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Modified Mercalli IntensitiesEnola Earthquake Swarm
Seismic Event: Magnitude 4.520 January 1982 @ 6:33 PM CST
(N
GH-EQ-MMI-AR-0001
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 605Miles
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 605Kilometers
Arkansas Geological SurveyBekki White, Director and State Geologist
Symbols
_̂ Earthquake Epicenter
Interstates
US Highways
State Highways
Incorporated Areas
¡¢62
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Æ·225
Although this map was compiled from digital data that was successfully processed on a computer system using ESRI ArcGIS 9.x software at the Arkansas Geological Survey (AGS), no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the AGS regarding the unity of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The AGS does not guarantee this map or digital data to be free of errors or liability for interpretations from this map or digital data, or decisions based thereof. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Arkansas Geological Survey. The Feature Class Data used in the making of this map was acquired at the GeoStor online.
Disclaimer
Light
None
None
None
Weak
None
I II IVModerate
VStrong
Light
VIVery
StrongModerate
VII
ModerateHeavy
SevereVIII
ExtremeX+
Violent
Heavy
IXWeak
None
III
VeryLight
VeryHeavy
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7+
INTENSITYSHAKINGDAMAGE
MAGNITUDEBy
Scott M. Ausbrooks and Erica Doerr2009
1 : 850,000 Jerry W. ClarkDate: Scale: Digital Compilation:20 February 2009
The Enola Earthquake Swarm began on January 12, 1982, and continued throughout the year with over 19,000 events recorded during this period by a temporary network of seismographs deployed in the area. The epicenters generally cluster in an area near the town of Enola, Arkansas. Ninety-three events were felt by local residents during 1982. The largest event of the swarm was a Magnitude 4.5 earthquake that occurred on January 20, 1982, with a maximum intensity of VI and felt over an area of approximately 75,000 km² in Arkansas, Missouri and Mississippi. Statements below list the reported intensities, locations and summarize the strongest effects of the Magnitude 4.5 earthquake: Intensity VI: Arkansas: Enola, Naylor. Report on State Highway 36 of hairline cracks in a concrete cellar, some tiles fell off a tile-lined well, a cracked fireplace, and minor cracks at the seams of sheetrock walls. Intensity V: Arkansas: Damascus, Drasco, Greenbrier, Guy, Holland (press report), Mount Vernon, Newport (press report), Pangburn, Rosebud, Ward. Reports of a few small objects were overturned and fell; windows, doors, or dishes were rattled and a few cracked windows. Intensity IV: Arkansas: Bauxite, Beebe, Bee Branch, Bigelow, Bradford, Cabot, Cave City, Choctaw, Clinton, Concord, Conway, Cotter, Cotton Plant, Des Arc, Dogpatch, Dyer, Edgemont, El Paso, Everton, Fox, Harriet, Harrison, Heber Springs, Hector, Hickory Ridge, Higden, Huntsville (press report), Kensett, Kingston, Lepanto, Leslie, Litona, Marshall, McRea, Morrilton, Mountain View, Naylor (press report), Newark, Pindall, Quitman, Reyno, Rosie, Searcy, Smithville, Vilonia, Walnut Ridge, Wilburn, Yellville. Missouri: Alton. Intensity III: Arkansas: Almyra, Austin, Batesville, Brandy, Brickeys, Caldwell, Calico Rock, College Station, Conway, (Hendrix College), Desha, Donaldson, Guion, Imboden, Keo, Little Rock, Madison, Malvern, Mammoth Spring, Mayflower (press report), Maynard, Melbourne, Oil Trough, Palestine, Patterson, Pleasant Plains, Pocahontas, Prim, Pruitt, Ridgedale, Romance, Sheridan, Shirley, Sulphur Rock, Sweet Home, Tumbling Shoals, Swifton, Viola, Wolf Bayou. Mississippi: Robinsonville. Missouri: Bakersfield, Caufield. Intensity II: Arkansas: Glenwood, Mount Pleasant. Missouri: Koshkonong, Myrtle. Felt: (indicates that the available data is not sufficient for
assigning an intensity value) Arkansas: Black Rock, Durham. Adapted from Stover, C. W., 1985, United States Earthquakes, 1982, United States Geological Survey: United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1655, 141 p.
Earthquake Description
IIIIII
IV
V
VI
IX
VIII
VII
X+
Modified Mercalli Intensity ScaleNot felt. Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or favorably placed. Felt indoors. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of light trucks. Duration estimated. May not be recognized as an earthquake. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of heavy trucks; or sensation of a jolt like a heavy ball striking the walls. Standing automobiles rock. Windows, dishes, doors rattle. Glasses clink. Crockery clashes. In the upper range of IV, wooden walls and frame creak. Felt outdoors; direction estimated. Sleepers awakened. Liquids disturbed, some spilled. Small unstable objects displaced or upset. Doors swing, close, open. Shutters, pictures move. Pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. Felt by all. Many frightened and run outdoors. Persons walk unsteadily. Windows, dishes, glassware broken. Knickknacks, books and other items fall off shelves. Pictures fall off walls. Furniture moved or overturned. Weak plaster and Masonry D cracked. Small bells ring (church, school). Trees, bushes shaken (visibly, or heard to rustle). Difficult to stand. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. Hanging objects quiver. Furniture broken. Damage to Masonry D, including cracks. Weak chimneys broken at roof line. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices (also unbraced parapets and architectural ornaments). Some cracks in Masonry C. Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. Small slides and caving in along sand or gravel banks. Large bells ring. Concrete irrigation ditches damaged. Steering of automobiles affected. Damage to Masonry C; partial collapse. Some damage to Masonry B; none to Masonry A. Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. Decayed piling broken off. Branches broken from trees. Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. General panic. Masonry D destroyed; Masonry C heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; Masonry B seriously damaged, and damage to Masonry A. (General damage to foundations.) Frame structures, if not bolted, shifted off foundations. Frames racked. Serious damage to reservoirs and underground pipes broken. Conspicuous cracks in ground. In alluvial areas sand and mud ejected, earthquake fountains, sand craters. Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Large landslides. Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, etc. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and flat land. Rails bent slightly. XI. Rails bent greatly. Underground pipelines completely out of service. XII. Damage nearly total. Large rock masses displaced. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown into the air. Masonry A: Good workmanship, mortar, and design;
reinforced, especially laterally, and bound together by using steel, concrete, etc.; designed to resist lateral forces.
Masonry B: Good workmanship and mortar; reinforced, but not designed in detail to resist lateral forces.
Masonry C: Ordinary workmanship and mortar; no extreme weaknesses like failing to tie in at corners, but neither reinforced nor designed against horizontal forces.
Masonry D: Weak materials, such as adobe; poor mortar; low standards of workmanship; weak horizontally.
Adapted from Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG), On Shaky Ground, 2003, Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html.
Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG), On Shaky Ground, 2003, Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html. Johnson, A., and Metzger, A., 1982, The Central Arkansas earthquake swarm—Part 1, 12th January to 12th July 1982: Tennessee Earthquake Information Center (TEIC), Special Report, no. 8, 84 p. Stover, C. W., 1985, United States Earthquakes, 1982, United States Geological Survey: United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1655, 141 p. Wood, H. O., and Neumann, Frank, 1931, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931: Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 21, no.4, p. 277–283.
References
Intensity, as applied to earthquakes, represents a quantity determined from the effects on people, man-made objects, and the earth’s surface. Intensities are assigned according to descriptions listed in the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale of 1931 (Wood and Newman, 1931). There were originally twelve discreet steps, but only ten are recognized by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in the modern MMI scale. Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and X+ at the high end of the scale. An earthquake in a populated area will have different intensities at different localities, owing to the distance from the focus of the earthquake, type of focal mechanism, local geological conditions, structural design of buildings, and the earthquake magnitude and duration (Stover, 1985). MMI maps illustrate the areal pattern of intensity associated with individual earthquakes. This map was adapted from the Modified Mercalli Intensities map by Arch Johnson and Ann Metzger, in the Tennessee Earthquake Information Center (TEIC) Special Report #8.
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