Na Kai Ewalu - University of Hawaii at Manoa · Na Kai "Ewalu Puke 1 ... Just as all people are believed to have relatives and ... ka pali cli) ke poʻo head ka wahine woman ka ʻanakala

iHale Kuamoʻo

Na Kai ʻEwalu

Puke

1

Kakau ʻia na

Kauanoe Kamana laua ʻo William H. Wilson

Puke Uila: Digital Edition

Beginning Hawaiian Lessons

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For Research Purposes Only

Not to be Reproduced

Kuleana Kope © 2012 na ka Hale KuamoʻoKa Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, Kulanui o Hawaiʻi ma Hilo

Nona nā kuleana a pau.ʻAʻole e hana kope ʻia kēia puke a i ʻole kekahi hapa o kēia puke,

ma nā ʻano like ʻole a pau me ka ʻae ʻole ma ka palapala o ka mea nona ke kuleana.

Paʻi ʻia e ka Hale Kuamoʻo, Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, Kulanui o Hawaiʻi ma Hilo me ke kālā haʻawina na ka ʻOihana Hoʻonaʻauao Pekelala no ka Hoʻonaʻauao ʻŌiwi Hawaiʻi.

Hoʻopuka ʻia e kaHale Kuamoʻo - Kikowaena ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi

Ke Kulanui o Hawaiʻi ma Hilo200 West Kāwili Street

Hilo, Hawaiʻi [email protected]

Kākau ʻia na Kauanoe Kamanā lāua ʻo William H. WilsonHoʻokele ʻia na Alohalani HousmanLoihape ʻia na William H. WilsonHakulau ʻia na Kaulana Dameg

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Digital edition developed by Kaulana Dameg for research purposesAll content used with permission by the Publisher and Authors

Not to be reproduced or sold



Navigating this e-TextbookAloha! Welcome to the digital edition of Nā Kai ʻEwalu. This e-‐textbook includes

audio recordings, links to external websites, in-‐text navigational features, and

downloadable haʻawina worksheets.

Words that are underlined in blue are active hyperlinks that will either take you

to an external website or will help you navigate within the text.

Audio recordings of each word and phrase in the Papaʻōlelo and ʻŌlelo Pōkole

sections at the beginning of each chapter have also been included, and are

marked with this symbol: . Click on the symbols within each chapter to hear

the Hawaiian words read aloud. You can also listen to each word individually by

clicking on the word. Should you choose this method, you will be taken to an

external website to hear the word.

The Papaʻōlelo and ʻŌlelo Pōkole sections are available as digital Mlashcards in

the Quizlet app. Click on the symbol found on the Papaʻōlelo and ʻŌlelo

Pōkole pages to go directly to the Quizlet website.

The haʻawina buttons within each chapter will take you to form-‐

Millable worksheets in PDF format. In order to complete the form Mields using

your mobile device, you must have the Acrobat Reader mobile app installed.

If you have any questions regarding the use of this e-‐textbook, please contact

Kaulana Dameg at [email protected].

iii© 1996VAREZ/CI



Digital Resources for Hawaiian Language Learners A collection of digital resources for Hawaiian language learners is shown below. Click

on each logo to navigate directly to each website.

iv© 1996VAREZ/CI

The Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani website contains information on the numerous programs and initiatives of the College.

The Ulukau Hawaiian Digital Library website contains a wealth of information on the Hawaiian language and Hawaiian culture—including a searchable Hawaiian Dictionary database, a Hawaiian newspaper database, and numerous books, photos, and other learning materials.

Visit the website of the ʻAha Pūnana Leo to learn more about its efforts in Hawaiian language revitalization.

The Kumukahi website is provided by the Kamehameha Schools, and contains a variety of multi-media resources on the Hawaiian language and Hawaiian culture.

Developed by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), the Papakilo Database is an online repository of a large collection of materials on Hawaiian culture, language, and history.

The Clinton Kanahele Collection is found on the Joseph F. Smith Library and BYU-Hawaiʻi website, and contains audio recordings and transcriptions of interviews of native Hawaiian language speakers.

Audio recordings of native Hawaiian language speakers can be found on the Hawaiʻi Voyager website of the University of Hawaiʻi System by searching for the term “Manaleo” in the Videorecording/DVD collection.



To the Student

For most of you, learning Hawaiian will be quite different from learning French, Japanese, Tagalog, or

German. That’s because Hawaiʻi is not a distant foreign land; it’s your home. And its people are not faceless

and difficult to understand, for they are your relatives and friends.

However, while the setting is familiar, the language is not. Due to factors beyond your control, you grew

up without native mastery of the language that is the natural counterpart of your contemporary Hawaiian

culture. This is why our primary goal this year is to expose you to as much Hawaiian language as possible

that is appropriate to your daily life. Thus the focus of Nā Kai ʻEwalu is Hawaiian for contemporary use as a

living language.

A secondary goal is to expand your contemporary local base with aspects of Hawaiian culture,

environment and history that may be unfamiliar to you. True fluency in Hawaiian requires a cultural base

that is more deeply Hawaiian than the common local cultural base.

The lessons in this book teach a basic standard Hawaiian that comes down to us in the written and taped

record of earlier generations. Reference to some of the variations in the language comes in the notes at the

end of each chapter. As a rule, variation in vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar is not as widespread in

Hawaiian as it is in English.

The title of this text book, Nā Kai ʻEwalu, refers to the eight seas that join the Hawaiian islands together

like a lei. So important in their function of creating a whole from separate pieces of land, Hawaiʻi’s seas are

unfortunately often overlooked. Until recently, these eight seas provided the only means of communication

between our islands and they are expected to take on more traffic in the future.

Any successful trip across these seas requires seriousness and a positive respect for their true nature.

Never to be taken lightly, a trip through the eight seas of Hawaiʻi is something very enjoyable, always

offering a beautiful view of our islands.

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ʻO ke Alelo ka Hoeuli



Papa Kuhikuhi

Mokuna ‘Ekahi...................................................................................................................................1Ka Papaʻōlelo...............................................................................................................................................2

1. Nā Huapalapala o ka Pīʻāpā ʻŌiwi................................................................................................... 4

2. Ka ʻOkina a me ke Kahakō..............................................................................................................5

3. Nā Huahaku Helu...........................................................................................................................6

4. Ka Iʻoa a me ka Memeʻa..................................................................................................................7

5. “Ka” a me “Ke”...............................................................................................................................8

6. Nā Kaʻi............................................................................................................................................ 9

7. Nā ʻAmi a me ka Poke...................................................................................................................10

8. Ke Kāhulu Nonoʻa Iki me “O”.......................................................................................................11

9. Ka Unuhi Hāiki a me ka Unuhi Laulā........................................................................................... 12

10. Nā Waeʻanona Huaʻōlelo o ka Papaʻōlelo.................................................................................... 13

11. Ke Kamaʻilio ʻana........................................................................................................................ 14

Ka Hoʻoilina o ka ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi................................................................................................................15

Nā ʻŌlelo Hoʻākāka....................................................................................................................................16

Mokuna ‘Elua....................................................................................................................................17

Ka Papaʻōlelo.............................................................................................................................................18

1. Ka Iʻoa Kuhane, ka Iʻoa Paku, a me ka Papani.............................................................................. 21

2. Nā Huahelu................................................................................................................................... 23

3. Ka Pepeke Henua “Aia” (a me Kona Kino Hōʻole)........................................................................ 24

4. Ke Kāhulu ma ka Pepeke.............................................................................................................. 26

5. Ka ʻAmi Piko “ ʻO” a me ka ʻAmi Hea “E”..................................................................................... 27

6. Ke Kiʻi o ka Pepeke a me ka Lāpuʻu o ka ʻAwe.............................................................................. 29

Ka Hoʻoilina o ka ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi................................................................................................................31

Nā ʻŌlelo Hoʻākāka....................................................................................................................................32

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Ke Noi Komo – Asking to ParticipateAsking permission is an important concept in Hawaiian culture. Just as all people are believed to have relatives and

genealogies, all things in the world are seen as connected to someone or something. This includes the natural world as well as

what we would call private property today. In order to have or use anything - plants, fish, a song, a name, you must ask

permission of the right person. It is still basic Hawaiian culture to always ask for anything and never simply take it even if it is

something others would consider insignificant.

Knowledge is also seen as belonging to people and places in Hawaiian culture and as something that must be requested. In

the traditional Hawaiian education of the hālau, you must ask permission daily to enter the school and receive the learning

there in a very formal way using a chant with figurative poetry called a mele komo. Permission is granted by the teacher in a

chant called a mele kāhea. This custom of chanted requests was then adapted into Pūnana Leo schools in the 1980s and has

since expanded into schools conducted in Hawaiian and into Hawaiian language classes. While specific mele komo and mele

kāhea are often composed for particular schools and advanced speakers can express their feelings extemporaneously in

Hawaiian, chants taken from classical Hawaiian literature are always considered appropriate. The following excerpts from the

classical literature are well known and have been included here as a request on your behalf to learn from this book and as an

acceptance of you on the behalf of this book.

The following mele komo is a quotation from the epic of Pele and Hiʻiaka when Hiʻiaka is asking permission to land at

Kapaʻa, Kauaʻi as she travels from Kīlauea crater on Hawaiʻi to seek her sister Pele’s lover, Lohiʻau. The mele kāhea is well

known in hula traditions.

Mele Komo

Kūnihi ka mauna i ka laʻi ē The mountain is steep and ridge-like in the calm.(A) ʻo Waiʻaleʻale lā i Wailua. It is Mount Waiʻaleʻale at Wailua.Huki aʻela i ka lani Pulled upward into the skyKa papa ʻauwai o Kawaikini. Is the taro irrigation system-like rivulets of Kawaikini Peak.Ālai ʻia aʻela e Nounou. The hill Nounou blocks the viewNalo Kaipuhaʻa, ka laulā ma uka o Kapaʻa ē. Of Kaipuhaʻa, the broad land above KapaʻaMai paʻa i ka leo. Don’t hold back your voice.He ʻole kāhea mai ē There has not yet been a call of invitation.

Mele Kāhea E hea i ke kanaka e komo ma loko Call out to the human to enterE hānai ai a hewa (e) ka waha. To be fed until the mouth is more than satiated.Eia nō (e) ka uku lā Payment for this will beʻO ka leo a he leo wale nō, ʻae ē. One’s voice, just one’s voice, yes that is all.

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ʻAe, mai, e komo mai i loko o Nā Kai ʻEwalu ēYes do come in. Welcome to Nā Kai ʻEwalu.



Ka Mokuna ʻEkahi

Na Pahuhopu

! 1.! Nā Huapalapala o ka Pī‘āpā ‘Ōiwi...................................................4

! 2.! Ka ‘Okina a me ke Kahakō......................................................................5

! 3.! Nā Huahaku Helu..............................................................................................6

! 4.! Ka I‘oa a me ka Meme‘a............................................................................7

! 5.! “Ka” a me “Ke”......................................................................................................8

! 6.! Nā Ka‘i...........................................................................................................................9

! 7.! Nā ‘Ami a me ka Poke..............................................................................10

! 8.! Ke Kāhulu Nono‘a Iki me “O”.............................................................11

! 9.! Ka Unuhi Hāiki a me ka Unuhi Laulā........................................12

!10.! Nā Wae‘anona Hua‘ōlelo o ka Papa‘ōlelo...........................13

!11.! Ke Kama‘ilio ‘ana............................................................................................14

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Nā Huapalapala o ka Pī‘āpā ‘Ōiwi

a (ʻā) ā (ʻā kō) h (hē) e (ʻē) ē (ʻē kō) k (kē) i (ʻī) ī (ʻī kō) l (lā) o (ʻō) ō (ʻō kō) m (mū) u (ʻū) ū (ʻū kō) n (nū) p (pī) w (wē) ʻ (ʻokina)

Nā Huahaku Helu

kino inoa kino inoa 0 ʻole 5 lima 1 kahi 6 ono 2 lua 7 hiku 3 kolu 8 walu 4 hā 9 iwa

Nā Ka‘i

he a kou your ka/ke the kona his, her, its kēia this koʻu my kēlā that

Nā ‘Ami

i/iā ʻami kuhilana to (also: in, on, at, by)o ʻami nonoʻa iki of ma ʻami henua in, on, at, by (see “i/iā”)me ʻami hoa withʻo ʻami ʻaike ʻami used in citing a name (see

Mokuna 4)

Nā I‘oa

ʻo Kauaʻi The name of an islandʻo Kahale a person’s nameʻo wai? who? what? (question word used in asking for

an iʻoa word)ʻo ʻAnakala Uncle (when capitalized and used as a sort of

name)

Nā Meme‘a

Nā Kikino____________________________________ ke alanui street, roadka inoa nameka haumāna student ka hale 1. house; 2. buildingke kaʻa car ke keiki 1. boy; 2. son; 3. child ke kumu teacher ka lānai lānai, porch ka mokupuni islandka noho chair ke pākaukau table ka pali cliff ke poʻo headka wahine woman ka ʻanakala uncleka ʻanakē aunty

Nā Hamani______________________________________ ke aloha love ka heluhelu read, readingke kākau writeke kuhikuhi point out ka mahalo appreciate, admire, admiration ka pela spell

Nā Hehele_______________________________________ ka hele 1. walk, walking; 2. go, goingka hui come together with

Nā ‘A‘ano_______________________________________ ka maikaʻi good, fine, goodnesska nani pretty, beautiful, beauty

Ka Papaʻōlelo

Mokuna ʻEkahi

(Click to hear pronunciation.



3

Nā ‘Ōlelo ‘Ē A‘e

au Iʻoe youʻo ia he/shenō a little word added to give assurance (see Mokuna 21 for more information)hou again, newpehea? how?, like what?ʻae yesʻaʻole no

Nā ‘Ōlelo Pōkole

Aloha. Hello, Goodbye (Emotional feelings, love)Pehea ʻoe? How are you? (How you?)Pehea? How’s it? (How?)Maikaʻi. Good.Maikaʻi nō. Fine. (absolutely good)Maikaʻi nō au. I’m fine. (I <am> absolutely good.)Maikaʻi au. I’m fine. Maikaʻi ʻo ia. He’s fine. She’s fine.ʻO wai kou inoa? What is your name? (Who <is> your name?) ʻO Kahale koʻu inoa. My name is Kahale.ʻO wai kou mokupuni? What’s <the name of > your island? (Who is your island?)ʻO Kauaʻi koʻu mokupuni. Kauaʻi is my island.A hui hou! See you later! (Until meet again)Mahalo! Thank you! (Admiration!)KE AO THE CLOUD (to remember ka/ke)…kēia hale …this house…ka hale o Keoni …Keoni’s house…ka inoa o kēia wahine …this woman’s name (the name of this woman)ʻO wai ka inoa o kēia wahine? What is this woman’s name?ʻO Lei ka inoa o kēia wahine. This woman’s name is Lei.

Ka Pāpā‘ōlelo

Kumu: Aloha!Haumāna: Aloha!Kumu: Pehea ʻoe?Haumāna: Maikaʻi. Maikaʻi. Maikaʻi nō au.Kumu: ʻO wai kou inoa?Haumāna: ʻO Kahale koʻu inoa.Kumu: ʻO wai kou mokupuni?Haumāna: ʻO Kauaʻi koʻu mokupuni.

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 1Nā Huapalapala o ka Pīʻāpā ʻŌiwi

You will need to be able to spell words orally in Hawaiian. All but a very small fraction of Hawaiian words are spelled with a set of ten vowel symbols and eight consonant symbols. Words in the papaʻōlelo at the beginning of all mokuna (chapters) are listed in Hawaiian alphabetical order. Hawaiian alphabetical order is shown below with the eighteen symbols. In parentheses after each symbol is its name.

a (ʻā), ā (ʻā kō), e (ʻē), ē (ʻē kō), i (ʻī), ī (ʻī kō), o (ʻō), ō (ʻō kō), u (ʻū), ū (ʻū kō),

h (hē), k (kē), l (lā), m (mū), n (nū), p (pī), w (wē), ‘ (ʻokina)

An example of a name spelled out loud in Hawaiian is given below:

KAʻŌHIʻAkē - ʻā - ʻokina - ʻō kō - hē - ʻī - ʻokina - ʻā

4

Haʻawina 1.1.1

Spell the following names in Hawaiian as done in the example above, writing the name of each separated by a hyphen.

1. ʻĀlika 5. Onaona

2. Nāwehimanu 6. Nāmaile

3. Kaʻiʻini 7. Uila

4. Pāʻūohiʻiaka

Haʻawina 1.1.1

Arrange the names in Haʻawina 1.1.1 in Hawaiian alphabetical order.

1. ʻĀlika 5. Onaona

2. Nāwehimanu 6. Nāmaile

3. Kaʻiʻini 7. Uila

4. Pāʻūohiʻiaka

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 2Ka ʻOkina a me ke Kahakō

The ʻokina and kahakō are essential features of spoken Hawaiian and have been since time immemorial. They were not included in the original alphabet written by English speaking missionaries, and their deletion in English pronunciation of Hawaiian words is common. Efforts to establish ways of indicating the ʻokina and kahakō began with Hawaiian writers in the 1800s. The regular inclusion of ʻokina and kahakō is standard in written Hawaiian today.

Ka ʻOkina Make sure that you write the ʻokina as a single open quote mark ( ʻ ) looking like a six, and not as an apostrophe ( ’ ) looking like a nine. To hear an ʻokina at the beginning of a word, it helps to have another word such as “ka” or “ke” before it.

Ke Kahakō When a kahakō is written over a vowel, that vowel has a different quality from a plain vowel and is also more drawn out and stressed. If the kahakō is on the last vowel of a word, that vowel is the most strongly stressed vowel. Note the final stress in these well-known place names:

Kaʻū district on Hawaiʻi Hàleàkalā mountain on Maui Kàimukī place on Oʻahu

When there are two or more kahakō next to each other, the effect is of separate words with the last word most strongly stressed. Note the difference in stress and numbers of stresses in the words below and those above:

púpu tied bundle pupū slow in learning pūpū food eaten with drinkskóko blood kokō cluck of a hen kōkō carrying net

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Haʻawina 1.2.1

Practice hearing and writing the difference between these pairs of words and phrases.

1. moa / moʻa chicken / cooked 4. ke ala / ke ʻala the path / the fragrance

2. ka uku / ka ʻuku the pay / the louse 5. koana / koʻana weaving measure / dregs

3. lia / liʻa louse egg / desire

Haʻawina 1.2.2

Practice hearing, pronouncing, and writing the difference between these sets of words.

1. kala/kālā type of fish/money

2. kiki/kikī/kīkī sting something/spurt of speed/shoot repeatedly

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 3Nā Huahaku Helu

There are various types of numerals in Hawaiian. All but a very small fraction are formed from a set of ten huahaku helu. Those huahaku helu are:

0 (ʻole), 1 (kahi), 2 (lua), 3 (kolu), 4 (hā), 5 (lima), 6 (ono), 7 (hiku), 8 (walu), 9 (iwa)

The following is an example of a telephone number given in Hawaiian huahaku helu:

(246) 801-9375 lua - hā - ono - walu - ʻole - kahi - iwa - kolu - hiku - lima

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Haʻawina 1.3.1

Practice the huahaku helu 0-9 by writing these telephone numbers in Hawaiian.

1. (808) 723-3754

2. (808) 419-2590

3. (217) 981-2746

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 4Ka Iʻoa a me ka Memeʻa

A key feature of Hawaiian is the difference between iʻoa and memeʻa. Iʻoa are personal names, place names and a few other terms. Memeʻa are terms for types of things, actions and conditions. In our papaʻōlelo, iʻoa are preceded by “ ʻo,” and memeʻa by “ka” (or “ke”). In both English and Hawaiian, iʻoa are usually capitalized, but, there are exceptions in both languages. In the spoken language, English does not distinguish iʻoa from memeʻa to the extent found in Hawaiian. Often times in Hawaiian, there are pairs of words in which one is a memeʻa and the other an iʻoa, as shown below:

Memeʻa( ( Iʻoaka pīkake pīkake, a type of flower ʻo Pīkake Pīkake, a specific girl in our familyke kula school, a type of place ʻo Kula Kula, a specific place on Mauika ʻanakē aunt, a type of family member ʻo ʻAnakē ʻAnakē, what we call Mary Souza

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Haʻawina 1.4.1

Add “ ʻo” or “ka” to these words to indicate whether they are an iʻoa or a memeʻa. Also capitalize words you determine to be iʻoa and leave memeʻa in lower case.

1. manini a type of fish

2. manini the name of a street on Oʻahu

3. puna name used in Keʻala’s family in reference to his grandmother on his father’s side

4. puna a type of eating instrument, a spoon

5. puna a specific district on the island of Hawaiʻi

6. māmā mom, a type of family relationship

7. māmā name used in our family in reference to our mother

8. lehua John Takamoto’s sister

9. pāhoehoe a type of lava rock

10. pōhaku a nickname for Keoni Stone

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 5 “Ka” a me “Ke”

The memeʻa in the papaʻōlelo are preceded by “ka” or “ke.” “Ka” and “ke” are closest in meaning to the English “the.” Whether you use “ka” or “ke” before a word usually depends on the first letter of the following memeʻa word. “Ke” is used before all words starting with “k,” “e,” “a,” or “o.” Otherwise use “ka.” Because the word KE AO (the cloud) contains all the initial letters requiring “ke,” memorizing it will help you remember the rule. Some memeʻa use “ke” unexpectedly; e.g., ke ʻano (the type) and ke puna (the spoon). In such cases, the memeʻa and preceding “ka” or “ke” in the papaʻōlelo are underlined; e.g., ke pākaukau. Memorizing new memeʻa with “ka” or “ke” before them will help you to approach these words from this distinctly Hawaiian viewpoint. It will also be a major help in your pronunciation as it highlights an initial ʻokina and also an initial kahakō.

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Haʻawina 1.5.1

Which is appropriate before the following memeʻa, “ka” or “ke?”

1. hana work 7. ea spirit of life 13. inoa name

2. ua rain 8. ʻōpū stomach 14. kālā money

3. aloha love 9. manu bird 15. ʻawa type of drink

4. pua flower 10. kaʻa car 16. awa harbor

5. kai sea 11. wai water 17. ono type of fish

6. ola life 12. niu coconut 18. ʻono delicious

Haʻawina 1.5.2

Write down three Hawaiian words that you know other than those in this mokuna, or find three Hawaiian words in a dictionary, and then use them with “ka” or “ke,” as appropriate.

1.

2.

3.

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 6Nā Kaʻi

“Ka” and “ke” are two of a group of words called kaʻi because they alakaʻi or “lead” the memeʻa that follows. The kaʻi that you know are:

he (a/an), ka/ke (the), kēia (this), kēlā (that), koʻu (my), kou (your), kona (his, her, its)

Note the following pattern where ʻīkoi refers to a memeʻa word preceded by a kaʻi:

Kaʻi( ʻĪkoi( ( Kaʻi( ʻĪkoiHE makua kāne A father KOʻU makua kāne MY fatherKA makua kāne THE father KOU makua kāne YOUR father KĒIA makua kāne THIS father KONA makua kāne HIS father, HER fatherKĒLĀ makua kāne THAT father

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Haʻawina 1.6.1

Repeat the pattern given for “makua kāne” and the seven kaʻi using the words below. Put your answers in the kaʻi-ʻīkoi framework. Then translate into English.

1. mokupuni

2. kaʻa

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 7Nā ʻAmi a me ka Poke

In Hawaiian, iʻoa, or the kaʻi + memeʻa sequence are preceded by an ʻami. We will begin learning the use of ʻami with these four: I (to, in, on, at, by); O (of); MA (in, on, at, by); ME (with). As with kaʻi, you can only use one ʻami at a time before a word. ʻAmi means “joint” and, like a joint in a person’s body, the ʻami connects what precedes it with what follows it, creating a poke, or phrase. Note the following pattern where the ʻīkoi (core) is the iʻoa or memeʻa word:

ʻAmi( Kaʻi( ʻĪkoiI ke kaʻa IN the car (also ʻto,’ ʻin,’ ʻon,’ ʻat’ or ʻby’ the car) O ke kaʻa OF the carMA ke kaʻa IN the car (also ʻin,’ ʻon,’ ʻat’ or ʻby’ the car)ME ke kaʻa WITH the car

ʻAmi( Kaʻi( ʻĪkoiI Ø Maui ON Maui (also ʻto,’ ʻin,’ ʻon,’ ʻat’ or ʻby’ Maui) O Ø Maui OF MauiMA Ø Maui ON Maui (also ʻin,’ ʻon,’ ʻat’ or ʻby’ Maui) ME Ø Maui WITH Maui

“Maui” has no kaʻi before it because it is not a memeʻa, but an iʻoa, or proper name word.

10

Haʻawina 1.7.1

Repeat the pattern given for “ke kaʻa” and “Maui” with the four ʻami using the terms below. Put your answers in the ʻami-kaʻi-ʻīkoi framework. Then translate into English.

1. kona kaʻa

2. Līhuʻe

Haʻawina 1.7.2

Translate the following poke into Hawaiian. Put your answers in the ʻami-kaʻi-ʻīkoi framework. Where there are two answers, give both answers.

1. to this child 4. with Nani

2. with her chair 5. in Honolulu

3. of that student 6. with the table

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 8Ke Kāhulu Nonoʻa Iki me “O”

In the previous pahuhopu we learned to use the ʻami “o” (of), in a poke. The ʻami “o” is always used to connect a kāhulu, or descriptor of the word preceding it. A kāhulu is like a hulu, a feather that flows behind the word to decorate it. Note also that the ʻami “o” (of) has no ʻokina, and is therefore different from the ʻami “ ʻo” used to cite iʻoa words in the papaʻōlelo. The framework used is a combination of those from the previous two pahuhopu.

Kaʻi (ka/ke)( ʻĪkoi (memeʻa)( KĀHULU {ʻAmi (o) Kaʻi ʻĪkoi}ka lei o ke kumu the lei of the teacher (the teacher’s lei)ka wahine o kēia mokupuni the woman of this island (this island’s woman)ka lānai o Ø Keoni the lānai of Keoni (Keoni’s lānai)ka nani o Ø Maui the beauty of Maui (Maui’s beauty)

The ʻami “o” is not always translated as “of,” in fact its most common English translation is “–’s.” Note the following examples:

ka lānai o Keoni the lānai of Keoni, Keoni’s lānaika lei o ke kumu the lei of the teacher, the teacher’s leika nani o Maui the beauty of Maui, Maui’s beauty

Translate “–’s” English phrases into Hawaiian by following the steps illustrated with the phrase “Keoni’s chair:”

1. Place the word after “–’s” first in Hawaiian; put “ka” or “ke:” Keoni’s chair. the chair — ka noho

2. Place the word (or words) before “–’s” in the next place: Keoni’s chair. the chair Keoni — ka noho Keoni

3. Insert “o” (of) between the two parts: Keoni’s chair. the chair of Keoni — ka noho o Keoni

Another way to approach this is to change your English thinking (with “-’s”) around to Hawaiian thinking (with “of”) whenever you express possession. The Hawaiian words fall right into place with Hawaiian thinking.

English Thinking( Hawaiian Thinkingthe child’S chair the chair OF the childLeo’S street the street OF Leo

11

Haʻawina 1.8.1

Translate the following phrases to include a kāhulu beginning with “o.” Put your answers in the kaʻi-ʻīkoi-KĀHULU {ʻami-kaʻi-ʻīkoi} framework. Then underline the kāhulu beginning with “o.” Draw a picture like that at the beginning of this pahuhopu to illustrate your answers. (Hint: If you have trouble when you see an “–’s,” change the English around to include “the... of...” as done for you in numbers 2 and 3.)

1. the woman of Honolulu 4. that teacher’s car

2. this island’s name/the name of this island 5. Kahale’s house

3. the teacher’s chair/the chair of the teacher

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 9Ka Unuhi Hāiki a me ka Unuhi Laulā

Almost every chapter of this book has a short pāpāʻōlelo (dialogue). You should approach the pāpāʻōlelo in two ways. First, translate in the unuhi hāiki style, that is, in a way that mirrors the Hawaiian structure. This helps you understand the Hawaiian thinking. (For those of you who already know ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai (Hawaiʻi Pidgin) you will sometimes have an advantage here.)

Then, translate the Hawaiian in the unuhi laulā style, that is in a way that you would normally say it in English, ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai, or some other language which you speak well. Here are examples of unuhi hāiki and unuhi laulā of the pāpāʻōlelo on page 3. There are several levels of unuhi hāiki. Those that are most close to Hawaiian thinking and different from English are enclosed in parenthesis, words needed in English which have no Hawaiian equivalent in the sentence are sometimes in angular parenthesis.

Unuhi HāikiKumu: Love.Haumāna: Love.Kumu: How you?Haumāna: Good. Good. I absolutely good. (Good absolutely am I.) Kumu: Who your name?Haumāna: My name Kahale. (Kahale <is> my name.) Kumu: Who your island?Haumāna: My island Kauaʻi. (Kauaʻi <is> my island.)

Unuhi Laulā Standard American English ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai Kumu: Hi. Aloha.Haumāna: Hi. Aloha.Kumu: How are you (howaryah) doing? How you?Haumāna: I’m fine. Good. Good. I good.Kumu: What’s your name? What your name?Haumāna: My name’s Kahale. My name Kahale.Kumu: What island are you from? What island you from? Haumāna: I’m from Kauaʻi. I from Kauaʻi.

Note that both the Standard American English and ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai are saying something literally different from Hawaiian in the last two sentences. However, the same information is being conveyed. Standard English also includes some extra words like “doing” and “are” as well as parts of contractions, i.e., “–’s” in “what’s” and “–’m” in “I’m,” ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai includes these contractions sometimes. Good learners of Hawaiian can always translate Hawaiian both from an unuhi hāiki (Hawaiian thinking) or an unuhi laulā (other language thinking) perspective. Practice these translation skills with the ʻōlelo pōkole (short phrases) and pāpāʻōlelo (dialogues) in the book. Often times, the ʻōlelo pōkole include unuhi hāiki in parenthesis, e.g., “ ʻO wai kou inoa?” (Who <is> your name?).

12

Haʻawina 1.9.1

Translate the following using both unuhi hāiki and unuhi laulā.

1. ʻO wai kona inoa? 4. ʻO wai ka inoa o kou ʻanakē?

2. Pehea ka hale o Lani? 5. ʻO Leinani kona inoa.

3. Maikaʻi kēia kaʻa. 6. Maikaʻi ka hale o koʻu ʻanakala.

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 10Nā Waeʻanona Huaʻōlelo o ka Papaʻōlelo

In each mokuna of Nā Kai ʻEwalu, you will be expected to memorize the papaʻōlelo. Only after memorizing the papaʻōlelo should you proceed to translating the pāpāʻōlelo and doing the haʻawina. To master the papaʻōlelo, it is important to understand the waeʻanona or categories under which words are listed. Hawaiian and English thinking are often very different, and the waeʻanona make those differences more clear so that you do not mistakenly following English thinking in speaking Hawaiian.

So far we have learned the difference between an iʻoa and a memeʻa (Pahuhopu 4). Iʻoa and memeʻa are the key words used for the ʻīkoi or core meaning in Hawaiian. We have also learned the terms kaʻi and ʻami.

The majority of the words in most papaʻōlelo are memeʻa. Memeʻa are words that can describe a broad range of individual things, actions, or conditions. There are four basic types of memeʻa. Kikino are things that have shapes or bodies, e.g., waʻa (canoe), wāwae (foot), ʻaʻama (type of crab). ʻAʻano are conditions or states of being, e.g., ʻono (delicious, deliciousness), hauʻoli (happy, happiness), wela (hot, heat). Hamani are actions done to other things e.g., kālua (to cook something in an imu, cooking in an imu), kiloi (to throw something, throwing), kuhikuhi (to point something out, pointing). Hehele are actions, such as movements, that are not done to other things, e.g., hele (to go, going), noho (to sit down, sitting).

13

Haʻawina 1.10.1

Based on your understanding of the different waeʻanona of memeʻa, determine whether the Hawaiian word equivalent to each of the English words below is likely to be a kikino, ʻaʻano, hamani, or hehele.

1. fly (an insect) 11. wet, wetness

2. fly (as a bird does) 12. joy, joyful

3. fly (what a child does to a kite) 13. roll (as a wheel does)

4. red, redness 14. roll (what a child does to a toy truck)

5. redden (what a clown does to his cheeks) 15. roll (butter roll, a type of food)

6. crawl 16. roundness

7. stone (a rock) 17. cut (a sore on one’s foot)

8. stone (kill by throwing stones on) 18. cut (to use scissors on something)

9. water (the substance) 19. cut (to move sharply across a wave in surfing)

10. water (to water plants) 20. cut (the condition produced by the use of scissors)

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Pahuhopu 11Ke Kamaʻilio ʻana

Translating and holding a conversation are two different things. In translating you put the words into your own mouth and transform them into Hawaiian. In a conversation, you express your own perspective to another person.

Notice that in a conversation that when you are asked for “kou inoa” (your name), you answer “koʻu inoa” (my name). But when you are asked for “kona inoa” (his name), you answer with the same words “kona inoa” (his name). The chart below shows words from this mokuna that change in conversation.

Question( Answer( Question( Answer kou (your?) koʻu (my) ʻoe? (you?) au (I) kona (his/her?) kona (his/her) ʻo ia (he/she?) ʻo ia (he/she)

14

Haʻawina 1.11.1

Take the position of A: in answering Q’s questions as part of a conversation. The information that A: will provide is given to you.

1. Q: ʻO wai kou mokupuni? A: <ʻO Lānaʻi>.

2. Q: ʻO wai kou alanui? A: <ʻO Puaʻala>.

3. Q: Pehea ʻoe? A: <Maikaʻi >.

4. Q: ʻO wai kou ʻanakē? A: <ʻO Kamaile>.

5. Q: Pehea ʻo ia? A: <Maikaʻi nō>.

6. Q: ʻO wai kona alanui? A: <ʻO Kapali>.

Haʻawina Hui Pū ʻia (Summary Exercise that includes all pahuhopu of this mokuna)

Spell the underlined names and give the Hawaiian for the underlined telephone number, separating letter names and huahaku helu with hyphens. Translate the rest of the phrases into Hawaiian.

1. Kahūakealoha 5. Nāmakaʻeha

2. 804-952-1736 6. on the street

3. in my house 7. on the island of that house

4. with that teacher 8. on Nani’s street

Mokuna ʻEkahi



Ka Hoʻoilina o ka ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi

Names are very important in Hawaiian thinking, both in ancient times and in contemporary local life. Besides providing family identification and social links, names are associated with a number of distinctive cultural practices. Unlike in Euro-American culture, it is not a Hawaiian cultural practice to name a child after someone outside the family. Doing so is considered extremely mahaʻoi and can be the cause of considerable problems. Hawaiian names sometimes carry a kapu, and custom requires that, even within a family, permission be asked to use such names. Care must also be taken that a kapu name not be misused because illness might result. To learn more about traditions regarding names, see pages 94-96 in Nānā I Ke Kumu, Volume I by Pukui, Haertig, and Lee. The cultural importance placed on names is reflected in the Hawaiian language which highlights the difference between the names of individual persons and things (grammatically called iʻoa) and the regular terms for classes of things (grammatically called memeʻa). The Hawaiian grammatical differentiation of names and other words requires special attention. In this mokuna we learn that memeʻa always take a kaʻi while iʻoa do not. This is not true of English. For example, in the English sentence, “Pīkake is nice,” “Pīkake” could be a person’s name or a general term for a type of flower. In Hawaiian these are two different sentences:

Maikaʻi ka pīkake. Pīkake (the type of flower) is nice. Maikaʻi ʻo Pīkake. Pīkake (the specific girl) is nice.

Differentiating memeʻa from iʻoa by the use of kaʻi and sometimes by distinctive ʻami is a central feature of Hawaiian. Note the following pairs:

Memeʻa Iʻoaka pua (the) flower ʻo Pua Pua (the specific person)ka ʻī (the letter) “i” ʻo ʻĪ ʻĪ (a specific family name)i ke kula at (the) school i Kula in Kula (specific place on Maui)ka ʻanakala (the) uncle (a type of relative) ʻo ʻAnakala “Uncle” (a name used in addressing an older or respected male

whether related or not)

It is common to include a kaʻi, especially, “ka” or “ke” in an iʻoa, but in such a case, the kaʻi is a part of the name. The kaʻi + memeʻa combination resulting in an iʻoa is marked by the “ ʻo” or other ʻami discussed in later mokuna.

ka lei (the) lei ʻo Kalei Kalei (a person)ka lae (the) point of land ʻo Kalae Kalae (a place on Hawaiʻi Island)

15Mokuna ʻEkahi



Nā ʻŌlelo Hoʻākāka

1. Because English pronunciations of Hawaiian words and names often leave out ʻokina and kahakō, students should question whether the Hawaiian terms that they use in daily life are being pronounced as originally done by their Hawaiian speaking kūpuna. Some families have lost the original Hawaiian pronunciation of family names through regular use of the English pronunciations. The pronunciation of other names written in family genealogies may be even more obscure. One of the tasks for students with family Hawaiian names is to determine the pronunciation of their names in Hawaiian, including ʻokina and kahakō. Teachers may be able to help students find such pronunciations by researching tapes of native speakers recorded in the 1950s through 1990s. In other cases a pronunciation may be clear from the words that make up the name, but this is not always the case.

2. Hawaiian is different from English in that it distinguishes waeʻanona (word types), from kūlana (word usages). English has “nouns,” “verbs,” and “adjectives” which refer to both word types and word usages. Common Hawaiian

waeʻanona or “word types” are: kikino (things with bodies or shapes), ʻaʻano (conditions), hamani (actions done to other persons or things), hehele (actions such as movements that are not done to others).

The four common Hawaiian waeʻanona above, can all be used in three kūlana: painu (verb-like usage), kiʻa (noun-like usage), and kāhulu (adjective-like usage). Notice how the English translations in the following examples often involve several different words categorized as nouns, verbs, and adjectives, while the Hawaiian words do not change.

The examples above show that thinking in terms of English nouns, verbs, and adjectives does not apply to Hawaiian. However, remembering whether a word is a kikino, ʻaʻano, hamani, or hehele is important. We will learn in future mokuna that the waeʻanona of a word determines its usage with various short grammatical words.

Learn Hawaiian words according to their type so that you are able to express yourself correctly in a fully Hawaiian way.

16Mokuna ʻEkahi

1. With “wahine,” a kikino.

He wahine ʻo Kapua. Kapua is a woman. (kiʻa, noun-like usage)

Ua wahine ʻo Keoni. Keoni “womaned,” i.e., was married, had a wife. (painu, verb-like usage)

He manō wahine kēlā. That’s a “woman” shark, i.e., a female shark. (kāhulu, adjective-like usage)

2. With “wela,” an ʻaʻano.

Nui ka wela o kēia lā. The heat today is great. (kiʻa, noun-like usage)

Wela kēia pōhaku. This stone “hots,” i.e., is hot. (painu, verb-like usage)

He pōhaku wela kēia. This is a hot rock. (kāhulu, adjective-like usage)

3. With “peku,” a hamani.

Maikaʻi kēlā peku. That kick (of the ball) was good. (kiʻa, noun-like usage)

Peku ʻo ia i ke kinipōpō. He kicks the ball. (painu, verb-like usage)

He lio peku kēia. This is a kicking horse/horse who kicks. (kāhulu, adjective-like usage)

4. With “holo,” a hehele.

Nani ka holo a ia lio. The gait of that horse is beautiful. (kiʻa noun-like usage)

Holo ʻo ia i Honolulu. He ran to Honolulu. (painu, verb-like usage)

He keiki holo ʻo Keoki. Keoki is a running boy (runner). (kāhulu, adjective-like usage)



Ka Mokuna ʻElua

Nā Pahuhopu! 1.! Nā Iʻoa Kuhane, ka Iʻoa Paku, a me ka Papani..............21

! 2.! Nā Huahelu..........................................................................................................23

! 3.! Ka Pepeke Henua “Aia” (a me kona Kino Hōʻole).......24

! 4.! Ke Kāhulu ma ka Pepeke......................................................................26

! 5.! Ka ʻAmi Piko “ ʻO” a me ka ʻAmi Kāhea “E”........................27

! 6.! Ke Kiʻi o ka Pepeke a me ka Lāpuʻu o ka ʻAwe..............29

17



Nā Hune

Nā ʻAmi e ʻami kāhea identifies the individual being spoken to i/iā ʻami kuhilana to (identifies person, place or thing toward

which action is directed), also substitutes for “ma” ʻami henua ʻin, on, at, by’ (identifies person, place, or thing as the current static location of an action or condition.)

ʻo ʻami piko precedes iʻoa to identify the individual being talked about

Nā Huahelu Heluna

ʻehia how many? (amount) hoʻokahi one (amount) ʻeiwa nine (amount)he ʻumi ten (amount)he iwakālua twenty (amount)he kanaiwa ninety (amount)he ʻumikūmālua twelve (amount)

Nā Huahelu Kaʻina

ʻehia number what? ʻekahi one (number in series) ʻeiwa nine (number in series) ʻumi ten (number in series) iwakālua twenty (number in series) kanaiwa ninety (number in series) ʻumikūmālua twelve (number in series)

Nā ʻĪkokoi

Nā Iʻoa Kuhane __________ ʻo Kamapuaʻa name of a god with a pig formʻo Māmā Mommy, Momʻo Pāpā Daddy, Dadʻo wai? who? (question word for iʻoa kuhane),

used at both the beginning of a sentence, e.g., ʻo wai kou inoa, and later in the sentence, e.g., me wai, o wai.

Nā Iʻoa Paku___ _ __________ ʻo Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī name of the Hawaiʻi anthemʻo hea where?, what? (question word for iʻoa

paku after an ʻami that is usually later in the sentence, e.g., ma hea, i hea, o hea)

ʻo Huliheʻe name of a palace in Konaʻo ʻaneʻi here (always ma ʻaneʻi, i ʻaneʻi, ʻo

ʻaneʻi, o ʻaneʻi, etc.)ʻo ʻō there (always ma ʻō, i ʻō, ʻo ʻō, o ʻō, etc.)ʻo wai? what? (question word for iʻoa paku

usually at the beginning of a sentence)

Nā Papani____________________________________ au Iwau I (optional replacement of “au”)aʻu me (used after ʻami such as “me” ʻwith,’

e.g., “me aʻu”)iaʻu to me (contraction of “iā” ʻto’ and “aʻu” ʻme’)ʻoe you ʻo ia he, she (when in piko)ia him, her (used after ʻami such as “me”

ʻwith’ and “iā” ʻto,’ e.g., “me ia”)

Nā Memeʻa

Nā Kikino ______________ ka iʻa fishke one sandka hale kūʻai storeka hale pule churchka hoaaloha friendka honua 1. ground (e.g. It fell on the ground.); 2. the

earthke kaikamahine 1. girl; 2. daughterke kanaka 1. man; 2. humanke kāne 1. male; 2. husbandke keiki kāne 1. boy; 2. sonke kula schoolke kumu kula school teacherka lā 1. calendar day; 2. sunka lani 1. sky; 2. heavenka lānai lānaika lei leika lūʻau lūʻauka maka eyeka māmā momka manawa time, occasionka pali cliffka papa classka pāpā dadka peni pen, marker

18

Ka Papaʻōlelo

Mokuna ʻElua

(Click to hear pronunciation.)



Nā ʻŌlelo Pōkole

…ka ʻaoʻao ʻekahi …page one, the first page (the page {number} one) …hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao …one page, (one {amount} page)…ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua …page two, the second page (the page {number} two)…ʻelua ʻaoʻao …two pages, (two {amount} page)…ka ʻaoʻao ʻumi …page ten, the tenth page (the page {number} ten) …he ʻumi ʻaoʻao …ten pages, (ten {amount} page) ʻEhia ʻaoʻao? How many pages?…ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻehia? …on what page? (on page number what?) (Used in asking for the page number.)Aia i hea ʻo Kimo? Where’s Kimo?Aia me wai ʻo Kimo? Who’s Kimo with?Aia ʻo Kimo ma ka hale. Kimo’s at home. (...at the house.)Aia ka ʻanakē o Kimo ma ka hale. Kimo’s aunty is at home. Aia ʻo Kimo me Nani. Kimo’s with Nani.ʻAʻole ʻo Kimo me Nani. Kimo’s not with Nani.…me aʻu …with me…me ia …with him, with her…me kona hoaaloha …with his friend, with her friend Pehea ʻo Kimo? How’s Kimo?Pehea, e Kimo? How’s (it), Kimo?Pehea, e Keiki? How’s (it), Keiki? [person’s name is Keiki]Pehea, e ke keiki? How’s (it), kid? [talking to a child]Pehea ʻo Kimo, e Keiki? How’s Kimo, Keiki?…ma Wailana …at Wailana (a place) <also in Wailana, by Wailana>…i Wailana …to Wailana (a place), <also, at Wailana, by Wailana, in Wailana>…iā Wailana …to Wailana (a person), <also up to Wailana, on (the shoulders of) Wailana>…iā ʻoe …to you <also up to you, on (the shoulders of) you>…iā ia …to him, to her <also up to him/her, on (the shoulders of) you>…iaʻu …to me (note lack of kahakō), <also up to me, on (the shoulders of) me>Aia ka lūʻau ma Kona. The lūʻau is in (the place called) Kona.Aia ka lūʻau i Kona The lūʻau is in (the place called) Kona.Aloha, e Kimo! Hello, ( ) Kimo!

19

ka penikala pencilka pepa paperka pōpoki catka puke bookka wahine 1. female; 2. woman; 3. wife ka ʻaoʻao pageka ʻīlio dog

Nā Hamani ________________ ka hoʻopā touch something

ka hoʻopili mai imitate (me, us)ke kuhikuhi to point out, point towardka nīnau question, ask about

Nā Hehele ka hele mai 1. walk this way; 2. come aia to be located someplace in space or timeinā ifʻaʻole to not existʻŌ-o! Oh!

Mokuna ʻElua



Aloha, e ka hoaaloha! Hello, ( )( ) friend! Aloha, e Hoaaloha! Hello, ( ) Hoaaloha! <The person’s name is Hoaaloha.>Aloha, e ka ʻanakala! Hello, uncle! <The person is your real uncle.>Aloha, e ʻAnakala! Hello, Uncle! <The person is regularly called ʻAnakala or Uncle as a name and may

be your real uncle or not.>

Ka Pāpāʻōlelo: ʻO Kalani

Kahale: Aloha e Nani. Aia i hea ʻo Kalani? Aia ʻo ia ma ka hale?

Nani: ʻAʻole. Aia ʻo ia i Honolulu me kona hoaaloha.

Kahale: ʻŌ-o! ʻO wai kona inoa?

Nani: ʻO George.

Kahale: ʻŌ-o, ʻo George.

Kahale: Mahalo e Nani.

Nani: ʻAe. A hui hou.

20Mokuna ʻElua



Pahuhopu 1 Ka Iʻoa Kuhane, ka Iʻoa Paku, a me ka Papani

In Mokuna 1, we learned that Hawaiian distinguishes memeʻa words from iʻoa words. Iʻoa words are further divided into two types, iʻoa kuhane and iʻoa paku. Iʻoa kuhane are the names of specific persons, spirits, or pets. Iʻoa paku are the names of places, buildings, canoes, and songs. Sometimes the same word can be an iʻoa kuhane in some circumstances and an iʻoa paku in other circumstances.

Iʻoa kuhane and iʻoa paku are distinguished in their use of some ʻami. Papani, the little words that take the place of iʻoa kuhane (i.e., au “I,” ʻoe “you,” ia “he/she”), act like iʻoa kuhane with most ʻami.

Iʻoa Paku Iʻoa Kuhane Papani“in,” “on,” “at,” “by” MA IĀ IĀ“to” (also “in,” “on,” “at,” “by”) I IĀ IĀ

Note the following examples given in the ʻami-kaʻi-ʻīkoi format. There are no kaʻi because these are iʻoa (and papani), not memeʻa words.

ʻAmi Kaʻi ʻĪkoi I Ø Honolulu …TO Honolulu (a place name) <also IN Honolulu>IĀ Ø Keoki …TO Keoki (a person) <also “ON” Keoki>MA Ø Hōkūleʻa …ON (board) Hōkūleʻa (a canoe)IĀ Ø Kamehameha …TO Kamehameha (the aliʻi) <also “ON” Kamehameha (the aliʻi)>I Ø Kamehameha …TO Kamehameha (the school), <also AT Kamehameha (the school)>MA Ø Kamehameha …IN (or AT) Kamehameha (the school)IĀ Ø ʻoe …TO you, <also “ON” you>

Note that the words for “here” (ʻaneʻi) and “there” (ʻō) are iʻoa paku. Note also that there are separate iʻoa paku and iʻoa kuhane question words.

ʻAmi Kaʻi ʻĪkoiI Ø ʻaneʻi … (TO) here, <also (AT) here>MA Ø ʻaneʻi … (AT) hereI Ø hea? … where/where TO?, <also …where/where AT?> <“hea” is an iʻoa paku>IĀ Ø wai? … who TO/TO whom?, <also…ON whom?> <“wai” is an iʻoa kuhane>

21

Haʻawina 2.1.1

For the following words decide what ʻami to use “iā,” “ma,” or “i.” If “ma” can be used, “i” can also be used, so give both answers in those cases.

1. …to ʻIolani (the palace) 7. …to Kalani high school

2. …to ʻIolani (ʻIolani Luahine the famous hula dancer) 8. …to Waiʻaleʻale (mountain)

3. …to Pōpoki (the name of a dog) 9. …on Waiʻaleʻale (mountain)

4. …on Molokaʻi 10. …to Waiʻaleʻale (Mr. Sam Waiʻaleʻale)

5. …on (the shoulders of) Kalani Jones 11. …on (board) Mālia (a fishing boat)

6. …to Kalani Jones. 12. …on (in the possession of) Mālia (a classmate)

Mokuna ʻElua



Note also that papani often change when used after an ʻami. Note also that “iaʻu” is a contraction of “iā au.”

Piko (form with no ʻami) ME (with) IĀ (to), <also (on)>AU, WAU “I” ME AʻU “with me” IAʻU “to me,” “on me”ʻOE “you” ME ʻOE “with you” IĀ ʻOE “to you,” “on you”ʻO IA “he/she” ME IA “with him/her” IĀ IA “to him/her,” “on him/her”

Don’t confuse the expressions “me ia” (with her) and “me kona pāpā” (with her dad). The word “ia” is a papani, while the word “kona” is a kaʻi indicating possession.

22

Haʻawina 2.1.2

What word for “her” would you use in translating these sentences into Hawaiian?

1. Keʻala is with her. 6. That’s her.

2. Her friend is outside. 7. That’s her sister.

3. I saw her house. 8. I ran to her.

4. I saw her. 9. I ran to her side.

5. What is her name?

Mokuna ʻElua



Pahuhopu 2Nā Huahelu

In Mokuna I, you learned the huahaku helu that can be used as hoʻōho to give telephone numbers and addresses. Beyond the simple huahaku helu, we have multiples of ʻumi (10). After ʻumi (10) and iwakālua (20), just add “kana-” to the huahaku helu to produce the next seven tens, e.g., kanakolu (30), kanahā (40), etc. To add in the one’s place, add “-kūmā-” before the huahaku helu, e.g., ʻumikūmākahi (11), iwakāluakūmāhā (24), kanaiwakūmāiwa (99).

Nā Huahelu KaʻinaHawaiian differentiates between huahelu used to indicate one out of a series (e.g., the third chair, the fifth chair) and the

use of numbers to indicate an amount (e.g., three chairs, five chairs). To construct a huahelu kaʻina to indicate one out of a series, simply use the huahelu as a kāhulu or modifying word. Place the number after the word being modified.

Kaʻi ʻĪkoi KĀHULU {Huahelu}

ka noho ʻekahi the first chair; (the) chair number oneka mokuna ʻekolu the third chapter; (the) chapter number threeke pākaukau ʻumikūmākahi the eleventh table; (the) table number eleven

Nā Huahelu HelunaTo construct a huahelu heluna to indicate an amount, use the number as a kaʻi. Note that the huahelu heluna word

“hoʻokahi” (one) for an amount is distinct from the huahelu kaʻina word “ ʻekahi” (one) to mark a series. Also note that the kaʻi “he” is placed before amounts of ten and above.

Kaʻi ʻĪkoihoʻokahi noho one chairʻekolu noho three chairshe ʻumikūmākahi pākaukau eleven tables

23

Haʻawina 2.2.1

Give these numbers in Hawaiian.

1. 32 4. 91

2. 76 5. 69

3. 28

Haʻawina 2.2.2

Translate the following using huahelu kaʻina and huahelu heluna. (The examples involving huahelu kaʻina are rephrased in the first two examples to help you, after which you must be able to identify them yourself.) Put your answers in the kaʻi ʻīkoi+kāhulu format. If there is no kāhulu, simply put an X under kāhulu.

1. two houses 5. one child

2. the second house/(the) house number two 6. the first child

3. the fifth day/(the) day number five 7. thirty-three cliffs

4. five days 8. the thirty-third

Mokuna ʻElua

cliff



Pahuhopu 3Ka Pepeke Henua “Aia” (a me Kona Kino Hōʻole)

The pepeke henua “aia” is used to tell where or when something is. You can use a pepeke henua “aia” to tell that someone or something –is on Maui, –is with your uncle, or –is on Friday. The analula (language pattern) for the pepeke henua “aia” is given below divided into three lālā (basic sentence parts). The three lālā are diagramed with a picture of a fanciful creature called a pepeke, with a head (poʻo), a joining point (piko), and one or more tentacles (ʻawe).

(Lālā) Poʻo (Lālā) Piko (Lālā) ʻAwe Aia ke kumu i Honolulu. The teacher is in Honolulu. Aia koʻu hale ma kēia alanui. My house is on this street. Aia au ma ʻaneʻi. I am here (at here). Aia ka lūʻau i kēia lā. The lūʻau is today (on this day).

If the piko is the papani “ia” (he, she) or an iʻoa (“Nani,” “Honolulu”), it is preceded by the ʻami piko “ ʻo.”

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe Aia ʻo Leo ma kēlā hale. Leo is at that house. Aia ʻo ia me ʻoe. She is with you. Aia ʻo Hāna ma Maui. Hāna is on Maui.

Notice how the piko follows the kaʻi-ʻīkoi framework you learned earlier. Also notice that the ʻawe follows the ʻami-kaʻi-ʻīkoi framework.

Aia ʻo Kaipo i Kona Kaipo is in Kona me kona ʻanakē. with his aunty. (two ʻawe)

Notice that the pepeke henua has a single poʻo, and a single piko, but that it can have several ʻawe.

24

Haʻawina 2.3.1

Express the following thoughts using the analula pepeke henua “aia.” Arrange your answers in the poʻo-piko-ʻawe framework with headings for each part of the pepeke as given in the examples above. Draw a kiʻi heʻe (pepeke picture) for each answer.

1. I am at the store. 4. Nani is in her car with my friend.

2. She is in Honolulu with Leolani. 5. Lānaʻi is over there.

3. Your father is at home with me.

Mokuna ʻElua



Ke Kino Hōʻole o ka Pepeke Henua “Aia”To negate a pepeke henua “aia” simply replace aia with the word ʻaʻole.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe ʻAʻole koʻu māmā ma Honolulu. My mom isn’t in Honolulu. ʻAʻole au me Kalei. I’m not with Kalei. ʻAʻole ʻo Nani i kēlā mokupuni Nani’s not on that island.

25

Haʻawina 2.3.2

Translate the sentences below using the kino hōʻole o ka pepeke henua me aia. Put your answers in the poʻo-piko-ʻawe format, and draw a kiʻi heʻe for each one.

1. Wailuku is not on Oʻahu.

2. You are not with me.

3. His house is not on that street.

4. Keola isn’t here at school.

Mokuna ʻElua



Pahuhopu 4Ke Kāhulu ma ka Pepeke

Adding a kāhulu in a pepeke does not create a new lālā, but instead simply lengthens it. Recall that the term kāhulu comes from “hulu” (feather), because the kāhulu is attached to the end of the lālā and floats behind as a decoration.

Kāhulu Huahelu Note the following examples where a kāhulu huahelu (underlined) has been added to a lālā piko or lālā ʻawe.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe

Aia ka puke ʻelua i ʻō. The second book is over there.

Aia ʻo Leo ma ka noho ʻumi. Leo is in the tenth chair.

Kāhulu Nonoʻa Note the following examples where a kāhulu nonoʻa (underlined) has been added into a lālā piko or lālā ʻawe.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe

Aia ʻo Lani ma ka hale o kona hoaaloha. Lani is at her friend’s house (the house of her friend).

Aia ka ʻanakē o Kimo ma ʻō. Kimo’s aunty (the aunty of Kimo) is over there. Aia ka hoaaloha o kēlā kanaka me ia. That man’s friend (the friend of that man) is with him.

26

Haʻawina 2.4.1

Translate the following into pepeke henua arranged in the poʻo-piko-ʻawe format. Each pepeke has a kāhulu on the piko or ʻawe, or on both. Underline the kāhulu and draw the kiʻi heʻe for each answer.

1. Maile’s car is on this street.

2. My house is on the first street.

3. The twelfth student is with me.

4. The teacher’s chair is on the second lānai.

Mokuna ʻElua



Pahuhopu 5Ka ʻAmi Piko “ ʻO” a me ka ʻAmi Hea “E”

Some ʻami do not have an English translation. One of these is the ʻami piko “ ʻo.” The ʻami piko is used when SPEAKING ABOUT a person or place. The ʻami piko marks the iʻoa referring to such a person or place in the piko.

Aia ʻo Kalei me aʻu. Kalei is with me. Aia ʻo Hanalē ma ʻaneʻi. Hanalē is over here. Aia ʻo Hanalei ma Kauaʻi. Hanalei is on Kauaʻi.

Another ʻami that has no conversational English translation is the ʻami hea “e” (however, the archaic English “O” as in, “Romeo, O Romeo,” is similar in meaning to “e”). The ʻami hea (hea ʻto call’) is used when SPEAKING TO or addressing a person or a personified place or thing. In English and Hawaiian, a comma separates the addressee from the rest of the sentence. Note the use of the ʻami hea “e” and the lack of an English equivalent in the following examples:

E Nālani, aia i hea kou kaʻa? ( ) Nālani, where is your car? Pehea ʻoe, e Kaipo? How are you, ( ) Kaipo? Aloha, e Hawaiʻi. Aloha, ( ) Hawaiʻi.

Ke Kaʻi me ka ʻAmi KāheaThe ʻami kāhea is like any other ʻami beginning a poke and therefore follows the ʻami-kaʻi-ʻīkoi format. If the word used

after it is an iʻoa, there is no kaʻi, but if the ʻīkoi is a memeʻa, a kaʻi must be used.

Note the following examples:

Poke( ʻAmi( KāheaʻAmi Kaʻi ʻĪkoi e ka pōpoki …cat! (Come here, cat!)e ka wahine ...lady (How are you, lady?)e Ø Wahine ...Wahine (a person named Wahine)! (Hi, Wahine!)e ke kumu …teacher. (I’m over here, teacher.)e Ø Kumu …Kumu! (someone’s name, a possible nickname for a teacher) (What’s up, Kumu?)

27

Haʻawina 2.5.1

Do not translate the sentences below, but note which ʻami –“ ʻo” or “e”– should be used before the Iʻoa “Kahalekoa.” (Note that in this haʻawina and the others that follow in this mokuna, all commas have been eliminated in order that your answers be based on consideration of the meaning of sentences. However, if you are able to pronounce the English sentences and can hear the pause where the comma would go, it should help you get a feel for the use of the ʻami hea “e.”)

1. Kahalekoa is over there. 6. Kahalekoa caught a big wave.

2. Did you help her Kahalekoa? 7. Kahalekoa didn’t help me.

3. Kahalekoa your plate lunch is ready. 8. Kahalekoa catch a big wave!

4. Kahalekoa this lei is for you. 9. Kahalekoa how’s your mother?

5. Is Kahalekoa home? 10. Kahalekoa is doing his homework.

Mokuna ʻElua



Note also that the poke ʻami kāhea is an ʻawe.

Poʻo Piko ʻAweAia ʻo Lei me aʻu e ka hoaaloha.

28

Haʻawina 2.5.2

For the following sentences circle the English equivalent of the poke ʻami kāhea, and write “ka” if it includes a memeʻa. If the poke ʻami kāhea includes an iʻoa, write iʻoa.

1. Where is your calf, cow? 7. Is that you, Uncle?

2. What’s your name, girl? 8. Tree, I want you to give me fruit this year!

3. How’s the surf, Lopaka? 9. How are you today, Rose?

4. Uʻilani, are you at home? 10. How are you today, rose?

5. Get out of my yard, thief! 11. Rose, how are you today?

6. Is that you, uncle?

Mokuna ʻElua



Pahuhopu 6Ke Kiʻi o ka Pepeke a me ka Lāpuʻu o ka ʻAwe

The pepeke may be said to look like a heʻe, or what is called a “squid” in ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai. The poʻo represents its head-like body part (pū) joined by the piko to the ʻawe, which represents its tentacles (ʻaweʻawe).

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe

The pepeke creates a way for us to visualize how Hawaiian words fit together.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe Aia ke keiki i ka hale, e Lei.

Note below how, like the tentacles of a real heʻe, some ʻawe of a pepeke can be moved in front of the piko and even in front of the poʻo.

Poʻo ʻAwe (1) Piko ʻAwe (2) Aia i ka hale ke keiki, e Lei.

ʻAwe (2) Poʻo Piko ʻAwe (1) E Lei, aia ke keiki i ka hale.

ʻAwe (2) Poʻo ʻAwe (1) Piko E Lei, aia i ka hale ke keiki.

29

(1)

(2)

pū

ʻaweʻawe

(2)(1)

(2)

(1)

Mokuna ʻElua



As you are just beginning to learn Hawaiian, concentrate on mastering the simple poʻo–piko–ʻawe order as in the example below.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe Aia ke keiki i ka hale, (1) e Lei. (2)

All four pepeke essentially translate as: “The boy is in the house, Lei.”

You will learn more about flexible ʻawe that is ʻawe lāpuʻu, later in your study of Hawaiian.

30

(1)

(2)

Haʻawina 2.6.1

For each of the following pepeke, draw that heʻe that illustrates it, and translate into English.

1. Aia me aʻu ʻo Nani e Leo.

2. E ke kanaka, aia koʻu hale ma kēia alanui.

3. E Lei, aia kou ʻanakala me ia i ʻō.

Haʻawina Hui Pū ʻia

Translate into Hawaiian. (Treat “Māmā” as an iʻoa, and retain the English “Mrs.” or use its transliterated Hawaiian form, “Mike.”)

1. Mokihana: Hello girl. How are you?

2. Lei: I’m fine.

3. Mokihana: What’s your name?

4. Lei: My name is Lei. Where’s my mother?

5. Mokihana: What’s her name?

6. Lei: My mother’s name (the name of my mother) is Nani.

7. Mokihana: Your mother isn’t on the lānai. She’s over there at the third table. Mrs. Okamura, Lei is with me.

8. Lei: Māmā, I’m with this lady. Goodbye lady!

9. Mokihana: Goodbye Lei.

Haʻawina Hoʻomanaʻo

1. Spell the following words in Hawaiian: kāhea; ʻōlelo; mīʻoi; puaʻa.

2. Give the digits of the following telephone number: “808-738-2196.”

Mokuna ʻElua



Ka Hoʻoilina o ka ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi

This book, Nā Kai ʻEwalu, was written with a goal of supporting the revitalization of Hawaiian as a daily spoken language. Therefore, it is important to give some concepts behind Hawaiian language revitalization. Hawaiian, of course, is the language within which a distinct Hawaiian identity developed over generations and generations. Because of this, all the basic features of traditional Hawaiian culture and the traditional Hawaiian world view are expressed in Hawaiian. Many people wish to revitalize the Hawaiian language because without full use of the Hawaiian language, cultural activities such as hula, Hawaiian music, praying in Hawaiian, and even Hawaiian crafts are not fully understood by the practitioner or the observer. Furthermore, the use of the language allows for creativity within a continuation of a cultural tradition with deep roots. This is especially important because of the Hawaiian concept of kaona where the Hawaiian words of songs, and even for designs, actions, and plants carry double and triple meanings with special significance beyond simple surface appearance. Kaona meanings are based on the Hawaiian language rather than the English language. Beyond visible culture with deep and ancient roots, the Hawaiian language carries with it, indeed it requires, a distinct world view. This Hawaiian world view is carried by the language in approaching everything including the contemporary world. One can get an idea of how the world view of a language affects identity and culture in the contemporary world by observing the contemporary culture of Japan. The Japanese approach to contemporary technology, cartoons, and other aspects that have been adopted from elsewhere is quite distinctive because it has been molded by the Japanese world view embedded in the Japanese language. There is a unique Hawaiian world view that is embedded in the Hawaiian language as well and its effect on assimilating new ideas can be seen in the unique Hawaiian adaptations of external ideas when the Hawaiian language was strong, e.g., Hawaiian quilts, Hawaiian slack key guitar, Hawaiian lau hala hats, etc. Those who strive to revitalize the Hawaiian language wish to see the Hawaiian world view reestablished deep within themselves, their families and others who wish to use Hawaiian as their daily language. By daily use of Hawaiian they see themselves as maintaining a distinct identity at all times and under all types of situations, not simply when dancing hula, planting taro, or chanting. Language then is a central life giving part of a mauli or life force that protects and nourishes other aspects of the mauli that are more intuitive, physical and specific knowledge based. Besides revitalizing traditional Hawaiian culture and the Hawaiian world view embodied in the Hawaiian language, Hawaiian language revivalists wish to see the position of individuals speaking Hawaiian “normalized” along international standards of basic human rights. This means that speakers of a language in the place of origin of that language shall be free from prejudicial treatment and have the ability to live their daily lives in that language in actual communities where speaking Hawaiian is not something unusual. Under such normalized conditions, it would be possible to attend school in Hawaiian, watch television in Hawaiian, read daily newspapers in Hawaiian, purchase groceries in Hawaiian, receive government services in Hawaiian and have communities where Hawaiian was used as the normal language of childhood interaction in the neighborhood. Such normalization would not restrict the learning and use of other languages. In fact it would favor greater language learning abilities as has been clearly demonstrated in Europe where speakers of smaller languages such as Danish, Dutch and Welsh are the best learners of foreign languages including English. Where small languages are normalized, there is generally an increase in second and third language knowledge and increased economic status of those identifying with the smaller languages as well. Hawaiian had been nearly exterminated by the 1970s when a revitalization effort began that included an early version of this book. While there are more speakers of Hawaiian today, much remains to be done to expand those numbers to include all who identify with the language. Even more challenging is to expand the fluency levels of speakers and reestablish more living Hawaiian families and start to develop neighborhoods and communities where Hawaiian is once again the normal language of interaction. And finally, there is the challenge of normalizing Hawaiian throughout Hawaiʻi as a valid and highly valued component of contemporary life in Hawaiʻi. Your participation in a Hawaiian language class contributes to the efforts to revitalize Hawaiian.

31Mokuna ʻElua



Nā ʻŌlelo Hoʻākāka

1. In simple counting as done by children, or in determining how many fish are in a net, for example, the huahelu kaʻina

(series numerals) are used, e.g., ʻekahi, ʻelua, ʻekolu, etc. In counting quickly, just the huahaku helu are used, e.g., kahi, lua, kolu. You will learn later that huahelu heluna can be used as memeʻa.

2. The importance of following Hawaiian patterns rather than English patterns cannot be emphasized enough in regarding to speaking Hawaiian. The most common problem that students have in learning Hawaiian is following the English rather than the Hawaiian way of expressing a thought. The Hawaiian way of expression is explained systematically in the book. An example of a Hawaiian pattern that does not regularly match English is the use of a kaʻi before all memeʻa words.

Note the following examples that include ka or ke without any corresponding word in English. The parentheses in the translations represent the lack of corresponding English words and also the place where students make mistakes by leaving out the full Hawaiian wording.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe Aia ʻo ia ma ke kula. He is at ( ) school. Aia ʻo ia ma ka hale. He is at ( ) home. Pehea ʻoe, e ka makua kāne? How are you, ( ) father?

Leaving out the kaʻi forces an interpretation of the word as an iʻoa. Contrast the following meanings with those above.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe Aia ʻo ia ma kula = Kula. He is in Kula (a place on Maui.) Aia ʻo ia ma hale = Hale. He is at Hale (a place called Hale.) Pehea ʻoe e makua kāne = Makuakāne? How are you (person named Makuakāne?)

Lack of attention to the Hawaiian way of expressing thoughts also creates problems where a Hawaiian ʻami has no English equivalent. Below are examples of the Hawaiian requirement that an ʻami (such as “ma,” “i,” “me”) be used at the beginning of all ʻawe and that the ʻami “ ʻo” appear before all iʻoa and “ia” in the piko position. The parentheses in the translations represent the lack of corresponding English words and where students often forget to include the ʻami.

Poʻo Piko ʻAwe Aia ʻo Nani ma ʻaneʻi. ( ) Nani is ( ) here. Aia ka lūʻau ma ʻō. The lūʻau is ( ) there. Aia ʻo ia i ka lānai. ( ) He is on the lānai. Aia au i ka hale kūʻai, I’m at the store, e Keoni. ( ) Keoni.

3. The word “aia” is functionally similar to the ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai word “stay.” As in Hawaiian, the piko can be left out as understood in ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai.

Hawaiian: Kalei: Aia i hea ʻo Keoki? Pua: Aia (ʻo ia) ma ke kaʻa.

ʻŌlelo Paʻiʻai: Kalei: Where Keoki stay? Pua: (He) Stay on da car.

Standard English: Kalei: Where’s Keoki? Pua: He’s in the car.

32Mokuna ʻElua



4. The question “Aia i hea ʻo Keoni?” (Where is Keoni?) is a regular pepeke henua, but with the ʻawe and piko switched. There are actually four ways to ask this question because the ʻami “ma” and “i” are interchangeable and the ʻawe and piko position can be switched.

Poʻo( Piko( ʻAwe Aia ʻo Keoni i hea? Aia ʻo Keoni ma hea?

Poʻo( ʻAwe( Piko Aia i hea ʻo Keoni? Aia ma hea ʻo Keoni?

The most common ways of asking this question are the last two above.

Similarly, there are two ways of saying “Who is Keoni with?”

Poʻo( Piko( ʻAwe Aia ʻo Keoni me wai?

Poʻo( ʻAwe( Piko Aia me wai ʻo Keoni?

5. Hawaiian words and English words are never totally equivalent. A good example is the difference between “kāne” and “kanaka” which students tend to use incorrectly based on incorrectly seeing “kāne” as fully equivalent to English “man.” Note that to help avoid a common misuse of “kāne,” it is listed in the papaʻōlelo with the translation “male” rather than “man.”

“Kanaka” is the normal Hawaiian word used in casual reference to a “man,” that is a male human being, whose maleness is not being emphasized. Note the following example where “man” would be rendered “kanaka” in Hawaiian:

“This man came up to me in the store and asked for directions.”

In the above example, maleness is secondary. The main point is that someone came up and asked for directions. However, the English word “man” is also used to emphasize maleness, and stereotypical masculine identity, as shown in the following English example:

“She sings like a man.”

In the above example, maleness is primary and the word “kāne” would be used.

33Mokuna ʻElua



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