NanochemistvyA Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials

ives, Linda,d dedicationliese things.

Geoffrey A. Ozin, Andre C. Arsenault and Ludovico CademartiriDepartment of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada

RSC Publishing

Contents

List of Acronyms xxxvii

Teaching (Nano) Materials xli

Learning (Nano) Materials xliii

Guessing (Nano) Materials xliv

About the Authors xlv

Acknowledgements 1

Nanofoodfor Thought-Thinking about Nanochemistry,Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Nanosafety Hi

Chapter 1 Nanochemistry Basics 3

1.1 The Roots of Nanochemistry in MaterialsChemistry < 3

1.2 Synthesis of Materials and Nanomaterials 51.3 Materials Self-Assembly ' 91.4 Big Bang to the Universe 101.5 Why Nano? 101.6 What Do we Mean by Large and Small

Nanomaterials? 111.7 Do it Yourself Quantum Mechanics 121.8 What is Nanochemistry? 131.9 Molecular vs. Materials Self-Assembly 13

1.10 What is Hierarchical Assembly? 14

Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to NanomaterialsBy Geoffrey A. Ozin, Andre C. Arsenault and Ludovico Cademartiri© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org

xxm

Contents Contents

1.111.121.131.141.151.161.171.181.191.201.211.221.231.241.25

Directing Self-AssemblySupramolecular VisionGenealogy of Self-Assembling MaterialsUnlocking the Key to Porous SolidsLearning from Biominerals - Form is FunctionCan You Curve a Crystal?Patterns, Patterns EverywhereSynthetic Creations with Natural FormTwo-Dimensional AssembliesSAMs and Soft LithographyClever ClustersExtending the Prospects of NanowiresCoercing ColloidsMesoscale Self-AssemblyMaterials Self-Assembly of IntegratedSystems

ReferencesNanofood for Thought - Materials Chemistry,Nanochemistry, Genealogy, Materials Self-Assembly,Length Scales

Chemical Patterning and Lithography

2.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.82.9

2.102.112.12

2.132.142.152.162.17

2.182.192.20

Lord's Prayer on the Head of a PinSoft LithographyWhat are Self-Assembled Monolayers?The Science and Art of Soft LithographyPatterning Wettability?Condensation FiguresMicrolens ArraysNanoring ArraysSAM RegistrationPatterning the Solid StatePrimed for Printing PolymersBeyond Molecules - Transfer Printingof Thin FilmsMicrocontact Printing Living BacteriaElectrically Contacting SAMsSAM Crystal EngineeringLearning From Nature's Biocrystal EngineeringWet Stamping - The Incredible ShrinkingLiesegang RingsWet Etch PatternsColloidal Microsphere PatternsSAM Patterned Opal Marble Arrays

1515161922242526283132343538

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Contents xxv

2.21'xJSwitching SAM Function2.22 Patterning by Photocatalysis2.23 Reversibly Switching SAMs2.24 Electrowettability Switch2.25 Metamorphic Mold - Adjustable

Microtopography PDMS2.26 Sweet Chips2.27 All Fall Down in a Row Lithography2.28 Nanoskiving2.29 Patterning Nanochannel Alumina Membranes

With Single Channel ResolutionReferencesNanofood for Thought - Soft Lithography, SAMs,Patterning

Chapter 3 Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

3.1 Building One Layer at a Time3.2 Electrostatic Superlattices3.3 Organic Polyelectrolyte Multilayers3.4 Layer-by-Layer Smart Windows3.5 How Thick is Thin?3.6 Assembling Metallopolymers3.7 Directly Imaging Polyelectrolyte Multilayers3.8 Polyelectrolyte-Colloid Multilayers3.9 Graded Composition LbL Films

3.10 LbL MEMS3.11 Trapping Active Proteins3.12 Protein Laden Porous LbL Multilayers3.13 Layering on Curved Surfaces3.14 Microcrystal Packaging - Polyelectrolyte Coated

Crystal Drug Delivery Systems3.15 Hydrolytically Degradable LbL Films

for Drug Delivery3.16 Nanobaloons - New Generation Ultrasound

Contrast Agents3.17 Crystal Engineering of Oriented Zeolite Film3.18 Zeolite-Ordered Multicrystal Arrays3.19 Crosslinked Crystal Arrays3.20 Tunable Structural Color in Multilayer.

Bragg Stacks3.21 2D LbL Structural Color3.22 Layering with Topological Complexity3.23 Patterned Multilayers3.24 Non-Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Assembly

89909192

95969799

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117117119120121122122124125126128129130

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143145147149150

XXVI Contents Contents

3.25- Low-Pressure Layers 1513.26 Layer-by-Layer Self-Limiting Reactions 152References 152Nanofood for Thought - Designer Monolayers,Multilayers, Materials Flatland 162

Chapter 4 Nanocontact Printing and Writing - Stampsand Tips 167

4.1 Sub-100 nm Soft Lithography 1674.2 Extending Microcontact Printing 1684.3 Putting on the Pressure 1694.4 Defect Patterning - Topologically Directed

Etching 1714.5 Below 50 nm Nanocontact Printing 1724.6 Nanocontact Writing - Dip Pen Nanolithography 1734.7 DPN of Silicon 1744.8 DPN on Glass 1754.9 Nanoscale Writing on Semiconductor Nanowires 176

4.10 Sol-Gel DPN 1774.11 Soft Patterning of Hard Magnets 1784.12 Writing Molecular Recognition 1794.13 DPN Written Protein Recognition Nanostructures 1814.14 HIV Detection Using DPN Arrays 1824.15 Patterning Bioconstructions 1834.16 Eating Patterns - Enzyme DPN 1854.17 Electrostatic DPN ' 1864.18 Electrochemical DPN 1864.19 SPM Nano—Electrochemistry 1874.20 Beyond DPN - Electrowhittling Nanostructures 1894.21 Nanospinning Fibers ' 1904.22 OLED Tip - AFM with a Nanoscale Scanning

Light Probe ' 1914.23 Hot Tips - DPN Soldering Iron 1934.24 Combi Nano - DPN Combinatorial Libraries 1934.25 50,000 Tips Go Sailing by, Go Sailing by

in the Morning 1964.26 Nanoblotters 1974.27 Nanoscale Patterning of PDMS Stamps

the DPN Way 1984.28 Scanning Probe Contact Printing (SP-CP) 2004.29 Dip Pen Nanolithography Stamp TIP - Beyond

DPN CP 2024.30 Best of Both Worlds 2034.31 The Nanogenie is out of the Bottle 203

Chapter 5

ReferencesNanofood for ]Tools

Nanorod, Na

5.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.85.9

5.105.115.125.135.145.155.16

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5.28

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Contents

References 204Nanofood for Thought - Sharper Chemical PatterningTools 210

Chapter 5 Nanorod, Nanotube, Nanowire Self-Assembly 215

5.1 Building Block Assembly 2155.2 Templating Nanowires 2165.3 Modulated Diameter Gold Nanorods 2175.4 Modulated Composition Nanorods 2185.5 Barcoded Nanorod Orthogonal Self-Assembly 2215.6 Nanodisk Codes 2245.7 Sir SERS 2265.8 Self-Assembling Nanorods 2275.9 Magnetic Nanorods Bunch Up 229

5.10 Magnetic Nanorods and Magnetic Nanoclusters 2305.11 An Irresistible Attraction for Biomolecules 2325.12 Hierarchically Ordered Nanorods 2335.13 Nanorod Devices 2355.14 Nanotubes from Nanoporous Templates 2365.15 Layer-by-Layer Nanotubes from Nanorods 2385.16 Synthesis of Single Crystal Semiconductor

Nanowires 2395.17 Vapor-Liquid-Solid Synthesis of Nanowires 2405.18 What Controls Nanowire-Oriented Growth? 2415.19 Marrying Plasmonics and Catalytics 2425.20 Nanowire Quantum Size Effects 2445.21 Single-Source Precursors 2455.22 Supercritical Fluid-Liquid-Solid Synthesis 2455.23 Ultrathin Nanowires-Nanothermoelectrics 2465.24 Zoo of Nanowire Compositions and Architectures 2505.25 Got the Nanoneedle 2515.26 Manipulating Nanowires ' 2525.27 Blowing Nanotube and Nanowire Bubbles

Everywhere 2545.28 Crossed Semiconductor Nanowires - Smallest

LED 2575.29 Nanowire Diodes and Transistors 2595.30 Nanowire Sensors 2605.31 Catalytic Nanowire Electronics 2615.32 Nanowire Heterostructures 2625.33 Longitudinal Nanowire Superlattices 2635.34 Nanoscale Ionics: Ion-Exchange of Nanorods 2665.35 Axial Nanowire Heterostructures 2695.36 Nanowires Branch Out 269

XXV1U Contents Contents

5.37i-Coaxially Gated Nanowire Transistor5.38 Vertical Nanowire Field Effect Transistors5.39 Integrated Metal-Semiconductor Nanowires -

Nanoscale Electrical Contacts5.40 Photon-Driven Nanowire Laser5.41 Electrically Driven Nanowire Laser5.42 Nanowire UV Photodetectors5.43 Simplifying Complex Nanowires5.44 Nanowire Casting of Single-Crystal Nanotubes5.45 Solution-Phase Routes to Nanowires5.46 Spinning Nanowire Devices5.47 Hollow Nanofibers by Electrospinning5.48 Carbon Nanotubes5.49 Carbon Nanotube Structure and Electrical

Properties5.50 Gone Ballistic5.51 Carbon Nanotube Nanomechanics5.52 Carbon Nanotube Chemistry5.53 Carbon Nanotubes All in a Row5.54 Carbon Nanotube Photonic Crystal5.55 Putting Carbon Nanotubes Exactly Where You

Want Them5.56 The Nanowire Pitch Challenge5.57 Integrated Nanowire Nanoelectronics5.58 Silicon Nanowire Solar Cells - Self-Powered

Nanoelectronics5.59 See-Through Nanoelectronics Circuits5.60 Piezoelectric Nanowire Electrical Nanogenerators5.61 Carbon Nanotube Radio Receiver5.62 Silicon Nanowire NEMS: Very High Frequency

Resonators and Ultra High SensitivityMass Monitors

5.63 Nanowires that Never Forget5.64 A Small Thought at the End of a Large ChapterReferencesNanofood for Thought - Wires, Rods, Tubes, LowDimensionality

Chapter 6 Nanocrystal Synthesis and Self-Assembly

6.1 Building-Block Assembly6.2 When is a Nanocrystal a Nanocluster

or a Nanoparticle?6.3 Synthesis of Capped Semiconductor Nanocrystals6.4 Electrons and Holes in Nanocrystal Boxes

272 1273 1

1274 1276 1278 1279 1279 1281 I283 1

285 1286 1288 I

289 •291 I292 •293 I296 •298 1

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6.21

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6.316.326.336.346.356.36

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NanocluWatchinNanocryCappedAt LastStructunNanocluAlkanetlPeriodicThere's (CappedMorpholAlkanetlSuperlatlActive PSuperlatlCrystalsGetting ]Synergy!What ifBeyondNanocryCappedDensitySoft Lit!OrganizjPot of dElectrollFull ColFlippingPhotocllWater-SiCapped!BiomolaHot NalOrigin JNanocrjFingeriiiDNA-diNanocrlBeyond!AlloyinlNanocriSemicoiiBranch!

Contents Contents

272273

274276278279279281283285286288

289291

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Nanocluster Phase Transformations 342Watching Nanocrystals Grow 343Nanocrystals in Nanobeakers 345Capped Gold Nanocrystals - Nanonugget Rush 346At Last a Single Crystal X-Ray DiffractionStructure of a Thiolate Ligand-Capped GoldNanocluster 348Alkanethiolate Capped Nanoclusters Diagnostics 350Periodic Table of Capped Nanocrystals 351There's Gold in Them Thar Hills! 352Capped Nanocrystal Architectures andMorphologies 353Alkanethiolate Capped Silver NanocrystalSuperlattice 353Active Plasmonics - Tunable Silver NanocrystalSuperlattices 355Crystals of Nanocrystals 357Getting Nanocrystal Superlattices to Conduct 358Synergy in Nano 360What if you Don't Like Organics? 360Beyond Crystals of Nanocrystals - BinaryNanocrystal Superlattices 362Capped Magnetic Nanocrystal Superlattice - HighDensity Data Storage Materials 363Soft Lithography of Capped Nanocrystals 364Organizing Nanocrystals by Evaporation 365Pot of Gold at the Bottom of the Nanofunnel 366Electroluminescent Semiconductor Nanocrystals 368Full Color Nanocrystal-Polymer Composites 370Flipping a Nanocrystal Switch 372Photochromic Metal Nanocrystals 373Water-Soluble Nanocrystals 374Capped Semiconductor Nanocrystal MeetsBiomolecule 377Hot Nanorods Cure for Cancer 380Origin of the Color of Nanoscopic Gold 381Nanocrystal DNA Sensors - Besting the Best 383Fingering Nanocrystals 385DNA-Gold Senses Mercury 387Nanocrystal Semiconductor Alloys andBeyond 387Alloying Core-Shell Magnetic Nanocrystals 389Nanocrystal Grows a Hole 390Semiconductor Nanocrystals Extend andBranch Out 391

XXX Contents Contents

6.40a_Tetrapod of Tetrapods - Towards InorganicDendrimers 393

6.41 Nanocrystals Go Hyper 3956.42 Golden Tips - Making Contact with Nanorods 3976.43 Marriage of Convenience - Designed Assembly of

Nanocrystal Dimers, Heterodimers, Heterotrimersand Chains 399

6.44 Carbon Nanoclusters - Buckyballs 4096.45 Building Nanodevices with Buckyballs 4106.46 Carbon Catalysis with Buckyball 411References 412Nanofood for Thought - Nanocrystals, Quantum Dots,Quantum Size Effects 426

Chapter 7 Microspheres - Colors from the Beaker 431

7.1 Nature's Photonic Crystals 4317.2 Photonic Crystals 4327.3 Photonic Semiconductors 4337.4 Defects, Defects, Defects 4347.5 Computing with Light 4357.6 Color Tunability 4367.7 Transferring Nature's Photonic Crystal

Technology to the Chemistry Laboratory 4367.8 Microsphere Building Blocks 4377.9 Silica Microspheres 437

7.10 Latex Microspheres ' 4387.11 Multi-Shell Microspheres 4387.12 On The Fly: Microsphere Synthesis and

Microbubble Generation in Microfluidic Reactors 4397.13 Patterning Microspheres - Inside and Outside 4447.14 Basics of Microsphere Self-Assembly . 4497.15 Microsphere Self-Assembly - Crystals and Films 4507.16 Colloidal Crystalline Fluids 4517.17 Beyond Face Centered Cubic Packing of

Microspheres 4527.18 Templates - Confinement and Epitaxy 4547.19 Rolling Out the Opal Carpet of Many Colors 4557.20 Photonic Crystal Marbles 4577.21 Spotting Colloidal Crystals 4607.22 Photonic Crystal Fibers 4617.23 Optical Properties of Colloidal Crystals -

Combined Bragg-Snell Laws 4627.24 Basic Optical Properties of Colloidal Crystals 4637.25 How Perfect is Perfect? 464

2i >, •

; Chapter 8

r:

7.267.277.28

7.297.307.317.327.337.347.357.367.377.38

7.39

7.407.417.427.437.44

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Contents

7.26 ^Cracking Controversy7.27 Synthesizing a Full Photonic Band Gap7.28 Escape from the Dielectric Microsphere Prison -

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Synthesisof Monodispersed Metal Microspheres

7.29 Writing Defects7.30 Getting Smart with Planar Defects7.31 Getting Even Smarter with Planar Defects7.32 Switching Light with Light7.33 Thermochromic Colloidal Photonic Crystal Switch7.34 Liquid Crystal Photonic Crystal7.35 Internal Light Sources7.36 Photonic Inks7.37 Full-Color Photonic Crystal Display7.38 Elastically Tunable Photonic Crystals - From

Color Fingerprinting to Anti-Counterfeiting7.39 Magnetically Tuneable Photonic Crystals -

Magnetic Liquid Color7.40 Electric Field Color Tuned Colloidal Crystal7.41 Color Oscillator7.42 Photonic Crystal Sensors7.43 Colloidal Crystal Chromatography7.44 Walking Macromolecules Through Colloidal

Crystals7.45 Slow Photons in the Fast Lane7.46 Enhanced and Direction-Dependent

Photocatalysis7.47 Boosting Photoconductivity in a Silicon Solar Cell7.48 Encrypted Colloidal Crystals7.49 Medusa Chemistry - A Butterfly of Stone7.50 Gazing in the Photonic Crystal Ball

466468

469470472474476477477480481482

484

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493496

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516

Chapter 8 Microporous and Mesoporous Materials fromSoft Building Blocks 521

8.1 Escape from the Zeolite Prison 5218.2 A Periodic Table of Materials Filled with Holes 5228.3 Modular Self-Assembly of Microporous Materials 5238.4 Hydrogen Storage Coordination Frameworks 5258.5 Crystalline Organic Frameworks, COFs 5268.6 Overview and Prospects of Microporous Materials 5278.7 Mesoscale Soft Building Blocks 528

xxxn Contents

8.-8^ Mesogrowth - Interfaces and Mesoepitaxy 5308.9 Mesogrowth and Topological Defects 532

8.10 Mesogrowth and the Micelle vs Liquid CrystalTemplating Paradox 534

8.11 Meso-Opals 5358.12 Mesoporous Materials by Design 5388.13 Tuning Length Scales 5388.14 Mesostructure and Dimensionality 5408.15 Stand Up and Be Counted 5418.16 Making Mesochannels Stand Up 5438.17 When It Rains It Pours Vertical Mesochannels 5438.18 Shock'em to Stand Up - Electrochemically

Assisted Assembly of Periodic Mesoporous SilicaFilm with Orthogonal Channels 545

8.19 Mesomorphology - Spheres, Other Shapes 5458.20 PMOs Shape Up for High Performance HPLC 5488.21 Mesomorphology - Morphosynthesis of Curved

Form 5498.22 Mesomorphology - Chiral Mesoporous Silica 5518.23 Mesomorphology - Patterned Films, Soft

Lithography, Micromolding 5528.24 Mesocomposition - Nature of Precursors 5558.25 Sidearm Mesofunctionalization 5558.26 Organics in the Backbone 5578.27 One-Pot Synthesis of Periodic Mesoporous

Polyphenolformaldehyde Materialsand Carbon Copies • 560

8.28 Mesopore Replication 5608.29 Plastic Clones of Periodic Mesoporous Silica Shapes 5638.30 Mesotexture . 5658.31 Nearly Crystalline Pore Walls In Periodic

Mesoporous Silica 5658.32 Guests in Mesopores ' 5688.33 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Smart Drug

Delivery 5698.34 Permeating the Impermeable 5718.35 Capped Nanocrystal Meets Surfactant Mesophase 5718.36 Marking Time in Mesostructured Silica - New

Approach to Optical Data Storage 5738.37 Periodic Mesoporous Silica-Polymer Hybrids 5758.38 Mesochemistry - Synthesis in "Intermediate"

Dimensions 576References 577,Nanofood for Thought - Soft Blocks Template HardPrecursors, Holey Materials 590

• Contents

| Chapter 9 Self-Assemblir

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Polymers,NanocherBlock Co]the Old BAssemblirBlock Co]Block Co]Block Co]ElectricalSpatial C(3-D Bloc!NanoepiteMaking NLiving BkBlock Co]NanopordLayer-ByJCopolymeSupramolSupramolStructuralCopolym|1-D BlocJHierarchilColor TujMirrorHarness™NanostrujNano-oblBlock Col

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Chapter 10 Biomaterials

10.1 Nature-10.2 To J10.3 Faux F |10.4 Nature'!

Contents

Chapter 9 Self-Assembling Block Copolymers

9.1 Polymers, Polymers Everywhere inNanochemistry

9.2 Block Copolymer Self-Assembly - Chip Offthe Old Block

9.3 Assembling Inorganic Polymers9.4 Block Copolypeptides9.5 Block Copolymer Biofactories9.6 Block Copolymer Thin Films9.7 Electrical Ordering9.8 Spatial Confinement of Block Copolymers9.9 3-D Block Copolymer Spatial Confinement

9.10 Nanoepitaxy9.11 Making Micelles9.12 Living Block Copolymers Give Birth to Living

Block Copolymer Cylindrical Micelles9.13 Nanoporous Antireflection Coatings Made by

Layer-By-Layer Self-Assembly of BlockCopolymer Micelles

9.14 Supramolecular Assemblies9.15 Supramolecular Mushrooms9.16 Structural Color from Lightscale Block

Copolymers9.17 1-D Block Copolymer Spatial Confinement -

Hierarchical Bragg Mirrors9.18 Color Tunable Block Copolymer Gel Bragg

Mirror9.19 Harnessing Rigid Rods9.20 Nanostructured Ceramics9.21 Nano-objects9.22 Block Copolymer Lithography9.23 Decorating Block Copolymers9.24 A Case of Wettability9.25 Nanowires from Block Copolymers

lapter 10 Biomaterials and Bioinspiration

10.1 Nature did it First10.2 To Mimic or to Use?10.3 Faux Fossils10.4 Nature's Siliceous Sculptures

xxxm

595

595

595598598601602603604605607608

611

612613616

618

619

620622623624626627628631632

639

643

643644646647

Contents

10^5 Ancient to Modern Synthetic Morphology 64710.6 Biomimicry 64810.7 Biological Lessons in Materials Design 65010.8 Biomineralization and Biomimicry Analogies 65010.9 Morphosynthesis - Inorganic Materials with

Complex Form 65210.10 Morphosynthesis-Echinoderm vs. Block

Copolymer 65510.11 Aluminophosphates Shape Up 65610.12 Better Bones Through Chemistry 65710.13 Mineralizing Nanofibers 65910.14 Mimicking the Mosquito Eye - Synthetic

Antifogging Surface 65910.15 Bioinspiration-Chemically Driven Nanorod

Motors 66210.16 Bioinspiration-Learning from Nature 66610.17 Bioinspiration-Viral Cage Directed Synthesis

of Nanoclusters 66710.18 Biomaterials - Using Nature for our Own

Means 66810.19 Viruses that Glitter 66910.20 Polynucleotide Directed Nanocluster

Assembly 66910.21 DNA Coded Nanocluster Chains 67110.22 Building with DNA 67310.23 A Smile Written in your DNA 67510.24 Bacteria Directed Materials Self-Assembly 67610.25 Using a Virus that is Benign, to Align 67810.26 Magnetic Spider Silk 68010.27 Protein S-layer Masks 68110.28 Fishy Top-Down Photonic Crystals 68310.29 Polymer Life-Forms 68510.30 Surface Binding Through Directed Evolution 68610.31 Nanowire Evolution 68810.32 Biomolecular Motors - Nanomachines

Everywhere 68910.33 How Biomotors Work 69110.34 Kinesin - Walk Along 69310.35 Muscle Powered Nanomachines 69610.36 Bacteria Power 69710.37 ATPase - Biomotor Nanopropellers 70010.38 (Bio) Inspiration 701References 702Nanofood for Thought - Organic Matrix,Biomineralization, Biomimetics, Bioinspiration 1\A

Contents

Chapter 11 Self-Assemblj

11.111.211.3

; H-4

11.5

11.6

11.7

11.811.9

11.1011.1111.1211.13

Self-asseSynthesi:CrystalliBlocksSelf-Assiand DevCrystalliBlocksPolyhediAutoconLarge S]into 3DSynthetiContactto OrdeiMagnetiDynamiiAutonoiSelf-Ass.

ReferencesNanofood for TiBond, Shape As,

Chapter 12 Nano and B

12.112.212.312.412.512.612.712.812.9

12.1012.1112.1212.1312.1412.1512.1612.1712.18

Assemb]Do-It-YOne WiiStretchyInhibitirMany-FNanomiNanoRcGalvaniMovingWritingA MaskLiquid ]Remedi;AssembGrapheiSelf-He;Multifei

Contents xxxv

Chapter 11 Self-Assembly of Large Building Blocks 719

11.1 Self-assembling Supra-micron Shapes 71911.2 Synthesis Using the "Capillary Bond" 72011.3 Crystallizing Large Polyhedral-Shaped Building

Blocks 72111.4 Self-Assembling 2D and 3D Electrical Circuits

and Devices 72111.5 Crystallizing Micron-Sized Planar Building

Blocks 72211.6 Polyhedra with Patterned Faces that

Autoconstruct 72511.7 Large Sphere Building Block Self-Assemble

into 3D Crystals 72711.8 Synthetic MEMS? 72811.9 Contact Electrification - Charging the Balls

to Order 72911.10 Magnetic Self-Assembly 73011.11 Dynamic Self-Assembly 73211.12 Autonomous Self-Assembly 73511.13 Self-Assembly and Synthetic Life 736References 737Nanofood for Thought - Static and Dynamic, CapillaryBond, Shape Assembly 740

Chapter 12 Nano and Beyond 743

12.1 Assembling the Future 74312.2 Do-It-Yourself Microfluidics 74412.3 One Wire - One Solar Cell 74412.4 Stretchy Silicon ' 74412.5 Inhibiting HIV with Gold 74512.6 Many-Face Nanocubes 74612.7 Nanominerals 74812.8 NanoRockets 74812.9 Galvanized Nanostructures 749

12.10 Moving Cargoes at the Nanoscale 75012.11 Writing 3D Gooey Inks 75012.12 A Mask of Nanowires 75112.13 Liquid Lasers 75212.14 Remediating with Nanowires and Nanocrystals 75212.15 Assembly ing Nanocrystals via DNA 75412.16 Graphene - The Prince of Electronics? 75412.17 Self-Healing Materials 75512.18 Multiferroics Down Below 755

12*49 Materials Retro-assembly12.20 Matter that Matters - Materials of the

"Next Kind"ReferencesNanofood for Thought - Nano Potpourri

Contents

756

758761763

Chapter 13 Nanochemistry Nanolabs 767

13.1 Luminescent Nanoring Array 76813.2 Ferromagnetic Nanocrystal Array 76913.3 Zeolite Membrane 76913.4 Electrochromic Device 76913.5 Size Reduction Soft-Lithography 76913.6 Self-assembly of Barcoded Magnetic Nanorods 76913.7 Carbon Nanotube Field Emitting Display 76913.8 Photoconducting Selenium Nanowires 77013.9 Metal Colloids 770

13.10 Metal-Nonmetal Transition 77013.11 Near Infrared Emitting Quantum Dots 77013.12 Nanocrystals in Nanobeakers 77013.13 Colloidal Photonic Crystal Fingerprinting 77013.14 Colloidal Crystal Capillary Column 77113.15 Low Dielectric Constant Film 77113.16 Block Copolymer Lithography 77113.17 Virus Mineralization 77113.18 Biological Structures and Templates 77113.19 Mesoscopic Self-Assembly 77213.20 Colloidal Crystal Shapes 772

Appendix A: Origin of the Term "Self-Assembly" 773

Appendix B: Origin of the Nanochemistry 779

Appendix C: Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles 781

Subject Index 785

List of Acroi

-iCB^AOKCC>vFMkLDkPS\TOIJDCBPEIBZCCCCMVCFMCPCCPMVCSSCVDDDPDEISADLVODNADOSDPNDPPEDXEBGEDSEDXEELSEGEISAEMRESAESL

4-pentyl-4 -CyaiAnodized AlumAmorphous CalAtomic Force NAtomic Layer EAminoPropyltriAntimony Tin (1,4-Benzene-Di(Branched PolyEBelousov-ZhabcColloidal CrystiCowpea ChloroChemical ForceColloidal PhotoCowPea MosaicCore-Shell-Shel!Chemical Vapo:DecylammoniuiDirected EvapoDerjaguin LandDeoxyriboNucliDensity of StattDip-Pen NanoliDiPalmitoyl PhDouble-crossovElectronic BaneEnergy Dispers:Energy Dispers:Electron Energ;Ethylene GlycoEvaporation InElectroMagnetiElectrostatic SeEdge-Spreading