nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos Sesaxeb adamianis uflebaTa ... · TviTnebobis raime riski, da esmoda Tu ara braldebuls misi msjavrdebis safuZvlebi. procesualur garantias Se-iZleba warmoadgendes

nafic msajulTa

sasamarTlos Sesaxeb

adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli sasamarTlos

precedentuli samarTlis

mimoxilva

avtori

naTia juReli

kvlevisa da analizis centris mTavari konsultanti

mTavari redaqtori

marine kvaWaZe

samarTlis doqtori, profesori

analitikuri ganyofilebis ufrosi

teqnikuri redaqtori

marika maRalaSvili

naSromi momzadda

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos analitikuri

ganyofilebis kvlevisa da analizis centris mier

sarCeviSesavali .............................................................................................. 7

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo dasamarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba

taqsketi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Taxquet v. Belgium) ............10

kuperi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegCooper v. United Kingdom ..............................................................15

zarouali belgiis winaaRmdegZarouali v. Belgium .......................................................................... 16

klimentievi ruseTis winaaRmdegKlimentiev v. Russia ........................................................................... 17

nafic msajulTa verdiqtis ̀ dasabuTebuloba~ .... 18

taqsketi belgiis winaaRmdegTaxquet v. Belgium [GC] ...................................................................... 19

Sala norvegiis winaaRmdegShala v. Norway .......................................................................................... 22

r. belgiis winaaRmdegR v. Belgium .......................................................................................... 23

zarouali belgiis winaaRmdegZarouali v. Belgium .............................................................................. 24

planka avstriis winaaRmdegPlanka v. Austria .................................................................................. 25

sariki daniis winaaRmdegSaric v. Denmark .................................................................................. 25

paponi safrangeTis winaaRmdegPapon v. France ..............................................................................26

belerin lagares espaneTis winaaRmdegBellerin Lagares v. Spain .................................................................... 26

nafic msajulTa mier mowmeTa sandoobis Sefaseba

piCugini ruseTis winaaRmdegPichugin v. Russia ....................................................................................27

goktepe belgiis winaaRmdegGoktepe v. Belgium ........................................................................... 31

legiloni safrangeTis winaaRmdegLegillon v. France ................................................................................. 32

lermite belgiis winaaRmdegLhermite v. Belgium ...................................................................... 35

nafic msajulTa instruqciebi

jaji gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegJudge v. United Kingdom ...................................................................... 39

szupuszi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegSZUPUSZ v. THE UNITED KINGDOM ............................................41

gregori gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegGREGORY v. THE UNITED KINGDOM .................................................44

sanderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegSander v. The United Kingdom .......................................................46

pulari gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegPullar v. The United Kingdom ............................................................. 49

miSa elias gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegMisha Elias v. The United Kingdom .................................................. 55

hornkastli da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegHorncastle and others v. The United Kingdom ................................57

mustafa kamali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegMustafa Kamal v. The United Kingdom ...........................................57

midltoni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegMiddleton v. United Kingdom ..........................................................63

kristianseni norvegiis winaaRmdegKristianseni v. Norway ...................................................................66

abdula ali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegAbdulla Ali v. United Kingdom ........................................................70

svinarenko da sliadnevi ruseTis winaaRmdegSvinarenko and Slyadnev v. Russia ................................................74

Tvomi, qameroni da guTri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdegTwomey, Cameron and Guthrie v. The United Kingdom .....................76

nafic msajulTa monawileobiTsaqmis ganxilvis „gonivruli vada“

henvorTi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

Henworth v. The United Kingdom ...............................................79

griSini ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Grishin v. Russia) .................82

suTiagini ruseTis winaaRmdegSutyagin v. Russia ............................................................................ 86

winasityvaoba

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos analitikuri ganyofi-lebis kvlevisa da analizis centris farglebSi momzaddaadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier ganxi-

luli 30 mniSvnelovani saqmis mimoxilva nafic msajulTasasamarTlosTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT ZiriTad sakiTxeb-Tan mimarTebiT, rogorebicaa: nafic msajulTa miukerZoeb-

loba, verdiqtis dasabuTebuloba, masmediis zegavle-nisgan dacvis saTanado garantiebi, mowmeTa sandoobisSefaseba, samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivoba da nafic msa-

julTa instruqciebi.

migvaCnia, rom kvleva saintereso iqneba ara mxolod marTl-msajulebis sferoSi moRvawe pirebisTvis, aramed iuri-

diuli fakultetebis profesor-maswavleblebisa da stu-dentebisTvis, aseve farTo probilis iuristebisaTvis.

marine kvaWaZe

uzenaesi sasamarTlosanalitikuri ganyofilebis ufrosi

PREFACE

“The review of landmark cases of the European Court ofHuman Rights on Jury Trial” was prepared within the frame-work of the Analytical Department. Based on the ECtHRpractice, the document covers and analyses the following im-portant aspects of jury trial, in particular: the requirement ofimpartiality; a reasoned judgment by a jury; guarantees toprotect jurors from Media influence; assessing the witness cred-ibility; reasonable time and the role of Jury Instructions.

We consider that the Research will be of particular interestnot only for people working in the Judiciary, but for the pro-fessors, students and other persons interested in human rightsissues.

Prof. Dr. MARINA KVACHADZE

The Head of Analytical Department

1 h t t p : / / w w w. e j t n . e u / P a g e F i l e s / 1 5 6 5 9 / 2 0 1 3 % 2 0 E C t H R % 2 0 C a s e -law%20Guide%20Article%206%20criminal.pdf

Sesavali

adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacviskonvenciis me-6 muxliT garantirebulia samarTliani sa-samarTlo ganxilvis ufleba:

„samoqalaqo uflebaTa da movaleobaTa gansazRvrisas anwardgenili nebismieri sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebissafuZvlianobis gamorkvevisas yvelas aqvs gonivrul va-daSi misi saqmis samarTliani da saqveyno ganxilvis uflebakanonis safuZvelze Seqmnili damoukidebeli da miuker-Zoebeli sasamarTlos mier. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebacxaddeba saqveynod, Tumca mTel sasamarTlo procesze anmis nawilze presa da sazogadoeba SeiZleba ar dauSvan, de-mokratiul sazogadoebaSi moralis, sazogadoebrivi wes-rigis an erovnuli uSiSroebis interesebidan gamomdina-re, agreTve, rodesac amas moiTxovs arasrulwlovanTa in-teresebi an mxareTa piradi cxovrebis dacva, an ramdena-dac, sasamarTlos azriT, es mkacrad auclebelia gansakuT-rebuli garemoebebis arsebobisas, rodesac saqveynoobazians miayenebda marTlmsajulebis interesebs“.

konvenciis winamdebare muxli calsaxad ar miuTiTebs arcnafic msajulTa mier saqmis ganxilvaze da arc gadawyve-tilebis dasabuTebis valdebulebaze. miuxedavad aRniS-nulisa, saqmis ganxilva nafic msajulTa monawileobiT mi-iCneva misaReb formad, xolo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTe-ba igulisxmeva konvenciis me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebulvaldebulebebSi.

nafic msajulebis, rogorc arbitrTa roli da dasabuTe-buli gadawyvetilebis kriteriumebi ganmtkicebulia ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTliT. kerZod, nafic msajulTa monawileobiT gamar-Tul gansazRvrul saqmeebze, verdiqtis dasabuTebis Se-fasebisas evropulma sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRosaqmis konkretuli garemoebebi.1

8

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswi-nebelia samarTalwarmoebis specifika, radgan nafic msa-julebs ar moeTxovebaT, ufro metic, erovnuli kanon-mdeblobidan gamomdinare, ufleba ar aqvT daasabuTonverdiqtis ganmapirobebeli piradi mosazrebebi. aseTdros me-6 muxli moiTxovs Sefasdes, arsebobda Tu arasakmarisi garantiebi imisTvis, rom Tavidan acilebuliyoTviTnebobis raime riski, da esmoda Tu ara braldebulsmisi msjavrdebis safuZvlebi. procesualur garantias Se-iZleba warmoadgendes sxdomis Tavmjdomaris mier nafi-ci msajulebisaTvis samarTlebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSi-rebiT miwodebuli miTiTebebi an mosamarTlis mier nafi-ci msajulebisTvis dasmuli naTeli da araorazrovani Se-kiTxvebi, romlebic verdiqtis safuZvlebis dadgenaSi ex-mareba nafic msajulebs, an im faqtis sakmarisad dabalan-seba, rom gamamtyunebel verdiqtSi misi miRebis ganmapi-robebeli mizezebi ar aris dasaxelebuli. sasamarTlosSefasebiT, ramdenime braldebulis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvne-lovania nafic msajulTa winaSe dasmuli SekiTxvebi iyosmkafio, TiToeul braldebulTan mimarTebaSi SesabamisidamamZimebeli garemoebebis miTiTebiT, rac daexmareba na-fic msajulebs braldebulTa individualuri sisxlissa-marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvraSi. evropulmasasamarTlom saqmeze goktepe belgiis winaaRmdeg (Goktepev. Belgium, #50372/99, § 28, ECHR 2005) daadgina darRveva imsafuZvliT, rom dasmuli SekiTxvebi iyo zogadi da bun-dovani Sinaarsis, romelic ar emsaxureboda TiToeulibraldebulis individualuri sisxlissamarTlebrivi pa-suxismgeblobis gansazRvris mizans.

adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos ganxiluliaqvs araerTi mniSvnelovani saqme, romelSic yuradRebagamaxvilebulia nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosTvis dama-xasiaTebel iseT ZiriTad aspeqtebze rogoricaa: naficmsajulTa miukerZoebloba, verdiqtis dasabuTebuloba,masmediis zegavlenisgan dacvis saTanado garantiebi, mow-meTa sandoobis Sefaseba, samarTalwarmoebis xangrZli-voba da nafic msajulTa instruqciebi.

9

praqtikaSi damkvidrebulia midgoma, rom saqme SesaZle-belia ganixilos ara mxolod profesionalma mosamarTlem,aramed naficma msajulebmac adamianis uflebaTa da Ziri-Tad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-6 muxliT gaT-valiswinebuli samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufle-bis dacviT. adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos gan-xiluli aqvs saqmeebi, romlebSic naTlad Cans, rom evro-pis sabWos wevr saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs gamoucdel ar-bitrTa mier (nafici msajulebi) saqmis ganxilvis sxvadas-xva modelebi.

10

2 Taxquet v. Belgium [GC],) #926/05,ECHR 2010

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo dasamarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis

ufleba

taqsketi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Taxquet v. Belgium)2

(§43) naTelia, rom evropis sabWos wevr qveynebSi naficmsajulTa sasamarTlo institutis bevri sxvadas-xva modeli arsebobs. sxvadasxva modeli asaxavs Se-sabamisi qveynebis kulturul da istoriul Tavise-burebebs, maT Soris, iseT qveynebSic, romlebmac ar-Cevani „tradiciul“ nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo mo-delis sasargeblod gaakeTes, romlis mixedviTac,profesional mosamarTleebs nafic msajulTa TaT-birSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba ar aqvT.

(§44) evropis sabWos wevri qveynebi SeiZleba sam katego-riad davyoT: qveynebi, romelTac nafic msajulTasasamarTlos raime modeli an zogadad, sisxlis sa-marTlis saqmeebSi msajulTa monawileobis sistemaar aqvT; qveynebi, romlebic gamoiyeneben Tanam-Sromlobis models, kerZod, rodesac sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeebze profesional mosamarTleebTan er-Tad msajulebic TaTbiroben; da mesame kategoria,romelmac sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze arCevani na-fic msajulTa „tradiciuli“ modelis sasargeblodgaakeTa.

(§45) ganxilul modelebs Soris, evropis sabWos ToTxmetwevr qveyanas arasodes hqonia nafic msajulTa sa-samarTlo sistema, an sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSimsajulTa monawileobis nebismieri sxva forma, angaauqmes es sistema, es qveynebia: albaneTi, andora,somxeTi, azerbaijani, bosnia da hercogovina, kip-ri, latvia, litva, luqsemburgi, moldoveTi, nider-landebi, rumineTi, san marino da TurqeTi. am qvey-nebSi, sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo sistema Sed-geba mxolod profesionali mosamarTleebisgan.

11

(§46) TanamSromlobis sistemis mqone wevri qveynebia:bulgareTi, xorvatia, CexeTis respublika, dania, es-toneTi, fineTi, safrangeTi, germania, saberZneTi,ungreTi, islandia, italia, lixtenSteini, monako,montenegro, norvegia (umetes SemTxvevebSi), polo-neTi, portugalia, serbeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia,SvedeTi, „makedoniis yofili iugoslaviis respub-lika“ da ukraina. TanamSromlobis sistema, romelicaseve SesaZloa iyos gamoyenebuli nafic msajulTatradiciul modelTan erTobliobaSi xasiaTdebaimiT, rom profesionali mosamarTleebi da naficimsajulebi yvela samarTlebriv da faqtobriv gare-moebas, aseve braleulobis da sasjelis gansazRvrissakiTxs, erToblivad adgenen.

(§47) evropis sabWos wevrma aTma qveyanam arCevani naficmsajulTa tradiciuli sasamarTlo sistemis sasar-geblod gaakeTa, kerZod: avstria, belgia, saqarTve-lo, irlandia, malta, norvegia (mxolod rTul saq-meebSi saapelacio instanciis doneze), ruseTis fe-deracia, espaneTi, Sveicaria (Jenevis kantoni), 2011wlis 1 ianvramde, da gaerTianebuli samefo (ingli-si, uelsi, Sotlandia da CrdiloeT irlandia).

(§48) Tavisi tradiciuli formiT, nafic msajulTa sasa-marTlo Sedgeba nafici msajulebisa da ramodenimeprofesionali mosamarTlisgan. msajulTa raodeno-ba damokidebulia qveyanasa da ganxilvis saganze.profesional mosamarTleTa raodenoba yvela qve-yanaSi sxvadasxvaa. irlandiaSi, maltaSi, ruseTSi,espaneTSi, Sveicariasa da gaerTianebul samefoSi sa-samarTlosa da nafic msajulebs TavmjdomareobserTi mosamarTle. avstriaSi, belgiasa da norvegia-Si sasamarTlo, nafic msajulebTan erTad, sami pro-fesionali mosamarTlisgan Sedgeba. profesionalmosamarTleebs ar SeuZliaT nafic msajulTa mierbraleulobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxil-vaSi monawileobis miReba, es mxolod nafic msajul-Ta kompetenciaSi Sedis.

12

(§49) mTel rig qveynebSi, saqmis ganxilvis dawyebamde,msajulebs konkretuli kiTxvebis sias gadascemen.Svidi saxelmwifo _ avstria, belgia, irlandia, nor-vegia, ruseTi, espaneTi da Sveicaria _ xsenebulpraqtikas misdevs.

(§50) irlandiaSi, inglissa da uelsSi mtkicebulebebisSeswavlis Semdgom, mosamarTle msajulebs saqmissaboloo Sejamebul variants warudgens. is maT Se-axsenebs ukve mosmenil mtkicebulebebs. amasTan,mosamarTle konkretuli mtkicebulebebis sworikuTxiT gaTvaliswinebis Taobaze aZlevs direqti-vebs. is, aseve, awvdis msajulebs informaciasa daaxsna-ganmartebebs samarTlebrivi normebis Sesa-xeb. am konteqstSi, mosamarTle akeTebs ganmarte-bebs danaSaulis Semadgeneli elementebis Taobazeda adgens msjelobis konkretul xazs, romlis mi-devnebac aucilebelia msajulTa mier dadgenilifaqtebis safuZvelze verdiqtis gamosatanad.

(§51) norvegiaSi mosamarTle akvalianebs msajulebs yve-la wamoWril samarTlebriv sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTda uxsnis wesebs, romelTa dacva aucilebelia ver-diqtze msjelobisas. sasamarTlos dasasruls, mo-samarTlis mier xdeba msajulTaTvis mtkicebule-bebis Sejameba da is miapyrobs maT yuradRebas mtki-cebulebebis mniSvnelobaze.

(§52) avstriaSi, msajulTa verdiqtis gamotana xdeba de-taluri kiTxvaris safuZvelze, romelic sxvadas-xva braldebis yvela ZiriTad elements ganmartavsda Seicavs SekiTxvebs, romlebzec unda gaices „ki“an „ara“ pasuxi.

(§53) msajulebi, rogorc wesi, TaTbiroben calke, Tav-mjdomare mosamarTlis/mosamarTleebisagan damo-ukideblad. ra Tqma unda, msajulTa TaTbiris sai-dumloeba bevr qveyanaSi mtkiced dadgenil prin-cips warmoadgens.

13

(§54) belgiaSi, profesionali mosamarTle SesaZlebeliamiiwvion saTaTbiro oTaxSi konkretuli sakiTxebisgansamartad, Tumca mas ar aqvs ufleba gamoTqvassakuTari azri braleulobasTan dakavSirebiT an ken-WisyraSi miiRos monawileoba. norvegiaSi msajulebsSeuZliaT gamoiZaxon sxdomis Tavmjdomare. Tumca,Tu msajulebi CaTvlian, rom isini saWiroeben dama-tebiT ganmartebebs gasacem pasuxebTan dakavSire-biT, aseve gamosayenebel samarTlebriv principeb-sa Tu procedurasTan dakavSirebiT, an Tu isini mi-iCneven, rom SekiTxvebi unda Seicvalos an saWiroaaxali SekiTxvis dasma, isini unda dabrundnen sasa-marTlo darbazSi, rom Sesabamisi sakiTxis ganxilvamxareebis TandaswrebiT gaagrZelon.

(§55) Jenevis kantonSi Tavmjdomare mosamarTle msajul-Ta daxmarebis mizniT TaTbirSi iRebs monawileobas,Tumca braleulobasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari az-ris gamoTqma ar SeuZlia. sasamarTlo mdivani aseveeswreba ganxilvas, raTa miRebuli gadwyvetilebebida dasabutebis Cawera awarmoos.

(§56) rogorc Cans, „tradiciuli“ nafic msajulTa sasa-marTlo gamotanili verdiqtis dasabuTebas ar ax-dens. es exeba yvela qveyanas, espaneTisa da Sveica-riis garda (Jenevis kantoni).

(§57) espaneTSi, nafic msajulTa verdiqti xuTi nawilis-gan Sedgeba. pirveli _ dasadgeni faqtebis CamonaT-vali, meore, daudgeneli faqtebis CamonaTvali, me-same aris msajulTa gadawyvetileba damnaSavea Tuara, meoTxe _ mtkicebulebebis miTiTebiT dasabu-Tebis mokle aRwera, romelsac efuZneba ganaCeni daargumentebi imisa, saWiroeben Tu ara konkretulifaqtebi dadgenas. mexuTe nawili Sedgeba im Canawe-rebisgan, romlebSic asaxulia yvela is movlena, ro-melsac adgili hqonda saqmis ganxilvisas, magram aramxelen informacias, romelmac SeiZleba daarRvi-os TaTbiris saidumloebis principi.

14

(§58) 1991 wlamde, Jenevis kantonis xelisufleba miiCnev-da, rom nafic msajulTa mier gamotanili verdiqtiakmayofilebda dasabuTebulobis moTxovnas, rad-gan msajulebi maT winaSe dayenebul TiToeul kon-kretul kiTxvaze „ki“ an „ara“ pasuxs gascemdnen.Tumca, 1991 wlis 17 dekembris gadawyvetilebiT, fe-deralurma sasamarTlom msgavsi pasuxebi arasakma-risad miiCnia da momavalSi, kantonis nafic msajul-Ta sasamarTlosgan ufro dasabuTebuli ganaCenisgamotana moiTxova. 1992 wels Jenevis sisxlis samar-Tlis saproceso kodeqsis 298-e da 308-e muxlebSiSeitanes Sesworebebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, msaju-lebs moeTxovaT dasabuTebis miTiTeba, rac gamota-nili verdiqtis Tu gadawyvetilebis sicxadisTvisiqneboda aucilebeli. sisxlis samarTlis saproce-so kodeqsis 327-e muxlis Tanaxmad, msajulebs mo-eTxovebaT ganmarton „ZiriTadi mtkicebulebebisgaTvaliswinebis an uaryofis miznebi da samarTleb-rivi safuZvlebi, romelTac daefuZna nafic msa-julTa sasamarTlo verdiqtis Tu sxva gadawyveti-lebis gamotanisas; aseve unda ganimartos msajul-Ta gadawyvetileba sasjelsa an sxva zomis dakisre-basTan dakavSirebiT~.

(§59) nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ver-diqtis gasaCivreba SesaZlebelia im qveynebSi, rom-lebmac nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos „tradiciuli“sistema airCies. es qveynebia: saqarTvelo, irlandia,malta, espaneTi, Sveicaria da gaerTianebuli same-fo. gasaCivreba SeuZlebelia avstriaSi, belgiaSi,norvegiaSi, ruseTsa da SveicariaSi (Jenevis kanton-Si). avstriaSi, sasamarTloSi msjavrdebulebs mxo-lod sasjelis gasaCivreba SeuZliaT. maT, aseve, Se-uZliaT Seitanon saCivari uzenaes sasamarTloSi ga-naCenis gauqmebis moTxovniT.

15

3 Cooper v. United Kingdom [GC], #48843/99, ECHR 2003

kuperi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

(Cooper v. United Kingdom)

(§108) momCivani adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos winaSe davobda3, rom samxedro-savele sasa-marTlos mier momsaxure personalisaTvis sisxlissamarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba arRvevdakonvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafiT gantki-cebul tribunalis damoukideblobisa da miukerZo-eblobis moTxovnebs.

(§104) sasamarTlom araerTgzis aRniSna, rom tribunalis„damoukideblobis“ Sefasebisas, mxedvelobaSi un-da iqnas miRebuli Semdegi garemoebebi: nafic msa-julTa SerCevis procesi, movaleobis Sesrulebisvada, gare zegavlenisgan dacvis saTanado garanti-ebi da zogadad, Tu ramdenad damoukidebelad war-moCndeba saqmis ganmxilveli organo. sasamarTloaRniSnavs, rom damoukideblobis xarisxis gansaz-Rvrisas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba demok-ratiul sazogadoebaSi mosaxleobis tribunalisad-mi ndobis, xolo sisxlis samarTli procesisas, bral-debulis tribunalisadmi ndobis sakiTxs. tribuna-lis miukerZoeblobasa da damoukideblobasTan da-kavSirebiT warmoSobili legitimuri safuZvlebisSeswavlisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, bralde-bulis pozicia mniSvnelovania, magram ara gadamwyve-ti. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwvetia Sefasdes, Tu arse-bobs braldebulis eWvebis obieqturad gamarTle-bis SesaZlebloba.

sasamarTlo adgens „miukerZoeblobis“ or aspeqts:tribunali unda iyos subieqturad Tavisufali pi-radi wanaswari ganwyobisgan an mikerZoebulobisganda obieqturi TvalsazrisiT, saTanado garantiebisuzrunvelyofiT unda gamoiricxebodes am sakiT-xTan dakavSirebiT legitimuri eWvebi. mocemul saq-

16

4 Zarouali v. Belgium (dec.), #20664/92, ECHR 1994

meSi ganmcxadebeli evropuli sasamarTlos winaSear miuTiTebda samxedro-savele sasamarTloSi saq-mis ganxilvisas mis mimarT subieqtur mikerZoebu-lobaze.

(§110) sasamarTlom precedentul samarTalze dayrdno-biT, calsaxad daadgina, rom konvenciis me-6 muxliar gamoricxavs samxedro-savele sasamarTlos miersisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis da-kisrebis SesaZleblobas. sasamarTlos mosazrebiT,TiToeul saqmeSi unda Sefasdes: a) SesaZlebelia Tuara obieqturad gamarTldes piris eWvebi samxed-ro-savele sasamarTlos damoukideblobasa da miu-kerZoeblobis Taobaze, b) Tu arsebobs saTanado ga-rantiebi msgavsi saxis legitimuri eWvebis gamosa-ricxad.

zarouali belgiis winaaRmdeg (Zarouali v. Belgium)

mocemul saqmeSi4 ganmcxadebeli davobda (erT-erTi moT-xovna), rom misi saqme ar ganuxilavs damoukidebel da mi-ukerZoebel tribunals, radgan nafic msajulTa Semad-genlobaSi Sediodnen iuridiul sferoSi gamoucdeli msa-julebi, rac misi SexedulebiT, winaaRmdegobaSi modio-da konvenciis me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul samarTlianisasamarTlos ganxilvis uflebasTan.

adamianis uflebaTa komisiam ganCinebaSi aRniSna, romerovnuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samarTlissaqmeebs ganixilavda sxdomis Tavmjdomare da ori mosa-marTle nafic msajulTa monawileobiT. mas Semdeg rac na-fici msajulebi gamoitandnen gamamtyunebel verdiqts,sasjelis zomas erToblivad gansazRvravda mosamarTle-Ta kolegia nafic msajulTa monawileobiT. komisiam gan-marta, rom evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis farglebSi„tribunali“ ar niSnavs aucileblad saqmis ganxilvas pro-fesionali mosamarTleebisa da iuristebis monawileobiT.

17

5 Klimentiev v. Russia, #46503/99, ECHR 2006

komisia acxadebs, rom saqmis ganmxilveli organos damou-kideblobis Sefasebisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebu-li wevrebis daniSvnisa da maTi gare zewolisgan dacvisgarantiebi. komisia damatebiT miuTiTebs, rom ganmcxa-debeli apelirebda nafic msajulTa araprofesionaliz-mze, Tumca man ver warmoadgina konkretuli mtkicebule-bebi, rac eWvqveS daayenebda maT miukerZoeblobasa da da-moukideblobas.

komisiam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rombelgiis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda nafic msajulTadacvis saTanado garantiebsa da nafic msajulTa SerCe-vis mkafio wess, rac komisiis SefasebiT, gamoricxavda msa-julTa mikerZoebulobas.

komisiam ganCinebaSi aRniSna, rom sasamarTlo ganxilvisdawyebamde, mxareebs SesaZlebloba hqondaT monawileo-ba mieRoT nafic msajulTa SerCevis procesSi, kerZod ki,daeyenebinaT Sesabamisi safuZvlis arsebobisas, naficmsajulis acilebis Sesaxeb Tanabari raodenobis Suam-dgomloba. komisia acxadebs, rom erovnuli kanonmdeblo-bis Tanaxmad, nafic msajulebs moeTxovebodaT daedoTfici dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesrulebamde, amasTan, Tumxare gamoTqvamda eWvs nafici msajulis mikerZoebulo-basTan dakavSirebiT, dausabuTebeli da arasakmarisi ar-gumentebis miuxedavad, sakiTxi wydeboda mxaris sasar-geblod da saqmes ganixilavda nafic msajulTa sxva Se-madgenloba. komisiis SefasebiT aRniSnuli midgoma ga-namtkicebda nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos miukerZoeb-lobas, ris gamoc komisiam ganmcxadeblis moTxovna am na-wilSi ar daakmayofila.

klimentievi ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Klimentiev v. Russia)

evropulma sasamarTlom mocemuli saCivari5 dauSvebladcno. ganmcxadebeli davobda, rom mas usafuZvlod uTxresuari, saqmis nafic msajulTa monawileobiT ganxilvaze.

18

sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo, erovnuli kanonmdeb-loba, romelic mocemul periodSi ar iTvaliswinebda war-dgenil konkretul braldebaze, nafic msajulTa sasamar-Tlos gamarTvis SesaZleblobas.

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom zogierT xelSemkvrel saxel-mwifoSi saqmis ganxilva nafic msajulTa monawileobiTmniSvnelovani elementia sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsaju-lebis sistemaSi samarTlianobis uzrunvelsayofad. Tum-ca, konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafis Tanaxmad,is ar warmoadgens sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebis gan-sazRvrisas samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ZiriTadaspeqts. aqedan gamomdinare, saqmis nafic msajulTa mierganxilvis ufleba ver daefuZneboda mxolod konvenciisdebulebebs an adre arsebul komisiis precedentul sa-marTals. rac Seexeba ganmcxadeblis arguments imis Tao-baze, rom nafic msajulTa mier saqmis ganxilvis uflebaerovnuli kanonmdeblobiTaa garantirebuli, aRniSnul-Tan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom ruseTiskonstituciis 47-e muxli yvelas, visac brali edeboda sis-xlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi, aniWebda sasamarTloprocesis nafic msajulTa monawileobiT ganxilvis SesaZ-leblobas mxolod federaluri kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulSemTxvevebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom konstituciis 47-e mux-lis Sesabamisi nawilebi im periodisTvis ZalaSi Sesuli ariyo. ZalaSi Sesvlamde ki gamoiyeneboda arsebuli sasamar-Tlo praqtika. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebeli iyo saqmis naficmsajulTa monawileobiT ganxilvis ufleba yofiliyoerovnuli kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli.

nafic msajulTa verdiqtis `dasabuTebuloba~

nafic msajulTa mier funqciebis ganxorcielebis sxvadas-xva forma arsebobs, konkretulad ki, Tu rogor unda Se-fasdes nafic msajulTa verdiqtis „dasabuTebuloba“ gan-xilulia qvemoT ganxilul saqmeebSi

19

6 Taxquet v. Belgium [GC], #926/05,ECHR 2010

taqsketi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Taxquet v. Belgium [GC])

(§83) sasamarTlo6 aRniSnavs, rom evropis sabWos ramode-nime qveyanas gaaCnia nafic msajulTa iseTi sistema,romelic nakarnaxevia marTlmsajulebis ganxorci-elebaSi moqalaqeTa monawileobis kanonieri survi-liT, gansakuTrebiT, es Seexeba yvelaze mZime dana-Saulebs. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi nafic msajulTa in-stituti sxvadasxva formiT arsebobs, TiToeulimaTgani im qveynis istorias, tradiciebsa da samar-Tlebriv kulturas asaxavs; gansxvavebebi SesaZloaexebodes msajulebis raodenobas, maT kvalifika-cias (gamocdilebas), maT daniSvnis wessa da eqvem-debareba Tu ara, gasaCivrebis raime formas maT mi-er gamotanili ganaCeni. es aris evropaSi arsebulisxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemebidan mxolod er-Ti magaliTi da sasamarTlos amocana ar gaxlavT amsistemebis standartizacia. romelime saxelmwifosmier arCeuli konkretuli sisxlissamarTlebrivimarTlmsajulebis sistema, principSi, evropuli sa-samarTlos doneze ganxorcielebuli zedamxedve-lobis farglebs gareTaa moqceuli im SemTxvevaSi,Tu arCeuli sistema ar ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciaSidadgenil principebs (ix. saqme aSuR safrangeTis wi-naaRmdeg, (Achour v. France [GC], #67335/01, § 51, ECHR2006-IV)). garda amisa, individualuri saCivrebis Sem-TxvevaSi, Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis abstraqtuladgadasinjva sasamarTlos amocanas ar warmoadgens.amis magivrad, is SeZlebisdagavarad mxolod mis wi-naSe konkretuli saqmeebis farglebSi wamoWrili sa-kiTxebis SeswavliT unda Semoifarglos (ix. n.s. ita-liis winaaRmdeg (N.C. v. Italy, [GC], #24952/94, § 56, ECHR2002-X)).

(§84) amgvarad, am konteqstSi, nafic msajulTa institu-ti kiTxvis qveS ar unda dadges. arCevanis gakeTebi-sas xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi sargebloben moqme-

20

debis farTo TavisuflebiT, raTa maTi marTlmsa-julebis sistema me-6 muxlTan srul SesabamisobaSimoiyvanon. sasamarTlos amocanaa, saqmis konkretu-li garemoebebis, xasiaTisa da sirTulis gaTvalis-winebiT, ganixilos, Tu ramdenadaa konvenciasTanSesabamisobaSi TiToeul konkretul saqmeSi ama Tuim meTodiT miRweuli Sedegebi. mokled, sasamar-Tlo unda darwmundes imaSi, rom samarTalwar-moeba mTlianobaSi samarTlianad warimarTa.

(§90) konvencia ar iTxovs msajulebisgan maTi ganaCenisdasabuTebas da me-6 muxli ar ewinaaRmdegeba msa-julebis mier braldebulis damnaSaved cnobas ma-Sinac ki, roca verdiqti dausabuTebelia. miuxeda-vad amisa, imisaTvis, rom samarTliani sasamarTlosmoTxovna dakmayofildes, braldebuls da ra Tqmaunda sazogadoebasac unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba,gaigon gamotanili ganaCeni; es warmoadgens TviTne-bobisgan sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis dacvis garanti-as. rogorc sasamarTlo xSirad aRniSnavs xolme, ka-nonis uzenaesoba da TviTnebobis Tavidan acilebawarmoadgens konvenciis principebis safuZvlebs. sa-marTlebriv sistemaSi, es principebi marTlmsaju-lebis obieqturi da gamWvirvale sistemis mimarT sa-zogadoebis ndobis gamyarebas emsaxureba, rac de-mokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT safuZvels war-moadgens.

(§92) im SemTxvevaSi, roca sasamarTloebi Tavis movale-obas samoqalaqo msajulebTan erTad axorcieleben,nebismieri saxis gansakuTrebuli procedurebisadaptacia unda moxdes, miTumetes maSin, roca msa-julebs ar moeTxovebaT an ar eZlevaT ufleba war-moadginon sakuTari ganaCenis dasabuTeba. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi, me-6 muxli imis Seswavlasac moiTxovs, Turamdenad sakmarisi garantiebi arsebobs TviTnebo-bis riskis Tavidan asacileblad da miecema Tu arabraldebuls ganaCenis dasabuTebis gagebis SesaZ-lebloba (ix. zemoT par. 90). amgvar procedurul ga-rantiebs SesaZloa warmoadgendnen, magaliTad,

21

sxdomis Tavmjdomare mosamarTlis mier msajul-TaTvis samarTlebriv sakiTxebTan an mtkicebule-bebTan dakavSirebiT micemuli axsna-ganmartebebian miTiTebebi, mosamarTlis mier nafic msajulTasasamarTlos winaSe dasmuli zusti, calsaxa kiTxve-bi, romlebic Camoayalibeben msajulebis mier gamo-tanili ganaCenis dasabuTebis CarCoebs da Sesabami-sad, sakmarisad daabalanseben im faqts, rom naficmsajulTa pasuxebi ar iqneba dasabuTebuli da bo-los, gasaTvaliswinebelia braldebulis mier gamo-tanili ganaCenis gasaCivrebis yvela SesaZlebloba.

(§93) unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemul saqmeSi, sasamarTloswinaSe warmodgenil mosazrebebSi, momCivanma gaasa-Civra is faqti, rom mis saqmeze gamotanili gamam-tyunebel ganaCeni ar iyo dasabuTebuli da rom isar eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas. msajulebis miergamotanili dausabuTebeli verdiqti TavisTavad ararRvevs braldebulis samarTliani sasamarTlosuflebas. Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samar-Tliani sasamarTlos moTxovnasTan Sesabamisobafasdeba Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sistemis konteq-stSi samarTalwarmoebis mTlianobaSi gaanalizebi-sas, dasabuTebas moklebuli verdiqtis ganxilvisassasamarTlos amocanaa, saqmis yvela garemoebis gaT-valiswinebiT, gansazRvros, ramdenad Seswevs samar-Talwarmoebas unari win aRudges TviTnebobas damisces braldebuls saSualeba gaigos, Tu ratom cnesdamnaSaved. amasTan, unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli,rom, yvelaze mkacri sasjelebis pirobebSi, samar-Tliani sasamarTlos uflebis pativiscema demokra-tiuli sazogadoebriobis mxridan unda iyos maqsi-malurad uzrunvelyofili.

(§98) nafic msajulTaTvis mkafio kiTxvebis dasma warmo-adgenda aucilebel winapirobas imisa, rom momCivansgaego mis winaaRmdeg gamotanili gamamtyunebeli ga-naCenis safuZveli. garda amisa, vinaidan saqme exe-boda ramodenime braldebuls, kiTvebi SeZlebisdag-varad unda yofiliyo gankuTvnili yovelive maTga-

22

nisTvis individualurad.

(§99) da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom belgiuri sistema ariTvaliswinebs nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos miergamotanili ganaCenebis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas.saCivari sakasacio sasamarTloSi exeba mxolod sa-marTlis sakiTxebs da Sesabamisad ar uzrunvelyofsbraldebuls mis mimarT gamotanili ganaCenis dasa-buTebiT.

(§100) daskvnis saxiT, momCivani ar uzrunvelyves sakma-risi garantiebiT, rac mas saSualebas miscemda gae-go mis winaaRmdeg gamotanili gamamtyunebeli gana-Ceni. Sesabamisad, vinaidan samarTalwarmoeba wari-marTa arasamarTlianad, adgili hqonda konvenciisme-6 muxlis 1-li paragrafis darRvevas.

Sala norvegiis winaaRmdeg (Shala v. Norway)

(§25) ganmcxadebeli davobda7, rom (mas bralad edebodadamnaSaveTa organizebuli dajgufebis wevroba da48 kilogrami amfetaminis importi) misi samarTlia-ni sasamarTlos ufleba dairRva, vinaidan norvegi-is sasamarTlom ver uzrunvelyo misi msjavrdebis-Tvis saWiro adekvaturi safuZvlebis warmodgena.

(§41) adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom aRniS-nuli saCivari dauSveblad cno dausabuTeblobis sa-fuZvliT. evropulma sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyve-tileba Semdegnairad ganmarta: `norvegiis mar-Tlmsajulebis sistemaSi nafic msajulTa dacvisgarantiebisa da mocemul saqmeSi maTi gamoyenebisgaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saqmeSiTviTneburi gadawyvetilebis miRebis riskebze ar-cerTi garemoeba mianiSnebda, aseve, araferi miuTi-Tebda imaze, rom ganmcxadebelma ver gaigo misimsjavrdebis safuZvlebi. Sesabamisad, nafici msa-

7 Shala v. Norway,(dec.) #1195/10, ECHR 2012

23

8 R v. Belgium (dec.), #15957/90, ECHR 1992

julebis mier verdiqtSi motivaciis miuTiTeblobaar warmoadgens konvenciis me-6 muxlis 1-li parag-rafiT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTliani sasamarTlosuflebis darRvevas~.

r. belgiis winaaRmdeg (R v. Belgium)

mocemul saqmeSi8 adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisi-am daadgina: miuxedavad imisa, rom msajulebma ar daasa-buTes maT mier gamotanili gamamtyunebeli verdiqti,sxdomis Tavmjdomarem nafic msajulebs winaswar dausvasaqmis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT kiTxvebi da bralde-buls hqonda SesaZlebloba gaeprotestebina mocemulikiTxvebi. komisiam miiCnia, rom konkretulma kiTxvebma,romelTa dasma SesaZlebeli iyo braldebis an dacvis moT-xovnis safuZvelze, Seqmnes saqmeze gamotanili ganaCe-nis safuZveli da sakmarisad daabalanses msajulebis pa-suxebis sicxade. komisiam ganacxada, rom SekiTxvebi iyodasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis uzrunvelyofis saSuale-ba, magram aqve gansazRvra aucilebeli garantiebi, rom-lebic savaldebulo wesiT kumulaciurad unda arsebob-des imisaTvis, rom sabolood miRweuli iqnes gadawyveti-lebis dasabuTebulobis standarti, konvenciis me-6 mux-lis Sesabamisad:

• SekiTxvebi unda iyos naTeli;

• orive mxares unda SeeZlos SekiTxvaTa inicireba mosa-marTlis winaSe;

• SekiTxvebi unda efuZnebodes garemoebebs, romlebicgansazRvraven braldebis formulirebas;

• zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebi sasamarTlos winaSe undaiyos ganxiluli;

• mTavari SekiTxvebi unda exebodes TiToeuli wardgeni-li danaSaulis Semadgenlobis corpus delicti-s;

24

• mTavar SekiTxvaTa gayofa SesaZlebelia, oRond im pi-robiT, rom ar moxdeba sakiTxis braldebulis sawinaaR-mdegod formulireba (SesaZlebelia alternatiuli Se-kiTxvebic);

• TiToeuli braldeba unda iyos wardgenili individua-luri SekiTxviT;

• mTavari SekiTxvebi unda iyos formulirebuli sxva faq-tebisagan gancalkevebiT (rogorebicaa, magaliTad: Semam-subuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebi, pasuxismgeb-lobis gamoricxveli da Semsubuqebeli garemoebebi);

• sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenili SekiTxvis uaryofis Sem-TxvevaSi unda moxdes Sesabamisi dasabuTeba;

• rodesac arsebobs amisaTvis specialuri mizezi da ze-moaRniSnuli pirobebi ver uzrunvelyofen ganaCenis da-sabuTebulobas, aucilebeli xdeba mosamarTlis mxri-dan bralisa da sasjelis damatebiTi dasabuTeba9.

zarouali belgiis winaaRmdeg (Zarouali v. Belgium)

adamianis uflebaTa komisiam ganCinebaSi10 saqmeze „zaro-uli belgiis winaaRmdeg“ verdiqtis dasabuTebulobis Se-fasebisas miuTiTa r. belgiis winaaRmdeg (R v. Belgium) saq-meSi formulirebul ZiriTad principebze da damatebiTganmarta samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis uflebis uz-runvelsayofad aucilebeli ramodenime garantia:

• rodesac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv sa-fuZvelze gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, gansa-kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba;

• sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebuloba damoki-debulia specialur garemoebebze, maT Soris:

9 giorgi burjanaZe, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamotani-li verdiqtis dasabuTebuloba: evropul standartebTan sa-qarTvelos Sesabamisoba, statiaTa krebuli, Tbilisi 2011w. 31gv.

10 Zarouali v. Belgium (dec.), #20664/92, ECHR 1994

25

11 giorgi burjanaZe, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamota-nili verdiqtis dasabuTebuloba: evropul standartebTan sa-qarTvelos Sesabamisoba, statiaTa krebuli, Tbilisi 2011w. 32gv.

12 Planka v. Austria (dec.), #25852/94, ECHR 199613 Saric v. Denmark (dec.), #31913/96, ECHR 1999

a)saqmis Taviseburebaze;

b)saqmis kompleqsurobaze11.

planka avstriis winaaRmdeg (Planka v. Austria)

evropulma sasamarTlom mocemuli saCivari12 dauSvebladcno. momCivani amtkicebda, rom nafic msajulTa verdiq-tis dausabuTeblobam SezRuda misi samarTliani sasamar-Tlos ufleba, kerZod, dausabuTeblobis gamo misi Sefa-sebiT, man ver SeZlo saqmis zemdgom instanciaSi gasaCiv-reba. sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo is garemoeba, romnafic msajulTa samarTalwarmoebas axasiaTebs Tavisebu-rebebi, erovnuli kanonmdebloba ki gasaCivrebis SesaZ-leblobisTvis adgenda samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, rac armoicavda nafic msajulTa mier verdiqtis dasabuTebis au-cileblobas. amasTan, sasamarTlos SesfasebiT aRniSnulfaqts momCivnisTvis xeli ar SeuSlia gamamtyunebeliverdiqti gaesaCivrebina zemdgom sasamarTloSi.

sariki daniis winaaRmdeg (Saric v. Denmark)

saqmeze sariki daniis winaaRmdeg13 sasamarTlom daaskvna,rom ganaCenSi dasabuTebis ararseboba, im faqtis gaTva-liswinebiT, rom ganmcxadeblis braleuloba dadginda na-fic msajulTa mier, TavisTavad konvencias ar ewinaaRmde-geboda. sasamarTlom damatebiT ganmarta, rom konvenciaar avaldebulebs nafic msajulebs miiRon dasabuTebuligadawyvetileba da konvenciis me-6 muxli ar zRudavsbraldebuls, misi saqme ganixilos gamoucdelma msajul-ma maSinac ki, rodesac verdiqti ar iTvaliswinebs bral-debis safuZvlebs. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom mi-iCnia, rom nafic msajulTa gamamtyunebeli verdiqti ar

26

ewinaaRmdegeboda konvencias imisda miuxedavad, rom mas-Si ar iyo mocemuli msjavrdebis safuZvlebi.

paponi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Papon v. France)

paponi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg ganCinebaSi14 sasamarTlomaRniSna, rom braldebis mxares da braldebuls hqondaTSesaZlebloba gaeprotestebinaT SekiTxvebi da aseve, eT-xovaT sxdomis TavmjdomaresTvis, miscemodaT SesaZleb-loba daesvaT erTi an ramodenime damatebiTi SekiTxva na-fic msajulebisaTvis. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom msaju-lebma sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris mier dasmul 768 kiT-xvas gasces pasuxi da CaTvala, rom kiTxvebma ganaCenis-Tvis sakmarisi safuZveli Camoayalibes da maTma sizus-tem sakmarisad daabalansa is faqti, rom nafici msajul-Ta verdiqti dausabuTebeli iyo. sasamarTlom dausabu-Teblad miiCnia da dauSveblad cno saCivari nafic msajul-Ta sasamarTlos mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi argu-mentaciis naklebobasTan dakavSirebiT.

belerin lagares espaneTis winaaRmdeg(Bellerin Lagares v. Spain)

mocemul saqmeSi15 sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sadavo ga-dawyvetileba, romelsac nafic msajulTa TaTbiris Cana-weri erTvoda Tan _ Seicavda faqtebis CamonaTvals, ro-melTa arsebobac msajulebma dadgenilad miiCnies mom-Civnis damnaSaved cnobisas, agreTve, am faqtebis samar-Tlebriv analizs da sasjelis gansazRvris miznebisTvisim garemoebebis CamonaTvals, romelTac zegavlena iqo-nies momCivnis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgansazRvrisas. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sa-davo gadawyvetileba konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli pa-ragrafis mixedviT, sakmaris dasabuTebas Seicavda.

14 Papon v. France (No. 2) (dec.), #54210/00, ECHR 200115 Bellerin Lagares v. Spain (dec.), #31548/02, ECHR 2003

27

nafic msajulTa mier mowmeTa sandoobisSefaseba

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saqmis arse-biT garemoebebTan mimarTebiT nafic msajulTa mier mow-meTa sandoobis Sefasebis sakiTxze farTod imsjela qve-moT ganxilul saqmeebSi.

piCugini ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Pichugin v. Russia)

mocemul saqmeSi16 evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina dar-Rveva, im safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, rom dacvis mxares armieca SesaZlebloba jvaredinad daekiTxa braldebis mxa-ris mowme. momCivani sasamarTlos winaSe davobda or sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT: 1. nafic msajulTa formireba wa-rimarTa procesualuri darRveviT. misi gancxadebiT, na-fic msajulTa sia ar iyo winaswar gamoqveynebuli, ris Se-degadac, misi SefasebiT, SeirCa mikerZoebuli Semadgen-loba; 2. dacvis mxares ar mieca SesaZlebloba jvaredinigziT daekiTxa braldebis mxaris mowme, ris gamoc Seez-Ruda mas samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. evropulmasasamarTlom miiCnia, rom nafic msajulTa siis winaswargamouqveynebloba ar warmoadgens darRvevas, vinaidan ga-moqveynebis valdebuleba calsaxad dadgenili ar iyoerovnuli kanonmdeblobiT, rac Seexeba, braldebis mow-mis dakiTxvis SesaZleblobis ar micemas, am nawilSi evro-pulma sasamarTlom darRveva daadgina. kerZod, momCiva-ni davobda, rom erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli moTxovnebis miuxedavad, mowmeebs ganemartaTmxolod proceduruli uflebebi da ara valdebulebebi.isini informirebulni iyvnen cru Cvenebis micemisTvissisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Sesaxeb,Tumca, maT ar ecnobaT Cvenebis micemaze uaris TqmasTandakavSirebiT pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Taobaze. ev-ropuli sasamarTlos SefasebiT, saqmis faqtobrivi gare-moebebidan gamomdinare, mosamarTlem dausabuTeblad da

16 Pichugin v. Russia, #38623/03, ECHR 2012

28

yovelgvari samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, misca bral-debis mxaris mowmes SesaZlebloba aecilebina misTvis ara-sasurvel SekiTxvebze pasuxebi da ar darTo neba dacvismxares jvaredinad daekiTxa mowme.

(§178) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom momCivans arasodes da-uyenebia eWvqveS is faqti, rom moskovis saqalaqosasamarTlos nafic msajulTa sia, romlebic mis saq-mes ganixilavdnen, Sedgenili da damtkicebuli iyomoskovis xelisuflebis mier kanoniT dadgenili we-sis Sesabamisad. misi gancxadebis arsi mdgomareob-da imaSi, rom nafic msajulTa sia srulyofilad argamoqveynda, rogorc amas kanoni moiTxovda, ramacnafic msajulTa Semadgenloba arakanonieri gaxa-da. sasamarTlosTvis aRniSnuli argumenti damaje-rebeli ar aRmoCnda. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadaw-yvetilebidan romelmac ruseTis kanonmdeblobismoqmedi debulebebis ganmarteba gaakeTa, irkveva,rom nafic msajulTa siis namdvilobis winapirobasar warmoadgens misi winaswari gamoqveyneba. sasamar-Tlos ar gaaCnia safuZveli, rom aRniSnul ganmar-tebas ar daeTanxmos. igi Segvaxsenebs, rom adgilob-rivi sasamarTloebisTvis umTavresia erovnuli ka-nonmdeblobis ganmarteba, im wesebis da procedu-rebis CaTvliT, romelic vrceldeba maTsave dawe-sebulebebze da rom misi sazedamxedvelo roli un-da amoqmeddes mxolod moqmedi kanonmdeblobisuxeSi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.

(§179) rac Seexeba ganmcxadeblis pretenzias, rom mas arhqonia SesaZlebloba Seemowmebina namdvilad iyvnenTu ara siaSi Seyvanili is nafici msajulebi, romle-bic eswrebodnen misi saqmis ganxilvas. sasamarTloar aris darwmunebuli, rom oficialuri sia ar iyosajarod xelmisawvdomi. igi Segvaxsenebs, rom dain-teresebuli mxare valdebulia gansakuTrebuli Za-lisxmeva gamoiCinos sakuTari interesebis dacvi-saTvis. momCivanma sxdomis Tavmjdomarisgan moiT-xova siis asli, magram uSedegod, radgan rogorcCans, aRniSnuli organo ar iyo saTanado siis gacema-

29

ze pasuxismgebeli. prokurorma acnoba momCivnisadvokats, rom aRniSnuli siis miReba SesaZlebeliiyo moskovis adgilobrivi xelisuflebisgan. Tum-ca, ar arsebobs araviTari mtkicebuleba imis Sesa-xeb, rom momCivanma an misma damcvelma scades siismiReba moskovis adgilobrivi xelisuflebisgan, ro-melic siis Sedgenasa da damtkicebaze iyo pasuxis-mgebeli.

(§180) rac Seexeba nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobas, apli-kanti ar davobs imaze, rom mosamarTlis mier maTiSerCeva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT moxda. sa-samarTlo Segvaxsenebs, rom aRniSnuli ar ewinaaR-mdegeba me-6 muxlis pirvel paragrafs imasTan da-kavSirebiT, rom erovnuli kanonmdebloba ar iTva-liswinebs mxareTa monawileobas nafic msajulTa Se-madgenlobis SerCevaSi. ruseTis kanonmdeblobisTanaxmad, ganmcxadebels hqonda ufleba kiTxvebidaesva nafic msajulTa kandidatebisTvis raTa ga-moevlina mizezebi, romlebic SesaZloa misi saqmisganxilvaze ardaSvebis safuZveli gamxdariyo, ase-ve gamoeTqva motivirebuli an aramotivirebuliprotesti kandidatebisTvis an nafic msajulTamTeli SemadgenlobisTvis. ganmcxadebelma gamoiye-na acilebis ufleba im kandidatebis mimarT vis da-moukideblobasa da miukerZoeblobaSic eparebodaeWvi, romelic dakmayofilda. mas nafic msajulTamTliani Semadgenlobis mimarT acileba ar gamouye-nebia.

(§181) aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom apli-kantis ufleba esargebla „kanoniT dadgenili da-moukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTloTi“, ardarRveula nafic msajulTa SerCeviTa da Semadgen-lobiT.

(§207) sasamarTlom warsulSi daadgina me-6 muxlis pirve-li paragrafis darRveva saqmeSi, sadac mTavari bral-debis mowme warmoadgenda policiis informatorsxangrZlivi drois manZilze da romelmac mniSvne-

30

lovani fuladi jildo, policiis mfarveloba dasisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisgan imuniteti miiRo,momCivnis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis micemis sanacvlod;aRniSnuli informacia braldebis mxarem dacvis mxa-resTan da nafic msajulTa SemadgenlobasTan dama-la. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnuli informa-ciis damalvis Sedegad, dacvis mxarem ver isargeb-la SesaZleblobiT jvaredini dakiTxvis meSveobiTeWvqveS daeyenebina mTavari mowmis sandooba.

(§208) kidev erT saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mniS-vnelovania dacvis mxares hqondes SesaZlebloba ga-moavlinos mowmis mtruli damokidebuleba an ara-keTilsaimedooba. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom bral-debulis winaaRmdeg gamamtyunebeli mtkicebule-ba SesaZloa „ganzrax araswori an ubralod mcdari“iyos da Sesabamisad, dacvis mxare unda flobdes in-formacias, romelic saSualebas miscems jvaredinidakiTxvis gziT, Seafasos mowmis keTilsaimedoobaan eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi.

(§209) sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom b-ni k-s mier warmodgenilCvenebaTa mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, aucilebe-li iyo misi sandooba jvaredini dakiTxvis gziT Se-fasebuliyo.

(§210) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom Tavmjdomare mosamar-Tlem yvela im kiTxvis acileba moaxdina, romelicbaton k-s nasamarTlobas Seexeboda. momCivnis miergamamtyunebeli Cvenebis armicema 1999 wels pirve-li dakiTxvisas da misi motivacia mieca gamamtyune-beli Cveneba 2003 wels, SesaZloa, prokuraturis or-ganoebis mxridan zewolis Sedegi yofiliyo. sasamar-Tlo damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom nafic msajulTa amo-cana iyo ganesazRvraT rogor mniSvnelobas miani-Webdnen (an ar mianiWebdnen) baton k-s Cvenebas mom-Civnis winaaRmdeg. imisaTvis, rom Sesruldes aRniS-nuli amocana, maT unda icodnen yvela Sesabamisi ga-remoeba, rac gavlenas axdens Cvenebis sizustesa dasandoobaze, maT Soris nebismieri saxis waxaliseba,

31

17 Goktepe v. Belgium, #50372/99, §28, ECHR 2005

rac SeiZleba mieRo baton k-s faqtebis arasworadwarmodgenis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelo-vani iyo dacvis mxarisTvis, rom gadaewyvita zemo-aRniSnuli sakiTxebi nafic msajulTa Tandaswre-biT, raTa maT SeefasebinaT baton k-s keTilsaime-dooba da sandooba. sasamarTlo gamoTqvams SeSfo-Tebas sxdomis Tavmjdomaris gancxadebis gamo, romganmcxadeblis advokats „neba ar darTes gamoeT-qva sakuTari eWvi mowmis Cvenebaze“ da rom naficimsajulebisTvis „[ar iyo] saWiroeba scodnodaT [ba-ton k-s] Cvenebis micemis motivaciis Sesaxeb [mom-Civnis winaaRmdeg]“.

(§211) im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom momCivans neba ardarTes daekiTxa batoni k. im garemoebebze, romleb-sac SeiZleba Crdili mieyenebina misi Cvenebis ut-yuarobisTvis, (romelic ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeggadamwyveti mtkicebuleba aRmoCnda) sasamarTloaskvnis, rom momCivnis dacvis uflebebi mniSvnelov-nad SeizRuda.

goktepe belgiis winaaRmdeg (Goktepe v. Belgium)

(§28) mocemul saqmeSi17 nafic msajulTa mier damamZime-bel garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT TiToeul bralde-bulTan mimarTebiT cal-calke kiTxvebis dasmazeuaris gamo sasamarTlom konvenciis me-6 muxlis dar-Rveva daadgina; sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom amiT Se-uZlebeli gaxda ganmcxadeblis individualuri sis-xlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvra.sasamarTlos azriT, is faqti, rom sasamarTlommxedvelobaSi ar miiRo sasicocxlo mniSvnelobissakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli argumentebi, ra-sac seriozuli Sedegebi mohyva, winaaRmdegobaSi mo-dioda SejibrebiTobis principTan, romelic samar-Tliani sasamarTlos cnebis safuZvels warmoadgens.

32

es daskvna iyo gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani wi-namdebare saqmis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan nafic msaju-lebs am saqmeSi verdiqtis dasabuTebis SesaZleblo-ba ar hqondaT.

legiloni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg(Legillon v. France)

evropulma sasamarTlom mocemul saqmeze18 darRveva ardaadgina. ganmcxadebeli davobda, rom nafic msajulTaverdiqti ar iyo dasabuTebuli, nafic msajulebisTvis ariyo ganmartebuli danaSaulis elementebi, Tu ra warmo-adgenda Zaladobas, muqaras da a.S. evropulma sasamar-Tlom miiCnia, rom verdiqtis forma iTvaliswinebda mka-fio SekiTxvebs, romlebze pasuxebic, aseve, iyo mkafioda dacvis mxares aZlevda saSualebas, gaegoT nafici msa-julebis verdiqti. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saqmeSi ar-sebobda sakmarisi garantiebi TviTnebobis gamosaricxad.

(§59) sasamarTlo Tavdapirvel etapzeve aRniSnavs, romsafrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis saqmis warmoebaSiyvela braldebuli, iseve, rogorc momCivanni, uz-runvelyofilni arian garkveuli informaciiT da ga-rantiebiT: sagamoZiebo organos braldebis Sesaxebdadgenileba an gadawyvetileba saapelacio saqme-ze srulad ikiTxeba sasamarTlos mdivnis mier na-fic msajulTa sasamarTlos procesze; braldebisSesaxeb dadgenileba wakiTxvis Semdeg xdeba Sejib-rebiTobis principis dacviT mxareTa paeqrobis sa-gani, TiToeuli mtkicebuleba ganixileba da bral-debuls daxmarebas uwevs advokati; mosamarTleebida nafici msajulebi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad ga-dian mas Semdeg, rac saqmis zepiri ganxilva dasrul-deba da kiTxvebi daismeba. nafic msajulebs moce-mul momentSi ar aqvT saqmis masalebze wvdoma; Se-sabamisad, maTi gadawyvetileba SesaZlebelia da-fuZnebuli iyos mxolod mtkicebulebebze, romle-

18 Legillon v. France #53406/10, ECHR 2013

33

bic ganixiles mxareebma sasamarTlo procesisdros; garda amisa, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebebi eqvemdebareba gadaxedvas saapela-cio sasamarTlos mier gafarToebuli Semadgenlo-biT.

(§60) mocemul saqmeze braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebisada nafic msajulebisaTvis dasmuli SekiTxvebis gaT-valiswinebiT, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom ganmcxade-beli iyo erTaderTi braldebuli da savaraudo da-naSauli, miuxedavad misi simZimisa, ar iyo kompleq-suri.

(§62) evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom faqti _ bral-debis kvalifikaciis Secvla braldebulis sasamar-TlosTvis gadacemis brZanebis Semdeg da nafici msa-julebisTvis kiTxvebis dasmamde, xazs usvams imas,rom nafic msajulTa verdiqti braldebis Sesaxebdadgenilebisgan gansxvavdeboda. sasamarTlo ase-ve miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli cvlileba, romelic sa-samarTlo procesis Sedegad warmoiSva, unda daex-maros ganmcxadebels nafic msajulTa dasabuTebisnawilis gagebaSi.

(§63) rac Seexeba SekiTxvebs, yvela kiTxva iyo mniSvne-lovani ramdenadac, rogorc mTavrobam aRniSna, mo-samarTleebsa da nafic msajulebs ganxilvisas arhqondaT xelmisawvdomoba saqmis masalebze da ga-dawyvetileba miiRes mxolod sasamarTlo proce-sis dros gamokvleul mxareTa mtkicebulebebze,Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sisxlis samarTlis sap-roceso kodeqsis 347-e muxlis mixedviT, maT xelThqondaT braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenileba.

(§64) daisva 12 SekiTxva, romelic mTlianobaSi iyo mka-fio da ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeg braldebasTan mi-marTebiT araorazrovani.

(§65) ganmcxadebeli davobda, rom ar gakeTebula gansxva-veba Zaladobis, iZulebis an daSinebis elementebsSoris, romelic Zaladobrivi moqmedebis sxvadas-

34

xva formas warmoadgens. Tumca, sasamarTlo miiC-nevs, rom am faqtors xeli ar SeuSlia ganmcxadeb-lisTvis verdiqtis aRqmaSi. sasamarTlom mxedvelo-baSi miiRo konkretulad is faqti, rom sadavo qme-deba msxverplTa winaaRmdeg Caidina srulwlovno-bis asaks miRweulma pirma.

(§66) sasamarTlo damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom damamZimebe-li garemobebis Sesaxeb specialuri SekiTxvebimsxverplTa asakTan da ganmcxadeblis, rogorc STa-momavlis, statusTan dakavSirebiT, nafic msaju-lebs SesaZleblobas aZlevda konkretulad ganesaz-Rvra individualuri sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-xismgebloba.

(§67) daskvnis saxiT, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ganmcxa-debeli iyo uzrunvelyofili saTanado garantie-biT, romlis Tanaxmadac, mas SeeZlo aReqva gamam-tyunebeli verdiqti.

(§68) dabolos, sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs reformas, ro-melic dakavSirebuli iyo 2011 wlis 10 agvistos mi-Rebul Sesabamis kanonTan. sakanonmdeblo paketisxva sakiTxebTan erTad, moicavda axal debulebebssisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi, romeliciTvaliswinebda nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebis dasabuTebis gadmocemas „motivisdasabuTebis formaSi“, romelic Tan unda daerToskiTxvebis furcels. ganaCenis gamotanisas, kanonimoiTxovs motivis dasabuTebaSi miTiTebuli iyosmtkicebulebebi, romlebic nafic msajulTa ganxil-vis dros gadaisinjeba, da romelic daarwmunebs na-fic msajulTa sasamarTlos yoveli wardgenilibraldebis sisworeSi. sasamarTlos azriT, aRniSnu-li reforma, erTi SexedviT, mniSvnelovnad aZlie-rebs garantiebs TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg da daxma-rebas uwevs braldebulebs aRiqvan msjavrdebis sa-fuZlebi. amgvarad, igi pasuxobs konvenciis me-6muxlis pirveli paragrafis moTxovnebs.

35

lermite belgiis winaaRmdeg (Lhermite v. Belgium)

mocemul saqmeSi19 evropulma sasamarTlom ar daadginadarRveva im safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, rom konvencia ariTvaliswinebs nafic msajulTa mier miRebuli gadawyve-tilebis dasabuTebis valdebulebas. ganmcxadebeli da-vobda, rom gadawyvetilebaSi ar iyo motivacia, Tu ra ga-remoebebs daeyrdnen nafici msajulebi verdiqtis miRe-bisas. motivacia Sedgenili iyo sami profesionali mosa-marTlis mier, romlebic eswrebodnen nafic msajulTaTaTbirs da moaxdines maTi mosazrebebis Sesabamis kon-teqstSi moqceva. evropulma sasamarTlom daaskvna, romsaqmeSi arsebobda sakmarisi garantiebi TviTnebobis sa-winaaRmdegod.

(§52) momCivnis mtkicebiT, nafic msajulebs waredginaT5 SekiTxva: pirveli oTxi SekiTxva Seexeboda xuTipiris mkvlelobas da winaswar ganzraxvas, rogorcdamamZimebel garemoebas, mexuTe SekiTxva ki exebo-da ganmcxadeblis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxis-mgeblobas. momCivnis mtkicebiT, eqspertTa mier mi-si sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SesaxeberTxmad miRebuli daskvnis miuxedavad, braldebissafuZvlebis naklebobam, ganapiroba am sakiTxTandakavSirebul SekiTxvaze nafic msajulebi Semo-fargluliyvnen martivi „diax/ara“ pasuxebiT.

(§66) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom konvencia ar moiTxovsnafic msajulTa mier verdiqtis dasabuTebas, ase-ve, me-6 muxli ar aTavisuflebs braldebuls misisaqme ganixilos araprofesionalma msajulebma,Tundac ganaCenSi motivacia ar iyos mocemuli. gana-CenSi motivaciis ararseboba im SemTxvevaSic ki, ro-desac ganmcxadeblis braleulobas adgnes arapro-fesionali msajulebi, TavisTavad winaaRmdegobaSiar modis konvenciasTan.

(§67) miuxedavad amisa, samarTliani procesis moTxovne-

19 Lhermite v. Belgium, no. #34238/09, 26 May 2015

36

bis dasakmayofileblad, braldebulsac, da ra Tqmaunda, sazogadoebasac unda SeeZloT gamotanili ga-naCenis aRqma; es sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani ga-rantiaa TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg. rogorc sasamar-Tlo xSirad aRniSnavs, kanonis uzenaesoba da TviT-neburi Zalis Tavidan acileba warmoadgens princi-pebs, romelic konvenciis safuZvelia. sasamarTlosferoSi aRniSnuli principebi emsaxureba sazoga-doebis ndobis ganmtkicebas obieqtur da gamWvir-vale sasamarTlo sistemisadmi, romelic demokra-tiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi safuZvelia.

(§68) sasamarTlo damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom mimdinare saq-meSi, romelsac eswrebodnen araprofesionali msa-julebi, unda SemuSavebuliyo specialuri proce-durebi, ramdenadac nafici msajulebisgan, rogorcwesi ar moiTxoveba, an daSvebuli araa, daasabuTonpiradi mosazrebebi. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, me-6 mux-li moiTxovs Sefasebas, Tu ramdenad sakmarisi ga-rantiebi arsebobda, rom Tavidan yofiliyo acile-buli TviTnebobis nebismieri riski da braldebulsSeZleboda ganaCenis dasabuTebis gageba. amgvariprocesualuri garantiebi SeiZleba moicavdes, ma-galiTad, sxdomis Tavmjdomaris mier nafici msaju-lebisaTvis micemul miTiTebebs an saxelmZRvaneloprincipebs, romelic SeiZleba exebodes samarTleb-riv sakiTxebs an warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs danafici msajulebisaTvis mosamarTlis mier dasmulzust, araorazrovan kiTxvebs, romelic ayalibebsstruqturas, romelzec dafuZnebulia ganaCeni. aR-niSnuli ki garkveulwilad abalansebs im faqts, romnafic msajulTa mier gacemul pasuxebs ar aqvT da-sabuTeba. dabolos, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom bral-debulisaTvis gasaCivrebis nebismieri saSualebaxelmisawvdomi iyos.

(§69) vinaidan samarTliani procesis moTxovnebTan Sesa-bamisoba unda Sefasdes samarTalwarmoebis mTlia-ni procesis gaTvaliswinebiT mocemuli samarTleb-rivi sistemis konkretul konteqstSi, sasamarTlos

37

amocanas dasabuTebuli ganaCenis ararsebobisas,saqmis yvela garemoebis safuZvelze, warmoadgensimis gansazRvra, iZleva Tu ara samarTalwarmoebasakmaris garantiebs TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg da ram-denad SeuZlia braldebuls aRiqvas msjavrdebissafuZvlebi. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia, romyvelaze mZime pasuxismgeblobis zomis SemTxveva-Sic ki, samarTliani procesis uflebis pativiscemademokratiul sazogadoebaSi maqsimalurad SesaZ-lebeli xarisxiT unda iqnas uzrunvelyofili.

(§ 75) sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom mocemuli saqme konkre-tulad exeba, Tu ra safuZvlebs emyareba bralde-bulis msjavrdeba da misTvis uvado patimrobis Se-fardeba winaswari ganzraxviT xuTi bavSvis mkvle-lobisTvis. nafic msajulTa winaSe SekiTxva ar iT-valiswinebda, Tu ra viTarebaSi da rogor Caidinabraldebulma danaSauli _ aRniSnuli garemoebebidadgenil iqna da Tavad braldebulma aRiara. Se-kiTxva ar exeboda, aseve, danaSaulis kvalifikaciasan sasjelis simkacres. mocemul saqmeSi, ZiriTad sa-kiTxs warmoadgenda, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo ganmcxa-debels aReqva gamamtyunebeli verdiqtis safuZ-vlebi da ratom scno naficma msajulebma is damna-Saved, eqspertTa mier erTxmad miRebuli daskvnisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe, romelTa axali daskva erov-nul sasamarTlos waredgina saqmis ganxilvis das-kvniT etapze.

(§76) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom sasamarTlo procesisdawyebisas xmamaRla iqna wakiTxuli srulad bral-debis Sesaxeb dadgenileba da danaSaulis arsi, ro-melic safuZvlad daedo mis braldebas da mimoxi-luli iqna sasjelis daZmimebeli an Semsubuqebeligaremoebebi. saqmis ganxilva ganmcxadeblis winaaR-mdeg warimarTa SejibrebiTobis principis dacviT,gamokvleuli iqna TiToeuli mtkicebuleba da dac-vis mxares, advokatis daxmarebiT, hqonda mowmeTagamoZaxebisa da Cvenebaze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleb-loba. sxdomis Tavmjdomarem aTdRiani ganxilvis

38

Semdeg, Tormet nafic msajuls waukiTxa SekiTxve-bi da maTi asli gadaeca mxareebs.

(§78) rac Seexeba nafic msajulebisTvis dasmul xuT Se-kiTxvas, pirvel or SekiTxvas dadebiTi, xolo me-5SekiTxvas uaryofiTi pasuxi gaeca. pirveli SekiT-xva iyo gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis, ramdenadacexeboda ganmcxadeblis braleulobas, meore SekiT-xva exeboda winaswar ganzraxvas, rogorc damamZi-mebel garemoebas da mexuTe _ braldebulis goneb-riv mdgomareobas. sxva SekiTxvebi iyo damxmare, uf-ro metic, miznis Seusabamo.

(§79) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs upirvelesad, rom ganmcxadeb-lis advokats sxdomis Tavmjdomaris SekiTxvebTandakavSirebiT sapirispiro pozicia misi Sesworebisan axliT Secvlis Sesaxeb ar daufiqsirebia. ufrometic, radgan pirveli SekiTxva exeboda ganmcxadeb-lis braleulobas, masze dadebiTi pasuxi gardauv-lad gulisxmobda, rom nafic msajulebma is scnespasuxismgebeli im dros Cadenili qmedebebisaTvis.Sesabamisad, ganmcxadebels am faqtze apelirebiT,ar SeeZlo edava, rom misTvis ucnobi iyo nafic msa-julTa pozicia aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.

(§80) sasamarTlos SefasebiT, is faqti, rom gamamtyune-beli ganaCeni Seadgina profesionalma mosamarTle-ebma, romlebic ar eswrebodnen ganmcxadeblis bra-leulobis dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT ganxilvebs,ganmcxadeblisaTvis micemuli ganmartebebis mniS-vnelobasa da gavlenas TavisTavad eWvqveS ar aye-nebs. sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli ganmar-tebebi sasamarTlos ganxilvis dasrulebisTanave,dauyonebliv gadaeca mxares, sanam miiReboda gamam-tyunebeli ganaCeni. sasamarTlo damatebiT aRniS-navs, rom marTalia gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni forma-lurad Seadgina profesionalma mosamarTleebma,maT SesaZlebloba hqondaT moepovebinaT Tormeti-ve nafic msajulis daskvnebi, romlebic imyofebod-nen maT gverdiT sasjelis gansazRvris Sesaxeb TaT-

39

20 Judge v. United Kingdom (dec.), #35863/10, ECHR 2011

birisas da romelTa saxelebic asaxul iqna gadaw-yvetilebaSi. amasTan, profesionali mosamarTlee-bi eswrebodnen sasamarTlo ganxilvis mTlian pro-cess da Sesabamisad, maT SeeZloT daskvnebi Sesaba-mis konteqstisTvis miesadagebinaT.

(§84-85) mocemul saqmeSi ar dadginda konvenciis me-6 mux-lis 1-li paragrafis darRveva, radgan sasamarTlosSefasebiT, ganmcxadebeli uzrunvelyofili iyoyvela saTanado garantiiT, romelic SesaZleblobasaZlevda mas aReqva gamamtyunebeli verdiqti.

nafic msajulTa instruqciebi

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saqmis samar-Tliani ganxilvis uflebaze msjelobisas gansakuTrebu-li yuradReba dauTmo nafici msajulebisTvis saTanadomiTiTebebis micemis sakiTxs qvemoT ganxilul saqmeebSi.

jaji gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Judge v. United Kingdom)

mocemuli saqme20 exeboda bavSvebze araerTgzis seqsua-lur ZaladobaSi braldebuls, romelic amtkicebda, romdairRva misi samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba.taqsketis saqmeze adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze dayrdnobiT b-n.jaji davobda, rom Sotlandiis nafic msajulTa sasamar-Tlom ver SeZlo ganaCenis ganmapirobebeli safuZvlebiswarmodgena da amitom mas ar SeeZlo ganaCenis gasaCivre-ba. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom erTxmaddauSveblad cno misi saCivari. evropuli sasamarTlosSvidma mosamarTlem daadgina Semdegi: ̀ Sotlandiis sasa-marTlo sistemaSi ar arsebobs arcerTi is garemoeba, rom-lis safuZvelze didma palatam taqsketis saqmeze me-6muxlis darRveva daadgina. piriqiT, SotlandiaSi, nafic

40

msajulTa verdiqti izolirebulad ki ar iwereba, aramedmoqceulia wesSi, romelic moicavs braldebisa da dacvismxareebis mimarTvebs, aseve, sxdomis Tavmjdomaris miernafici msajulebisaTvis braldebis gacnobas. amasTan,Sotlandiis kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs zusti zRvrisgavlebas mosamarTlisa da nafici msajulebis rolebs So-ris: mosamarTlis movaleobaa _ uzrunvelyos procesis sa-marTlianad warmarTva da nafic msajulebs ganumartosmocemul saqmesTan dakavSirebuli kanoni; xolo, naficimsajulebis movaleobaa _ miRebuli miTiTebebis gaTvalis-wineba da faqtebis dadgena. garda amisa, marTalia, naficimsajulebi ̀ faqtebis ganmkargvelebi~ arian, magram sxdo-mis Tavmjdomaris movaleobaa _ daTanaxmdes, rom ar ar-sebobs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisre-bis safuZveli, Tuki is darwmundeba, rom braldebis mxa-ris mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi ar aris sakmarisibraleulobis dasadgenad. es gaxlavT, zustad is sapro-ceso garantiebi, romlebic didma palatam taqsketis saq-meSi gaiTvaliswina. Sesabamisad, mosarCelisaTvis naTeliunda yofiliyo, rom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom damna-Saved cno is imis gamo, rom man miiRo TiToeul bralde-basTan mimarTebaSi ganmcxadeblis mtkicebuleba da amissafuZvelze uaryo mis mier warmodgenili movlenaTa gan-viTarebis versia. da bolos, taqsketis saqmeSi gaTvalis-winebuli belgiis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT gasaCivrebiswesebisagan gansxvavebiT, Sotlandiis kanoniT gansaz-Rvruli gasaCivrebis ufleba sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom ga-moswordes nafic msajulTa mier miRebuli nebismieriaraswori verdiqti. saapelacio sasamarTlos gaaCnia saq-mis gadaxedvis uflebamosileba da SeuZlia baTilad cnosnebismieri braldeba, romelic warmoadgens arasworadwarmarTuli marTlmsajulebis Sedegs. kerZod ki, saape-lacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia baTilad cnos nafic msajul-Ta nebismieri verdiqti, romelic logikurad araTanmim-devruli an araracionaluria. aqedan gamomdinare, taqske-tis saqmisagan gansxvavebiT, ganmcxadeblis mimarT sakma-risi garantiebi arsebobda imisaTvis, rom mas gaego damna-Saved cnobis safuZveli da mikerZoebis gareSe SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom nafici msajulebis mier dasabuTebis warmo-

41

udgenlobiT arasamarTlianad ar ganxorcielebula mar-Tlmsajuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo miiCnevs,rom saCivaris winamdebare nawili ar unda dakmayofildesaSkara dausabuTeblobis gamo~.

evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom Sotlandiis naficmsajulTa sasamarTlos mier struqturirebuli dausabu-Tebeli verdiqti iZleoda sakmaris SesaZleblobas bral-debuls gaego mis mimarT gamotanili ganaCeni. amasTan, sa-samarTlom xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom Sotlandiis ka-nonmdeblobiT miniWebuli gasaCivrebis ufleba ukanonoverdiqtis gamosworebis saSualebas warmoadgenda.

szupuszi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(SZUPUSZ v. THE UNITED KINGDOM)

mocemul saqmeSi21 evropulma sasamarTlom ar daadginadarRveva, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom nafic msajulebsmkafio miTiTeba hqondaT micemuli araferi ekiTxaT vi-deofiris Cvenebisas, policiis oficerisaTvis, romelicsaqmeze, aseve, iyo mowme. kerZod, ganmcxadeblis mtkice-biT, nafici msajulebi garkveuli periodi marto imyofe-bodnen policiis oficerTan erTad oTaxSi, romelsac un-da eCvenebina maTTvis video firze asaxuli mtkicebule-ba. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom nafic msajulTa verdiqtzeam faqts gavlena ar mouxdenia, radgan sxdomis Tavmjdo-marem nafic msajulebs mkafiod ganumarta, rom policiisoficeri oTaxSi teqnikuri daxmarebisTvis imyofeboda damisTvis SeeZloT mxolod eTxovaT teqnikuri sakiTxi, ma-galiTad, videos gadaxveva, xolo sxva nebismier sakiTxTandakavSirebiT komunikacia dauSvebeli iyo. amasTan, videofiris ganmeorebiT Cvenebis survili gamoTqves naficmamsajulebma saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlis Semdeg da am Txov-nis Sesrulebaze protesti braldebulis advokats arhqonda gamoTqmuli.

(§82) momCivnis mRelvareba winamdebare saqmeSi dakavSi-

21 Szupusz v. The United Kingdom, #8400/07, ECHR 2010

42

rebulia nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobaze savarau-do zegavlenis moxdenis faqtTan, romelic gamow-veulia oficer m.-s TiTqmis orsaaTiani yofniT na-fic msajulebTan pirispir, mas Semdeg, rac isini saq-mis gansaxilvelad gavidnen. miuxedavad imisa, Tura faqtobrivi roli ekisreboda oficer m.-s aRniS-nul saqmeSi, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom misma, rogorcpoliciis oficris poziciam da misma SedegobrivmakavSirma braldebis mxaresTan, SeiZleba safuZvelidaudos gasageb mRelvarebas braldebulis mxridannafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis miukerZoeblobas-Tan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli daskvnis safuZvelze,sasamarTlosTvis aucilebeli ar aris ganixilos na-fic msajulTa komunikacia nafic msajulTa kole-giis arawevr pirTan, romelic ar iyo dakavSirebulibraldebis mxaresTan, magram sasamarTlom gamoTqvaeWvi, rom undobloba SeiZleba avtomaturad war-moSobiliyo iseT SemTxvevaSic, rodesac nafic msa-julTa Semadgenlobis wevrebi aRar iqnebodnen izo-lirebulni sasamarTlo procesis ganmavlobaSi dayoveldRiurad urTierToba eqnebodaT mraval ada-mianTan.

(§84) winamdebare saqmeSi, sasamarTlo pirvel rigSi aR-niSnavs, rom nafic msajulTa kolegiis wevrad Ser-Cevisas, TiToeul nafic msajuls moeTxoveba dadosfici an daweros xelwerili da amgvarad, samarTli-anad ganixilos braldebulis saqme da gamoitanossamarTliani verdiqti sasamarTloSi warmodgenilimtkicebulebis safuZvelze. garda amisa, nafici msa-julebs unda mieceT zogadi miTiTeba sasamarTloganxilvis dasawyisSi da Tu SesaZlebelia sasamar-Tlo procesis msvlelobis periodSic, rom ar SeiZ-leba saqmis ganxilva aravisTan, garda nafici msa-julebisa. sasamarTlos azriT, aRniSnuli warmoad-gens mniSvnelovan garantias nebismieri safuZvlia-ni eWvis gasafantad nafic msajulTa Semadgenlo-bis miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, aRniSnulisakiTxi mocemul saqmeze saapelacio sasamarTlo-sac wina planze aqvs wamoweuli.

43

(§85) meore, rodesac naficma msajulebma gadawyvitesCCTV-dan amoRebuli videomasalis naxva sasamar-Tlos darbazSi oficer m.-s daxmarebiT, sxdomis Tav-mjdomarem nafic msajulebs mkafio miTiTeba mis-ca. man nafic msajulebs naTlad ganumarta, rom ofi-cer m.-s erTaderTi movaleoba iyo video aparatu-ris muSaobaze teqnikuri kontroli da masTan yo-velgvari komunikacia iyo akrZaluli, garda Txov-nisa, romelic Seexeboda firze asaxuli kadrebisgaSvebas. mosamarTlem Semdeg miTiTeba misca naficmsajulebs, rom erTmaneTTan mxolod imis ganxilvaiyo dasaSvebi, Tu risi naxva surdaT, saqmesTan da-kavSirebuli nebismieri ganxilva nafic msajulTaoTaxSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. sasamarTlo miiC-nevs, rom miTiTebis mizani iyo, nafici msajulebis-Tvis naTeli gamxdariyo oficer m.-s wminda teqni-kuri roli, rom dauSvebeli iyo masTan diskusiaSiCarTva. saqmis garemoebebSi ar ikveTeboda arcerTiiseTi faqtori, ris gamoc SeiZleboda sasamarTlosmieCnia, rom nafici msajulebi ar gaiTvaliswineb-dnen sxdomis Tavmjdomaris miTiTebebs.

(§86) mesame, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom nafic msajulebssasamarTlo procesis dawyebamde ganumartes, rommaT SeeZloT miemarTaT sxdomis TavmjdomarisaT-vis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu raime eWvi SeeqmnebodaT sxvanafic msajulTan mimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,sayuradReboa, rom winamdebare saqmeSi CCTV-danamoRebuli videomasalis naxvis Semdeg, arc erT na-fic msajuls ar gaugzavnia raime saxis Setyobinebasxdomis TavmjdomarisaTvis, romelSic gamoxatu-li iqneboda SiSi konkretuli nafici msajulis mi-kerZoebasTan dakavSirebiT.

(§87) meoTxe, naTeli iyo, rom oficer m.-s movaleoba na-fic msajulTa miTiTebebis mixedviT videomasalisCvenebiT Semoifargleboda. mas sakuTari surviliTar uxelmZRvanelia nafic msajulTaTvis videoma-salis Sesabamisi nawilis Cvenebisas. aseT SemTxve-vaSi sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom oficer m.-s winada-

44

debas, eCvenebina mis mier SerCeuli konkretulikadrebi, SeiZleba uneburad mohyoloda nafic msa-julTa mier mtkicebulebis araerTgvarovani aRqma.

(§88) mexuTe, sasamarTlo aseve aRniSnavs, rom sxdomisTavmjdomarem videomasalis CvenebasTan dakavSire-biT konsultacia gaiara advokatebTan. braldebu-lis ori advokati mas pirdapir daeTanxma, xolo gan-mcxadeblis umcros advokats am sakiTxze protes-ti ar gamouTqvams. rogorc saapelacio sasamarTlomdaadgina, ar arsebobda araviTari eWvi imis Sesaxeb,rom yvela advokati eTanxmeboda nafic msajulebis-Tvis videomasalis Cvenebas daswreboda policiisoficeri. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli Se-Tanxmeba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens im sa-kiTxis ganxilvisas, rodesac nafic msajulTa Se-madgenlobis miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiTwarmoiSveba SiSi, ramdenad iyo igi kanonieri da obi-eqturad gamarTlebuli.

gregori gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(GREGORY v. THE UNITED KINGDOM)

mocemul saqmeSi22 evropulma sasamarTlo darRveva ar da-adgina im safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, rom sxdomis Tavmjdo-marem mkafio miTiTeba misca nafic msajulebs ar daeSvaTbraldebulis diskriminacia rasistuli niSniT. kerZod,ganmcxadebeli davobda Semdeg faqts: saTaTbiro oTaxSigasvlis Semdeg, erT-erTma naficma msajulma baraTiT mo-samarTles Seatyobina, rom TaTbirisas SeiniSneboda ra-sistuli midgoma erT-erTi wevrisgan da mas amis gamo bo-diSi hqonda mosaxdeli. baraTis miRebis Semdeg, sxdomisTavmjdomarem nafic msajulTa Semadgenloba sasamarTlodarbazSi gaiwvia da maT misca mkafio miTiTeba, verdiqtismiRebisas exemZRvanelaT saRi gonebiT da ar daeSvaTbraldebulis raime niSniT diskriminacia. sasamarTlom mo-

22 Gregory v. The United Kingdom, #22299/93, ECHR 1997

45

cemul saqmeze darRveva ar daadgina swored im faqtisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom naficma msajulebma miiRes mkafiomiTiTeba, amasTan, baraTi iyo bundovani Sinaarsis dabraldebuls nafic msajulTa mikerZoebasTan dakavSire-biT pretenzia ar gamouTqvams.

(§47) sxdomis Tavmjdomarem gadawyvita aRniSnuli gan-cxadebisTvis (erT-erTi wevris rasistul Sexedu-lebebTan dakavSirebiT) pasuxi gaeca nafici msaju-lebisaTvis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli miTiTebebismicemiT, mas Semdeg rac orive mxarisgan moismina mo-sazrebebi. mosamarTlis ganmarteba iyo mkafio, de-taluri da damajerebeli. mas surda darwmunebuliyofiliyo, rom yvelasTvis gasagebi iyo misi sityve-bi, ris gamoc sxdomis Tavmjdomare miTiTebis mice-mis procesSi Segnebulad akeTebda pauzas. misi mi-zani iyo, nafic msajulebs gaeTavisebinaT, rom maTificis qveS nakisri valdebuleba iyo saqme ganexi-laT mxolod mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT da rommaT ufleba ar hqondaT, verdiqtze sxva raime faq-tors moexdina zegavlena.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sxdomis Tavmjdomares Tavis mi-TiTebaSi arc erTxel uxsenebia sityvebi „rasobri-vi Sexedulebebi“. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom man na-fic msajulebs miTiTeba misca, gonebidan ganegdoT„nebismieri Sexeduleba raime formiT“. am sityve-bis mniSvneloba naTeli unda yofiliyo nebismierinafici msajulisTvis, romelTa qcevamac, ganapiro-ba diskriminaciis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb miTiTebisgakeTeba. sagulisxmoa, rom SemdgomSi arc erTi ra-sobrivi xasiaTis komentari ar gakeTebula. Sesaba-misad, mosamarTles SeeZlo gonivruli daskvna gae-keTebina, rom nafici msajulebi daemorCilnen mismier micemuli miTiTebebis pirobebs da raime xasia-Tis Sexedulebebis riski efeqturad ganeitralda.

(§48) sasamarTlos mier faqtebis Sefasebas mivyavarTdaskvnamde, rom winamdebare saqmeSi aRar gaxda sa-Wiro konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, mosamarTlis

46

garda sxvasac gaefanta obieqturi SiSi an mosazre-ba nafic msajulTa mikerZoeblobis Sesaxeb, samar-Tliani procesis garantiebi, SesaZloa, garkveul ga-remoebebSi moiTxovdes nafic msajulTa Semadgen-lobis daTxovnas, magram aseve unda vaRiaroT, romaRniSnuli yovelTvis ar warmoadgens miznis miRwe-vis saSualebas. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, sxva saxis ga-rantiebi, maT Soris nafic msajulTa misamarTiT mka-fiod Camoyalibebuli miTiTebebi, sakmarisad SeiZ-leba CaiTvalos.

(§49) sasamarTlo aseve aRniSnavs, rom gansaxilveli faq-tebi unda ganvasxvaoT im faqtebisgan, romelic Ca-moyalibebuli iyo saqmeSi remli safrangeTis wina-aRmdeg (Remli v. France ), romelSic darRveva dadgin-da. am saqmeSi mosamarTleebma ar moaxdines saTana-do reagireba, miuxedavad imisa, rom nafici msaju-lis vinaoba, romelic rasistul SexedulebebSi Se-imCneoda, cnobili iyo. aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT,mocemul saqmeSi sxdomis Tavmjdomare daupiris-pirda nafici msajulis rasistul gancxadebas, ro-melic miuxedavad imisa, rom bundovani da orazro-vania, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos arss moklebulad. am-gvar viTarebaSi man miiRo sakmarisi zomebi, Seemow-mebina sasamarTlo Seqmnili iyo Tu ara, rogorc mi-ukerZoebeli tribunali konvenciis me-6 muxlis pir-veli paragrafis Sesabamisad da man warmoadgina sak-marisi garantiebi am kuTxiT yvela eWvis gasafantad.

sanderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Sander v. The United Kingdom)

mocemul saqmeSi23 evropulma sasamarTlom darRveva da-adgina im safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, rom nafic msajulTaSemadgenlobaSi SeiniSneboda rasistuli Sexedulebebi,xolo micemuli miTiTeba ver uzrunvelyofda nafic msa-julTa obieqturobas. kerZod, ganmcxadebeli gamoTqvam-

23 Sander v. The United Kingdom, #34129/96, ECHR 2000

47

da eWvs nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis mikerZoebulo-basTan dakavSirebiT, Semdegi faqtis gamo: erT-erTma na-ficma msajulma saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlis Semdeg sxdo-mis Tavmjdomares baraTiT Seatyobina, rom konkretulinafici msajuli afiqsirebda rasistul Sexedulebebs. esfaqti garkveulwilad daadastura naficma msajulma, ro-melic SeimCneoda rasistul replikebSi. wardgenili ba-raTis gasaqarwyeblad nafici msajulebis mTlianma Semad-genlobam axali baraTi warudgina sxdomis Tavmjdomares,romelSic yvela wevri (maT Soris Tavdapirveli baraTismimweri nafici msajulic) uaryofda rasistuli Sexedu-lebebis qonas. sxdomis Tavmjdomarem nafic msajulebsmiTiTeba misca, verdiqtis miRebisas obieqturni yofiliy-vnen. evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom miTiTeba veruzrunvelyofda samarTlian verdiqts, radgan erT Rame-Si nafici msajulebi miTiTebis miuxedavad ver SeZleb-dnen ukuegdoT rasistuli Sexedulebebi. gregori gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Gregory v. The United King-dom) saqmisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemul saqmeze darRvevisdadgena ganapiroba Semdegma garemoebebma: baraTi iyo mka-fio, rasistuli Sexedulebis mqone nafici msajulis vi-naoba cnobili iyo, eWvs iwvevda ganmeorebiTi baraTis kon-teqstic, romelic sruliad sapirispiro iyo da nafic msa-julTa mikerZoebulobaze pretenzia araerTxel hqondadafiqsirebuli braldebulis advokats.

(§30) mimdinare saqmeSi sasamarTlo mzad ar aris gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWos nafic msajulTamisamarTiT mosamarTlis mier gakeTebul miTiTe-bebs. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom winamdebare saqmeSi,zogadad, sayveduri an miTiTeba mosamarTlis mier,Tumca ki mkafio, detaluri da damajerebeli iyo,magram ar iyo sakmarisi nafic msajulebs erT RameSiSeecvalaT rasistuli Sexedulebebi. miuxedavadimisa, rom winamdebare saqmeSi ver vivaraudebT am-gvari Sexedulebebi konkretulad erT nafic msa-juls hqonda Tu mets, irkveva, rom sul mcire er-Tma naficma msajulma mainc gaakeTa rasistuli ko-mentari. aseT viTarebaSi, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom

48

mosamarTlis mier micemuli miTiTeba nafici msaju-lebisaTvis ver gafantavda gonivrul eWvs da SiSsmikerZoeblobis Sesaxeb, romelic efuZneboda Tav-dapirvel baraTs.

(§31) rac Seexeba danarCens, sasamarTlo mzad aris asevegansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWos faqts, rommosamarTles pirdapiri urTierToba hqonda naficmsajulebTan. sasamarTlom ukve aRniSna, rom ero-vuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mosamarTle ver da-kiTxavda nafic msajulebs im braldebebTan mimar-TebaSi, romelsac baraTi Seicavda.

(§32) sasamarTlo, aqedan gamomdinare, miiCnevs, rom bral-debebs, romelsac baraTi Seicavda, SeeZlo gamoew-via ganmcxadeblis da sxva nebismieri damkvirveblisTvalSi legitimuri eWvi sasamarTlos mikerZoeblo-basTan dakavSirebiT, romelic verc jgufuri bara-Tis wardgenam da verc mosamarTlis mier miTiTebismicemam ver gaifanta.

(§33) amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, romwinamdebare saqmis garemoebebi SeiZleba ganvasxva-oT saqmisgan gregori gaerTianebuli samefos wina-aRmdeg (Gregory v. The United Kingdom), romelSic dar-Rveva ar dadginda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am ukanasknelsaqmeSi arcerT nafic msajuls ar uRiarebia rasis-tuli xasiaTis komentarebis xumrobiT an sxvagvariformiT gakeTebis faqti. baraTSi konkretulad ariyo miTiTebuli, romelma naficma msajulma ganac-xada aRniSnulis Sesaxeb da pretenzia iyo bundova-ni da arazusti. garda amisa, gregori gaerTianebu-li samefos winaaRmdeg saqmis sapirispirod, winam-debare saqmeSi ganmcxadeblis advokati mTeli pro-cesis ganmavlobaSi daJinebiT iTxovda, rom naficmsajulTa Semadgenlobis daTxovna erTaderTi Se-saZlo gamosavali iqneboda mikerZoebulobasTan da-kavSirebuli eWvebis gasafantad.

(§34) sasamarTlo miiCnevs, nafic msajulTa daTxovna yo-

49

velTvis ar aris samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxil-vis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, magram arsebobs gar-kveuli garemoebebi, ra drosac amas moiTxovs kon-venciis me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafi. winamdeba-re saqmeSi mosamarTle seriozuli braldebebis pi-rispir aRmoCnda, rom arsebobda safrTxe, nafic msa-julebs ganmcxadeblisaTvis sasjeli daekisrebinaTmisi eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo.garda amisa, erT-erTma naficma msajulma iribad aRiara, rom man gaa-keTa rasistuli komentari. yvela xelSemkvreli sa-xelmwifo did mniSvnelobas aniWebs rasizmTan brZo-las, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom mosamarTles ufroadeqvaturi reagireba unda moexdina, vidre ubra-lod bundovnad Tavi daerwmunebina, rom nafic msa-julebs miTiTebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeeZloT uku-egdoT rasistuli Sexedulebebi da ganexilaT saq-me mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT. aRniSnulis Seus-ruleblobis gamo, mosamarTlem ver uzrunvelyosakmarisi garantia, rom gamoericxa nebismieri obi-eqturad dasabuTebuli an legitimuri eWvi sasamar-Tlos miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT. aqedan ga-momdinare, sasamarTlo, romelmac sasjeli daakis-ra ganmcxadebels ar iyo miukerZoebeli obieqturiTvalsazrisiT.

pulari gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Pullar v. The United Kingdom)

mocemul saqmeSi24 evropulma sasamarTlom ar daadginadarRveva im safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, rom naficma msa-julebma miiRes mkafio miTiTeba, verdiqti gamoetanaTyvela mtkicebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, miukerZoebladSeefasebinaT yvela mowmis sandooba, romelic ki maT wi-naSe gamovidoda. ganmcxadebeli davobda, rom braldebismowme iyo erT-erTi nafici msajulis TanamSromeli, isinierT kompaniaSi muSaobdnen da ganmcxadeblis Sexedule-

24 Pullar v. The United Kingdom, #22399/93, ECHR 1996

50

biT, arsebobda riski, rom nafici msajulis mowmis Cvene-bas sxvagvarad aRiqvamda, metad damajereblad piradi ur-TierTobebidan gamomdinare. evropulma sasamarTlom ardaadgina darRveva Semdegi safuZvliT: miuxedavad imisa,rom mowme da nafici msajuli formalurad erT kompania-Si muSaobdnen, maT yoveldRiuri saqmiani Semxebloba arhqondaT, amasTan, sxdomis Tavmjdomarem nafic msaju-lebs mkafiod ganumarta, rom TiToeuli mowmis Cvenebissandooba Tanabrad unda SeefasebinaT saqmeze warmodge-nili mtkicebulebebTan erTad.

(§30) sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalSi konvenciisme-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafis Tanaxmad, Camoya-libebulia miukerZoeblobis moTxovnis ori aspeq-ti. pirveli, sasamarTlo unda iyos subieqturad mi-ukerZoebeli, e.i. sasamarTlos arc erTi wevrs ar un-da hqondes raime piradi mikerZoebuli azri an ten-dencia. pirovnuli miukerZoebloba moiazreba ma-nam, sanam amis sapirispiro ar damtkicdeba. meore,sasamarTlo aseve miukerZoebeli unda iyos obieq-turi TvalsazrisiTac, e.i. is unda gvTavazobdes sak-maris garantiebs, raTa gamoiricxos legitimuri eW-vi am kuTxiT.

(§31) pirvel aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT, ganmcxadebelmaaRiara, rom ar arsebobda mikerZoebulobis damadas-turebeli raime xelmisawvdomi mtkicebuleba nafi-ci msajulis, b-ni forsaitis mxridan. Tumca, mansTxova sasamarTlos ugulebeleyo subieqturi mi-ukerZoeblobis mosazreba am saqmesTan dakavSire-biT 1980 wels miRebuli marTlmsajulebis refor-mis aqtis safuZvelze. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT,aRniSnuli aqti krZalavs nebismier gamoZiebas im ga-remoebebze, romelsac adgili hqonda nafic msa-julTa saTaTbiro oTaxSi da aseve, iTvaliswinebsfaqts, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi nafici msaju-lebi, iseve rogorc sxva qveynebis nafici msajule-bi, ar iZlevian sakuTari ganaCenis dasabuTebas Se-saZleblobas.

51

aRniSnulis Sedegad, ar arsebobda raime realurian samarTlebrivi saSualeba, romelic saSualebasmiscemda ganmcxadebels warmoedgina raime mtkice-buleba am mosazrebis uarsayofad.

(§32) sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT damkvid-rda, rom sasamarTlo unda moiazrebodes, rogorcpirovnuli tendenciurobisagan an mikerZoebisaganTavisufali, rac warmoadgens kanonis uzenaesobismniSvnelovan elements. kerZod, sasamarTlos ga-naCeni unda iyos saboloo da Sesasruleblad saval-debulo xasiaTis, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu zemdgo-mi sasamarTlo ar auqmebs mas darRvevis an usamar-Tlobis safuZvelze. aRniSnuli principi undavrceldebodes sasamarTlos yvela formaze, naficmsajulTa sasamarTlos CaTvliT. Tumca zogierTsaqmeSi, da garkveulwilad winamdebare saqmeSic, Se-saZloa rTuli iyos mtkicebulebis mopoveba, rom-lis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda am mosazre-bis uaryofa. aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom obieq-turi miukerZoeblobis moTxovna uzrunvelyofs ki-dev erT mniSvnelovan garantias.

(§33) rac Seexeba meore moTxovnas, ganmcxadeblis mtki-cebiT, garemoebebi, romelic mis saqmeSi b-n forsa-itis nafic msajulad arCevas axlda, obieqturi dam-kvirveblis TvalSi sasamarTlos miukerZoeblobas-Tan dakavSirebiT eWvs gamoiwvevda. aRniSnuli mtki-cebis gasamyareblad man miuTiTa im faqtze, rom b-nforsaiti da b-n maklareni sakmaod Sewuxebulni iy-vnen, rom maT urTierTobaze Serif klerks yurad-Reba ar mieqcia. aseve, umaRlesma sasamarTlom daa-dastura, rom aRniSnuli kavSiris Sesaxeb Serifis-Tvis cnobili rom gamxdariyo sasamarTlo proce-sis msvlelobisas, b-n forsaiti SesaZloa daeTxo-vaT nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobidan. amgvarad,dacvis mxarem ver isargebla uflebiT gaeprotes-tebina b-n forsaitis monawileoba Serifi klerki-saTvis Sesabamisi informaciis miwodebis gziT. aqe-

52

dan gamomdinare, safuZvliani iyo varaudi, rom b-nforsaits b-n maklarenis ndobasTan dakavSirebiTCamoyalibebuli hqonda azri sasamarTlo procesam-de, rac gamowveuli iyo misi da maklarenis erTsa daimave firmaSi muSaobiT. amasTan erTad, b-n makla-renma Tavis gancxadebaSi daamowma, rom braldebebib-n pularis winaaRmdeg „ofisSi saubris Tema undayofiliyo“.

(§34) komisia aseve emxroboda azrs, rom arsebobda dasa-buTebuli safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac Se-saZlo iyo sasamarTlos miukerZoeblobaSi eWvis Se-tana. man mxedvelobaSi miiRo is faqti, rom b-n for-saiti SesaZloa gaeTavisuflebinaT nafic msajul-Ta sasamarTlodan, Tu SerifisTvis cnobili iqne-boda b-n maklarenisa da misi kavSiris Sesaxeb. sasa-marTlo aseve daeTanxma ganmcxadebels, rom obieq-tur damkvirvebels SesaZloa evarauda, rom b-n for-saits ufro meti akavSirebda b-n maklarenTan, vid-re SemTxveviTi nacnoboba, radgan igi imave patarafirmaSi muSaobda or welze meti xnis manZilze, sa-dac b-n maklareni. Tumca b-n forsaiti im TxuTmetnafic msajulTagan erTaderTi iyo, vis zegavlena-sac SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonoda, damas SeeZlo Serifi klerkis umoqmedoba mieRo, ro-gorc taqtikuri nebarTva dayrdnoboda warsulnacnobobas.

(§35) mTavrobis gancxadebiT, b-ni forsaiti imave firma-Si muSaobis faqti, sadac muSaobda b-ni maklareni,TavisTavad ar iyo sakmarisi safuZveli legitimurieWvis gasaCenad sasamarTlos miukerZoeblobasTandakavSirebiT. gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo, rom b-niforsaiti ikavebda dabal Tanamdebobas firmaSi, armuSaobda aRniSnul proeqtze da, rogorc man ganuc-xada Serif klerks, piradad ar icnobda or bralde-buls da ar icoda saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb. gar-da amisa, b-ni forsaiti TxuTmetidan mxolod erTinafici msajuli iyo. TiToeul nafic msajuls fici

53

hqonda dadebuli, rom verdiqti gamoetana sasamar-Tlo procesze warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis Se-sabamisad. sasamarTlo procesis damTavrebisas Se-rifma naTlad ganumarta nafic msajulebs, rom ver-diqti daefuZnebinaT mosmenil mtkicebulebebze,da rom mtkicebulebebi ori an meti wyarodan undamiuTiTebdes gonivrul eWvs miRma piris braleulo-baze sanam gamamtyunebeli verdiqti iqneboda miRe-buli. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobda safuZvli-ani varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom b-nma forsaitma an sxvaromelime naficma msajulma ugulebelyo dadebu-li fici an Serifis miTiTebebi.

(§36) sasamarTlos azriT, gadamwyvet faqtors ar warmo-adgenda, rogorc iusticiis umaRlesma sasamarTlo-mac aRniSna, rom Serifi savaraudod daiTxovda b-nforsaits nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobidan, b-niforsaitis da b-ni maklarenis saqmiani urTierTo-bis Sesaxeb rom scodnoda. bunebrivia, sxdomis Tav-mjdomare unda iswrafvodes, nafic msajulTa Se-madgenloba imgvarad iyos formirebuli, rom gamo-ricxavdes mikerZoebulobasTan dakavSirebul eW-vebs, yovelTvis roca es jer kidev SesaZlebelia,sasamarTlo procesamdec an misi msvlelobis peri-odSi. Tumca, radgan sasamarTlo damTavrda da na-ficma msajulebma verdiqti gamoitanes, arsebiTadSesafasebeli gaxda, b-ni forsaitis mudmivad yof-na nafic msajulTa SemadgenlobaSi ramdenad mZimedarRvevas warmoadgenda da iZleoda verdiqtis ga-uqmebis safuZvels. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelo-vania ganxilul iqnas es xarvezi, romelmac safuZ-veli daudo legitimur eWvs sasamarTlos miuker-ZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, gamowveuli iyo Tu aramisi nafic msajulTa SemadgenlobaSi yofniT.

(§37) aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom b-n pularis eWvi sasa-marTlos miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT ganpi-robebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom nafic msajulTa Se-madgenlobaSi erTi wevri, b-ni forsaiti dasaqmebu-

54

li iyo imave firmaSi, romelSic braldebis mowme, b-n maklareni partniori iyo. gasagebia, rom amgvar kav-Sirs SesaZloa, braldebulSi gamoewvia garkveulimRelvareba. Tumca, mxolod braldebulis mosaz-rebas sasamarTlos miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSire-biT ar unda mieniWos gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. ga-damwyveti am SemTxvevaSi aris is, SesaZlebelia Tuara es safrTxe obieqturad iqnes gamarTlebuli.

(§38) miukerZoeblobis principi demokratiul sazogado-ebaSi sasamarTlosadmi ndobis gansamtkiceblad sa-Wiro erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia. Tumca, igiaucilebeli araa gamomdinareobdes faqtidan, romsasamarTlos wevri piradad icnobs saqmis erT-erTmowmes da mas Camoyalibebuli aqvs azri am piris Cve-nebis sasargeblod. mniSnvelovania TiToeul saqme-Si Sefasdes, aRniSnuli nacnoboba aris Tu ara im xa-siaTis da xarisxis, romelic miuTiTebs mikerZoe-bulobaze.

(§39) winamdebare saqmeSi, b-ni forsaiti dabali rangis Ta-namSromeli iyo b-n maklarenis firmaSi, ar muSaob-da proeqtze, romelmac safuZveli daudo b-n pu-laris winaaRmdeg braldebas da samsaxuridan gaTa-visuflebis Setyobineba gadaeca sasamarTlo pro-cesis dawyebamde sami dRiT adre. aRniSnuli faq-tebidan Znelia imis garkveva, saqmis obieqturi dam-kvirvebeli daaskvnida Tu ara, rom b-ni forsaiti b-ni maklarenis azrisaken ixreboda Tu dacvis mxarismowmisaken.

(§40) amasTan, aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces im faqts,rom sasamarTlom braldebuls SesTavaza araerTimniSvnelovani garantia. sayuradReboa, rom b-n for-saiti iyo erT-erTi TxuTmet nafic msajulTagan,romelic SeirCa SemTxveviTobis principiT adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobidan. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom Se-rifma nafic msajulebs ganumarta, rom isini val-debulni iyvnen miukerZoeblad SeefasebinaT yve-la mowmis sandooba, romlebic maT winaSe warsdge-

55

bodnen da rom yvela naficma msajulma dado Tana-bari Zalis mqone fici.

(§41) aRniSnuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlomiiCnevs, rom b-n pularis varaudi im sasamarTlosmiukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic missaqmes ganixilavda, ar aris obieqturad gamarTle-buli.aqedan gamomdinare, ar darRveula konvenci-is me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafi.

miSa elias gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Misha Elias v. The United Kingdom)

evropulma sasamarTlom mocemuli saCivari25 dauSvebladcno. momCivani davobda, rom braldebis mxarem nafic msa-julTa winaSe daafiqsira diskriminaciuli Sexedulebe-bi, rasac misi varaudiT, SeiZleba gavlena moexdina naficmsajulebze. evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom am Sem-TxvevaSi diskriminaciuli Sexedulebebi daafiqsira, aranaficma msajulma an mosamarTlem, aramed braldebis mxa-rem, romelmac mogvianebiT nafic msajulTa winaSe bodi-Si moixada Tavisi diskriminaciuli Sexedulebebis gamoda aseve, dacvis mxares mieca SesaZlebloba am faqtze sa-pasuxo replika gaekeTebina.

winamdebare saqmeSi sadavo sityvebi ar Seeracxeba mosa-marTles an nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobas. Sesabamisad,ar arsebobs kiTxvebi sasamarTlos miukerZoeblobis Se-saxeb. kiTxvis niSnebi arsebobs prokuroris gancxadeba-Si, sadac man Sedareba moiyvana momCivnisa da Carlz di-kensis romanis, „oliver tvistis“ personaJs, fagins So-ris, da aseve, imaSi, Tu rogor gadawyvites pirveli instan-ciis da saapelacio sasamarTloebma aRniSnuli sakiTxi daramdenad iyo mimarTuli igi momCivnis samarTliani sasa-marTlo procesis uflebis SezRudvisken.

saqmis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem saapelacio sasamar-

25 Misha ELIAS v. The United Kingdom, #48905/99, ECHR 2001

56

Tlosgan da evropuli sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, uSu-alod moismina aRniSnuli sityvebi, magram miiCnia, rom eb-rauli warmoSobis gansasjelisTvis ganzrax Seuracxmyo-fel replikas zogadad SesaZloa mohyoloda nafic msa-julTa Semadgenlobis daTxovna, Tumca mosamarTlis Se-fasebiT, am SemTxvevaSi daTxovnis safuZveli ar iyo, rad-gan braldebis mxares braldebulis damcirebis ganzrax-va ar hqonia. evropuli sasamarTlo am SefasebaSi eTanxme-ba saqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTles. rogorc debatebis oq-midan irkveva, bralmdebelma sruli mniSvnelobiT ar ico-da ras niSnavda termini „faginis“ gamoyeneba ebrael bral-debulTan mimarTebaSi. saqmis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem,aseve, CaTvala, rom naklebad savaraudo iyo, aRniSnulgancxadebas gavlena moexdina nafic msajulTa Semadgen-lobaze.

momdevno sakiTxad saqmeze ganxiluli iqna bralmdebelismier mobodiSeba. bodiSis moxda maqsimalurad SesaZlebe-li xarisxiT xazs usvams, rom nebismieri Sedareba, racbralmdebelma moiyvana, ar Seadgens saqmis nawils. saape-lacio sasamarTlos winaSe, mosamarTle lordma, potermaukmayofileba gamoxata im sityvebis mimarT, romelicbralmdebelma warmosTqva. mosamarTlis SefasebiT, ar ar-sebobda realuri safrTxe, rom nafic msajulTa mTlianiSemadgenloba an romelime maTgan usamarTlod mopyro-bodnen braldebuls rasobrivi Sexedulebebis, tenden-ciurobis an prokuroris sityvebis gamo. aRniSnuli das-kvnebi naTlad asaxavs kiTxvis im nawils, romelze pasuxisgacemasac iTxovs momCivani evropuli sasamarTlosgan: ua-ri eTqva Tu ara momCivans „samarTlian sasamarTloze“bralmdebelis sityvebis gamo. aRniSnuli Sefasebebis fon-ze, romelsac sasamarTlo iziarebs, ar arsebobs damate-biT imis Semowmebis saWiroeba, SeeZlo Tu ara saapelaciosasamarTlos gamoesworebina pirveli instanciis mier daS-vebuli usamarTloba. winamdebare saqmeSi procesis samar-TlianobasTan dakavSirebiT saCivari saapelacio sasamar-TloSi momCivans ar warudgenia.

konvenciis me-6 muxlis safuZvelze, konvenciis me-14 mux-lTan erTobliobaSi winamdebare saCivarTan dakavSirebiT,

57

maSin, roca bralmdebelis replika SesaZloa aRqmuli yo-filiyo, bralmdeblis mxridan rogorc faruli diskri-minaciuli damokidebulebis gamovlineba, sasamarTlo mi-iCnevs, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebis qmedebaSi ar Sei-niSneboda am replikis gaziarebis niSnebi.

hornkastli da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefoswinaaRmdeg (Horncastle and others v. The United Kingdom)

mocemul saqmeSi26 evropulma sasamarTlom ar daadginadarRveva, radgan gardacvlili mowmis Cvenebis Sefase-basTan dakavSirebiT nafic msajulebs miRebuli hqondaTmosamarTlisgan saTanado miTiTeba. maT ganemartaT, romsifrTxiliT unda SeefasebinaT im mowmis Cvenebis sando-oba, romlis dakiTxvac gardacvalebis gamo ver Sedgebo-da. amasTan, gardacvlili mowmis Cveneba saqmeze gadam-wyveti mniSvnelobis ar yofila.

(§141) rac Seexeba p.r.-s mowmis Cvenebas, iyo Tu ara is saq-meSi erTaderTi da gadamwyveti, am SemTxvevaSi ev-ropuli sasamarTlosTvis amosaval wertils warmo-adgens erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. saq-mis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem, daskvniT sityvaSiaRniSna, rom braldeba damokidebuli iyo p.r.-s Cve-nebaze. saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoavlina p.r.-sCvenebisgan damoukidebeli arsebiTi mtkicebule-ba. Tumca, saqmis Semdegi garemoebebidan dgindeba_ saqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTlis Semajamebelisityvidan da im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom nafic-ma msajulebma specialurad saTaTbiro oTaxSi gas-vlis Semdeg iTxoves Cvenebis naxva _ rom Cveneba„damajerebeli xarisxiT“ warmoadgenda gamamtyune-beli verdiqtis miRebis safuZvels. simarTles See-sabameba is faqtic, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos Se-faseba Cvenebis „gadamwyveti“ bunebis Sesaxeb gakeT-da manamde, sanam didi palata daakonkretebda, romaRniSnuli termini unda ganimartos viwro gagebiT

26 Horncastle and others v. The United Kingdom, #4184/0, ECHR 2014

58

da sxva Tanmxlebi mamxilebeli mtkicebulebebis xa-risxis gaTvaliswinebiT. sadavoa, rom sxva mamxile-beli mtkicebulebebis Zala, kerZod ki, b-ni hornkas-tlisa da b-ni bleqmoris aRiareba, rom isini imyo-febodnen p.r-s sacxovrebel binaSi RamiT moparu-li sakuTrebis dabrunebis da maszed sisxlis kva-lis, samecniero samxilis mopovebis mizniT, aseve,Tavdasxmis adgilmdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT, mi-uTiTebda, rom saqmis Sedegobrivi TvalsazrisiTp.r.-s Cveneba ar iyo „gadamwyveti“ xasiaTis.

(§142) im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu vivaraudebT, rom p.r.-s saq-meze Cveneba miRebul iqna, rogorc „gadamwyveti“mniSvnelobis, evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, romarsebobda sakmarisi urTierTdamabalansebeli faq-torebi im sirTuleebis dasabalanseblad, romelicSesaZlebeli iyo gamowveuliyo amgvari mtkicebule-bis daSvebiT. garantiebi, romelsac kanonmdeblobaiTvaliswinebs, saTanadod iqna gamoyenebuli. ker-Zod ki, saqmis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem ganixilap.r.-s werilobiTi Cvenebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi miswakiTxvamde da detalurad ganmarta Cvenebis da-uSveblaze uaris Tmis mizezebi. mosamarTlem saWi-rod miiCnia nafici msajulebisTvis mieca mkafio mi-TiTeba mowmis werilobiTi Cvenebis SefasebasTan da-kavSirebiT. sxdomis Tavmjdomarem daskvniTi sit-yviT gamosvlisas nafic msajulebs saTanado wesisdacviT mkafiod miTiTebebi misca da gaafrTxilaisini, rom werilobiTi Cvenebis Sefasebisas sifrTxi-le unda gamoeCinaT da mosamarTlem xazi gausva dac-vis mxaresTan mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva SemzRudvelfaqtorebs, romeli dakavSirebuli iyo p.r.-s sasa-marTlo procesze aryofniT. miTiTebebs ar unda da-etovebinaT nafici msajulebisTvis eWvebi p.r.-s Cve-nebis SezRudvasTan da misi gaTvaliswinebis xaris-xTan dakavSirebiT. momCivnebs ar udaviaT, rom na-fic msajulTa Semadgenlobas araswori miTiTebebimisces. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom p.r.-s vinaoba, ro-melic anonimuria winamdebare gadawyvetilebis miz-

59

nebisaTvis, cnobili iyo momCivnisTvis. maT SeeZloTda warmoadgines kidec, mtkicebuleba imisaTvis,rom eWvqveS daeyenebinaT Cvenebis saimedooba dap.r.-s sandooba. p.r.-s saavadmyofoSi yofnis srulidetalebi maTTvis gasajarovda da maT p.r.-s weri-lobiTi Cveneba eWvqveS daayenes, misi alkoholismimarT damokidebulebis aRiarebiT, aseve imiT, romaRniSnul dRes is alkoholis zemoqmedebis qveS im-yofeboda da aRiarebda, rom misi mexsiereba „bun-dovani“ iyo. p.r.-s werilobiTi Cvenebis sxvadasxvagaremoebebi daadastura saqmeze arsebulma damou-kidebelma mtkicebulebam, momCivanTa aRiarebisCaTvliT, rom isini, d.-sTan erTad imyofebodnenp.r.-s binaSi, RamiT moparuli sakuTrebis dabrune-bis da maszed sisxlis kvalis, samecniero samxilismopovebis mizniT. dacvis mxares ar dauyenebia Su-amdgomloba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyve-tasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis safuZvelsac warmo-adgenda iribi Cveneba, Tu isini miuTiTebdnen, romCvenebis aradamajereblobidan gamomdinare nebis-mieri ganaCeni iqneboda arasando. amasTanave, mom-Civnebs hqondaT SesaZlebloba dacva gaemyarebinaTim faqtze apelirebiT, rom m. iyo moZalade. maT, ase-ve, miecaT SesaZlebloba detalurad warmoedginaTmtkicebulebis saxiT m.-s warsulSi nasamarTleobisdetalebi.

(§143) Sejamebisas, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom Tu mxedve-lobaSi miviRebT saqmeze warmodgenil sxva brale-ulobis damadasturebel mtkicebulebebs, erovnu-li kanonmdeblobis Sesabamis debulebebsa da saer-To sasamarTloebis praqtikas, nafic msajulTa Se-madgenlobas hqonda SesaZlebloba p.r.-s Cvenebissandooba samarTlianad da saTanadod SeefasebinaT.aqedan gamomdinare, evropulma sasamarTlom moce-mul saqmeSi konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli da me-same (d) paragrafebis darRveva ar daadgina.

60

mustafa kamali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Mustafa Kamal v. The United Kingdom)

mocemuli saCivari27 evropulma sasamarTlom dauSvebladcno. momCivani davobda, rom masmediis saSualebebiT saq-mis mudmivi gaSuqebebis gamo nafici msajulebi moeqcnenzegavlenis qveS, riTac SeizRuda misi samarTliani sasa-marTlos ufleba. evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom na-fic msajulebs miecaT mkafio miTiTeba, ar gaeTvaliswi-nebinaT mediaSi gaSuqebuli informacia verdiqtis miRe-bisas, rac saTanado garantias qmnida, rom verdiqti obi-eqturad iyo miRebuli.

(§37) momCivnis mTavar arguments warmoadgens saqmezemediis mxridan uaryofiTi rezonansi. misi mtkice-biT, SeuZlebeli iyo saqmis miukerZoeblad ganxil-va, radgan nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobaze auci-leblad moaxdenda zegavlenas 2001 wlis 11 seqtem-bris movvlenebi an mis reputaciaze mtruli mediapropaganda. evropulma sasamarTlom xazi gausva,rom tribunali, nafic msajulTa SemadgenlobisCaTvliT unda iyvnen miukerZoebelni, rogorc su-bieqturi, aseve obieqturi TvalsazrisiT. mosamar-Tle pirovnulad miukerZoeblad iTvleba manam, sa-nam amis sapirispiro ar damtkicdeba. igive Seexebanafic msajulebsac.

(§38) mimdinare saqmeSi sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom im na-fici msajulebis mimarT, romlebic mis saqmes gani-xilavdnen, subieqtur miukerZoeblobasTan dakav-Sirebuli arc erTi braldeba ar gamoTqmula. piri-qiT, rogorc saqmis ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem aR-niSna, 2006 wlis 7 Tebervals samarTalwarmoebis Se-Cerebaze uaris dros yvelaferi miuTiTebda imaze,rom nafici msajulebi ganixilavdnen maT winaSe war-modgenil mtkicebulebebs. rogorc saapelacio sa-samarTlom aRniSna, yuradRebis miRma ar unda dar-Ceniliyo is faqti, rom gamamarTlebeli verdiqti

27 Mustafa Kamal v. The United Kingdom, #31411/07, ECHR 2011

61

braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis garkveul pun-qtebs daubrunda da nafici msajulebis verdiqtSiaisaxa „racionaluri diferenciacia“ sust da Zlierpunqtebs Soris. nafici msajulebis verdiqti cxad-yofs, imisda miuxedavad, rom momCivani sawinaaRmde-gos amtkicebs, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebisSemdegac ki, jer kidev iyo SesaZlebeli momCivansaexsna Tavisi qmedebebi nafic msajulTa winaSe; aR-niSnulis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, nafici msaju-lebi mas braldebis zogierT epizodSi ver gaamar-Tlebdnen.

(§39) rac Seexeba nafici msajulebis obieqtur miukerZo-eblobas, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom arsebobs riski,sazogadoebaSi uaryofiTma rezonansma sasamarTloprocesis win nafic msajulebs winaswar uaryofiTiazri Camouyalibon, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesacmomCivnis SemTxvevaSi propaganda uwyveti da sen-saciuria. rogorc saapelacio sasamarTlos da sai-dumlo sabWos sasamarTlo komitetis precedentu-li samarTlidan Cans, gaerTianebuli samefos sasa-marTloebs kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli aRniSnuliriski. sasamarTlo iziarebs mosazrebas, rom samar-Tliani sasamarTlo procesis Catareba SesaZlebe-lia intensiuri uaryofiTi rezonansis Semdegac. de-mokratiis pirobebSi gardauvalia, rom rezonansul-ma saqmeebma ar miipyron mediis yuradReba. Tumca,es imas ar niSnavs, rom nebismieri media gamoxmaure-ba aucileblad zians ayenebs braldebulis samar-Tliani procesis uflebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-Si, rac ufro gaxmaurebuli iqneboda danaSauli,imis ufro naklebi albaToba iqneboda, rom gasamar-Tlebuliyvnen da damnaSaved ecnoT danaSaulis Cam-denebi. rogorc lordi houfi acxadebda, saqmeSi mon-tgomeri advokatis winaaRmdeg28 (Montgomery v. HM Ad-vocate) konvenciis me-6 muxlis mizans ar warmoadgenspasuxisgebaSi im pirebis micemisTvis xelis SeSla,

28 Montgomery v. HM Advocate; [2003] 1 AC 641

62

romlebsac danaSaulis CadenaSi edebaT brali. nacvladamisa, evropuli sasamarTlos midgoma mdgomareobs Sem-degSi: Seiswavlos, arsebobda Tu ara sakmarisi garantie-bi imisaTvis, rom samarTalwarmoeba mTlianobaSi warmar-Tuliyo samarTlianad. precedentuli samarTalis Tanax-mad, sasamarTlom unda moiTxovos nafic msajulTa miu-kerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT obieqturad dasabuTebu-li utyuari mtkicebulebebi, sanam Tu me-6 muxlis pirve-li paragrafis darRveva dadgindeba. sasamarTlo aRia-rebs, rom Seuracxmyofelma media kampaniam garkveul vi-TarebaSi SesaZloa Crdili miayenos sasamarTlo proce-sis samarTlianobas sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenis mox-denis gziT, da Sesabamisad, nafic msajulTa Semadgenlo-bazec, romlebic mowveulni arian, braldebulis braleu-lobis dasadgenad. Tumca, saqmeebis umravlesobaSi, sasa-marTlo procesis buneba, gansakuTrebiT ki saqmis gan-mxilveli mosamarTlis roli nafic msajulTa sasamar-Tlos xelmZRvanelobaSi unda uzrunvelyofdes samar-Talwarmoebis samarTlianad warmarTvas. garda amisa, am-gvari sagamonakliso garemoebebis Sefaseba SesaZleblo-ba ufro erovnul sasamarTlos aqvs vidre evropul sasa-marTlos. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebeliamaSin, rodesac inglissa da uelsSi sasamarTloebi sargeb-loben didi uflebamosilebiT imisaTvis, rom Tavidan ai-cilon sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobisas uaryofiTiinformaciis mediasaSualebebSi gaSuqeba. aucileblobisSemTxvevaSi, erovnul sasamarTloebs SeuZliaT SeaCeronsamarTalwarmoeba marTlmsajulebis interesebidan ga-momdinare. rogorc montgomeris saqmeSi iyo aRniSnuli,aseTi midgoma asaxavs ara mxolod gaerTianebuli samefossasamarTloebis praqtikas, aramed sisxlis samarTlis sis-temis gamocdilebas mTlianad saerTo samarTlis sfero-Si. sasamarTlos azriT, aRniSnuli praqtika pativiscemasimsaxurebs.

(§40) winamdebare saqmeSi, sxdomis Tavmjdomarem srul-yofili da mkafio miTiTeba misca nafic msajulTaSemadgenlobas, moexdinaT ugulebelyofa momCiv-nis misamarTiT gavrcelebul uaryofiT informaci-

63

as da aRniSnulis nacvlad yuradRebiT ganexilaTmaT winaSe warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi. nafic msa-julebs kidev erTi miTiTeba miecaT TaTbiris daw-yebis Semdegac. saapelacio sasamarTlom aRniSnu-li miTiTeba „frTxil da Wkvianur“ miTiTebad miiC-nia. evropuli sasamarTlo iziarebs Semdeg mosaz-rebas: nafic msajulTa kolegiisaTvis micemuli mi-TiTeba, rodesac saqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTleprocesis msvlelobisas medias aZlevs ganmeorebiTgafrTxilebas, warmoadgens sakmaris garantias, romgamoiricxos obieqturad dasabuTebuli an legiti-muri eWvi nafic msajulTa miukerZoeblobasTan da-kavSirebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo miiC-nevs, rom mocemul saqmeSi ar SeiniSneba konvenciisme-6 muxlis darRvevis niSnebi.

midltoni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Middleton v. United Kingdom)

momCivani29 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisiis winaSedavobda (erT-erTi moTxovna), rom mis saqmeze dairRvakonvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba. ker-Zod, momCivnis mtkicebiT,sagazeTo statiebSi mudmivadSuqdeboda mis saqmeze sasamarTlo procesis dros war-modgenili mtkicebulebebi, ramac misi SefasebiT, gavle-na iqonia nafic msajulebze mis winaaRmeg winaswar uaryo-fiTi azris CamoyalibebaSi.

sasamarTlo procesi SotlandiaSi daiwyo 1993 wlis 15marts. momCivnis interesebs icavda advokati. saqmezemtkicebulebaTa umetesi nawili warmoadgines samarTal-damcavi uwyebis TanamSromlebma. yoveli sasamarTlo gan-xilvis gamarTvis Semdeg, Sotlandiuri gamocema aqtiu-rad beWdavda informacias saqmeze warmodgenili mtkice-bulebebis Sesaxeb. momCivnis interesebis damcvelma sa-

29 Middleton v. United Kingdom, (dec), #23934/94, ECHR 1996

64

samarTlos winaSe daayena sakiTxi sagazeTo statiebis Se-saZlo uaryofiT gavlenaze nafic msajulebTan mimarTe-biT. 1993 wlis 17 marts sxdomis Tavmjdomarem SemdegimiTiTeba misca nafic msajulebs:

„Tqven gankargavT faqtebs da Tqvens funqcias warmoad-gens ganixiloT saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi warmodge-nil mtkicebulebebTan erTobliobaSi da gadawyvetilebamiiRoT swored am faqtebze dayrdnobiT. rodesac CvenvsaubrobT faqtebze, romlebic dasturdeba mtkicebu-lebebiT, Tqven valdebulni xarT saqme gadawyvitoTTqvens winaSe warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis gaTvalis-winebiT. Tqven unda ugulebelyoT nebismieri spekulacia,komentari, aseve, sagazeTo statia, Tu is waikiTxeT winadRes. ar dauSvaT moeqceT nebismieri msgavsi faqtoriszegavlenis qveS“.

mas Semdeg rac mosamarTlem Seajama procesi, nafici msa-julebi verdiqtis misaRebad gavidnen saTaTbiro oTaxSi10 saaTsa da 27 wuTze da gadawyvetilebiT dabrundnen 11saaTsa da 19 wuTze. naficma msajulebma gamamtyunebeliverdiqti erTxmad miiRes.

nafic msajulebze SesaZlo zegavlenasTan dakavSirebiT,komisia aRniSnavs, rom precedentuli samarTlis gaTva-liswinebiT, miukerZoeblobis dasadgenad unda Semowmdessubieqturi testi, mocemul saqmeSi konkretulma mosa-marTlem xom ar daafuZna msjavrdeba pirad mosazrebebs.zogadad, pirovnuli miukerZoebloba ivaraudeba manam, sa-nam sapirispiro ar damtkicdeba.

damatebiT, unda Semowmdes obieqturi testi. unda Sefas-des arsebobs Tu ara miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT,sakmarisi garantiebi legitimuri eWvebis gasafantad. ga-regnuli mxare raTqmaunda mniSvnelovania, gasaTvalis-winebelia, safrTxis qveS xom ar dgas ndoba, rac bralde-buls sisxlissamarTlebriv procesSi sasamarTlos mimarTunda hqondes, amasTan momCivnis SiSs miukerZoeblobas-Tan dakavSirebiT xom ar aqvs obieqturi gamarTleba.

65

ufro metic, zemoaRniSnuli principebi Tanabrad vrcel-deba TiToeul nafic msajulze, radgan isini arian faqte-bis Semfasebelni. aRsaniSnavia, rom gaerTianebul same-foSi saTaTbiro oTaxSi ganxilvas eswrebian mxolod na-fici msajulebi, isini ar asabuTeben TavianT gadawyveti-lebas, amavdroulad, Znelia ganisazRvros nafic msajul-Ta diskusiis Sinaarsi, aqedan gamomdinare, faqtiurad Se-uZlebelia warmoadgino mtkicebuleba erT an ramdenimenafic msajulTan mimarTebiT mikerZoebis eWvebis dasam-tkiceblad. amgvar SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebuli yurad-Reba unda mieqces arsebobs Tu ara nafic msajulTa miu-kerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad obieqturi garantiebi.

komisia aRniSnavs, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mkafio miTi-Tebis micema sakmarisi faqtoria, dadgindes nafic msa-julTa obieqturi miukerZoebloba.

mocemul saqmeSi, komisia Tvlis, rom ar arsebobs romeli-me nafici msajulis mxridan subieqturi mikerZoebis rai-me niSani. rac Seexeba, sagazeTo statiebis meSveobiT na-fic msajulebze zegavlenis moxdenasTan dakavSirebiTgancxadeblis SiSis obieqtur gamarTlebas, komisia aRniS-navs, rom saqmeze sasamarTlo ganxilva mimdinareobda sa-mi dRis ganmavlobaSi da sxdomis Tavmjdomares am perio-dis manZilze SesaZlebloba hqonda nafic msajulebTankomunikaciisas daefiqsirebina mikerZoebis riski. mas Sem-deg rac sxdomis TavmjdomarisTvis cnobili gaxda saga-zeTo statiebis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa nafic msajulebs mka-fio miTiTebiT. mosamarTlem miTiTebisas xazi gausva na-fic msajulTa valdebulebas, gadawyvetileba mieRoT sa-samarTloSi maT winaSe warmodgenili faqtebis safuZvel-ze da ugulebelyoT da ar moqceuliyvnen sxva nebismierifaqtoris, spekulaciis, komentaris an sagazeTi statie-bis zegavlenis qveS.

damatebiT, komisia aRniSnavs, rom momCivnis mier warmod-genili sagazeTo statiebi sakmaod mcire moculobisaa dais ubralod aRwers, Sefasebis gareSe, sasamarTlo ganxil-vebis periodSi warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs, sxvadasxvamowmis, maT Soris, momCivnis Cvenebebs.

66

zemoaRniSnuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisiam miiC-nia, rom momCivnis SiSi nafic msajulTa mikerZoebasTandakavSirebiT ar iyo obieqturad gamarTlebuli. aqedangamomdinare, komisiam saCivari am nawilSi dauSvebladscno.

kristianseni norvegiis winaaRmdeg(Kristianseni v. Norway)

evropulma sasamarTlom mocemul saqmeze30 darRveva da-adgina. momCivnis mtkicebiT, verdiqti gamoitana naficmsajulTa mikerZoebulma Semadgenlobam. kerZod, erT-er-Ti nafici msajuli warsulSi icnobda dazaralebuls, manamis Sesaxeb ganacxada sasamarTlo ganxilvisas da Tan da-zaralebuli daaxasiaTa mSvid pirovnebad. sasamarTlommxedvelobaSi miiRo gancxadebis gakeTebis dro da gan-cxadebis Sinaarsi da saqmeze darRveva daadgina.

(§52) rom mivubrundeT winamdebare saqmis konkretul ga-remoebebs, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom j. warsulSiicnobda q-n a-s da man ganacxada, rom ̀ Camouyalibdadazaralebulis mimarT azri mravali wlis win, ro-desac mas im droisaTvis wynar da mSvid pirovnebadicnobda“. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa mci-re nawili daeTanxma umravlesobis mosazrebas, romwarsuli urTierToba msxverplsa da j.-s Soris Ta-visTavad ver gamoiwvevda am ukanasknelis diskva-lifikacias. am TvalsazrisiT, umravlesoba miiCnevs,rom Tavad faqti, rom j.-s dazaralebuli dabadebisdRis wveulebebidan da klasis eqskursiebidan ic-nobda, TavisTavad ar miuTiTebs dazaralebulisidentificirebaze an sxva gziT j.-s miukerZoeblo-bis ndobis Sesustebas. igi moicavs araregularulurTierTobas da ara pirad nacnobobas, da aRniSnu-li urTierToba TariRdeba ramdenime wlis winande-li periodiT. dacvis mxaris advokatsac ar ganucxa-

30 Kristianseni v. Norway, #1176/10, ECHR 2015

67

debia uzenaesi sasamarTlos winaSe, rom aRniSnulisakmarisi safuZveli iyo diskvalifikaciisaTvis. sa-samarTlo ver xedavs raime safuZvels, rom sxvagva-rad ifiqros.

(§53) gacilebiT problematuria is faqti, rom j.-m q-ni awarmoaCina „wynar da mSvid pirovnebad“. aRniSnuli,rogorc misive sityvebidan irkveva, ar iyo ubralodSTabeWdileba, aramed misi „portreti“, romelic mas„Camouyalibda q-n a.-s imdroindeli nacnobobis „ga-mocdilebis“ safuZvelze. gamoTqmuli ar yofilamosazreba, rom j.-s gancxadeba, SesaZloa, gaegoT,rom aRniSnuli „portreti“ uaryofiTad Seicvalaganmcxadeblisa da q-n a.-s Cvenebis mosmenis Semdeg.piriqiT, mxareTa saerTo mosazrebaa, rom a.-s daxa-siaTebas uaryofiTi zegavlena ar mouxdenia, Tum-ca mosazrebebi gansxvavdeba misi Sinaarsisa da miu-kerZoeblobis sakiTxis Sefasebis mniSvnelobasTandakavSirebiT.

(§54) aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi, sasamarTlo mxedveloba-Si iRebs uzenaesi sasamarTlos umravlesobis mosaz-rebas, rom j.-s gancxadeba nakleb savaraudoa aR-qmuli yofiliyo, rogorc pirovnebis sandoobis Se-fasebis gamoxatva an Seeqmna misi identifikaciis anmis mimarT gansakuTrebuli simpaTiis STabeWdile-ba. umravlesobis azriT, aRniSnuli warmoadgendaneitraluri mniSvnelobis Sefasebas, bavSvis Seum-Cnevel qcevaze dakvirvebas. Tumca, dasaSvebia vin-mes am Sefasebis safuZvelze daeskvna, rom wynarigogona umizezod aseT aurzaurs ar gamoiwvevda,rac imaze miuTiTebda, rom a.-s tirili da sasowar-kveTileba avtomobiliT gaseirnebis Semdeg misi ga-upatiurebis mcdelobaze mianiSnebda. amavdrou-lad, umravlesobis SefasebiT, ar arsebobda amgva-ri daskvnis gakeTebis niSnebi da ar iyo saWiroebaraime wona miniWeboda am albaTobas.

(§55) umciresobis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom „wynarida mSvidi pirovnebis“ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gan-

68

marteba ar iyo uSualod dakavSirebuli sandoobisSefasebasTan, daxasiaTeba dadebiT konteqstSi iyowarmoTqmuli da, rodesac igi gamoiTqva, dazarale-bulis Cvenebis micemidan cota xnis Semdeg, j.-s mo-sazrebaze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleboda, sul mcire, aR-qmuli yofiliyo iseT pirovnebad, romelsac aur-zauris gamowveva ar SeeZlo da Sesabamisad, igi tyu-ilad ar daadanaSaulebda adamians gaupatiurebismcdelobaSi. j.-s azri, Tu rogorad aRiqvamda mas„im periodSi“ meorexarisxovania. es niuansia, rome-lic SesaZloa iolad ver SeamCnios adamianma, ro-melmac SemTxveviT gaigona gancxadeba, sadac, dro-is gaTvaliswinebiT, Zneli aRsaqmeli iqneboda, ro-gorc wamocdena a.-s axlandel xasiaTTan dakavSire-biT.

(§56) sasamarTlo ar miiCnevs saWirod, gansazRvros j.-smsjelobis zusti mniSvneloba, romelic bundovanida arazusti iyo, magram igi eTanxmeba umciresobas,rom gancxadebis gakeTebis momenti aucileblad ga-saTvaliswinebelia.

(§57) rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, aris is, rom esiyo SefasebiTi msjeloba, romelic asaxavda q-n a.-ze winaswarSeqmnil azrs. miuxedavad imisa, rom misigancxadebis Sinaarss da miukerZoeblobis sakiTxismniSvnelobas iolad SeiZleboda araerTgvarovaniSefaseba hqonoda, naTelia, rom igi ar iyo uaryofi-Ti. savsebiT gonivruli iqneboda varaudi, rom q-na.-sTan mimarTebaSi arsebobda garkveuli dadebiTikonotaciebi, romlebsac gavlenis moxdena SeeZloj.-s Sefasebaze da/an nafic msajulTa Semadgenlo-bis sxva wevrebze braldebulis sawinaaRmdegod. aR-niSnuli SesaZlebloba gamyarda im faqtiT, rom j.-mwarmoTqva SefasebiTi msjeloba, im dros, rodesacigi SeiZleboda aRqmuli yofiliyo, rogorc komen-tari an erTis mxriv reaqcia. q-n a.-s, da meores mxriv,ganmcxadeblis mier micemul zepir Cvenebebze. ase-ve sayuradReboa, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo ganmcxa-deblis versias daeyrdnoboda Tu dazaralebulis

69

versias sadavo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT damnaSa-ved cnobisas, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneboda.

(§58) aRniSnul viTarebaSi, sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom gan-mcxadeblis SiSs legitimuri safuZveli hqonda, romSesaZloa, j.-s winaswarSeqmnil azrs gavlenis mox-dena SeeZlo mis udanaSaulod an damnaSaved cnoba-ze.

(§59) garda amisa, drouli iyo, rom j.-s acilebis moTxov-na miukerZoeblobis safuZvelze ara mxolod dac-vis mxaris advokatma moiTxova, aramed a.-s damxmareadvokatmac dauWira mxari mis Suamdgomlobas daprokuroric gagebiT moekida Suamdgomlobas saku-Tari poziciis gamoxatvis gareSe. sasamarTlos mo-sazrebiT, rodesac arc erT sawinaaRmdego azri dakomentari calke gadamwyveti ar aris, erToblioba-Si ganxilvisas igi wamoadgens albaTobis mniSvnelo-bis indikators winamdebare saqmeSi.

(§60) Tumca, j.-s mier gakeTebuli gancxadebis Sinaarsisada misi gakeTebis momentis, aseve, misi q-n a.-sTanwarsuli nacnobobisa da j.-s nafic msajulTa Semad-genlobis wevrobasTan dakavSirebuli uaryofiTiazrisa da komentaris miuxedavad, romelic gakeT-da sasamarTlo procesis dros yvela mxaris kanoni-eri warmomadgenlis mxridan, umaRlesma sasamar-Tlom gadawyvita, rom igi nafic msajulTa Semad-genlobaSi darCeniliyo. Sedegad man ganagrZo saq-mis ganxilvaSi nafic msajulad monawileoba daswre-ba da misi acilebis sakiTxis xelaxla dayenebis ga-reSe. ar arsebobs informacia da arc sadavo gamxda-ra, rom sxdomis Tavmjdomarem misca miTiTeba na-fic msajulebs. magaliTad, mas nafici msajulebis-Tvis ganemarta, rom exelmZRvanelaT mxolod sasa-marTloze warmodgenil mtkicebulebiT da rom uf-leba ar hqondaT, maT verdiqtze sxva raime faqtorsmoexdina zegavlena. nafic msajulTa dadebiTi pa-suxis Semdeg gaupatiurebis braldebasTan dakavSi-rebiT (da sxva braldebebzec), j.-m monawileoba mi-

70

iRo im SemadgenlobaSic, romelic gansazRvravdasasjels da Sedgeboda (kenWisyris safuZvelze Ser-Ceuli) profesionali mosamarTleebisa da naficimsajulebisagan.

(§61) zemoxsenebuli faqtorebis kumulaciurad gaTva-liswinebiT, rogoricaa _ gancxadebis Sinaarsi, misigakeTebis momenti, gadawyvetileba j. ar daeTxovaTnafic msajulTa Semadgenlobidan da nafic msajul-TaTvis saTanado miTiTebis miucemloba _ iZleodaumaRlesi sasamarTlos miukerZoeblobis eWvis qveSdayenebis dasabuTebul safuZvels. aRniSnuli xar-vezis Semcireba SeuZlebeli iqneboda nebismieridacvis saSualebiT, romelzec mTavroba miuTiTeb-da.

abdula ali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Abdulla Ali v. United Kingdom)

momCivani31 evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe davobda, romuaryofiTi media propagandis gamo, mis saqmeze dairRvakonvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba.

kerZod, momCivnis mtkicebiT farTo uaryofiTi media ga-Suqebis gamo mis winaaRmdeg mimdinare samarTalwarmoebaarasamarTliani iyo. momCivani braldebuli iyo teroris-tul SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis miRebaSi, Txevadi bom-bis gamoyenebiT aefeTqebina TviTmfrinavi. pirvel sasa-marTlo process farTo media gamoxmaureba mohyva, maTSoris, gaSuqda dokumentebi, romlebic nafic msajulTawinaSe ar yofila warmodgenili. sabolood, momCivani dam-naSaved cnes mkvlelobis SeTqmulebaSi. SemdgomSi, brZa-neba gaica saqmis xelaxali ganxilvis Taobaze mkvlelo-bis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis ufro konkretul bral-debaze, kerZod, Sua frenis dros TviTmfrinavSi asafeT-qebeli mowyobilobebis meSveobiT mkvlelobis ganxorci-

31 Abdulla Ali v. United Kingdom, #30971/12, ECHR 2015

71

elebaSi (aRniSnul braldebasTan mimarTebiT, pirvel sa-samarTlo procesze nafic msajulebma verdiqti ver mii-Res). momCivani davobda, rom uaryofiTi sajaro gamoxma-urebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqmis gadasinjva ver iqnebodasamarTliani. misi argumenti ar gaiziara saqmis xelmeo-red ganmxilvelma mosamarTlem da aplikanti damnaSavedcno. mas sasjelis saxiT samudamo patimroba miesaja, Ta-visuflebis aRkveTis ormocwliani minimaluri vadiT.

evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-6muxlis 1-li paragrafi ar darRveula. strasburgis sasa-marTlom daaskvna, rom uaryofiT sajaro gamoxmaurebasnafic msajulebze iseTi gavlena ar hqonia, rom winaswaremoqmeda samarTalwarmoebis Sedegze da momCivans saqmisganxilva arasamarTlianad mieCnia. evropulma sasamar-Tlom SeniSna, rom uaryofiTi sajaro gamoxmaurebis Sem-TxvevaSi samarTliani sasamarTlos uzrunvelyofasTandakavSirebiT gaerTianebul samefoSi moqmedi samarTleb-rivi CarCo iTvaliswinebda saTanado miTiTebebs saqmis xe-laxla ganmxilveli mosamarTlisaTvis. evrosasamarTlomdaadgina, rom mosamarTlis mier miRebuli zomebi sakma-risi iyo. amrigad, sasamarTlo ganixilavda, gavida Tu arasakmarisi dro, raTa saqmis gadasinjvis dawyebamde winas-war azris Semqmneli cnobebi warsuls miscemoda. stras-burgis sasamarTlo acnobierebda nafic msajulebisTvismiukerZoeblobis Taobaze miTiTebis micemis, agreTve,saqmis mxolod sasamarTlos winaSe warmodgenil mtkice-bulebebze dayrdnobiT gadawyvetis mniSvnelobas. mog-vianebiT mosamarTlem gasca morigi, naTeli miTiTebebi,rac momCivans ar gausaCivrebia. is faqti, rom SemdgomSinafic msajulebma saqmeSi monawile mraval braldebul-Tan mimarTebiT gansxvavebuli verdiqti gamoitanes, am-yarebda mosamarTlis daskvnas, rom nafic msajulebi icav-dnen instruqciebs, rom saqme samarTlianad unda gadaew-yvitaT mxolod sasamarTlos winaSe warmodgenili mtki-cebulebis safuZvelze.

(§68) sasamarTlos uwyebaze reagirebis Semdeg, nafic msa-julebs egzavnebaT broSura saxelwodebiT „saxel-mZRvanelo wesebi nafic msajulTa movaleobis Se-

72

saxeb“. broSuraSi ganmartebulia, rom nafic msa-julTa TaTbiris Sinaarsi saidumloa da nafic msa-julebs ekrZalebaT ganixilon saqmesTan dakavSire-buli sakiTxebi vinmesTan, garda kolega nafici msa-julebisa. miTiTebis Tanaxmad, verdiqti unda mii-Ron mxolod naficma msajulebma da maTi valdebu-lebaa gadawyvetileba daafuZnon saqmeze warmod-genil mtkicebulebebs. broSuraSi aseve xazgasmu-lia, rom nafic msajulze nebismieri saxis zewolaan zegavlenis moxdenis mcdeloba isjeba kanoniT.

(§69) mas Semdeg rac formirdeba nafic msajulTa Semad-genloba, isini deben fics.

(§87) kritikulma media kampaniam SeiZleba uaryofiTi gav-lena moaxdinos samarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilva-ze sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenis gziT da Sede-gad, naficma msajulebma SesaZlebelia miiRon gamam-tyunebeli verdiqti. am SemTxvevaSi safrTxis qveSdgeba konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafisgaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlos miukerZoebloba dakonvenciis me-6 muxlis me-2 paragrafidan gamomdi-nare, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis dacva. Tu sasa-marTlo process Tan axlavs kritikulia media kam-pania, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba ara bralde-bulis subieqtur SiSs mikerZoebasTan dakavSire-biT, aramed gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi saqmis gare-moebebidan gamomdinare, Tu ramdenad obieqturadgamarTlebuli SeiZleba iyos amgvari SiSi.

(§88) evropulma sasamarTlom udanaSaulobis prezumfci-asTan da uaryofiT media kampaniasTan dakavSirebiTsamarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis WrilSi warsul-Si araerTi sakiTxi mimoixila. precedentuli samar-Tlis gaTvaliswinebiT, naklebad sadavo xdeba sis-xlissamarTlebriv saqmeze konvenciis me-6 muxlisdarRveva am konteqstSi, rodesac saqmes ixilavsprofesionali mosamarTle, romelic miiCneva, romnaklebad eqvemdebareba gare zewolas profesiulitreiningebidan da gamocdilebidan gamomdinare.

73

(§89) nafic msajulTa saqmeebze, kritikulia media kam-paniis, winaswari ganwyobis Semqmneli komentarebi-sa da sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis dawyebas Soris Tugasulia Sesabamisi periodi, amasTan, Tu nafic msa-julebs miecaT Sesabamisi miTiTebebi _ aRniSnuligaremoebebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom gamoiricxosSiSi mikerZoebasTan dakavSirebiT. konkretul Sem-TxvevaSi, sadavo sagazeTo statiebi qveyndeboda imdros, rodesac momaval nafic msajulTa kandida-tebs arc ki hqondaT molodini, rom CaerTvebodnensasamarTlo ganxilvaSi, Sesabamisad, naklebad war-mosadgenia, nafic msajulebs gazeTis gamoqveyne-bis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaemaxvilebi-naT statiaSi moyvanil detalebze. amgavr SemTxve-vebSi, nafic msajulebisTvis miTiTebis micema, rommaT unda ugulebelyon sasamarTlos miRma gavrce-lebuli informacia, uzrunvelyofs agresiuli me-dia kampaniis pirobebSic ki, sasamarTlo ganxilvissamarTlianad warmarTvas. xazgasmiT unda aRiniS-nos, rom mizanSewonilia vivaraudoT, rom naficimsajulebi zedmiwevni daicaven mosamarTlis miermicemul miTiTebebs, sanam am varaudis sapirispiromtkicebulebebi ar iqneba warmodgenili.

(§90) agresiul media kampaniasTan dakavSirebiT sxva saq-meebSi, sasamarTlom Seafasa amgvari publikaciebisSinaarsi xom ar iyo miwodebuli Sesabamisi uwyebe-bis mxridan an xom ar warmoSobda maT pasuxismgeb-lobas. (ix. saqme suTiagini ruseTis winaaRmdeg(Sutyagin v. Russia) (ganCineba), #30024/02, ECHR 2008).mniSvnelovania xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom Tu winas-wari ganwyobis Semqmneli faqtebi miwodebulia Se-sabamisi uwyebebis mxridan mikerZoebulobasTan da-kavSirebiT SekiTxva SeiZleba relevanturad warmo-iSvas imdenad, ramdenadac mkiTxvelma amgvari in-formacia wyaros gaTvaliswinebiT ufro damajereb-lad SeiZleba aRiqvas. SekiTxva Tu ramdenad imoq-medes sajaro moxeleebma braldebulis sawinaaR-mdegod winaswar azris formirebaze, unda iqnas gan-

74

xiluli calke sakiTxad, konvenciis me-6 muxlis me-2 paragrafidan gamomdinare, udanaSaulobis pre-zumfciis WrilSi. amgvar SemTxvevaSi orientiri un-da gakeTdes sajaro moxelis qmedebebze da ara zo-gadad tribunalis moukerZoeblobaze. Sesabamisad,gamoqveynebuli informaciis damajereblobis Sesa-faseblad, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, magaliTad,xangrZlivi periodis gasvlas an nafic msajulTa mka-fio miTiTebebs, mivalT daskvnamde, rom saqmis gan-xilva warimarTa samarTlianad miukerZoebeli tri-bunalis mier. konkretulad ki, mxolod varaudiimasTan dakavSirebiT, rom winaswari ganwyobis Sem-qmneli informacia Sesabamisma uwyebebma ganzrax ga-avrceles da miznad isaxvda saqmis samarTliani gan-xilvisTvis xelis SeSlas ar aris sakmarisi dadgin-des, rom amgvari informaciis gavrcelebiT sasamar-Tlo zegavlenis qveS moeqca.

svinarenko da sliadnevi ruseTis winaaRmdeg(Svinarenko and Slyadnev v. Russia)

mocemul saqmeSi32 momCivnebi davobdnen (erT-erTi moT-xovna), rom sasamarTlo procesis dros rkinis gisosebSimaTi ganTavsebiT dairRva konvenciis me-3 muxli (wamebisakrZalva).

(§127) sasamarTlo iziarebs mTavrobis arguments, rom sa-samarTlo sxdomis darbazSi wesrigisa da usafrTxo-ebis dacva erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiT-xia da ganixileba, rogorc marTlmsajulebis saTa-nadod ganxorcielebis ganuyofel aspeqtad. sasa-marTlos Sefasebis sagans ar warmoadgens imsjelossasamarTlo darbazis arqiteqturaze an braldebu-lis fizikuri SezRudvis konkretul zomebze. miu-xedavad amisa, sasamarTlo darbazSi wesrigisa dausafrTxoebis dasacavad gamoyenebuli unda iqnas

32 Svinarenko and Slyadnev v. Russia, [GC], #32541/08, 43441/08, ECHR 2014

75

iseTi zomebi, romlis simZime da xasiaTi ar moeqce-va konvenciis me-3 muxlis farglebSi. sasamarTlomaraerTxel aRniSna, rom konvenciis me-3 muxli ab-soliturad krZalavas wamebas, araadamianur an Rir-sebis Semlaxvel moprobas an dasjas. am uflebisdarRvevas ar SeiZleba hqondes legitimuri gamar-Tleba.

(§129) am mxriv sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs, rom gan-mcxadebelTa saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobda 12 na-fici msajuli, 2 saTadarigo msajuli da sxdomis Tav-mjdomare. aseve, sasamarTlo process eswrebodnensxva monawileebic, mowmeTa didi raodenoba -70 mow-meze meti daikiTxa procesze _ nafic msajulTa kan-didatebi, romlebic sasamarTloSi gamocxadnen si-aSi Seyvanis procedurebTan dakavSirebiT. sasamar-Tlo, agreTve, iTvaliswinebs im faqtsac, rom sasa-marTlo sxdomebi imarTeboda sajaro wesiT. sasamar-Tlos SefasebiT, momCivanTa warmoCena rkinis giso-sebSi uaryofiTad imoqmedebda sazogadoebaze dabraldebulebSi warmoSobda damamcirebel, Rirse-bis Semlaxvel grZnobebs, SiSs, ususurobas, aras-rulfasovnebasa da sxva negatiur SegrZnebebs.

(§133) sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom momCivnebs hqondaT obi-eqturad gamarTlebuli SiSi imasTan dakavSirebiT,rom procesis dros maTi rkinis gisosebSi ganTavse-ba garkveulwilad uaryofiTad imoqmedebda mosa-marTleebze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas maTi sis-xlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisdros. negatiuri Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas gana-pirobebda is faqti, rom braldebulTa maRali sa-SiSroebis gamo saWiro iyo fizikuri SezRudvis uki-duresi formis gamoyeneba, rac Tavis mxriv arRvev-da udanaSaulobis prezumfcias. rkinis gisosebSiganTavseba braldebulebSi gamoiwvevda SfoTvasa dastress, mosalodneli sasjelis simkacridan gamom-dinare.

76

Tvomi, qameroni da guTri gaerTianebulisamefos winaaRmdeg(Twomey, Cameron and Guthrie v. The United Kingdom)

mocemuli saCivari33 evropulma sasamarTlom dauSvebladcno. saqme Seexeboda mosamarTlisaTvis sisxlis samarTliskanonmdeblobiT miniWebul uflebamosilebas daeTxovaTnafic msajulTa Semadgenloba, Tu nafici msajuli moeq-ceoda zegavlenis qveS. sakanonmdeblo danawesi nebasrTavda mosamarTles Tu nafic msajulze zegavlenis faq-ti namdvilad dadgindeboda, gaegrZelebina saqmis ganxil-va misi monawileobis gareSe, Tu aRniSnuli uzrunvelyof-da braldebulisTvis samarTlianobis dacvas.

pirveli da meore momCivani mosamarTlem damnaSaved cnoyaCaRobis braldebaSi, mas Semdeg rac Tavdapirvelma mo-samarTlem miiRo gadawyvetileba nafic msajulze zegav-lenis moxdenis seriozuli mcdelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,saqmis ganxilvas CamoSorebuliyo nafic msajulTa Semad-genloba. dacvis mxarisTvis ucnobi iyo, Tu ris safuZvel-ze miiRo sxdomis Tavmjdomarem amgvari gadawyvetileba,Tumca braldebulTa interesebis damcvelebs hqondaT Se-saZlebloba warmoedginaT TavianTi mosazrebebi naficmsajulTa daTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT. saapelacio sasa-marTlom mogvianebiT daadgina, rom saqme unda ganexilamxolod mosamarTles nafic msajulTa monawileobis ga-reSe, radgan arsebobda nafic msajulze zegavlenis mox-denis mniSvnelovani safrTxe.

mesame momCivnis saqme sxvagvar proceduras ukavSirde-boda. is damnaSaved cnes sam TanamzraxvelTan erTad TaR-liTobis braldebaSi, mas Semdeg rac sxdomis Tavmjdoma-rem SesaZlo zegavlenis gaTvaliswinebiT daiTxova naficmsajulTa Semadgenloba da saqme ganixila damoukideb-lad. dacvis mxares ar miewoda informacia SesaZlo zegav-lenis faqtebze, maT mxolod ecnobaT savaraudo zegav-lenis xasiaTi da miecaT SesaZlebloba saapelacio sasa-

33 Twomey, Cameron and Guthrie v. The United Kingdom (dec.), #67319/09;#22226/12, ECHR 2013

77

marTloSi gaesaCivrebinaT mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba.Sualeduri gasaCivrebis etapze, saapelacio sasamarTlomZalaSi datova mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba, sasamarTlomaRniSna, rom mis mier ganxiluli detalebi sajaro inte-resis imunitetis principis mixedviT ar unda gamJRavne-buliyo dacvis mxarisaTvis, amasTan braldebulebisTvismicemuli zogadi mtkicebuleba naTlad aRwerda gaum-JRavnebeli informaciis efeqts da saqmis masalebze day-rdnobiT, sasamarTlos SefasebiT, ar arsebobda saqmis Sem-dgom ganxilvaSi mosamarTlis acilebis safuZveli.

evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe momCivnebi davobdnen, rommaT ar ganemartaT nafic msajulTa daTxovnis safuZve-li. mesame momCivani aseve miuTiTebda, rom saqmis ganmxil-veli mosamarTle ver iqneboda miukerZoebeli saqmis Se-degis mimarT, radgan misTvis cnobili iyo nafic msajul-ze zegavlenis moxdenis damadasturebeli gauxmaurebe-li mtkicebuleba.

rac Seexeba momCivanTa moTxovnas, rom nafic msajulTaSemadgenlobis daTxovna moxda maTTvis ucnobi safuZ-vliT, aRsaniSnavia, rom gaumJRavnebeli informacia arexeboda braldebulTa udanaSaulobas an braleulobas,is warmoadgenda calke Sefasebis sagans, Tu ramdenad iyokomunikaciis mcdeloba erT-erT nafic msajulTan. mtki-cebuleba warmoadgina prokuraturam da exeboda proce-sualur sakiTxs, unda momxdariyo Tu ara aRniSnulis sa-fuZvelze nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis daTxovna dasaqmis ganxilva unda gaegrZelebina Tu ara mxolod mosa-marTles. dacvis mxarisaTvis adeqvaturi garantiebis Se-fasebisas, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom safrTxis qveS iyo sa-marTalwarmoebis forma, vidre gamarTleba an msjavrde-ba, romelic ufro mniSvnelovania. orive SemTxvevaSi,dacvis mxares hqonda SesaZlebloba warmoedginaT Tavi-anTi mosazrebebi nafic msajulTa daTxovnasTan da maTimonawileobis gareSe sasamarTlo procesis samarTlianadgagrZelebasTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlos SefasebiT,dacvis mxares hqonda sakmarisi garantiebi, amasTan, sasa-marTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs erTis mxriv im faqts, romarsebobda mniSvnelovani sazgodoebrivi interesis sa-

78

fuZveli, ris gamoc ar gamJRavnda Sesabamisi informacia,meores mxriv, gadasawyveti iyo, saqmis ganxilva unda ga-egrZelebina mosamarTles mxolod Tu nafic msajulTa mo-nawileobiT. sasamarTlo ganxilvis orive forma TanabradSeesabameboda konvenciis me-6 muxls. miuxedavad imisa,rom kanonmdebloba calsaxad ar gansazRvravda garemoe-bebs, ris SemTxvevaSic ar unda gamJRavnebuliyo infor-macia dacvis mxarisaTvis nafic msajulze SesaZlo zegav-lenasTan dakavSirebiT,aRniSnuli dacvis mxarisTvis usa-marTlobas ar warmoSobda, radgan kanonmdeblobiT mka-fiod dadgenili iyo informaciis kategoriebi, romlebiceqceoda sajaro interesis imunitetis farglebSi.

sasamarTlo ar iziarebs mesame momCivnis arguments, imas-Tan dakavSirebiT, rom saqme ganixila mikerZoebulma mo-samarTlem. saqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTles ar unaxavs ga-uxmaurebeli informacia, romelic exeboda braldebiserT-erT elements. amasTan, rogorc gamocdili mosamar-Tle sisxlis samarTlis specializaciiT, is kargad acno-bierebda, rom braldebis dasadgenad saWiroa arsebulimtkicebulebebi akmayofilebdnen gonivruli eWvis stan-darts. sakanonmdeblo debulebebi mocemul SemTxvevaSiemsaxureboda marTlmsajulebis interess, ramdenadacsisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi braldebulebs ar hqono-daT SesaZlebloba nafic msajulebze zegavlenis moxde-nis mcdelobiT Tavi aeridebinaT marTlmsajulebisTvis.nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis daTxovnis Semdeg, saqmeunda ganexila Tavdapirvel mosamarTles Tu saqme xelax-la unda ganexila axal mosamarTles, rogorc es moxda pir-veli da meore momCivnebis SemTxvevaSi, nebismier SemTxve-vaSi mosamarTles unda scodnoda, rom saqmis wina etapzearsebobda nafic msajulze SesaZlo zegavlenis damadas-turebeli seriozuli mtkicebuleba. aqedan gamomdinare,sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom momCivanTa moTxovna winaswaruaryofiTi azris CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT iyo usa-fuZvlo da ufro metic, garkveulwilad gamarTlebulisajaro interesis gaTvaliswinebiT.

79

nafic msajulTa monawileobiT saqmisganxilvis „gonivruli vada“

samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivobasTan dakavSirebiT evro-puli sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs, arsebobs Tu ara erov-nul doneze saqmis ganxilvis „gonivruli vadis“ dacvismeqanizmebi. aRniSnuli sakiTxi ganxilulia qvemoT war-modgenil saqmeebSi.

henvorTi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg(Henworth v. The United Kingdom)

momCivani, romelsac miesaja uvado patimroba, evropulisasamarTlos winaSe davobda konvenciis me-6 muxlis pir-veli paragrafis (samarTliani procesis ufleba gonivrulvadaSi) darRvevis Taobaze34.

(§24) sasamarTlo Segvaxsenebs, rom samarTalwarmoebisxangrZlivobis gonivruloba unda Sefasdes saqmisviTarebidan gamomdinare da mxedvelobaSi unda iq-nes miRebuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-TliT gaTvaliswinebuli kriteriumebi, kerZod saq-mis kompleqsuroba, momCivnis da Sesabamisi organo-ebis moqmedeba da ra riskebis winaSe SeiZleba dad-ges momCivani sadavo saqmeSi samarTalwarmoebisas.

(§25) eWvgareSea, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulida samudamo patimrobis verdiqti, momCivnisTvismniSvnelovani rolis matarebelia.

(§26) rac Seexeba samarTalwarmoebis kompleqsurobas,xelisuflebam miuTiTa araerT mowmeze, bralis se-riozulobasa da mkvlelobis sisastikeze, rogorckompleqsurobis maCvenebelze. aqedan gamomdinare,gasakviri ar aris, rom saqmes Tan axlda garkveulisirTuleebi. marTalia momCivanma aRiara, rom bral-debis simZime mniSvnelovani faqtoria, magram samar-

34 Henworth v. The United Kingdom, #515/02, ECHR 2005

80

Talwarmoeba mkvlelobis saqmeze SedarebiT marti-vi iyo.

(§27) xelisufleba, aseve eyrdnoboda procesualur kon-teqsts, ramdenadac isini amtkicebdnen, rom didialbaTobiT profesional mosamarTleTa Semadgen-loba ufro daeTanxmeboda, vidre nafici msajulTaSemadgenloba. maT ver daasabuTes es mtkiceba, Tum-ca aRniSnuli ar aTavisuflebda saxelmwifos pasu-xismgeblobisagan Tavisi sasamarTlo sistema ise mo-ewyoT, rom uzrunvelyofiliyo misi SesabamisobakonvenciasTan, rogorc es momCivanma aRniSna.

(§28) sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom periodi momCivnis pirve-li braldebidan _ 1996 wlis ivlisidan 1998 wlis Te-bervlis saapelacio gadawyvetilebamde _ romelicdaaxloebiT 19 Tves Seadgens, zedmetad xangrZli-via raime konkretuli axsna-ganmartebis ararsebo-bis pirobebSi. mTavrobam ver warmoadgina realuriaxsna-ganmarteba saqmis gaWianurebasTan dakavSire-biT. garda imisa, rom gaWianureba momCivnis mier sa-apelacio ganacxadis ori Tvis dagvianebiT SetaniTaixsneboda. Tumca, aRniSnulis garda mainc arsebobs17-Tviani gauTvaliswinebeli periodi.

(§29) SesaZloa ar yofiliyo sadavo is xuT Tviani perio-di, 1998 wlis Tebervalidan rodesac gauqmda bral-deba 1998 wlis ivlisamde, momCivnis pirvel ganmeo-rebiT sasamarTlo procesamde, magram amis Semdgomiyo 12-Tviani Seferxeba saqmis xelaxal gadasinjvam-de, romelic problemis umTavres nawils warmoad-genda. xelisuflebam aRniSna, rom eqvsTviani Sefer-xeba, 1999 wlis ianvarsa da ivliss Soris momCivnisadvokatis aryofniT aixsneboda. Tumca momCivaniacxadebda, rom aRniSnul sakiTxs igi ver gaakontro-lebda, magram aRniSnuli mizeziT saqmis gaWianure-ba mainc momCivans unda mieweros da ara mopasuxesaxelmwifos. darCenili eqvsTviani periodi, rome-lic saxelmwifos mizeziT gaWianurda, TavisTavadar warmoadgenda zedmetad xangrZliv dros. aseve,

81

xanmokle gaWianureba warumatebel saqmis gadasin-jvasa da saboloo sasamarTlo process Soris mom-Civans miewereboda. rogorc Cans, is 16-Tviani peri-odic momCivnis 1999 wlis seqtembris ganaCenidan2001 wlis ianvris saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyve-tilebamde, zedmetad xangrZlivi ar iyo. Tumca, sa-samarTlo miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos im droisaTvisekisreboda pasuxismgebloba samarTalwarmoeba gan-sakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT waremarTa. momCivani aramarto patimrobaSi imyofeboda, aramed samefo sa-samarTlom gadawyvita saqmis gadasinjva da amgvarviTarebaSi, xelisuflebisTvis valdebulebas war-moadgenda nebismieri saqmis gaWianurebis minimumam-de dayvanis uzrunveleyofa. simarTles Seesabame-ba is faqti, rom arsebobda sazogadoebrivi intere-si, Tu rogor gadawyvetda saqmes nafic msajulTaSemadgenloba, wauyenebdnen Tu ara brals momCi-vans, aseve daintereseba iyo saTanado marTlmsaju-lebis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiTac, gansakuT-rebiT roca seriozuli danaSauli iyo Cadenili. Tum-ca, es ar amcirebs samarTalwarmoebisas gansakuT-rebuli Zalisxmevis gamoCenis saWiroebas.

(§30) mxareebi amjerad Tanxmdebian, rom momCivanma saa-pelacio saCivari waradgina 1999 wlis 29 oqtombers,msjavris dadebidan da damnaSaved cnobidan erTTveze cota meti xnis Semdeg. Tumca, 2001 wlis 19ianvramde saapelacio sasamarTlom SeaCera misi gan-xilva 14 Tvis da 20 dRis vadiT. samarTalwarmoebisdaskvniT periodSi, romelic lordTa palataSi wa-rimarTa, gaumarTlebel gaWianurebas adgili ar hqo-nia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT daaxloebiT er-TTvian periods, romelic momCivans miewereboda.

(§31) amgvarad, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom miuxedavad imi-sa, rom ar arsebobs umoqmedobis gansakuTrebuladxangrZlivi periodi, arsebobs araerTi gaWianureba,romelic saqmis gadasinjvasTan erTad aRebuli,1998 wlis ivlisis Semdeg, naTlad gvaCvenebs, romsamarTalwarmoeba saWiro tempiT ar warimarTa da

82

ver daakmayofila moTxovna gonivrul vadasTan da-kavSirebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, adgili hqonda kon-venciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRvevas.

griSini ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Grishin v. Russia)

mocemul saqmeSi35 momCivani amtkicebda (erT-erTi moT-xovna), rom sasamarTlo procesis xangrZlivoba ar Seesa-bameboda konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli paragrafiT dad-genil „gonivruli vadis“ moTxovnas.

(§168) periodi, romelsac exeba winamdebare saCivari, iw-yeba 2002 wlis 24 seqtembridan, rodesac momCivanieWvmitanilis statusiT dakiTxes saqmeze, 2009 wlis23 ivlisamde, rodesac ganaCeni ZalaSi datova saa-pelacio sasamarTlom. saqmis ganxilvis vadam or in-stanciaSi Seadgina 6 weli da 10 Tve.

(§170) sasamarTlo Segvaxsenebs, rom samarTalwarmoebisganxilvis xangrZlivi vadis gonivruloba unda Se-fasdes saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare da mxed-velobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli sasamarTlos prece-dentuli samarTliT damkvidrebuli standartebi,kerZod ki, saqmis kompleqsuroba da momCivnisa daSesabamisi organoebis moqmedebebi.

(§171) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom saqme sakmaod kopleq-suria. igi Sedgeba mZime danaSaulis 10-ze meti epi-zodisgan, romlisTvisac braldebulia 4 piri. saqmemoicavda 70 msxverplsa da TviTmxilvels, romel-Ta umetesi nawilic cxovrobda magadadan, sadac sa-samarTlo procesebi imarTeboda 500 km-iT moSore-biT. saqmeze saeqsperto daskvnisTvis mowveul iqnaaraerTi eqsperti, romlebic aseve daikiTxnen sasa-marTlo procesze.

(§172) saqmeze winaswari gamoZieba mimdinareobda 11 TvismanZilze. am periodSi, daaxloebiT Tve naxevari mom-

35 Grishin v. Russia, #14807/08, ECHR 2012

83

Civani emaleboda sagamoZiebo uwyebas, man daarRviauwyebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamocxadebisa da sac-xovrebeli adgilis Secvlis Sesaxeb informirebisvaldebuleba. amasTan erTi Tve da 23 dRe momCivaniimyofeboda saavadmyofoSi. 8 damoukidebeli eq-spertis daskvnis Tanaxmad, am dReebidan mxolod 7dRe SeiZleba gamarTlebuliyo saTanado samedici-no safuZvliT, danarCen SemTxvevaSi, eqspertTa mo-sazrebiT, momCivans SeeZlo monawileoba mieRo sa-gamoZiebo moqmedebebSi. momCivnis winaswar patmro-baSi ayvanis Semdeg gamoZieba warimarTa gaWianure-bis gareSe, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT 2003 wlis 23 ma-isidan 14 agvistos periods, rodesac momCivanma gan-zrax gaaWianura saqmis ganxilva.

(§173) momCivanma da sxva braldebulebma, romlebsac war-moadgendnen advokatebi, iTxoves saqmis nafic msa-julTa monawileobiT ganxilva. nafic msajulTa sa-samarTlos samjer dasWirda saqmis ganxilva, rad-gan magadanis raionuli sasamarTlos ganaCeni ruse-Tis federaciis uzenaesma sasamarTlom orjer gaa-uqma.

(§174) pirvel SemTxvevaSi raionuli sasamarTlos dasWir-da 9 Tve nafic msajulTa monawileobiT saqmis gan-saxilvelad da ganaCenis misaRebad, ris safuZvel-zec momCivani gaTavisuflda. am periodis manZilzesasamarTlo procesi gadaido 4 kviriT momCivnis Su-amdgomlobis safuZvelze da 2 kviriT, erT-erTidacvis advokatis gamoucxadeblobis safuZvliT.uzenaes sasamarTlos dasWirda 6 Tve saqmis saape-lacio wesiT ganxilvisas.

(§175) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom zemoaRniSnul SemTxve-vebSi saqmis ganxilvis gaWianureba ar momxdara Se-sabamisi uwyebebis mxridan, saqmis TveobiT gadade-bisTvis pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda momCivans.

(§176) raionul sasamarTloSi saqmeze meore ganxilva gai-marTa uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier pirveli instan-

84

ciis sasamarTlo ganaCenis gauqmebidan, 2004 wlis 7dekembridan ori wlis Semdeg. gauqmebis safuZvelswarmoadgenda is faqti, rom zogierTma naficma msa-julma SerCevis procesSi damala misi ojaxis wev-ris nasamarTlobis Sesaxeb informacia, amasTansxdomis Tavmjdomarem ver uzrunvelyo saqmezemtkicebulebaTa swori Sejameba.

(§177) pirvel wels raionul sasamarTlos dasWirda 3 TvemieRo xarveziani gadawyvetileba ganaCenis saapela-cio wesiT gauqmebis safuZvelze saqmis sagamoZiebouwyebaSi dasabruneblad.

(§178) saqmis ganxilvis 5 Tvis vadiT gadaido saqmeze erT-erTi braldebulis avadmyofobis mizeziT da imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom SeuZlebeli iyo momCivnissaqmis calke samarTalwarmoebad gamoyofa. damate-biT saqmis gadavadeba kidev ganapiroba braldebul-Ta da maTi advokatebis gamoucxadeblobam sasamar-TloSi. zemoaRniSnul gaWianurebebi ar SeiZleba Se-eracxos mTavrobas.

(§179) sasamarTlo ganxilva sabolood daiwyo 2005 wlisdekembers da dasrulda erT weliwadSi. am perio-dis manZilze sasamarTlo procesi 2 TviTa da 20dRis vadiT gadaido nafic msajulTa sazafxuloSvebulebebis gamo, ris gamoc mxareebs mouwiaT sa-samarTlos winaSe xelaxla gaekeTebinaT gancxade-bebi. am xelaxal procedurebs damatebiT 1 Tve das-Wirda. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom nafic msajulTasazafxulo Svebulebebis saWiroeba aixsneboda ma-Ti samuSaos specifikurobiT, romelic dakavSire-bulia qveynis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi nawilisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli pirobebiT. amasTan, momCivnis ad-vokatebs am sakiTxis Sesaxeb unda scodnodaT, rad-gan naficma msajulebma sazafxulo SvebulebebisSesaxeb winaswar gaafrTxiles rogorc mxareebi, ase-ve sasamarTlo maTi SerCevis etapze. sasamarTlo da-matebiT aRniSnavs, rom saqmis ganxilvis mesame etap-ze procesis gadadeba xanmokle vadiT, daaxloebiT

85

Tve naxevriT, moxda igive safuZvliT. evropuli sa-samarTlo miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli gadadebis gamar-Tlebis safuZveli saqmeSi ar aris warmodgenili.

(§180) raionuli sasamarTlos meore ganaCenis saapelaciowesiT ganxilvis vadam Seadgina 6 Tve. 2007 wlis 6ivniss uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganaCena kvlav gaauq-ma. kerZod, am SemTxvevaSi gauqmebis safuZveli iyomomCivnis, sxva braldebulebisa da maTi advokate-bis mxridan uflebis borotad gamoyeneba,ramac ga-napiroba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos saprocesowesebis darRveva da nafic msajulTa verdiqtze gav-lenis moxdena. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aSkaraa,rom momCivanma xeli Seuwyo saqmis ganxilvis gaWia-nurebas.

(§181) saqmeze mesame ganaCeni miRebul iqna erTi wlisa da9 Tvis Semdeg, mas Semdeg rac 3-Tviani umoqmedobisSemdeg, 2007 wlis seqtemberSi raionul sasamarTlo-Si daiwyo saqmis ganxilva. nafic msajulTa formi-rebas dasWirda 5 Tve, ris Semdegac daiwyo sasamar-Tlo procesi. sasamarTlo procesi erTi TviT gada-vadda momCivnis avadmyofobis safuZvliT. mesameganaCenis saapelacio wesiT ganxilva warimarTa 5Tvis vadaSi. 2009 wlis 23 ivliss saapelacio saCiva-ri ar dakmayofilda da ZalaSi darCa pirveli instan-ciis ganaCeni.

(§182) saqmis gadavadeba xSir SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuliiyo momCivnisa da sxva braldebulebis mizeziT, ris-Tvisac pasuxismgebloba ar SeiZleba daekisros mTav-robas. Tumca, evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, romsaqme meore da mesame etapze ganxilvisas mniSvne-lovnad gaWianurda daaxloebiT erTi weli, romelicukavSirdeba mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobas. erovnulsasamarTloebs unda gamoeCinaT meti sifrTxile,raxan braldebuli winaswar patimrobaSi imyofebo-da maT unda uzrunvelyoT marTlmsajulebis saTa-nadod swraf vadaSi ganxorcieleba. saqmis kompleq-surobisa da magadanis raionuli sasamarTlosTvis

86

sirTuleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropuli sasamar-Tlo aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifo pasuxismgebeliasistemis efeqturobasa da saqmis ganxilvis goniv-ruli vadis moTxovnis dasacavad saTanado meqaniz-mebis SemuSavebaze _ vadis avtomaturi dawesebiTan sxgvagvari meTodis SemoRebis gziT. Tu mTavrobakvlav ganagrZnobs praqtikas konvenciis me- muxlisdarRveviT „gonivruli vadis“ dasacavad saWiro Ro-nisZiebebis miuReblobiT, mas daekisreba pasuxis-mgebloba gaWianurebis xelSewyobisTvis.

(§183) evropuli sasamarTlo precedentuli samarTlisgaTvaliswinebiT miiCnevs, rom mocemul saqmeSi sa-samarTlo procesis xangrZlivoba iyo gadaWarbebu-li da ar Seesabameboda konvenciis me-6 muxlis pir-veli paragrafiT dadgenil „gonivruli vadis“ stan-darts.

suTiagini ruseTis winaaRmdeg (Sutyagin v. Russia)

mocemul saqmeSi36 evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina dar-Rveva (me-6 muxlis), im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom Seicvalasaqmis ganmxilveli mosamarTle, romelsac ukve formi-rebuli hqonda nafic msajulTa Semadgenloba. mosamar-Tlis Canacvleba mTavrobis mxridan argumentirebuli iyoim safuZvliT, rom mosamarTle ganixilavda sxva rTul saq-meebs da mas dagegmili hqonda yovelwliuri Svebuleba.sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom rTuli gadatvirTuli samuSaografiki da Svebuleba, yovelTvis axlavs nebismier pro-fesiul saqmianobas, amitom es faqtori ar iyo sakmarisimosamarTlis Secvlis legitimur safuZvlad miCnevisaT-vis. sxdomis axalma Tavmjdomarem moaxdina nafic msajul-Ta axali Semadgenlobis formireba. momCivani davobda,rom saqmeSi ikveTeboda politikuri interesi, nafic msa-julTa pirveli Semadgenloba didi albaTobiT gamamar-Tlebel verdiqts gamoitanda, swored amitom saqmeze Se-irCa axali mosamarTle da nafic msajulTa axali Semad-

36 Sutyagin v. Russia (dec), #30024/02, ECHR 2011

87

genloba. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom vinaidan mosamarTlisCanacvleba saqmeze ar iyo ganpirobebuli saTanado safuZ-vliT marTlmsajulebis interesebidan gamomdinare, Se-sabamisad, momCivans SeezRuda samarTliani sasamarTlosufleba. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom aRar CaTvalasaWirod damatebiT ganexila momCivnis sxvadasxva saCiva-ri nafic msajulTa mikerZoebulobasTan dakavSirebiT.

(§178) sasamarTlo Tavdapirvelad ganixilavs momCivnis sa-Civars imis Sesaxeb, rom mosamarTle S-s Secvla mo-samarTle k.-iT warmoadgenda Seusabamobas sasamar-Tlos „damoukideblobisa“ da „miukerZoeblobis“moTxovnebTan.

(§179) sasamarTlo Segvaxsenebs, rom imis dasadgenad Se-iZleba Tu ara sasamarTlo CaiTvalos „damoukideb-lad“ me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis miznebisaTvis,sxva danarCenTan erTad mxedvelobaSi unda iqnesmiRebuli misi wevrebis daniSvnis meTodebi da maTiuflebamosilebis vada, gare wnexis winaaRmdeg dac-vis meqanizmebis arseboba da sakiTxi Tu ramdenaddamoukidebeli Cans sasamarTlo.

(§180) „miukerZoeblobis“ arseboba me-6 muxlis pirvelipunqtis miznebisaTvis unda ganisazRvros subieq-tur Sefasebaze dayrdnobiT, anu konkretuli mo-samarTlis subieqtur mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT mo-cemul saqmeSi da aseve obieqtur Sefasebaze day-rdnobiT, anu imis dadgenis safuZvelze, mosamar-Tlem sakmarisi garantiebi SesTavaza Tu ara imisaT-vis, rom gamoricxuliyo nebismieri legitimuri eW-vi aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi.

(§181) subieqturi Sefasebis nawilSi, romelic SeexebodamosamarTle S-s mosamarTle k-Ti Canacvlebas mom-Civani varaudobs, rom igi piradi interesebidan ga-momdinare ar moqmedebda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mo-samarTle miukerZoeblad iTvleba manam, sanam sapi-rispiro ar damtkicdeba da winamdebare saqmeSi am-gvari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, rCeba

88

mxolod obieqturi Sefasebis gamoyenebis SesaZleb-loba.

(§182) mosamarTleTa pirovnuli qcevisagan sruliad da-moukideblad, obieqturi SefasebiT, unda gairkvesarsebobs Tu ara sarwmuno faqtebi, romelmac SeiZ-leba eWvqveS daayenos maTi miukerZoebloba. aseTSemTxvevaSi, garegnulma gamovlinebebmac SeiZlebaiqonios garkveuli mniSvneloba. safrTxis qveSaandoba, romelsac unda STaagonebdnen mosamarTle-ebi demokratiul sazogadoebas da pirvel rigSi,braldebulebs, ramdenadac saubaria sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmis warmoebaze. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, romimis dadgenisas arsebobs Tu ara kanonieri mizeziSiSisa, rom romelime konkretuli braldebuli mi-kerZoebulia, braldebulis mosazreba mniSvnelo-vania, magram ara gadamwyveti. gadamwyveti am Sem-TxvevaSi aris is, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es saSiSroebaobieqturad iqnes dasabuTebuli.

(§183) radganac damoukideblobis moTxovna da miukerZo-eblobis moTxovnis obieqturi aspeqti erTmaneTTanmWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, isini erT WrilSi ganixi-leba.

(§184) sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom 2003 wlis seqtemberSimomCivnis saqme gansaxilvelad gadaeca moskovis sa-qalaqo sasamarTlos mosamarTle S-s, romelmac myi-sierad daiwyo samarTalwarmoeba, Seadgina naficmsajulTa sia da saqmis ganxilva daiwyo 2003 wlis 3noembers. 2003 wlis 26 noembers moskovis saqalaqosasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem aRniSnuli saqme gadas-ca mosamarTle k-s, romelmac xelaxla daiwyo samar-Talwarmoeba 2004 wlis TebervalSi, SearCia naficmsajulTa axali Semadgenloba da 2004 wlis martSidaiwyo axali sasamarTlo procesi. dacvis mxaremramdenjerme warumateblad gaakeTa gancxadeba mo-samarTle k-s acilebaze. maT ver gamoiyenes naficimsajulis acilebis ufleba. saCivari mosamarTle S-s Secvlis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb saapelacio ga-

89

nacxadis erT-erT punqts warmoadgenda. uzenaesmasasamarTlom, sxva danarCenTan erTad, Semdgomiganxilvis gareSe miuTiTa, rom sasamarTlos ucvle-lobis principi, romelsac iTvaliswinebs sisxlis sa-marTlis saproceso kodeqsi, daculi iyo da gadaw-yvetileba ZalaSi datova.

(§185) sasamarTlo aseve aRniSnavs, rom dacvis mxares armiuRia axsna-ganmarteba, miuxedavad maTi moTxov-nisa, rac Seexeba mosamarTle S-s mosamarTle k-TiSecvlis safuZvels da mizezebs, amasTan dakavSire-biT saproceso gadawyvetileba ar yofila miRebu-li. kanoni ar iTvaliswinebda aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ga-dawyvetilebis miRebas, rogorc amas adasturebs xe-lisufleba Tavis werilobiT axsna-ganmartebaSi.momCvnis saqmeze samarTalwarmoebam ixelmZRvane-la axali, 2001 wlis sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsiT.

(§186) mosamarTleTa kolegiis wevrebis araerTxel Sec-vlam, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda sxdomisTavmjdomare mosamarTle da ori mosamarTle, ro-melic ganxorcielda gaurkveveli mizezebiT da ariyo uzrunvelyofili procesualuri garantiebi, ai-Zula sasamarTlo eRiarebina, rom damoukidebelida miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos garantiebi dairRvaruseTis winaaRmdeg aRZrul wina sasamarTlo saq-meze.

(§187) sasamarTlo Segvaxsenebs, rom erovnuli sasamar-Tlos valia samarTalwarmoeba warmarTos imgvarad,rom uzrunvelyos marTlmsajulebis saTanadodganxorcieleba. saqmis ganxilvis gadacema romeli-me konkretuli mosamarTlisTvis an sasamarTlos-Tvis ganekuTvneba diskreciul uflebamosilebas,romliTac sargeblobs adgilobrivi xelisuflebaamgvar sakiTxebze. arsebobs faqtorebis farTo speq-tri, rogoricaa magaliTad xelmisawvdomi resurse-bi, mosamarTleTa kvalificiuroba, interesTa kon-fliqti, sasamarTlo sxdomis adgilis xelmisawvdo-

90

moba mxareebisTvis da a.S. romelic xelisuflebamunda gaiTvaliswinos saqmis gadacemis dros. miuxe-davad imisa, rom sasamarTlos movaleobaSi ar Sedisimis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenad gamarTlebuli safuZve-li arsebobs adgilobrivi xelisuflebisTvis ama Tuim mosamarTles an sasamarTlos daavalos (xelaxladaavalos) saqmis ganxilva, sasamarTlo darwmunebu-li unda iyos, rom saqmis ganxilvis amgvari gadacema(xelaxla gadacema) Seesabamebodes me-6 muxlis pir-vel punqts, kerZod ki, mis moTxovnebs damoukideb-lobasa da miukerZoeblobasTan mimarTebaSi.

(§188) mosamarTleTa statusis Sesaxeb aqtis Sesabamisad,sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare anawilebs movaleobebsmosamarTleTa Soris federaluri kanonmdeblobiTgaTvaliswinebuli wesis Sesabamisad. rogorc sayo-velTaod aRiarebuli praqtika gviCvenebs, sasamar-TloSi wardgenili saqmeebi mosamarTleTa Soris na-wildeba sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris mier misi Sexe-dulebisamebr.

(§189) mas Semdeg, rac saqme gansaxilvelad iqna gadacemu-li da samarTalwarmoeba daiwyo, kanonmdeblobismoTxovnaa saqme gansaxilvelad darCes sasamar-Tlos imave SemadgenlobasTan saboloo gadawyveti-lebis miRebamde. aRniSnuli principi, romelic cno-bilia, rogorc sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis ucvle-lobis wesi, 2001 wlis sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. igi iTvaliswinebs mo-samarTlis Canacvlebis SesaZleblobas sxva mosa-marTliT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aRar SeuZlia mona-wileobis miReba sasamarTlo sxdomaSi. arc sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsi da arc sxva romeli-me kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs garemoebebs, romelSicamgvari Canacvleba ganxorcieldeba, aseve ar iTva-liswinebs wesebs, ris mixedviTac ganxorcieldebaCanacvleba. kerZod, ar arsebobs moTxovna, rom sa-samarTlom gamoitanos procesualuri gadawyveti-leba Canacvlebis safuZvlebis da mizezebis miTi-

91

TebiT, romelic gasaCivrebas daeqvemdebareba zem-dgomi instanciis sasamarTloSi.

(§190) savaraudoa, rom kanonmdebloba amgvar situacieb-Si SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes mosamarTlis TviTa-cilebas, mxaris mier mosamarTlis acilebas an gare-Se movlenebs, romlebic xels SeuSlida pirs das-wreboda sasamarTlo ganxilvas, magaliTad, mosamar-Tlis statusis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, mom-Civnis sasamarTlo procesze aseT viTarebas adgi-li ar hqonia. xelisufleba sasamarTlos winaSe am-tkicebda, rom sxdomis Tavmjdomaris Canacvlebismizezs warmoadgenda mosamarTle S-s mier sxva rTu-li saqmeebis sisxlis samarTlis saqmis warmoeba damisi yovelwliuri Svebuleba, romelic dagegmiliiyo 2003 wlis 15 dekembridan 2004 wlis 14 ianvram-de. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom gadatvirTuli samu-Sao grafiki da yovelwliuri Svebuleba, romlis Se-saxebac ganacxada xelisuflebam, SesaZloa Tan ax-ldes nebismieri mosamarTlis profesiul realobasda damajereblad ver axsnis in faqts, rom mosamar-Tle S. „veRar miiRebda monawileobas“ samarTalwar-moebaSi. Tu saqmis gadacemis ukan imaleboda gan-zraxva, Tavidan aecilebinaT saqmis ganxilvis Sefer-xeba iseTi kontrargumentebiT, rogoricaa naficmsajulTa axali Semadgenlobis SerCeva da sasamar-Tlo ganxilvis nulidan dawyeba, aRniSnulic undaiqnas mxedvelobaSi miRebuli. garda amisa, sxdomisaxali Tavmjdomare ver daiwyebda sasamarTlo gan-xilvas 2004 wlis martamde, anu misTvis saqmis gada-cemidan 3.5 Tvis Semdeg. rogorc Cans, radganac mox-da nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis formireba da da-iwyo sasamarTlo ganxilva, xelisuflebis mier moy-vanili safuZveli mocemul viTarebaSi ver iqneba da-majerebeli ganmarteba imis Sesaxeb, rom mTliani sa-samarTlos Semadgenlobis Secvla aucileblobaswarmoadgenda da sasamarTlo procesis xelmeoreddawyeba ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre marTlmsa-julebis interesebi _ sasamarTlos Tavdapirveli

92

Semadgenlobis mier saqmis uwyveti ganxilva. nebis-mier SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos uflebamosilebas arwarmoadgenda im garemoebebis dadgena, romelic ga-moiwvevda mosamarTlis Secvlas. aRniSnulis Sesa-xeb, dacvis mxares unda scodnoda Sidasaxelmwifo-ebrivi samarTalwarmoebis farglebSi. Tumca, arcerTi saproceso gadawyvetileba ar yofila gamota-nili, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneboda mosamarTlisSecvlis safuZvlebi da mizezebi aseve, miuxedavadmaTi moTxovnisa, dacvis mxare ar iyo informirebu-li sasamarTlo procesis damTavrebamde. aqedan ga-momdinare, dacvis mxares ar hqonda SesaZleblobaaecilebina mosamarTlis Secvlis Sesaxeb gadawyve-tileba.

(§191) uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba ZalaSi da-tova. analogiur viTarebaSi sasamarTlom gamoita-na daskvna, rom xarvezebi, romelsac adgili hqondapirveli instanciis samarTalwarmoebaSi ar gamos-worda zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloSi, romel-mac sabraldebo ganaCeni da sasjeli ZalaSi datova.mimdinare saqmeSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom xarveze-bi ar gamoaswora.

(§192) zemoTqmulis safuZvelze, sasamarTlo miiCnevs,rom momCivnis eWvi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosdamoukideblobasa da miukerZoeblobasTan dakav-SirebiT mis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi SeiZleba Ca-iTvalos obieqturad safuZvlianad sxdomsxdomisTavmjdomaris SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT, rac mox-da gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo da ar iyo SezRudu-li raime proceduruli garantiebiT.

(§193) Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda me-6 muxlis pirveli pun-qtis darRvevas pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos da-moukideblobasa da miukerZoeblobasTan dakavSire-biT obieqturi Sefasebis Tanaxmad.

93

SeniSvnebisTvis

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTloTbilisi 0110, Zmebi zubalaSvilebis q. #32

tel.: (995 32) 298 20 77www.supremecourt.ge

Documents

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos Sesaxeb adamianis uflebaTa ... · TviTnebobis raime riski, da esmoda Tu ara braldebuls misi msjavrdebis safuZvlebi. procesualur garantias Se-iZleba warmoadgendes