qarTveli glexi unda gamxdariyo saSi-

nao agraruli bazris mTavari mimwodebeli da saqarTvelos

gareT sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsportiori. aseTi

daskvnis saSualebas gvaZlevs ilias usaTauro werilebi (mo-

winaveebi), dabeWdili gazeT `iveriaSi~ 1886 wlis 5-6 martsa

da 1886 wlis 26 aprils (es werilebi exeba kaxeTSi rkinig-

zis mSeneblobis perspeqtivasa da saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobisa

da meRvineobis ganviTarebas), aseve sxva masala (ix. `kaxeTis

rkinisgza~, `Cveni mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis saWiroebani~).

glexuri (fermeruli) meurneobis ganviTareba, qarTu-

li soflis baton-patronad qarTveli glexis gadaqceva, sof-

lis meurneobis produqtiT saSinao da sagareo vaWrobis qar-

Tveli glexobis xelSi moqceva, agrarul bazarze qarTveli

glexis gabatoneba _ ai, ilias ekonomikuri programis arsi.

ilias, cxadia, Tundac evropis qveynebis magaliTze

kargad hqonda gaazrebuli saqarTveloSi burJuaziuli wyobi-

lebis damkvidrebis gardauvaloba. 1886 wlis 27 Tebervals

gazeT `iveriaSi~ dabeWdil usaTauro werilSi (mowinaveSi),

romelic germanias eZRvneba, ilia wers: germaniaSi arsebuli

54

`wyoba dRevandelis dRisa, warmomdgari 1848 wlis revolu-

ciisagan, egreTwodebuli `burJuaTa~ wyobaa. es mesame wode-

bad cnobili nawili erisa, romelic dRes ganagebs TiTqmis

yvelgan Sinaur Tu sagareo saqmeebs saxelmwifoebisas, moZra-

vis Tavnisa da SeZlebis patronebis nawilia~. ilia aRniSnavs,

rom burJuazia Zalze aqtiuri fenaa, yvelafris Tavis xelSi

Cagdebas cdilobs: `saca ki miixedavT, yvelgan egeni arian:

qveynis gamgeblobas ikiTxavT _ egeni arian, kanonmdeblobas,

mrewvelobas, vaWrobas _ sul yvelgan egeni arian obsaviT mo-

debulni da rac saidam gamorComaa _ araviTars SemTxvevas ar

hkargaven, rom ar gamorCnen~. ilia iqve mianiSnebs erT metad

sayuradRebo movlenaze, romelic burJuaziis aseT uzomo aq-

tiurobas mohyva germaniaSi: `rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi

bevrni gulnaklulad rCebian. ai es gulnaklulni, romelsac

meoTxe wodebas eZaxian, muSa xalxia, ricxviT mravali da igi

Seadgens socialobis razmsa da dRevandels satkivarsac ger-

maniisas~ (`burJuaTa~ wyoba germaniisa~).

ilias swored es `satkivari~ afiqrebda. eSinoda, sa-

qarTveloSi ukve arsebul erT socialur dapirispirebas (me-

mamulisas da glexisas) meore ar dahmateboda (burJuaziisa

da muSisa). ilias aranakleb afiqrebda isic, rom axali dro

yvelgan burJuaziis batonobis dro iyo _ ers saTaveSi bur-

Juazia edga. saqarTvelSi ki erovnuli burJuazia ar arsebob-

da da arc misi Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva Canda. qonebis gada-

nawilebis procesSi, romelic batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg

qalaqad daiwyo, ucxotomeli (somxuri) burJuazia pirvelob-

da, kapitalis mflobeli is xdeboda. ucxotomeli burJuazia

ki qarTveli eris winamZRolad ver gamodgeboda. am savalalo

perspeqtivam ilias Tvali isev soflisaken miapyrobina: ucxo-

tomeli burJuaziis Zlierebis SezRudva soflidan, agraruli

bazridan misi gamodevniT unda dawyebuliyo. winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi ucxotomeli burJuazia qarTul sofelsac daeufle-

boda da, amrigad, qveynis sruli baton-patroni gaxdeboda.

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare kiTxvaze _ ilia momxre

iyo Tu ara saqarTveloSi burJuaziul urTierTobaTa ganviTa-

rebisa? _ aseTi pasuxi unda gaeces: pirveli. ilia mxars

uWerda soflad burJuaziul urTierTobaTa ganviTarebas,

glexuri (fermeruli) meurneobis Camoyalibebas da qarTveli

glexis gadaqcevas soflis baton-patronad; meore. qalaqad

burJuaziul urTierTobaTa ganviTarebas ilia mxars ar uWer-

da, radgan es mTeli saqalaqo cxovrebis ucxotomelTa (Ziri-

55

Tadad, somexTa) xelSi Cagdebis procesis mxardaWera iqnebo-

da; mesame. soflad burJuaziul urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis

Sedegad momZlavrebul qarTul burJuazias (fermerebs) wina-

aRmdegoba unda gaewia ucxotomeli burJuaziisaTvis, ar daeS-

va misi SeWra soflad da, SeZlebisdagvarad, SeezRuda igi qa-

laqad.

ilias arasdros, arc batonymobis gauqmebamde da arc

batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, eWvqveS ar dauyenebia ekonomiku-

ri da socialuri progresis (e. i. politikuri progresisac)

safuZvlad kerZo sakuTrebis aRiareba. ilias Sexeduleba ar

Seucvlia arc mas Semdeg, rac 1905 wlis revoluciis peri-

odSi socialisturi orientaciis partiebma kerZo sakuTrebis

mospobis lozungi wamoayenes. 1905 wels ilia werda: `kerZo

sakuTreba jer kidev qvakuTxedad udevs aramcTu mTels sa-

xelmwifurs da sazogadoebur wyobas ruseTisas, aramed

mTels cxovrebas dawinaurebul qveynebisas mTel dedamiwis

zurgze~ (`nuTu?~). amasTan erTad, jer kidev 1886 wels,

ilia aSkarad ar Tvlida sasurvelad saxelmwifoSi mTeli sa-

kuTrebis Tavmoyras burJuaziis xelSi. ilia `kerZo kapital-

Tan~ erTad `saxelmwifo kapitalis~ arsebobis momxre iyo. am

TvalsazrisiT sanimuSod mas otto bismarkis politika miaC-

nda: `jer erTi, rom `burJuazias~, metad gaZlierebuls da

TiTqmis saxelmwifos mflobels, marTlada SekreWa unda, To-

rem metad Tamamobs da saWiroa didi saxsari Zlierebisa pata-

rad Seakvecos; meores mxriT, muSaTa guls moigebs, raki sa-

xelmwifo Caigdebs xelSi gamorComis wyaros da, maSasadame,

TviTon saxelmwifo auCens muSebs saqmesa da mesames mxriT _

rac gamorComa iqneba, saxelmwifos ergeba~. ilias sworad mi-

aCnia is, rom otto bismarkma rkinigzac saxelmwifo sakuTre-

bad aqcia, saxelmwifo sakuTrebad aqcia aseve Tambaqosa da

alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoeba da vaWroba. otto bismar-

kis politikis socialuri mizani iliam ase ganmarta: `raki

muSebi lukmapuris saSovrad saxelmwifos mayurebelni iqnebi-

an, raki saxelmwifo iqneba maTTvis saqmis amCeneli, saqmis

patroni da am gziT sarCo-sabadeblis momwvdeli, maSin muSe-

bi, amrigad saxelmwifosagan davalebulni, Zalauneburad sa-

xelmwifos daemorCilebian, miemxrobian~. ilia Tvlida, rom

amgvari socialuri politika SezRudavda socialisturi par-

tiebis antisaxelmwifoebriv moRvaweobas, radgan muSebis nawi-

li socialistebs aRar gahyveboda (`burJuaTa~ wyoba germani-

isa~).

56

sainteresoa, Tu ra adgili rCeboda axal ekonomikur

da socialur urTierTobebSi qarTvel aristokratias _ Tava-

daznaurobas. ilia grZnobda, rom qonebis gadanawilebis am

procesSi, romelic batonymobis Semdeg daiwyo, qarTuli

aristokratia (Tavadaznauroba) qonebas dakargavda da es qo-

neba burJuaziis xelSi gadavidoda. es movlena savsebiT kanon-

zomieri iyo yvela erisaTvis. saqarTveloSi Seqmnili iyo gan-

sakuTrebuli viTareba _ qarTuli erovnuli burJuaziis nac-

vlad yalibdeboda ucxotomelTa (ZiriTadad, somxuri) bur-

Juazia. qarTuli aristokratiis (Tavadaznaurobis) ekonomi-

kur dauZlurebas uciloblad mohyveboda misi inteleqtua-

luri potencialis Sesusteba da, amdenad, qarTveli eri in-

teleqtualuri elitis gareSe darCeboda. Cveulebisamebr,

sxva erebsa da saxelmwifoebSi eris axali inteleqtualuri

elita axali klasis _ burJuaziis warmomadgenlebisagan _

yalibdeboda. saqarTveloSi erovnuli burJuaziis ararsebobis

pirobebSi aristokratiuli (Tavadaznauruli) politikuri

elitis Semcvleli burJuaziuli politikuri elita ver Ca-

moyalibdeboda da iqmneboda imisi saSiSroeba, rom eri saer-

Tod politikuri elitis gareSe darCeboda. swored amis gamo

ilia cdilobda, Tavadaznauroba exsna sruli ekonomikuri ga-

Ratakebisagan, raTa mas eris politikuri elitis roli rac

SeiZleboda didxans Seesrulebina. mavanma da mavanma ilias

aseTi pozicia `feodaluri wodebis~, `Tavadaznaurobis~, `ga-

batonebuli wodebis~ interesebis dacvad CaTvala da ilia

reaqcioner moazrovned miiCnia. sinamdvileSi ilia Tavadazna-

urTa klass ki ar icavda, aramed qarTveli eris politikur

elitas, romelic ZiriTadad Tavadaznaurobis wodebidan gamo-

dioda da romlis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo erovnuli moZ-

raobis warmateba.

57

`devnuli siRaribidan~ `Zlevamosil simdidremde~

(saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo banki)

Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebSi batonymobis gauqme-

bam (1864-1865 ww.), am movlenis udavod didi progresulobis

miuxedavad, qarTveli erisaTvis metad araxelsayreli perspeq-

tiva Seqmna. qonebis gadanawilebis dawyebuli procesi warmoe-

bis mTavari saSualebis (miwis) dakargviT emuqreboda qarTvel

Tavadaznaurobas. qonebis gadanawilebis procesSi aristokra-

tiis (Tavadaznaurobis) mier miwis dakargva Tavis droze ev-

ropis yvela qveynisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. saqarTvelos

Tanadroulad imave movlenas hqonda adgili ruseTSic. evro-

paSic da ruseTSic miwa axali socialuri fenis _ fermere-

bis _ xelSi gadadioda, an rCeboda gaburJuebuli aristokra-

tiis sakuTrebaSi. saqarTveloSi mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo

Tavadaznaurobis miwa glexuri (fermeruli) meurneobis si-

sustisa da qarTuli erovnuli burJuaziis ararsebobis (Tun-

dac Canasaxovan mdgmareobaSi arsebobis) gamo ucxotomeli

burJuaziis (ZiriTadad, somxuris) da ruseTis saxelmwifo

uwyebis (xazinis) xelSi gadadioda. Tu procesi Seuqcevad xa-

siaTs miiRebda, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi saqarTvelos mi-

wa, qarTvelTa miwa ucxotomelTa xelSi aRmoCndeboda.

ra uSlida xels miwis ZiriTadi mesakuTris _ qarTu-

li aristokratiis (Tavadaznaurobis) _ gaburJuebas, axal

klasad qcevas? burJuaziis morali yvela ersa da saxelmwi-

foSi, yvela aRmsareblobis xalxSi miuRebelia aristokratii-

saTvis, samagierod, misaRebia mesame wodebisaTvis. am Tvalsaz-

risiT saqarTvelo, Cveni azriT, raime gansakuTrebul gamonak-

liss ar warmoadgenda, anu `TaTqariZeoba~ ar warmoadgenda

qarTuli aristokratiis umravlesobisaTvis, Tundac raime

mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis, damaxasiaTebel erovnul sens.

luarsab TaTqariZe iyo ara, zogadad, qarTuli aristokrati-

is, Tundac XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli aristokratiis,

pirmSo, aramed ruseTis koloniuri politikis pirobebSi

58

funqciadakarguli qarTuli aristokratiis pirmSo _ meore

Tu mesame Taobis warmomadgeneli. ruseTis xelisuflebam wi-

naswargazraxviT, RonisZiebaTa mTeli kompleqsis wyalobiT

qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi funqcia daukarga aristokratias.

xsenebul RonisZiebaTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi iyo ori:

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi aristokratiis rolis minimumamde

Semcireba da aristokratiis ekonomikuri dauZlureba. luar-

sab TaTqariZe am samocwliani eqsperimentis nayofi iyo. mar-

Talia, TaTqariZeoba sayovelTao seni ar iyo, magram igi mainc

saSiSi iyo. im socialur garemoSi, qonebis gadanawilebis

procesSi erTnairad ganwirulni Candnen luarsab TaTqariZe,

daviT TaTqariZe, mose gZelaZe (`kacia-adamiani?!~), arCili, ke-

so (`oTaraanT qvrivi~). epoqa solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvi-

lisTana xalxs uxsnida gzas. ratom? solomon isakiCs SeeZ-

lo bazarze wanwaliT daegrovebina is fuli (pirveli kapita-

li), romelic qonebis gadanawilebis procesSi mas axali qo-

nebis (didi qonebis) xelSi Cagdebis saSualebas miscemda.

cxadia, qarTuli aristokratia am gziT ver wavidoda. Tava-

daznaurobas hqonda miwa, magram miwa rom kapitalad, fulis

Sovnis wyarod qceuliyo, amisaTvis saWiro iyo isev fuli

(pirveli kapitali), romelic qarTul aristokratias ar ga-

aCnda. amasTan erTad, es fuli qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas dro-

ze unda eSovna, Torem am miwasac dakargavda, rac jer kidev

rCeboda erTaderT imedad.

am, erTi SexedviT, gamouval viTarebaSi ilias daebada

saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankis Seqmnis idea. bankis sa-

wesdebo kapitali ymebisaTvis miwis micemis sanacvlod miRe-

buli Tanxidan Sedga. ase Seiqmna 1875 wels Tbilisis guber-

niis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo banki, xolo cota mogvi-

anebiT _ quTaisis guberniis saadgilmamulo saTavadaznauro

banki.

banki qarTul sinamdvileSi axali movlena iyo. iliam

imTaviTve igrZno, rom bankis idea arasworad iqneboda gagebu-

li da bankic male Tavis ZiriTad daniSnulebas veRar Seasru-

lebda.

1872 wlis noemberSi iliam Tbilisis guberniis Tava-

daznaurobis krebaze warmoTqva sityva, romelic bankis mniS-

vnelobis ganmartebas mieZRvna. iliam sityva ase daiwyo: `1867

welsa Tavadaznaurobam gamohsTqva survili bankis dawesebisa

im azriT, rom daixsnas Cveni qveyana siRaribisagan da umecre-

bisagan. igi azri savsea mSvenierebiTa, patiosnebiTa, didsu-

59

lovnebiTa da nayofierebiTa. ama Zvirfasis azris gonierebiTsa

Sesrulebazed damokidebulia Cvenis ekonomiuris moRvaweobis

igi gancxoveleba da ganZliereba, romelic migviyvans Cvens

nivTier keTildReobamde da simdidremde da amis gamo zneobis

sikeTemdeca~.

eris winamZRolobis funqcias Tavadaznauroba, cxadia,

ekonomikuri gaRatakebis pirobebSi ver SeinarCunebda. ekono-

mikur degradacias sulieri da inteleqtualuri degradaciac

mohyveboda da erovnuli burJuaziis ararsebobis pirobebSi

eri politikuri elitis gareSe darCeboda.

ilias seriozulad afiqrebda is garemoeba, rom bankis

Seqmnis ideas gamoexmaura da sawesdebo kapitalis Sesaqmne-

lad Tanxa gaiRo aristokratiis SedarebiT Raribma nawilma,

msxvili miwaTmflobelebi (memamuleebi) Tavs ikavebdnen. am

samwuxaro movlenis Sesaxeb ilia aRniSnavda: `ar SemiZlian,

batonebo, ar mogagonoT is, rom am didsulovanTa da patio-

sanTa SemomwirvelTa Soris ufro mravali Raribia da maT

Soris, romelTac ar isurves ima sxverplis motana, ufro

bevrni _ SedarebiT mdidarni arian~. am movlenas ilia ase

xsnis: `diaR, mowyaleo xelmwifeno, yovelTgan devnulma si-

Raribem aqac gviCvena Cven, rom igi ufro sulgrZelia Zleva-

mosils simdidrezeda!~ ilias am sityvebma msmeneli gamoacoc-

xla. amis Semdeg iliam bankis mniSvnelobis viwrod gagebis

momxreTa sayuradReboda xazi gausva bankis did erovnul

mniSvnelobas: `Cven gTxovT, SeverTdeT erTis mSvenieris da

Cvenda Rirseulis surviliTa, raTa erTmaneTs SevewioT er-

TmaneTis msxverplis motaniTa Cvenis sayovelTao keTildReo-

bisaTvis. viqmneT erTgul da erTsul Cvenis mravaltanjulis

samSoblosaTvis, romelic ayvavdeba mag erTgulobiTa da er-

TsulovnobiTa Cvenis miwadmoqmedTaTvis, romelTaca keTil-

dReobazed damyarebulia yovelTa qveyanaTa keTilmdgomareoba

sazogadod da Cvenis qveynisa sakuTrad Cvenis STamomavlobi-

saTvis mainca, romelic locviTa da kurTxeviT mogvixseniebs

Cven~ (`sityva Tqmuli saTavadaznauro krebaSi bankis mniSvne-

lobis Sesaxeb~).

1875 wlis TebervalSi iliam isev warmoTqva sityva

Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis krebaze. amjerad sityva

bankTan dakavSirebul konkretul sakiTxebs exeboda, ufro

zustad ki _ Tbilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilma-

mulo bankis wesdebas. bankis wesdebis ganxilvam gamoamJRavna

metad arasasurveli tendencia _ yvela cdilobda bankis wes-

60

deba sakuTari interesebisaTvis moergo. ilia iumoriT aRniS-

navda: `bevrs Cvengans hgonia, rom banki nikolozisa da pet-

res, ese igi TviTeulTa pirTa sasargebloT daawesao Tava-

daznaurobam. amitomac yovel wessa, romelic aq warmogvidgi-

nes dasamtkiceblad, Tavs vesxmebodiT im angariSiT, rom eg

wesi me da Cem biZaSvils Tevdoresao arafers ar gvargunebs

bankidamao~. Tavadaznaurobis nawilma bankis daniSnuleba ver

gaigo da igi yoveldRiuri saWiroebisaTvis fulis iolad

Sovnis dawesebulebad miiCnia. amiT SeSfoTebuli ilia acxa-

debda: `am TviTeulTa pirTa sargeblobazed aSenebula is

tyuili imedi, rom vinc mSierni varTo, bankma unda dagvaZRo-

so, vinc mwyurvalni varT, bankma unda gvasvaso~. aseT adamia-

nebs ilia afrTxilebda: `ara batonebo, Cveni banki mSierT ver

gaaZRobs, mwyurvals TuluxCad ver gauxdeba~. ufro metic:

`Cvens banks rom egeni ekisrna, pirveli rom qveyanas sicilad

ar eyofodiT, meore rom mag kisruls TviTon banki Tan ga-

dahyveboda~.

ilia garkveviT miuTiTebda, rom banki, cxadia, konkre-

tul pirovnebas fuls asesxebda, magram am gziT fulis mses-

xebeli dids verafers miaRwevda. ilias bankis daniSnuleba

ase warmoedgina: `SeuZlebelia, rom bankma TviTeuls Cvengans

calke sesxis meti sxva ram Semweoba moutanos, me vambob Tvi-

Teuls calke. magram uwinac miTqvams da exlac mogaxsenebT,

rom banki am mxriT, ese igi, imiT, rom fuls asesxebs, kacis

amSenebelic aris da damRupvelica, vinc bejiTia da mxne, vi-

sac goneba aqvs, gulmodgine Sromis survili da mxolod fu-

li aklia, rom Tavisi saqme warimarTos, RvTis wyaloba Tqve-

na gaqvT, rom imisaTvis banki yovlad mxsneli saxsari iyos~.

ilia bankis daniSnulebas mxne, bejiTi, gamrje da unariani

adamianebis mier wamowyebuli saqmeebis dafinansebaSi xedavda:

`bejiToba kidev TiTqmis yovlad SemZlebelia, angariSiania,

icis, rom fuls windauxedavaT aravin ar gaasesxebs, Tu fu-

lis daRupva ar unda. amisTana kacs im bejiTobasTan, im mxne-

obasTan, im Seuwyvetel Sromis survilTan oRond fulis

Sovnis gza mieciT da rac unda Zneli gza iyos, igi am gzas

usaTuod gadalaxavs~.

Tavis gamosvlaSi saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo ban-

kis Seqmnis mizani iliam ase gansazRvra: `banki Tavadaznauro-

bam daawesa im ganzraxviT, rom misgan Sewiruli fuli sesxad

moefinos Cvens qveyanasa, magram ise moefinos, rom mag fuls

erTi groSic ar daekargos, sesxma fuli asargeblos, fulma

61

fuli moigos da mxolod am mogebidam ufro bevri wili Cve-

nis qveynis saerTo saWiroebas moxmardes da zogi kidev Ra-

ribTac gaunawildes, im RaribTa, romelnic romelime ubedu-

rebis gamo siRaribeSi Cacvivnulan da ara imaT, vinc gulaRma

wvanan, gulzed fafuki xelebi daukrefniaT, piri dauRiaT,

hyvirian, masviT da maWameTo~ (`sityva warmoTqmuli 3 Teber-

vals Tfilisis Tavadaznaurobis krebaSi~).

bankis idea imTaviTve daefuZna umTavres erovnul ide-

as _ burJuaziul urTierTobaTa epoqaSi Tavadaznaurobis ga-

moRviZebas da miwis uZravi qonebidan (valis gastumrebis sa-

Sualebidan) kapitalad gadaqcevas, miwis gadaqcevas fulis

Sovnis wyarod. amasTan erTad, es iyo qarTuli miwis qar-

TvelTa xelSi SenarCunebis erTaderTi gza.

62

`vards gaefurCqna kokori~

(ilia da ioseb juRaSvili)

goris sasuliero saswavleblis kursdamTavrebuli da

Tbilisis marTlmadidebluri rusuli sasuliero seminariis

meore kursis moswavle ioseb juRaSvili ilias 1895 wlis

zafxulis damdegs unda Sexvedroda. gamoricxuli ar aris,

rom ioseb juRaSvili ilias adrec icnobda, magram am nacno-

bobis kvali ara Cans.

1895 wels, iseve rogorc 1894 wels, ioseb juRaS-

vils gausaZlisi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba hqonda. 1894 wlis

29 seqtembers man sasuliero seminariis reqtors TxovniT

mimarTa, raTa misTvis zamTris tansacmeli miecaT. 1895 wlis

28 agvistos ioseb juRaSvili seminariis reqtors misi swav-

lis qiris mTlianad saeklesio xazinis xarjze dafarvas

sTxovs (ioseb juRaSvili am droisaTvis swavlis qiris mxo-

lod nawils ixdida, meore nawils ki saeklesio xazina uxdi-

da). meore kursi, 1894-1895 saswavlo weli, ioseb juRaS-

vilma ise daasrula, rom arc erTi saaTi arasapatio mizeziT

ar gaucdenia. mTeli saswavlo wlis manZilze ki sapatio mi-

zeziT mxolod 14 saaTi gaacdina. saswavlo weli cxra Tve

grZeldeboda da yofaqcevaSi yovel TveSi calke niSani iwere-

boda. cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi ioseb juRaSvilma yofaqcevaSi

mxolod erTxel daimsaxura Sefaseba `Zlier kargi~ (4). da-

narCeni rva Tvis manZilze misi niSani yofaqcevaSi rvajerve

umaRlesi _ `friadi~ (5) iyo. qarTul enaSi Tviuri niSani

cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi mxolod erTxel hqonda `Zlier kar-

gi~ (4), eqvsjer daimsaxura umaRlesi Sefaseba _ `friadi~

(5), erTxel Tviuri niSani ar gamouyvaniaT. ioseb juRaSvilma

wlis bolos gamocdaze slavur saeklesio galobaSi umaRle-

si Sefaseba _ `friadi~ (5) daimsaxura. `friadze~ (5) Sefas-

da igi gamocdaze qarTul saeklesio galobaSi, sityvierebasa

da samoqalaqo istoriaSi, aseve maTematikaSi (ix. vaxtang gu-

ruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907.

Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 15, 16, 17).

63

iliasTan Sexvedris droisaTvis (1895 wlis zafxulis

damdegi) ioseb juRaSvili ukve sakmaod ganaTlebuli axal-

gazrda unda yofiliyo. danamdvilebiT ar aris cnobili, izia-

rebda Tu ara igi ilias Sexedulebebs, Tumca `iveriaSi~ leq-

sebis dabeWdvis survili ukve bevris mTqmelia. ioseb juRaS-

vils SeeZlo imxanad Zalze popularul gazeT `kvalis~ re-

daqciaSi misuliyo, magram man `iveria~ arCia.

cnobilia, Tu ra mkacr moTxovnebs uyenebda ilia `ive-

riaSi~ leqsis an moTxrobis gamoqveynebis msurvelT. iliasaT-

vis avtoriteti ar arsebobda, arsebobda kargi da cudi leq-

si.

1895 wlis 14 ivniss gazeT `iveriis~ 123-e nomerSi,

pirvel gverdze, gamorCeul adgilas daibeWda usaTauri sam-

strofiani leqsi. avtori vinaobas ar amxelda da xels fsev-

donomiT _ `i. j-Svili~ awerda. sami Tvis Semdeg, 1895 wlis

22 seqtembers `iveriis~ 203-e nomerSi, isev pirvel gverdze,

isev gamorCeul adgilas daibeWda xuTstrofiani usaTauro

leqsi. amjerad avtori xels awerda fsevdonimiT _ `sose-

lo~. erTi Tvec ar iyo gasuli, rom 1895 wlis 11 oqtom-

bers, `iveriis~ 218-e nomerSi, isev pirvel gverdze, isev ga-

morCeul adgilas `soselos~ fsevdonimiT daibeWda eqvsstro-

fiani leqsi saTauriT `mTvares~. sami kvirac ar iyo gasuli,

rom 1895 wlis 29 oqtombers, `iveriis~ 234-e nomerSi,

kvlav pirvel gverdze da kvlav gamorCeul adgilas daibeWda

rafiel erisTavisadmi miZRvnili eqvsstrofiani leqsi imave

fsevdonimiT _ `soselo~. ori Tvis Semdeg, 1895 wlis 25 de-

kembers, `iveriis~ 280-e nomerSi, pirvel gverdze, gamorCeul

adgilas `soselos~ fsevdonimiT daibeWda kidev erTi, xuT-

strofiani usaTauro leqsi.

fsevdonimebiT `i. j-Svili~ da `soselo~, ilias gazeT

`iveriaSi~ leqsebs ioseb juRaSvili aqveynebda. ilias `iveri-

as~ kargi leqsebi ar aklda. iliam arc amjerad uRalata

tradicias da SesaniSnavi leqsebi gamoaqveyna. sruliad uc-

nobma ymawvilma `iveriaSi~ eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi xuTi leq-

si dabeWda! es ar iyo Cveulebrivi movlena.

ra moewona ilias ioseb juRaSvilis leqsebSi? unda

vivaraudoT, rom es leqsebi akmayofilebda yvela im moTxov-

nas, rasac ilia `karg leqss~ uyenebda. amjerad Cven ioseb

juRaSvilis leqsebis erT did Rirsebaze gvinda gavamaxviloT

yuradReba: xuTive leqsi dawerilia ilias qarTuliT, im qar-

64

TuliT, romlis damkvidrebisaTvis ilia XIX saukunis 60-iani

wlebis damdegidan iRvwoda.

1896 wels iliasa da ioseb juRaSvilis gzebi gaiyara.

ra iyo amis mizezi, ucnobia. unda vivaraudoT, rom mizezi

ioseb juRaSvilis leqsi `moxuci ninika~ iyo. es leqsi ise-

Tive SesaniSnavi qarTuliT iyo dawerili, Tumca TematikiT

aSkarad gansxvavdeba ioseb juRaSvilis mier `iveriaSi~ gamoq-

veynebuli xuTi leqsisagan. leqsis Tematika xalxosnuria,

Tumca xalxosnobasTan ideuri kavSiri arc ise mkafioa. ilia-

saTvis, rogorc Cans, esec sakmarisi iyo: `moxuci ninika~ ar

iyo kargi leqsi. iliasagan dawunebuli ioseb juRaSvilis

leqsi giorgi wereTelma gazeT `kvalSi~ dabeWda 1896 wlis

28 ivliss (#32). avtorma fsevdonimic Secvala. leqsi `so-

zelis~ fsevdonimiT daibeWda.

1896 wlidan ilia giorgi wereTelTan da `mesame das-

Tan~ mwvave polemikaSi Caeba. am droidan ioseb juRaSvili

arc `iveriaSi~ da arc `kvalSi~ aRar gamoCenila. man sxva gza

irCia.

iliasTan da `iveriasTan~ urTierTobis gawyvetis Sem-

deg ioseb juRaSvili ilias winaaRmdeg mimarTul kampaniaSi

arasdros gareula, arasdros Tavi ar Seurcxvenia eris su-

lieri mamis naazrevisa da naRvawis ganqiqebiT. 1934-1937

wlebSi swored ioseb juRaSvilis nebiT daiwyo ilias aRia-

reba, misi didi Rvawlis dafaseba.

65

`me sakuTriv RmerTma mibrala~

(jvarcmis wina dRe)

Tanamedroveni iqneb yuradRebas arcki aqcevdnen erTma-

neTTan logikurad dakavSirebul movlenebs: 1897 wels `mesa-

me dasma~ ilias iubile CaSala, iubile CaSales 1898 welsac.

ilias samoc wlisTavze ar dabeWdila saTanado donis arc

erTi wigni da broSura, Tundac vrceli werili, romelSic

Sefasebuli iqneboda ilias naazrevi da naRvawi. 1903 wels

social-demokrati muSis kalistrate goguas mier waqezebul-

ma brbom naZaladevSi muSaTa biblioTekis gaxsnaze miwveuli

ilias Caqolva scada. 1905 wlis gazafxulze Jurnalma `mog-

zaurma~ (redaqtori filipe maxaraZe) ilias saxelis lafSi

amosvra ganizraxa da cilismwamebluri masala gamoaqveyna.

yvela es movlena erT centrSi daigegma da imave centridan

imarTeboda.

1905 wlis ianvarSi ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi revo-

lucia daiwyo. social-demokratebisaTvis es iyo is xelsayre-

li dro, rodesac maT mier dagegmili eqsperimenti unda gan-

xorcielebuliyo. eqsperimenti adamianebze tardeboda. eqspe-

rimentis procesSi adamianTa cnobierebidan unda amoeZirkvaT

erovnuli da eklesiuri. ruseTis social-demokratiis eli-

tam da maTma qarTvelma Tanamoazreebma _ qarTuli social-

demokratiis elitam _ saeqsperimento moednad saqarTvelo

SearCies. eqsperimentis Catarebas rom ilia WavWavaZe win

aRudgeboda, es imTaviTve kargad iyo cnobili. amitom gadaw-

yda ilias ideuri mkvleloba. Tu ilia ideur kapitulacias

ar moaxdenda, rCeboda erTaderTi gza _ ilias fizikuri

mkvleloba.

1905 wlis martSi Jurnalma `mogzaurma~ ilias wina-

aRmdeg binZuri kampania wamoiwyo. 1905 wlis 13 marts `mog-

zaurSi~ ilias winaaRmdeg pirveli masala gamoqveynda, xolo

20 marts _ meore. am masalas mkiTxveli unda Seemzadebina

ufro sazizRari ciliswamebis dasajereblad. es ciliswameba

`mogzaurSi~ 10 aprils gamoqveynda saTauriT _ `saguramos

66

da Woportis sazogadoeba~. korespondenciis avtori (vasil

nacvliSvili) ilias brals sdebda glexebis siZulvilSi da

araadamianur sisastikeSi. xuTi dRis Semdeg, 1905 wlis 15

aprils, `mogzaurSi~ gamoqveynebuli cilismwamebluri weri-

lis ZiriTadi nawili gadabeWda gazeTma `iveriam~, romlis

redaqtori imxanad filipe gogiCaiSvili iyo. iliam sapasuxo

werili dawera. ilias werili `nuTu? (pasuxi mogzauris ko-

respondenciasa)~ gazeT `iveriis~ 1905 wlis 5 maisis nomris

calke furclis (CanarTis) saxiT daibeWda. iliam redaqcias

am publikaciisaTvis fuli gadauxada. imavdroulad `iveriaSi~

daibeWda redaqtoris filipe gogiCaiSvilis SeniSvna, sadac

aRniSnuli iyo, rom avtoris zogad mosazrebas redaqcia ar

iziarebda. 1905 wlis 15 maiss Jurnal `mogzaurSi~ gamoqvey-

nda gamoxmaureba ilias sapasuxo werilze `nuTu?~ gamoxmau-

reba daibeWda saTauriT _ `Tavis marTlebac aseTi unda!~ misi

avtori filipe maxaraZe iyo. iliam garideba arCia. 1905 wlis

23 ivniss igi Tbilisis guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilma-

mulo bankis Tavmjdomareobidan gadadga,xolo 5 ivliss an-

derZi Seadgina (ix. guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-1907.

cxovreba. moRvaweoba. Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad.

wigni II. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 238-243).

Jurnal `mogzauris~ cilismwamebluri publikaciebi,

gazeT `iveriis~ damokidebuleba am ciliswamebisadmi da TviT

iliasadmi samarcxvino laqad darCeba saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

ilias rom Tavis marTleba dasWirda, es imaze metyvelebs,

rom qarTuli sazogadoeba seriozulad iyo avad. samarcxvi-

noa, magram faqtia: sazogadoebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma `mog-

zauris~ ciliswameba daijera, ilias `nuTu?~-s ki gulgri-

lad Sexvda. es iyo social-demokratebis Tormetwliani moR-

vaweobis Sedegi. realobad iqca safrTxe, romlis Sesaxebac

ilia 1896 wels werda cnobil werilSi `Cveni exlandeli

sibrZne-sicrue~.

ilias `nuTu?~ metad sainteresoa imdroindeli qarTu-

li sazogadoebis suliskveTebis Sesacnobad. ilias is sulac

ar aRelvebda, rom `mogzauris~ ciliswamebas sakadrisad ver

upasuxebda. piriqiT, pasuxis gacema eadvileboda kidec: ` ... me sakuTriv RmerTma mibrala da am SemTxvevaSi imisTana win-

dauxedavi da sazrismoklebuli braldebebi momivlina, rom

zogan TiTonve Tavisis xeliT yels iWris da zogan imisTana

garemoebas gvaniSnebs, romlis tyuili usafuZvloba advilad

dasamtkicebelia da dasamowmebeli TvalTa xedviT da xelSe-

67

xebiT, Tu ase iTqmis~. marTalia, cilismwameblebma ilias mZi-

me sulieri travma miayenes, magram igi Tavis Cveul iumors

ar Ralatobs da wers: `diax batonebo, Tumca Cems mxilebels,

Cems bralmdebels survili didi hqonia Cemis saxeli gaetexna

da sircxvili eWmevia, magram safaneli dahklebia da ver mou-

xerxebia. ver mouxerxebia imitom, rom tyuilsac da ciliswa-

mebasac Wkua da goneba sdomebia~.

ilias kargad esmoda, rom `mogzauris~ ciliswamebi-

saTvis saTanado fsiqologiuri klimati mimdinare socialur-

ma amboxma moamzada. ilia didi gulistkiviliT werda: `asea

Tu ise, glexkacoba dRes yvelas Semoswyra da marTali da

mtyuani, avi da kargi Tan gaitana~. ilia aRniSnavda, rom gle-

xobis stiqiuri moZraoba ar gamodgeboda socialur fenebs

Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis gasarkvevad: `es stiqionur

moZraobas hgavs da amitomac saerTod Semowyroma da `boiko-

toba~ imis maCvenebeli ar aris, vin vis uyvars, vin visa

sZuls! Zulebasa da siyvaruls amisTana SemTxvevaSi adgili

ara aqvs~. aseT viTarebaSi, ilias azriT, sazogadoebas didi

sifrTxile da taqti unda gamoeCina, raTa viTareba kidev uf-

ro ar daeZaba: ` ... sazogadoeba, romelsac Wkua da goneba

SerCenia da cnobiereba gahRviZebia, marto imas ki ar unda

sjerdebodes, _ ai glexoba sxvasTan erTad amasac Semoswyra,

amas `boikotoba~ gamoucxada, aramed guldamSvilebiT garCeva

unda, _ vin vis ras emarTleba, vin vis ras erCis, vin visze

samarTlianad xels iwvdis. gana kacTa adamianuri cxovreba,

istoria, progresi da sxva raime sikeTe SesaZlebelia, Tu yo-

velT uwinares kacTa urTierTobaSi isini ar moikiTxa, amaebis

pasuxi ar iZia?~ (`nuTu?~). yovelive es ilias sityvis masa-

lad ar mohqonda. iliam SesaniSnavad icoda, rom glexobis

moZraoba social-demokratebis mier iyo organizebuli da mis

winaaRmdeg glexobis gamosvlac (boikotic) social-demokra-

tebis mizandasaxuli muSaobis Sedegi iyo. im memamuleTa

gverdiT, romelTac glexobam boikoti gamoucxada, ilias

moxsenieba social-demokratebis mizans warmoadgenda. ilias

saxeli unda gastexoda, mis Sesaxeb arasasurveli, cilismwa-

mebluri xmebi unda darxeuliyo. sazogadoebis nawili am ci-

liswamebas daijerebda, nawili ar daijerebda, xolo nawili

daeWvdeboda, gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda. `mogza-

uris~ braldebebis gaqarwyleba ilias ar gasWirvebia, radgan

yoveli faqti gamogonili iyo.

68

ilia im moazrovneTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda, romel-

TaTvisac 1905 wels dawyebuli didi socialuri amboxi (re-

volucia) moulodneli ar iyo. jer kidev 1899 wlis 31 de-

kembers gamoqveynebul werilSi ilia aRniSnavda, rom XIX sa-

ukunem bevri sikeTe moutana kacobriobas, Tumca kiTxvaze _

`dRes ufro bednieria kaci, Tu ara, amodena sikeTiT garemo-

culi da ese warmatebulis mecnierebiT gaRonierebuli da

gaZlierebuli?~ _ ilia ase pasuxobda: `ara gvgonia~. ilia

aRniSnavda: `dRes Raribsa da mdidars Soris, Zliersa da uZ-

lurs Soris ufro didi zRvari aris, vidre odesme yofila,

da aq aris igi simwvave im tkivilisa, romlis morCenac mec-

xramete saukunem uanderZa aw momaval saukunesa~ (`mecxramete

saukune~).

`nuTu?~ sainteresoa imiTac, rom iliam uyuradRebod

ar datova social-demokratebis ekonomikuri programa, xolo

kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg brZola uazrobad gamoacxada:

`kerZo sakuTreba jer kidev qvakuTxedad udevs aramc Tu

mTels saxelmwifurs da sazogadoebur wyobas ruseTisas,

aramed mTels cxovrebas dawinaurebul qveynebisas mTel deda-

miwis zurgze~. ilia social-demokratebs afrTxilebda: `ker-

Zo sakuTreba, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod, Cvenda sabednie-

rod Tu saubedurod, jer kidev did xans iqneba dids pativSi

da mis sarbielze Zalmomreoba, erTmaneTze miseva, vinc gind

iyos, iafad ar daujdeba~.

ilia, rogorc didi saxelmwifo moRvawe, rogorc mov-

lenaTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis winaswari Secnobis niWiT da-

jildoebuli adamiani, dawyebuli revoluciis pirobebSi or

gafrTxilebas iZleoda:

pirveli. `es dRevandeli ambavi didmizeziani sagania,

didad gasafxizlebeli, didfaTerakiani. aq saqme imaSi ki ar

aris, vin ufro Sors gadaxteba. am dRevandels ambavs didis

guldadebiT da Rrmad unda Caukvirdes adamiani, mTeli sig-

rZe-sigane gauzomos, TaviT bolomde Tvalwin daiyenos~.

meore. `es didi pasuxisgebis sagania da am pasuxisge-

bis SiSqveS, TviT glexkacobis winaSe, dRevandel moZraobas

Tavi iqiT unda ubrunos kacma, saiTkenac jer ars, da ara

iqiT, rom erTmaneTs mivesioT da cixesimagre Cveni Cvenve Sig-

nidan gavtexoT. amas Txoulobs aramcTu sikeTe da bedniereba

Cvenis qveynisa saerTod, aramed glexkacobisac sakuTriv~.

`nuTu?~ mTavrdeba mravlismetyveli gafrTxilebiT uk-

ve konkretulad social-demokratebis da, saerTod, socia-

69

listuri orientaciis Zalebis mimarT: `aris zogierTi imis-

Tana zneobrivi kanoni, romelic kacTa erTmaneTobiT cxovre-

bis saZirkvlad udevs da romelic yvelasaTvis erTnairad sa-

valdebuloa, ra dasisa da rwmenisac ginda iyos, da erTi am

kanonTagani is aris, rom rac Sen ar ginda mogivides, imas

nurc sxvisTvis moindomebo~ (`nuTu?~).

samwuxarod, qarTveli sazogadoeba 1905-1907 wlebis

revoluciis periodSi swored ilias gafrTxilebaTa ugule-

belyofis gziT midioda, social-demokratebi ki zneobis ele-

mentaruli normebis darRveviT cdilobdnen dasaxuli miznis

miRwevas. avadmyofi sazogadoeba kidev ufro mZimed daavadebu-

li gamovida revoluciidan.

70

`saqarTvelos mkvlelebi~

(mowamebrivi sicocxlis dasasruli)

1907 wlis 30 agvistos sofel wiwamurTan momxdari

saukunis tragediis bevri umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi jerac bu-

rusiTaa moculi. sul ufro cxadi xdeba, rom yvelafris bo-

lomde garkveva SeuZlebeli iqneba. is, rac unda garkveuliyo

cxel kvalze, Ziebis periodSi da sasamarTlo procesze

(1907-1908 ww.), cxadia, gacilebiT Zneli dasadgeni iqneboda

ruseTis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg, 1917 wels, an saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi (1918-1921

ww.). WeSmaritebis dadgenis Sansi kidev ufro Semcirda sab-

WoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

dapyrobisa da saqarTvelos axal sabWoTa imperiaSi ZaliT ga-

erTianebis Semdeg. amieridan obieqtur siZneleebs daemata

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis damkveTisa da Semsruleblis po-

litikuri motiviT miCqmalvis saSiSroeba. dReisaTvis ilia

WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saidumloebis obieqturad axsnisaTvis

saWiro dokumentebisa da masalebis nawili ganadgurebulia an

saimedodaa gadamaluli (sxvadasxva periodSi dokumentebis

sxvadasxva kategoriis `wmenda~ tardeboda imis mixedviT, Tu

ra mizani hqonda politikur reJims). amasTan erTad ukve am

qveynad aRar arian is adamianebi, romelTac uSualo Sexeba

hqondaT ilia WavaWaZis mkvlelobis saqmesTan, Ziebasa da sasa-

marTlo procesebTan. bevrma maTganma sxvadasxva motiviT sai-

dumlo saflavSi Caitana. swored amitomaa, rom yvela versi-

as, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Semdeg rom Seiqmna, dResac

hyavs met-naklebi raodenobis mimdevrebi. am versiebis mixed-

viT, ilia WavWavaZe mokles: Zarcvis mizniT, agraruli winaaR-

mdegobis niadagze, social-demokratebma politikuri mizniT,

ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros oxrankam poli-

tikuri dakveTis safuZvelze. pirvel versias (mkvleloba Zar-

cvis mizniT) momxreebi TiTqmis aRar hyavs. arc meore versias

(mkvleloba agrarul niadagze) SemorCa bevri damcveli. mesame

versia (social-demokratebis mier politikuri mizniT gan-

71

xorcielebuli mkvleloba) 1907 wlidan dRemde yvelaze po-

pularulia. meoTxe versia (oxrankis mier politikuri dakve-

TiT ganxorcielebuli mkvleloba), romelic sabWoTa reJimis

pirobebSi aSkarad politikuri mosazrebiT SeiTxza, dRemde

SemorCa momxreebi.

ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis orive gamoZiebam da

orive sasamarTlo procesma (ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebisa

da sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros) upasuxod datova bevri

kiTxva. maT Sorisaa teroristuli aqtis ganxorcielebis sa-

kiTxi _ ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis detalebi.

sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli versiis mixedviT, ilia

WavWavaZe 1907 wlis 30 agvistos sof. wiwamurTan mokla te-

roristTa jgufma, romelTagan xuTi (gigla berbiWaSvili, gi-

orgi xizaniSvili, pavle afciauri, ivane inaSvili da `viRaca

imereli~) Casafrebulni elodnen Tbilisidan saguramoSi et-

liT mimaval ilia WavWavaZes, xolo meeqvse _ Tedo labauri

ilias meetle iyo. sofel wiwamurTan daTqmul niSanze Tedo

labaurma etli gaaCera da fexze wamomdgari ilia erT-erTi

teroristis, kerZod, gigla berbiWaSvilis mier berdanis To-

fidan gasrolilma tyviam imsxverpla. tyvia ilias SublSi

moxvda. am versiaSi bevri ram saeWvoa. saeqsperto daskvnaSi

vkiTxulobT:

`1907 w. 31 agvisto. ilia WavWavaZis gvamis gakveTis aqti

31 agvisto, 1907 w. aqti. me, duSeTis mazris gamomZie-

beli, gamovcxaddi sof. guramianTkarSi, qvemoT aRniSnuli

mowmeebis TandaswrebiT da duSeTis mazris eqimis meoxebiT

Cavatare Tavad ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis gvamis gakveTa.

garegani daTvaliereba

micvalebuli (cxedari) asvenia magidaze sakuTar sax-

lSi. acvia ruxi feris Jileti da Sarvali, feradi kvarTi da

TeTri sacvali, kiserze gaxamebuli TeTri sayelo, romlis

garSemo devs bafTa _ gaxsnili feradi batistis yelsaxvevi.

marcxena xelze gaxamebuli manJeti moxsnilia, marjvenaze man-

Jeti moZrobilia da Camokidebulia sakinZis kvarTze. fexze

acvia windebi da dabalyeliani Ceqmebi. Jileti, kvarTi da man-

Jeti gasisxlianebulia. saxeze da Sublze sisxlis zolebi

aqvs. gasisxlianebulia agreTve gulmkerdis zeda nawili, mar-

cxena gverdi da orive xelis mtevnebi. micvalebuli swori

72

agebulebisaa; muceli winaa wamoweuli... sxeulis danarCeni na-

wilebi swori agebulebisaa.

gulmkerdis areSi aReniSneba cecxlnasroli gamWoli

Wriloba, romlis erTi xvreli moTavsebulia marjvena ZuZus

dvrilidan odnav SigniT, xolo meore _ marcxena iRliis

ukana kideze; pirveli ovaluri formisaa, misi udidesi zoma

kanze sami santimetria, meoris zoma iRliis kanze SedarebiT

mcirea, gamavalia neka TiTisaTvis. Sublis marcxena naxevarSi

aRiniSneba ovaluri formis daJeJili Wriloba, damavali

Zvlamde, oTxi santimetris sigrZis, ori santimetris siganis.

aq Zvali Catexilia da marcxena nawiliT Caweulia qvemoT. Ca-

texili Zvlis udidesi diametri erTnaxevari gojia, motexi-

lobis zeda, marcxena da qveda kideebi mdebareobs qalas sar-

qvelze dabla, xolo marjvena nawili SeerTebulia qalas

sarqvelTan, SeerTeba aramtkicea, ris gamoc motexili Zvali

moZravia. kanis Wrilobis kideebi arasworia, moSavo ferisaa

da mSrali. mis qveS Zvalze aRiniSneba gamoyofili sisxlis

Txeli fena. marjvena warbs zemoT mdebareobs meore daJeJili

Wriloba, iseTive xasiaTis, rogoric pirveli. es Wriloba

aRwevs Zvlamde, magram Zvali dazianebuli ar aris. am Wrilo-

bis sigrZea sami, sigane erTi santimetri.

sxva dazianeba sxeulze ar aris. gvamuri laqebi da

sxva naadrevi gaxrwnis niSnebi ar aRiniSneba. gaSeSebis kvali

jer kidev SerCenilia xelebSi.

Sinagani daTvaliereba

gulmkerdis Rru. gulmkerdze cecxlsasroli Wrilo-

bis ubanSi kanqveSa qsovili moSavo ferisaa gamonadeni sis-

xlisagan. marjvena mexuTe neknis mkerdis ZvalTan SeerTebis

adgili damsxvreulia. Semdeg tyviam gaiara gulis perangSi,

gulis parkuWebis zeda nawilebSi da marcxena filtvis qveda

wilis gavliT gamovida gareT marcxena iRliis midamoSi. gu-

lis orive parkuWis kedlebis zeda nawilebi gardaqmnilia

nafleTebad. gulis moculoba ar aris gadidebuli, magram mi-

si kedlebi gaTxelebulia da gadagvarebulia cximovan qsovi-

lebad, marjvena parkuWis kedlis sisqis sam meoTxeds cximi

Seadgens, marcxena parkuWis wina kedels mwvervalTan axlos

aqvs xaris gamxmari tyavis sisqe, is mkvrivia, moTeTro feri-

saa da win gamoberilia mcired. gulis kedlis am nawilze

73

TiTis daWeriT es ubani vardeba SigniT da TiTis aRebiT ga-

reT, rogorc rezinis burTi. mikroskopulad anevrizmuli ga-

moberiloba mogvagonebs mkvriv da drekad SemaerTqsovilovan

warmonaqmns. marjvena filtvis plevra Sexorcebulia gul-

mkerdis gverdiT kedelTan; marcxena mdebareobs Tavisuflad.

orive filtvis moqnilobis da sifafukis xarisxi daqveiTebu-

lia, haeriT ar arian gadavsebulni. orive filtvis qveda na-

wilebi sruliad uhaeroa, ris gamoc maTma qveda kideebma ka-

nis simkvrivis brtyeli danamatis saxe miiRes. filtvebi ga-

nakveTze moTeTro-moruxo ferisaa. gulmkerdis Rru Seicavs

didi raodenobiT Sededebul da Txier sisxls. muclis kede-

li Seicavs cximis sqel Sres. Tavisa da muclis Rruebi ar

daTvalierda, radgan sikvdilis mizezi naTelia.

duSeTis mazris eqimi iaSvili.

gamomZiebeli v. e. dilevski

mowmeebi: sof. guramianTkaris mcxovrebni, glexebi si-

mon CixaSvili da vasil narimaniZe, orive wera-kiTxvis uco-

dinarni.

mosazreba: ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis sxeulze sami

Wrilobaa: erTi cecxlnasroli, gulmkerdis gamWoli. Wrilo-

bis arxi mimarTulia winidan ukan da marjvnidan marcxniv.

gasrola albaT winidan moxda. sikvdili ganviTarda am Wri-

lobisagan gulis dazianebis Sedegad. ori Wriloba, mdebare

Tavis qalas uTmo nawilSi, miyenebulia blagvi sagniT. erTi

am WrilobaTagani, romelic garTulebulia Tavis qalas Zvle-

bis dazianebiT, miekuTvneba mZime da sicocxlisaTvis saxifaTo

dazianebas; meore Wriloba unda miekuTvnos msubuq dazianeba-

Ta xarisxs.

gardacvlil ilia WavWavaZes guli da filtvebi jan-

mrTeli ar hqonda. gulis kunTi gadagvarebulia cximovan

qsovilad da marxena parkuWis wina kedeli gafarToebulia

anevrizmulad. aRwerilobiT nawilSi me damaviwyda aRmeniSna,

rom marcxena parkuWis endokardi gasqelebulia, moruxo-mo-

TeTro ferisaa, mkveTrad gamoirCeva marjvena parkuWis endo-

kardisagan, ukanasknels aqvs xorcis feri Sesaxedaoba. mar-

cxena parkuWis endokardis zedapiri, naxevarmTvariseburi

sarqvelebi da aortis Sida garsi gluvia, xorklebis gareSe,

naxevarmTavriseburi sarqvelebis fuZeebi gasqelebulia da

mkvrivi. didi xnis sicocxle ar darCenoda samocdaaTi wlis

74

mxcovan poets. misi avadmyofi guli gangmirulia mtris tyvi-

iT. am guls SeiZleba eZgera kidev ramdenime Tves, an weli-

wads.

rac Seexeba cecxlsasrol iaraRs, romliTac mokles

Tavadi ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, ar SeiZleba imis danam-

dvilebiT Tqma, Tu rogori iyo es iaraRi. Tavad WavWavaZesTan

erTad mokluli iqna misi msaxuri, romlis sxeulidan amoRe-

buli tyvia mrgvalia, sididiT hgavs tyvias, rogoriTac ite-

neba kaJiani Tofebi. Tavad WavWavaZisa da mis msaxurisaTvis

cecxlmsroleli iaraRiT miyenebuli Wrilobebis xvrelebi

sididiT da zogierTi sxva TaviseburebebiT daaxloebiT er-

Tnairia. gvamebis gakveTis praqtikiT viciT ra berdaniT, axa-

li nimuSis samxaziani SaSxaniT da ubralo araswrafmsrole-

li iaraRiT miyenebul WrilobaTa Taviseburebani, me vvarau-

dob, rom Tavadi WavWavaZe moklulia ukanaskneli saxeobis ia-

raRiT.

duSeTis mazris eqimi iaSvili~. (ix. guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-1907. cxovreba.

moRvaweoba. Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad. wigni II.

Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 320-322).

daviwyoT imiT, rom ilia WavWavaZis sxeulis eqsperti-

ziT dadasturebulia, rom ilias marcxena neknis areSi (iR-

liis qveS) aqvs mcire diametris xvreli, mkerdis areSi (mar-

jvena ZuZus dvrilTan) _ didi xvreli. tyvia sxeulSi Ses-

vlisas tovebs wvril xvrels, sxeulidan gamosvlisas ki _

gacilebiT dids. amdenad, eqim iaSvils uzustoba mouvida.

iliasaTvis winidan rom esrolaT, maSin mcire zomis xvreli

mkerdis areSi eqneboda, didi zomisa ki _ iRliis qveS. gvamis

gakveTis aqtSi yvelaferi piriqiTaa, e. i. ilias zurgidan es-

roles. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ilias tyvia SublSi ara aqvs

moxvedrili. etlidan gadmovardnis Semdeg ilias erT-erTma

teroristma SublSi orjer Caartyma SaSxanis lula, im miz-

niT, rom darwmunebuliyo, ilia mkvdari iyo Tu ara. Sublis

areSi miyenebuli arc erTi dartyma sasikvdilo ar iyo. eq-

spertiziT aseve dadginda, rom ilia moklul iqna tyviiT,

romelic sxeulSi Sevida zurgis mxridan (marcxena neknebs

Soris) da gamovida mkerdSi marjvena mxares (ZuZus dvril-

Tan). ismis kiTxva: vin esrola ilia WavWavaZes? aSkaraa, rom

gasrola im teroristTa mxridan ar SeiZleboda momxdariyo,

75

romlebmac etli gaaCeres da gasrolis momentSi etlis win

idgnen.

saTanado masalis Seswavlis Sedegad dgindeba, rom

gasrola, romelmac ilia WavWavaZis sicocxle Seiwira, ar

momxdara teroristTa im jgufidan (gigla berbiWaSvili, gi-

orgi xizaniSvili, pavle afciauri, ivane inaSvili, `vinme ime-

reli~), romelmac etli gaaCera. gasrola moxda meore Casaf-

rebidan, romlis Sesaxebac gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma arc

ki icoda. savaraudoa, rom ilias mkvleli teroristi marto

moqmedebda da gasrolis Semdeg igi SeumCnevlad gaecala iqa-

urobas. CasafrebaSi myofma ilias mkvlelma icoda, rom misgan

moSorebiT teroristTa meore jgufi (gigla berbiWaSvilis

jgufi) imyofeboda, romelic etls gaaCerebda. mas amis Sem-

deg zurgidan unda esrola iliasaTvis.

SeiZleba Tu ara dadgindes im teroristis vinaoba,

vinc ilias zurgidan esrola? imxanad teroristul praqtika-

Si aseTi wesebi moqmedebda: yvela terorists hqonda Tavisi

`xelwera~, e. i. teroristi msxverpls klavda misTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli gasroliT. aseTi gasrolis nimuSebi iyo: erTi

tyvia kefaSi, oTxi tyvia zurgSi, ori tyvia mkerdis areSi,

sami tyvia muclis areSi, erTi tyvia Sublis areSi da a. S.

cxadia, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac ramdenime teroristi erTi

`xelweriT~ moqmedebda. magram imgvari gasroliT, rogoriTac

ilia mokles (sxeulSi marcxena neknebs Soris Sesuli tyvia

gamovida mkerdis areSi marcxniv, ZuZus dvrilTan). imxanad

(1905-1907 ww.) mxolod ori teroristi sargeblobda aseTi

`xelweriT~. erTi maTgani 1907 wlis agvistosaTvis cimbiris

gadasaxlebaSi imyofeboda da saqarTveloSi gvian dabrunda.

meore 1907 wlis ianvridan agvistomde, ruseTis imperiis Si-

nagan saqmeTa saministros policiis departamentisadmi daqvem-

debarebuli Tbilisis, quTaisisa da baqos guberniebis Jandar-

meriis sammarTveloebis agenturuli samsaxuris masalebis mi-

xedviT, aralegalurad cxovrobda TbilisSi, baTumSi, baqoSi

da baTumi-Tbilisi-baqos marSrutiT gadaadgilebisas xSirad

ikargeboda Jandarmeriis TvalTaxedvis aredan. es teroristi

Sedioda im 50-55 teroristis ricxvSi, romelTac, policiis

departamentis analitikosTa daskvniT, SeeZloT nebismieri

sirTulis teroristuli aqtis ganxorcieleba.

teroristi, romelmac, Cveni azriT, ilia WavWavaZe

mokla, Jandarmeriis TvalTaxedvidan gaqra 1907 wlis 17 ag-

vistos. am dRes igi Jandarmeriis agentma baTumis navsadgurSi

76

naxa. Jandarmeriis TvalTaxedvis areSi teroristi kvlav mxo-

lod 1907 wlis 21 dekembers moxvda, e. i. ilia WavWavaZis

mkvlelobidan sami Tvisa da ocdaerTi dRis Semdeg. savarau-

doa, teroristma `fskerze jdoma~ gadawyvita, e. i. gadaadgi-

lebisa da teroristuli saqmianobisagan gangeb ikavebda Tavs.

es teroristTa sayovelTaod miRebuli wesi iyo. jerjerobiT

ver mivakvlieT iseT masalas, romelic amtkicebdes, rom sa-

qarTveloSi imave `xelweriT~ sxva teroristic moqmedebda.

miuxedavad amisa, kategoriuli daskvnis gakeTebisagan Tavs vi-

kavebT, radgan zemoxsenebul terorists, policiis departa-

mentis da oxrankis masalebis mixedviT, ilia WavWavaZis

mkvlelobasTan aranairi kavSiri ar umtkicdeba. Tumca, aqve

davsZenT, rom am faqts ar SeuZlia safuZveli gamoacalos

Cvens versias, radgan 1907 wlis 17 agvistodan 21 dekembram-

de policiis lepartaments aranairi cnoba teroristis Sesa-

xeb ar moepoveba, ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba ki swored am pe-

riodSi moxda.

* * *

marTalia, ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba gadawyda da dai-

gegma ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis emigra-

ciul centrebSi (JenevaSi, parizSi), mkvlelobis kvalis da-

farvac imave centrebSi SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT moxda,

magram es sulac ar xsnis pasuxismgeblobas qarTul sazoga-

doebas. qarTuli sazogadoeba win ver aRudga social-demok-

ratebis mier ilias gzis gmobas, ilias devnasa da Seviwrove-

bas _ ver daicva eris sulieri mama da ugvirgvino mefe. uf-

ro metic, imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis udidesi nawi-

li verc ilias mkvlelobam gamoafxizla _ sazogadoeba Ziri-

Tadad iseTive darCa, rogoric iyo 1907 wlis 30 agvistomde.

mxolod RmerTma uwyiss WeSmariteba: iqneb qarTuli sazoga-

doebis ganwyobilebamac iqonia garkveuli gavlena Jenevasa da

parizSi mokalaTebul uRmerTo da usamSoblo politikosebze,

roca ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen.

77

bolosityva

Znelia ipovo sityvebi ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis

Sesafaseblad. ukve Tqmulidan ilias Rvawls yvelaze srulad

gamoxatavs sityvebi: `eris sulieri mama~, `saqarTvelos ug-

virgvino mefe~. da ra dasanania, rom ilias Tanamedrove qar-

Tvelobam ver igrZno eris sulieri mamisa da saqarTvelos

ugvirgvino mefis madli. ilias saxeli asocirdeboda didi

mwerlis, gamoCenili sazogado moRvawis (Tbilisis guberniis

saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankis Tavmjdomaris, redaq-

toris, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazo-

gadoebis Tavmjdomaris), saxelmwifo moRvawis (ruseTis sa-

xelmwifo sabWos wevris) saxelTan. eris sulier mamad da

saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefed ilia sicocxleSi aravis miuC-

nevia. qarTveli sazogadoebis did nawils arc misi mkvleloba

aRuqvams eris sulieri mamisa da saqarTvelos ugvirgvino me-

fis mkvlelobad. vaJa-fSavelam scada eris gamofxizleba. man

yvelas daaswro da ilias Rvawli mokled, magram zustad Se-

afasa. vaJa-fSavela werilSi `ver mohkles~ ilias swored

eris sulier mamad da saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefed warmog-

vidgens. vaJam qarTul sinamdvileSi ilias Rvawlis dafasebi-

sas pirvelad ixmara sityvebi: `mama~ (`nuTu qarTvelebma Sea-

xes xeli Tavis mamas?~), `qarTvelTaTvis Tavdadebuli~ (`nu-

Tu qarTvelebma Seaxes xeli ... qarTvelTaTvis Tavdadebuls~),

`erTaderTi burji~ (`iqneb ucxoelebs SehSurdaT CvenTvis es

marTlac erTaderTi burji Cvenis qveynisa, burji WkuiT, ni-

WiT da gamocdilebiT?~), `pirveli adamiani~ (`viciT me da

Tqven, mkiTxvelo, mxolod faqti, rom mogvikles pirveli

adamiani~). da bolos. ilias didi Rvawli vaJa-fSavelam ori-

ginalurad gamoxata Semdegi sityvebiT: `ilias mkvlelebs

rom SeeZloT, saqarTvelosac mohklavdnen~.

vaJa-fSavelas paToss bevri ar iziarebda _ vaJasTana

kacebis simcire igrZnoboda maSin saqarTvelSi! Tumca mTavari

mainc moxda. im Savbnel epoqaSi vaJa-fSavelam garkveviT Tqva:

ilia RvTisa da erisaTvis msaxurebis etaloni iyo.

78

* * *

ilia WavWavaZis mowamebrivi aRsasrulidan male asi

weli Sesruldeba. TiTqmis saukune-naxevari gavida mas Semdeg,

rac ilia qarTveli eris xsnis gzis Ziebas Seudga. dRes Zne-

li dasadgenia, igrZno Tu ara im epoqis qarTvelobam, rom

maT Soris gamoCnda RvTisagan rCeuli, gansakuTrebuli misiiT

movlenili adamiani. ufro savaraudoa, rom ilia imxanad Cveu-

lebriv adamianad miiCnies. sawinaaRmdegos gvafiqrebinebs erTi

garemoeba. ilias imTaviTve iseTi gaafTrebiT, iseTi gaborote-

biT ebrZodnen, rom SeiZleba davaskvnaT: mavanma da mavanma al-

baT igrZno kidec, rom ilia gansakuTrebuli misiis aRsrule-

bas iwyebda. am varaudebis miRma aSkarad moCans erTi WeSmari-

teba: saqarTveloSi namdvilad iyo erTi adamiani, romelsac

swamda, rom ilia didi da araCveulebrivi misiiT iyo movle-

nili. es adamiani TviT ilia iyo. swored es iyo mizezi imisa,

rom ilias ar aSinebda codviT dacemuli adamianebisagan miye-

nebuli uamravi tkivili. igi maRla idga iseT adamianur man-

kierebebze, rogoric iyo: Suri, gaboroteba, bezRoba, Ralati,

angareba, mliqvneloba, pativmoyvareoba, ciliswameba, siZulvi-

li, SurisZieba. ilias ar gahkvirvebia is, rom misi didebis

moSurneebma 1897 wels 60 wlis iubile CauSales, xolo

1903 wels egzaltirebul brbos misi Caqolvisaken mouwodes.

iliasaTvis arc is iyo moulodneli, rom 1905 wels misi sa-

xelis lafSi amosvra scades. ilia uaresisaTvisac iyo mzad.

igi mzad iyo mowamebrivi aRsasrulisaTvis, ufro metic: ilia

mTeli sicocxlis manZilze swored mowamebrivi aRsasruli-

saTvis emzadeboda. es iqneboda ilias amqveyniuri misiis lo-

gikuri dasasruli. ilia ar SeiZleboda Cveulebrivi sikvdi-

liT momkvdariyo. Tavisi mowamebrivi sikvdiliT ilias qar-

Tveli erisaTvis unda mieca is, rac ver misca mowamebrivi si-

cocxliT.

ilia mokles. TiTqos ilias sikvdiliT unda dasrule-

buli misi naazrevisa da naRvawis mgmobelTa gaboroteba, unda

damcxraliyo codviT dacemulTa vnebaTa Relva. magram ase ar

moxda. ilias mgmobelebma dainaxes, rom is, visac sicocxle

mouspes, ukvdavebaSi gadavida da mis winaaRmdeg brZola Cveu-

lebriv mokvdavebs aRar xelewifebodaT. ilias gaborotebul-

ma mgmobelebma axali mizani daisaxes: qarTveli erisaTvis un-

da daeviwyebinaT ilia, ar unda daeSvaT qarTveli eris Sed-

79

goma ilias gzaze. qarTvelTa modgmis mteri dResac am miznis

miRwevas cdilobs. mters kargad esmis: ilias gza _ qarTveli

eris xsnis gzaa, ilias gzis gmoba _ qarTvelTa modgmis da-

Rupvis gzaa.

araferi sakvirveli imaSi ar aris, rom ilias ebrZod-

nen qarTveli eris mtrebi, magram gaocebas iwvevs ilias mi-

marT qarTvelTa erTi nawilis gaboroteba, misi gmoba sicoc-

xleSiac da sikvdilis Semdegac, sikvdilidan didi xnis Sem-

degac. amasac Tavisi axsna aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi ilias mimarT

aRsrulda saxarebis sityvebi: `aravin winawarmetyveli Sewyna-

rebul ars TÂssa mamuls~ (luka, 4-24). swored amis dadas-

turebas warmoadgenda 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRes, momxdari

erTi metad usiamovno faqti. 26 maisis damoukideblobis aq-

tis pirveli muxli gvauwyebs: `amieridgan saqarTvelos xal-

xi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo sru-

luflebovani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa~. sul ormocdaC-

vidmeti weli iyo gasuli im dRidan, rodesac iliam `mgzav-

ris werilebSi~ qarTveli eris arsebobis mizani ase gamoxata:

`Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes~. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTve-

los erovnuli sabWos wevrTagan aravis gaxsenebia is, rom sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis pirveli muxli ilias mi-

er `mgzavris werilebSi~ gacxadebuli ideis aRsrulebas war-

moadgenda. `mgzavris werilebis~ daweridan ormocdaCvidmeti

weli, xolo ilias mkvlelobidan 11 weli iyo gasuli. aseTi

cudi mexsiereba aRmoaCnda qarTul politikur elitas! Tavi-

sufali, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo ase iwyebda arsebobas, ase

miagebda pativs imas, vinc yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom

qarTveloba da saqarTvelo gadarCeniliyo. saboloodac, sa-

qarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam (1918-1921 ww.) ilias

saTanado pativi ver miago.

1921 wlidan ilias gzis gmobis axali etapi daiwyo.

ase gagrZelda 1934 wlamde, sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kav-

Siris I yrilobamde. im wels ioseb stalinis nebiT ilias sa-

xels tabu aexsna. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo 1937

weli. 1934 wels sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa kavSiris I yri-

lobaze ilias saxelze tabus axsnam lavrenti berias (cxadia,

ioseb stailinis TanxmobiT) saSualeba misca, ilias dabadebi-

dan 100 wlisTavi oficialurad, saxelmwifo doneze aReniSna.

Tumca saqarTvelos istoriaSi ilias Rvawli arc amis Semdeg

dafasebula saTanadod. am periods ilias iZulebiTi aRiarebis

80

periodi SeiZleba vuwodoT. es suliskveTeba meore msoflio

omis Semdgomac didxans igrZnoboda. ilias Rvawlis aRiareba,

ilias saTanadod dafaseba qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis aR-

mavlobas ukavSirdeba (XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebi). am

epoqis suliskveTeba kargad gamoixata devizSi: `win, ilia

WavWavaZisaken!~

sabolood ilias, eris sulieri mamis, saqarTvelos

ugvirgvino mefis Rirseulad dafaseba Tavs ido saqarTvelos

samociqulo marTlmadidebelma eklesiam. uwmidesisa da uneta-

resis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-

is locva-kurTxeviT saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida sinodma

1987 wels ilia WavWavaZe wmindanad Seracxa. wmida ilia mar-

Tlis xsenebis dRed dawesda 20 ivlisi (2 agvisto). wmida

sinodis mier ilia WavWavaZis wmindanad Seracxvis dros dai-

wera wmida ilia marTlis tropari. uwmidesma da unetaresma,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m dawera

wmida ilia marTlis xati, romelic dasvenebulia Tbilisis

sionis taZarSi, aseve ierusalimis jvris monasterSi. ase aR-

srulda ilias mimarT saxarebis sityvebi: `da naTeli igi

bnelsa Sina Cans, da bneli igi mas ver ewia~ (iovane, 1,5).

wmida ilia marTlis naazrevisa da naRvawis srulad

aRqma da gadmocema uZnelesi saqmea. es mizani arc Cven dagvi-

saxavs. SevecadeT, gagveazrebina ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedve-

lobis zogierTi sakiTxi. imedi gvaqvs, uflis nebiT yovlis-

momcveli naSromi wmida ilia marTlis Sesaxeb momavalSi dai-

wereba.

81

epilogis magier

XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis imperiam samefo-samTav-

roebad daSlili saqarTvelo daipyro _ erTiani saqarTvelo

ukve samas welze meti xnis win gaqra msoflios politikuri

rukidan. saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis imperia

yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos kuTxeebi (qar-

Tli, kaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, aWara, svaneTi, afxaze-

Ti da a. S.) erTmaneTisagan gaucxoebuliyo da `saqarTvelos~

cneba gamqraliyo; qarTveli eri daSliliyo sxvadasxva xalxe-

bad (`imerlebad~, `megrelebad~, `aWarlebad~, `TuSebad~, `sva-

nebad~ da a. S.) da `qarTvelis~ cneba gamqraliyo, enis, teri-

toriis, religiisa da kulturis erTobis darRvevis Sedegad

gamqraliyo erTiani qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba.

amis sawinaaRmdegod 1917-1918 wlebSi aRdga saqarTve-

los samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia, ga-

ixsna qarTuli (Tbilisis) universiteti da aRdga saqarTve-

los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. es sami didi _ re-

ligiuri, kulturuli da politikuri _ movlena daefuZna

imas, rom ruseTis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg qarTvelTa Segneba-

Si umtkivneulod gacnobierda erTiani qarTulis, erTiani sa-

qarTvelos gamomxatveli cnebebi:

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia;

saqarTvelos erovnuli yriloba;

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo;

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika;

qarTuli universiteti.

is, vinc eri gamoafxizla, sakuTari Tavi Seacnobina,

gaTiTokacebuli qveyana gaaerTiana, rwmena daubruna, RmrTisa

da samSoblos samsaxurSi Caayena, naxevari saukune mowamis

cxovrebiT icxovra da mowamebrivad aResrula, saqarTvelos

istoriaSi ase moixsenieba:

wmida ilia marTali

82

Sinaarsi

ideis momniWebeli Zala ......................................................................................... 5

prologis magier ........................................................................................................ 6

`raTa varT ese?~ (qarTvelobaSi fexgadgmuli seni) ........................... 8

`Cveni Tavni Cvenadve gveyudnes~ (Tavisuflebis ukvdavi idea) ...... 17

`wodebaTa dauyoflad~ (wodebaTa Serigeba) ............................................. 24

`qarTuli progresi~ (partiebad daSlis seni) ....................................... 28

`me bevri ram kargi mWirs~ (uarmyofloba saqarTveloSi) .............. 32

`exlandeli sibrZne-sicrue~ (socializmis buneba) .............................. 38

`gvarTmeven yovels erovnul Rirsebas~ (Selaxuli erovnuli

Rirsebis aRdgenisaTvis) ........................................................................................ 42

`cxovreba da kanoni~ (ekonomikuri da socialuri

ganviTarebis perspeqtiva) ..................................................................................... 51

`devnuli siRaribidan~ `Zlevamosil simdidremde~

(saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo banki) ........................................................ 57

`vards gaefurCqna kokori~ (ilia da ioseb juRaSvili) .................. 62

`me sakuTriv RmerTma mibrala~

(mowamebrivi aRsasrulis wina dRe) ............................................................... 65

`saqarTvelos mkvlelebi~ (mowamebrivi sicocxlis dasasruli) . 70

bolostiyva.................................................................................................................... 77

epilogis magier .......................................................................................................... 81

garekani gaaforma papuna gurulma

83