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Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
The Developing Person The Developing Person
I. Different Perspectives on DevelopmentII. Developmental ProcessesIII. Cognitive DvmtIV. Social and Emotional DevelopmentV. Moral DvmtVI. Erikson's Lifespan DevelopmentVII. Language Development
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
I.I. Different PerspectivesDifferent Perspectives
Developmental psychology-concerned with changes in physical/psychological functioning across lifespan (from conception)
Some Issues:1. Nature vs. Nurture2. Discontinuous vs Continuous theories3. Stability/Change
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Developmental ResearchDevelopmental Research
1. Typesa. normative investigationsb. Longitudinal
c. Cross-sectionald. Sequential
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Data Collection MethodsData Collection Methods
2. Data Collectiona. habituation: decrease in response,
habitb. dishabituation: responds to new
stimulusc. also facial expressions, sucking
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
II. Developmental Processes
A. Physical developmentPrenatal:
• 10 days after conception, attaches to uterine wall-then becomes embryo, 9 weeks-fetus
• teratogens: harmful agents, FAS, smoking, etc.--all can affect psychological dvmt
• heart beat at 3 wks, 1/6 inch long
• early as 6th week-responses to stimulation
• feel movement at 17 weeks, 7 inches long
• sex vs. gender
• gender determined at 8 wks
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Newborn developmentNewborn development
• brain mass increases 50% by 2 yrs• 80% next 2 yrs, levels off at 11 yrs• tendencies such as temperament • mostly reflexes: rooting, grasping,
babinski
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Newborn developmentNewborn development
Sensory dvmt• prefer female voice at birth• prefer mother's voice at few weeks-turn head to voice• newborn legally blind 20/500, receptors still forming connections• 1 day old-sight, 1/10 inch, 2 months, 1/20 in, 8 mos, 1/80 in,
6 yr/us-1/300• 1 mo, recognize shape of person's head, • 7 wks, facial features detect person• 2 mos. color-white, red, orange, blue• 3 mos-depth perception, not fully developed• depth perception, visual cliff-crawling at 6-9 mos• 12 hours old, distinguishes sweet (sugar) taste from sour• also bad smells they don't like-rotten egg, etc• learn mothers odor in 3 days
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
C. Maturation-typical of species
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
III. Cognitive DevelopmentIII. Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget, Swiss Psychologist• Schemes• Assimilation & Accommodation• Conservation
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Piaget’s StagesPiaget’s StagesStages
1.Sensorimotor (0-2)-senses & actions
-object permanence, stranger anxiety
2.Pre-Operational (2-7)
-egocentrism, no conservation, -centration, animistic thinking
3.Concrete Operational (7-12)-reversible actions, mathematical transformations, conservation
4.Formal Operations (12+)-true logic, abstract reasoning, algebra
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
IV. Social and Emotional IV. Social and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopment
• Harry Harlow’s studies• Temperament (Kagan)• Thomas & Chess-3 styles
– Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up• Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
1.1. Attachment TheoryAttachment Theory
A. Bowlby’s ideaB. Harlow’s idea of contact
comfortC. Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange
Situation” and attachment styles
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Ainsworth’s AttachmentAinsworth’s Attachment
The Strange Situation Methodology based on Stranger and Separation Anxiety
3 Primary styles:1. Secure (56%)2. Insecure
Type A: Anxious-Avoidant (25%)Type C: Anxious-Resistant/ambivalent
(19%)
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
More attachment...More attachment...
• A 4th Attachment style: Disorganized/Disoriented
• Identified by Main & Solomon (1990)
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
2.2. The Influence of Culture The Influence of Culture & Gender& Gender
• Collectivism and Individualism• Child-rearing• Gender
–Social learning Theory-Bandura
–Gender Schema Theory-Bem
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
V. Moral DevelopmentV. Moral Development
• What’s different about adolescence?– Sexual maturity, transition, relationships
• What is Morality? – A system of beliefs, values and underlying
judgements about right and wrong• What is Moral Development?
– Concerns rules and conventions about how people should behave in their interactions with others
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Moral DevelopmentMoral Development
• Kohlberg’s Theory (1950’s)• Moral Dilemma• Moral reasoning• Carol Gilligan’s Two Voices
– Voice of Justice– Voice of Caring
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Kohlberg’s LevelsKohlberg’s Levels
Progressive stages
Levels and Stages: Reason for moral behavior:
I. Preconventional Morality-oneself (before age 9)Stage 1: Pleasure/Pain orientation Avoid pain or getting caughtStage 2: Cost/Benefit orientation Achieve/receive rewards
reciprocity (eye for an eye)
II. Conventional Morality-others/r-ships, society (early adolescence)Stage 3: "good child" orientation Gain acceptance, avoid disapprovalStage 4: Law and order orientation Follow rules, avoid penalties
III. Postconventional (Principled) morality-universal principlesStage 5: Social contract orientation Promote the welfare of one's societyStage 6: Ethical principle orientation Achieve justice, avoid self-condemnationStage 7: Cosmic orientation BE true to universal principles; feel
oneself part of a cosmic direction that transcends social norms
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
Parenting StylesParenting Styles
Parenting styles-Baumrind-1971: A. Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive style
B. Authoritative: encourages independenceC. Permissive Parenting
-permissive indulgent-permissive neglectful
Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3
VI.VI. Erikson’s Life-span DevelopmentErikson’s Life-span Development