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Compare and Contrast

• Whenyoucompare and contrast,youtellhowtwoormorethingsarealikeandhowthey are different.

• Sometimeswordssuchaslike, as, however, and unlikesignalcomparisonsorcontrasts.

Directions Read the following passage. Then complete the chart below.

Schools in China and the United States are alike and different. In both

countries, the school year is about 40 weeks long. However, in China students attend six days a week instead of five. Chinese elementary schools teach the same core subjects as U.S. schools, but politics, foreign language, and manual labor are taught too. In the United States, about the same amount of time is spent on

English as on other subjects. However, in China, nearly 40 percent of class time is spent on Chinese because it is so difficult. Unlike U.S. students, Chinese students must pass exams to move up to junior high school (called junior middle school) or high school (called senior middle school). Finally, in the United States all children attend junior high school, but in China less than half of all children attend.

United States China

Length of school year 40 weeks 40 weeks

Length of school week Five days Six days

Elementary school subjects 1.

Time spent on language 2.

Entrance exams 3.

Junior high attendance 4.

Names of schools 5.

Home ActivityYourchildcomparedandcontrastedinformationinanonfictionpassage.Withyourchild,readaboutdifferentholidaycelebrations,andencourageyourchildtovisualizethesimilaritiesanddifferencesasyouread.Challengeyourchildtocompareandcontrastthecelebrations.

Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 6 Comprehension 407

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408 Writing Invitation Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 6

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Writing • Invitation

Key Features of an Invitation

• invitessomeonetoanevent

• includesimportantdetails

•mayaskforaresponse

•hasagreetingandaclosing

79 Cross StreetLexington, MA 02238

December 1, 2010

Miss Samantha Little900 Roseclare AvenueBoston, MA 02139

Dear Samantha,I would like to invite you and a guest to a holiday dinner party at my home,

79 Cross Street, Lexington, MA, on December 17th. Appetizers will be served starting at 6 p.m, followed by a sit-down dinner at 7:30 p.m. Please bring a gift (under $10) for the gift swap and lots of holiday cheer!

Please let me know if you will be attending by December 10th.

Your friend, Kristie Kringle 508-222-8844

1. Put boxes around the important information in the invitation. Look for words that tell who, what, when, where, and why.

2. Reread the invitation. What questions might you still have for Kristie about the party?

‚ Tis the Season for Holiday Cheer

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 6 Vocabulary 409

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VocabularyDirections Choose the word from the box that best matches each definition below. Write the word on the line.

1. together; as one

2. raised in rank

3. act of withdrawing

4. repulsive; disgusting

5. a side dish to add flavor to food

Directions Choose the word from the box that best completes each sentence below. Write the word on the line shown to the left.

6. Appealing is to as healthy is to sick.

7. Defeat is to as win is to advance.

8. Criticized is to praised as is to honored.

9. is to reduced as lifted is to dropped.

10. Improvement is to increase as development is to .

Write a Journal EntryOn a separate sheet of paper, write a journal entry you might make after you attend a party or school event. Use as many vocabulary words as you can.

Home Activity Your child identified and used vocabulary words from The All-American Slurp. Read a story or nonfiction article with your child. Have him or her point out unfamiliar words. Work together to try to figure out the meaning of each word by using other words that appear near it.

Check the Words You Know

disgracedprogresspromotedrelishretreatrevoltingunison

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410 Conventions Commas Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 6

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Home Activity Your child learned about commas. Have your child look at a page of a favorite book, point out the commas, and explain why each comma is used.

Commas

You already know that commas are used in compound sentences, after the greeting and closing in a letter, and in series of three or more words, phrases, or sentences. Here are other uses of commas.

• After an introductory word or phrase, such as well, yes, or by the way Well, I suppose that suggestion makes the most sense.

• To set off a noun of direct address Mrs. Gleason, may I take your coat? I warned you, Meg, to stay home.

• After a dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence When they come to visit, they always bring a tasty treat.

• Before and/or after an appositive—a noun or noun phrase describing another noun The main course, spicy chicken, was delicious.

• Before and after interrupting words or phrases The buffet, as they promised, was loaded with food.

• Between a day of the week and a month and between a date and a year Today is Tuesday, March 14. Their wedding was on January 17, 2010.

• Between the street address and the city and between the city and the state in an address. Do not use a comma before the ZIP code. My school is at 1432 Cross Street, Chicago, IL 60600.

Directions Read the following parts of a letter. Add commas where they are needed.

1. How is your family Mr. Gleason?

2. My parents look forward to your visit as you know.

3. Sunday April 5 2009

4. Dear Mr. Gleason

Directions Add commas where they are needed in the sentences.

5. The Lakeview an expensive restaurant requires reservations.

6. We like hamburgers milk shakes and sushi.

7. After we saw the movie we went out to dinner.

8. Our neighbors moved to 53 West Birman Street Birmingham New York.

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 6 Spelling Easily Confused Words 411

Home Activity Your child learned the meanings of related words. Ask your child to use two of the similar words in a sentence.

Easily Confused Words

Words in Context Pick a list word to finish each sentence. Write it.

1. My sister is starting her first year of (college/collage) this fall.

2. Many people (emigrate/immigrate) to the United States each year.

3. Do you always ask such (personal/personnel) questions?

4. I don’t wish to discuss the matter any (further/farther).

5. Political (descent/dissent) is a part of democracy.

6. I will dress (formally/formerly) for the wedding.

7. May I give you some (advise/advice)?

8. We should (proceed/precede) with caution through the intersection.

9. Put the letter in the (envelop/envelope) before you mail it.

10. He suffered (persecution/prosecution) at the hands of his enemies.

Word Meanings Write a list word that fits each meaning.

11. to go before

12. to give suggestions

13. previously

14. more distant

15. employees

16. to leave one’s country

17. artwork made of various materials

18. a downward step

19. the act of carrying on a lawsuit

20. to enclose or enfold

1. ___________________

2. ___________________

3. ___________________

4. ___________________

5. ___________________

6. ___________________

7. ___________________

8. ___________________

9. ___________________

10. ___________________

11. ___________________

12. ___________________

13. ___________________

14. ___________________

15. ___________________

16. ___________________

17. ___________________

18. ___________________

19. ___________________

20. ___________________

Spelling Wordsproceed precede advise advice formerlyformally further farther personal personnelimmigrate emigrate college collage descentdissent persecution prosecution envelope envelop

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412 Writing Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 6

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Vocabulary • Multiple-Meaning Words

• Somewordshavemultiple meanings,ormorethanonedefinition.

• Tryeachofthemeaningsinthesentence.Context clues,orwordsaroundtheunfamiliarword,canhelpyoutofigureoutthecorrectmeaning.

Directions Read the following story about a family meal. Then answer the questions below. Look for context clues as you read.

When I was promoted to junior high, my family had a party that I’ll

never forget. The guests had arrived and dinner was ready to be served when the cats jumped onto the table. They started munching on the tuna salad. “That’s revolting!” Aunt Ida and Uncle Sid screamed in unison. The cats looked up and moved on to the relish plate filled with deviled eggs and pickles. Dad and I chased

the cats, but already the guests had begun their retreat toward the door. Suddenly they all felt ill or had urgent work to do.

After they left, Mother moaned, “We can progress in every field of human life, but we can’t keep the cats off the table!” She felt disgraced that the guests left without eating and upset that the meal was ruined. “Look at it this way,” said Dad. “At least we don’t have to buy cat food.”

1. Two meanings of promoted have to do with “furthering a sale by advertising” and “raised in rank.” What clue in the story above helps you to determine the correct meaning?

2. Revolting can mean “uprising” or “disgusting.” What clues help you to determine its meaning in the story above?

3. In the passage does relish mean “good flavor” or “a side dish”? How do context clues help you determine the meaning?

4. Meanings for retreat include “the act of withdrawing” and “a retirement for religious exercises.” How do context clues in the passage help you determine the meaning?

5. How does the context help you determine which meaning of progress is used in the story, “improvement” or “to move forward”?

Home Activity Yourchildidentifiedandusedcontextcluestodeterminethecorrectdefinitionsforwordswithmultiplemeanings.Readastorywithyourchild.Encourageyourchildtofigureoutthemeaningsofmultiple-meaningwordsusingcontextclues.

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Instruction Manual

• Instruction manuals are guidebooks that give instructions on how to do something. They may be intended for immediate use or for reference.

• Theyusuallyhaveseveralparts,suchastableofcontents,index,sections,andgraphics.Readthroughinstructionsbeforefollowingtheprocedures.

Directions Use this excerpt from an etiquette manual to answer the questions.

Table MannersEating is a social activity, which means

that you need to think of others when you eat. Poor table manners can disgust other people. In contrast, good table manners show you respect them.

•Putyournapkinonyourlap.

•Situpstraightwithyourelbowsoff the table.

•Waittoeatuntileveryoneisserved.

•Don’ttalkwithfoodinyourmouth.

•Chewwithyourmouthclosed.

•Don’tmakeloudnoiseswhenyoueat.

•Don’tshovelinyourfood.

•Askforsomethingtobepassedratherthan reaching across the table for it.

•Don’tlickyourknifeoreatoffit.

•Don’tlickyourfingers.

1. How would this be used as a manual?

2. If you wanted to locate this information on table manners, how could you find it in the etiquette manual?

3. Wouldamanualontablemannersbeagoodplacetofindoutwhichforktouseorhowtoputbutteronyourplate?Why?

4. How might an etiquette manual on table manners be different in a different country?

5. Whataspectsoftablemannersarecoveredinthispassage?Whichitemscouldgraphicshelpyouunderstand better?

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Directions Use these instructions to answer the questions below.

How to Use Chopsticks

Chopsticks were developed about 5,000 years ago and are the most used utensil in China. Here are six easy steps for using chopsticks correctly.

1. Hold the chopsticks in the middle, with the ends even and not crossed.2. Hold the top chopstick firmly between your thumb and index and middle

fingers, like a pen.3. Rest the bottom chopstick on your ring finger and hold it down with your

thumb. Always keep the bottom chopstick still.4. Move the top chopstick by guiding it with your top two fingers.5. Pick up food by moving the top chopstick outward, straightening your index finger. As you grab the

food, bend your index finger to bring the top chopstick toward the bottom chopstick.6. Lift food between chopsticks to your mouth.

Chopstick Etiquette• Don’twaveyourchopsticksin

the air.• Don’ttransferfoodfromyour

chopstickstosomeoneelse’s.

• Don’tstabfoodwithyourchopsticks.• Don’tstickyourchopsticksverticallyin

a dish.

1. What is the purpose of this passage?

2. Would the passage be for immediate use or reference? What would be a good way to use it?

3. How does the drawing improve your understanding of the procedure?

4. Which chopstick moves, and which one always stays still?

5. Doesitmatteriftheinstructionsarefollowedinorder?Whyorwhynot?

Home Activity Your child learned about using manuals as resources. Look at a cookbook together, and ask your child in what ways it is a manual. Have your child demonstrate how to locate information and how to use the cookbook.

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Home Activity Your child identified misspelled words that are easily confused. Ask your child to pick five list words, spell them, and use them in sentences.

Easily Confused WordsProofread a Newsletter Circle six spelling errors in the newsletter. Write the words correctly. Find a misplaced comma. Write the sentence correctly on the line.

Friendly Advise for Catching and Cooking Crabs

You don’t need a collage education to go crabbing. Crabs are easy to catch. All you need is string, a net to envelope the crabs, and a large bucket or cooler. Crabs, are found around boat moorings and piers. I advize you to use fresh bait. Crabs follow the scent the bait leaves in the water.

Cooking crabs is as simple as catching them. Just deposit the live crabs (dead ones can make you sick!) in a large pot of boiling water, than add your personnel favorite spices. Wait about fifteen minutes until the shells turn crimson.

1. ________________ 2. _________________

3. ________________ 4. _________________

5. ________________ 6. _________________

7. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Proofread Words Circle the word that is spelled correctly. Write it on the line.

8. proseed proceed

9. advise advize

10. formerly formurly

11. firther further

12. personnel personel

13. imigrate immigrate

14. collage colage

Spelling Words

Frequently Misspelled

Words

since then

proceedprecedeadviseadviceformerlyformallyfurtherfartherpersonalpersonnel

immigrateemigratecollegecollagedescentdissentpersecutionprosecutionenvelopeenvelop

Spelling Words

8. _____________________

9. _____________________

10. _____________________

11. _____________________

12. _____________________

13. _____________________

14. _____________________

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Reader’s and Writer’s Notebook Unit 6 Conventions Commas 417

Home Activity Your child prepared for taking tests on commas. Ask your child to write a paragraph about trying a new food for the first time. Have your child use commas in at least three different ways.

Commas

Directions Read the passage. Then read each question. Circle the letter of the correct answer.

Dinosaurs in the United States(1) According to scientists, dinosaurs roamed the western United States about

150 million years ago. (2) These amazing reptiles could be found in Montana Utah Colorado and Wyoming. (3) The region was hot and moist with many lakes and swamps, a supportive climate in which these creatures could thrive. (4) There was the large Apatosaurus, a plant-eater with a long neck that enabled it to feed off the tops of trees. (5) Allosaurus was a successful predator, a carnivore with short teeth, a large head, and short front limbs. (6) In addition to the many dinosaurs that roamed the land, the skies were filled with flying reptiles that were also predators and scavengers.

1 In sentence 1, the underlined portion is an example of which?

A Direct address

B Appositive

C Introductory phrase

D Series

2 What change, if any, should be made in sentence 2?

A Insert comma after the word found

B Insert commas after the words Montana, Utah, and Colorado

C Insert comma after the word reptiles

D Make no change

3 Which change, if any, should be made in sentence 3?

A Insert comma after the word moist

B Delete comma after the word swamps

C Insert commas after the words moist and climate

D Make no change

4 Which sentence in this passage includes an appositive and words in a series?

A Sentence 3

B Sentence 4

C Sentence 5

D None of the above

5 In sentence 6, the underlined portion is an example of which?

A Introductory phrase

B Direct address

C Series

D Appositive

The All-American Slurp

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