MUSIC OF EUROPE

The music of Europe, also called Western music, goes backmany centuries. Because it goes back so for, Western music isdivided into time periods. The major divisions are the Renais-sance, the Baroque, the Classical, the Romantic, and the Modernperiods.

In the Renaissance, 1450 to 1600, most music was religious. Anew type of religious song, the chorale, was invented, and manyhymns were written. A nonreligious musical invention was themadrigal, a song sung in parts usually without accompaniment.

In the Baroque period, 1600-1750, composers 'began adding complicated harmonies.Major musical inventions included the opera, oratorio, sonata, concerto, and fugue. Twomajor Baroque composers were George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach.

The Classical period, 1750-1825, saw the development of rnony musical forms, the mostimportant being the symphony. Music of the Classical period emphasized orderliness anddignity. This was the period of some of the greatest composers, including Franz JosephHaydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.

Beethoven's music, with its highly emotional approach, led to the Romantic period(1825-1900). The art song, or Lied, was an invention of this period. Major Romanticcomposers included Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, and Peter lIyich Tchaikovsky.

In the Modern period, the years since 1900, composers have been experimenting withmany different styles. Composers of the Modern period include Bela Bartok, Igor Stravinsky,Dmitri Shostakovich, and Benjamin Britten.

Directions: Unscramble the words below. A clue is given to help you figure out eachscrambled word. Then place the numbered letters on the blanks at the bottom. Be sure toplace every numbered letter on the blank with the matching number.1. IGLUESORI(main type of music in Renaissance)_. . __

12345 6

2. SHAREMONI (complicated __ were added during Baroque period)

789

3. CRAMTONI (period of highly emotional music) _10 11

4. DELI(art son9)- _12

5. QUABORE (period in which Hondel.ond Bach composed) _13 14 15

Western Music Time Periods1450-1600: _

2 9 7 4 6 6 7 9 11 2

1600-1750:

1750-1825:

1825-1900:

13 7 1 5 14 15 2

11 3 7 6 6 4 11 7 3

Since 1900:5 8 7 9 10 4 11

------8 5 12 2 9

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MUSIC OF THE UNITED STATES 15

American music isa combination of the music from many lands,especially the countries of Europe and Africa. Back in the 1600sand 1700s, people from England, Scotland, Ireland, France, andGermany brought their folk songs and dances to America. Overtime, these songsand dances changed to become more Americanthan European pieces of music.

One of the first important composers in the United States wasStephen Foster who wrote "Ohl Susannah," "Cornptown Races,"DMy Old Kentucky Horne," and "Old Black Joe." Yet the first trulyAmerican music was developed by black musicians in the South.They blended elements of African music with elements from the European songs anddances. The result of this blending became known as "blues," .l1ragtime," and later njazz."

The first major American composer to make use of this Afro-American music was GeorgeGershwin. Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue and his opera Porgy and Bess showed how popularthis music had become. Gershwin was also a pioneer in an American theatrical invention:the musical. Other major Americans who wrote musicals include Jerome Kern, Cole Porter,Irving Berlin, Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein, Leonard Bernstein, and StephenSondheim.

Since the 1950s, the best-known form of American music has been rock. It began as ablend of black rhythm and blues with white country and western styles. It has developedmany different forms over the years.

Directions: Fill in the missing word to complete each sentence below. Then complete thesentence in bold by placing each numbered letter on the blank with the same number.

1. People from Europe brought their _ _ _ _ songs and dances to America.1 2

2. Stephen Fosterwas one of the first important in the United345

States.

the South.

3. The first truly American music was developed by black _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ In6 7

4. Gershwin wrote --------8 9in Blue.

American music combines elements of music from

- -- - and •5 6 8 245 9 1 873 9

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MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA 14

Music played an important role in the lives of Central and SouthAmerican natives long before Columbus arrived. These peopleshad no stringed instruments, but they did have flutes and otherwind instruments aswell as drums. Songswere used to passtalesof great deeds and events from one generation to another.

After the Spanish and Portuguese conquered latin America,music there became much more European. Natives were trainedto master the guitar and other European instruments and to playSpanish and Portuguese music.

The first true latin American music was folk' music. Folk singers and instrumentalistscombined Europeanmusicwith the native styles. In areas where blackshad been brought inas slaves, African rhythms and melodies were blended in a~ well.

In the 1800s, latin Americans created new dances by combining Europeanstyles (like thewaltz and the polka) with native dances. Twoexamples of these new danceswere the tangoand the habanera. In the 1900s,classicalcomposers suchas Brazil'sHector Villa-lobos usedLatin American dance styles in their work.

Danceshave been important in popular music, too. Therumba comes from Cuba, and thesamba comes from Brazil. Both show the impact of African musicon latin American dances.Reggaeand calypso, from the Caribbean islands, show the same influence in vocal music.

Directions: Use facts about Latin American music to fill in.the crossword puzzle below.Across Down

1. Before Columbus there were no __ 2. The __ was a European instrumentinstruments in Latin America. mastered by natives in Latin America.

3. __ rhythms and melodies came to 4. Brazilian dancelatin America with the slaves. 6. Dancethat blended Europeanand native

5. Popular Cuban dance dances7. Country of Hector Villa-lobos8. Type of vocal music in Caribbean

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MUSIC AROUND THE WORLD SUPERPUZZLE 16Directions: Find the words listed below in the word search puzzle. Words may be spelled

left to right, right to left, top to bottom, bottom to top, and slanted in all directions.

RENAISSANCEBAROQUECLASSICALROMANTICMODERNWESTERNCHINAJAPANAFRICAINDIA

RELIGION RAGAISLAM TATACHRISTIANITY SUSIRAJUDAISM SITARIMPROVISATIONLUTERHYTHM OBOEPERCUSSION DRUMSZITHER GONGSKOTO PUPPETDANCING THEATERS

HARMONYMADRIGALBLUESRAGTIMEJAZZROCKMUSICALPORGYBESSLULLABIES

SONGSSPIRITSRATTLESGOURDSFOLKTANGORUMBASAMBAREGGAECALYPSO

R E N A I S SAN C E J S G N 0 G PAR QB S V C B M K 0 T 0 U L Y L E R C E S A AC A A H H E E N I K Z G E A A L A R N G FA" C R M HIS E E N R A A LAS U eRA RL S ROB M N S EO G R A S Toe UE L IY R T 0 Q A K A P G N C S G A N ISO G CPEAFCUE LEAl IOYLGTSOPAS T N 10K E R L S C E A B N S N I M 0 No A G T I L E R U A K N A K 0 Y A 0 N A TY E 0 A T N K M L M ABC Z L E M N 0 B 0L H RAT T L ESP M N Z U Q TO E I A Ao T G 0 U R 0 S A U Y A T R R E R J G T NRAG TIM E J R N J E A S E U L B I A Co RUM S E Y TIN A ITS I R H C L T IIMP R 0 V I SAT ION S T E R SEA NR S P I R ITS L S E I B ALL U L RIGW EST ERN N MAD RIG A L REI 0 EF R H Y T H M H A V 0 Y NOM R A H P N LI S LAM Q PUP PET K R E H T I Z I LR S U SIR A E SIT A ROM S I A 0 U J

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American Popular Music Ragtime: It's a Cakewalk

Ragtime:It's a Cakewalk

One of the forms of music that waswell-received in the pre-Civil War South wasthe cakewalk. It was a dance with a struttingstep usually performed to syncopated music.The name comes from dance contests held bysouthern blacks inwhich the prizes were cakes.The popularity of the cakewalk continued untilthe end of the nineteenth century, by whichtime this dance music had found its way to thestages of the minstrel shows. It also becamea favorite dance of the general public, with themusic for these types of dances becomingwell-liked. The type of music generally usedfor accompanying the cakewalk was known "Jelly Roll" Mortonas ragtime.

The word ragtime may have been derived from several sources. One probable early usecame from a type of shuffling clog dance known as "ragging" that was performed by black men.Another early source claims that ragtime music got its name from the fact that it was writtendown. The paper that the music was written down on was referred to as a "rag." The purposeof the music was to provide "time" or certain rhythms for the dance steps to be accomplished.When you combined the two, you had ragtime music. Regardless of the origin, the name stuckand became very popular. The fact that this style of music was actually notated (written down)helped it to gain a higher level of popularity.

The style of music that was used for the cakewalk was transposed from the group ofinstruments used in the minstrel shows to a single instrument: the piano. With his left hand, thepianist played a "boom-chuck" rhythm that attempted to simulate the foot-stomping and hand-clapping that would occur during the cakewalk, while with his right hand he played ragged orsyncopated melodies that had been originally written for banjos. The manner in which the noteswere put together came from the European style of composition, or traditional harmony, and soragtime is a unique blend of European and African styles joined together in one form.

There were two main cities where ragtime first gained popularity. One was New Orleans,Louisiana; the other was St. Louis, Missouri. The best-known composer and performer of St.Louis ragtime was Scott Joplin (1868-1917). He was the son of a former slave and was born inTexas in 1868.When he was seventeen, he moved to St. Louis where he was first "discovered"and made his name as a first-rate ragtime player and composer. Other important composersand performers of ragtime music were James Scott and "Jelly Roll" Morton. Ragtime had animportant influence on the Dixieland style of piano playing. Many of the same elements that arefound in ragtime were carried over and implemented in the piano accompaniment style of theNew Orleans Dixieland music.

CD-404135 © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 5

American Popular MusicName: _

RagtimeDate: _

Questions for Consideration

1. What was a well-received form of music in the pre-Civil War South?

2. Where did the name of this dance originate?

3. What type of music generally accompanied this type of dance?

4. From where did the term ragtime come?

5. Why was it possible for anyone with a piano to play this music?

6. Ragtime is a blend of what two musical styles?

7. Which hand of the pianist would play the syncopated melodies originally written for ban-

jos?

8. The cakewalk was popular in what type of shows by the end of the nineteenth century?

9. Who was the best known composer and performer of St. Louis ragtime?

10. Ragtime had an important influence on what later style of piano playing?

CD-404135 © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 7

1- Write an essay in which you compare and contrast the music of Europe andmusic of the Unite Stated

2-Describe the music of Latin America (paragraph form)

3-Choose 6 terms from "Music Around the world supper puzzle"Use each term in a sentence related to the information gathered in musicof Europe, Music of Latin America and Music of the United States

For Example:

Term: RenaissanceText: Music of EuropeSentence: The music of the Renaissance period was mainly religious.

Term:Text:Sentence:

Term:Text:Sentence:

Term:Text:Sentence:

Term:Text:Sentence:

Term:Text:Sentence:

Term:Text:Sentence: