murwptpay; - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tGr12TG Political.pdf-V-gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk; vspikg;gLj;jTk;

-I-

murwptpay;

f.ngh.j cau; juk;

juk; - 12

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

2017 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 12 Me; juj;jpw;fhdJ

(,t;tplag;gug;gpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l KjyhtJ guPl;ir

2019 ,y; eilngWk;)

r%f tpQ;Qhdj; jpizf;fsk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kùfk

-II-

murwptpay;

12 Me; juk;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

2017

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN :

r%f tpQ;Qhd jpizf;fsk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhdg; gPlk;.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kùfk - ,yq;if.

,izak; :- www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; :- [email protected]

-III-

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;

gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;l ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy;

ghfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l

Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;

nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

fspdJk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ghltpjhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahf ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd;

,uz;lhk;ghfk; 2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ.

,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLg;gjw;fhf>

fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPz;Lk; ghtpg;gjidf;

Fiwg;gjw ;fhfTk;> ghlj;j pd ; Nehf ;fq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;>

nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;

fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL

fisAk; kjpg;gPLfisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;L Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b.

E}y;fs;> Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl

itf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd;

Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLf;fj; Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk;

jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf;

fg;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa

Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp

ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad;

ghl;bid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>

-IV-

Gjpa ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf;

fy;tpapypUe;J tpLtpj;J> nraw;ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;fy;tpapid

eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;F

Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;

fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.

,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp mYty;fs;

rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;

gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. n[ae;jp FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kfufk.

-V-

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.

kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;

mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg; gz;gLj;jpg;

Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;> trjp

nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapw; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika

kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUjlit ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bfs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikia Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ

mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp

kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis mz;kpg;gjw;fhff;

fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr;

rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr;

nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd

,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;>

Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy;> Njrpa epiyg; guPl;rfu;fshy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;ngWk;

milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy;

trjp nra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gplg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd

gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika

Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

rq;iff;Fupa fyhepjp khGy;nfhl Rkduj;d Njuu;

gPlhjpgjp> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

-VI-

tsg;gq;fspg;G

topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;

fy;tp rhu; mYty;fs; rig

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,izg;ghf;fk;

lg;s;A.V.FKNje;jp Rju;\dp – rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tpla MNyhrid kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G :

Nguhrpupau; [aNjt caq;nfhl - nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.

vOj;jhsu; FO –

ntspthup :

Nguhrpupau; [aNjt caq;nfhl - nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; cGy; mNguj;d - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

tpupTiuahsu; mJy tpjhdtrk; - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU. v];. gh];fud; - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU. nlud;]; Gurpq;` - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> = [atu;j;jdg;gu gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU. vk;. uQ;rpj; - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> rg;ufKth gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU. RKJ tyhFYNf - tpupTiuahsu;> cWFizg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpUkjp. lg;s;A.Nf.rP. gpupae;jp - tpfhuk`hNjtp ngz;fs; fy;Y}up> fpupgj;nfhl

jpUkjp. fy;ahzp rpj;uh j rpy;th - R[hjh ngz;fs; fy;Y}up> ENfnfhil

(Xa;Tepiy> Nty;]; fy;Y}up> nkhwl;Lit)

jpU. v];. nrse;ju;uh[d; - my;mjhd; K];ypk; fy;Y}up> gJis

cs;sf :

jpUkjp. lg;s;A.V.FKNje;jp Rju;\dp – rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

nkhop xOq;fikg;G :

jpU. = ehj; fNdtj;j – nkhop xOq;fikg;ghsu;> mq;nfhil> nfhjLt> f[`htj;j

jpU. Rrpy; rpwpNrd – tpupTiuahsu;> Njrpa fy;tpaw; fy;Y}up> fhgpbfk.

jkpohf;fk; :

jpU. v];. Nkhfd; - Mrpupau; Nrit> `Tg;Ng j.tp.> f`tj;ij.

nkhopg;ngau;g;G :

jpU. Mu;. re;jpuNkhfd; - mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;ju;> mk;gfKt gpuNjr nrayfk;> fpdpfj;Njid.

fzpzp cjtp :

jpU. V.vy;.v];.gP. mj;jgj;J - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;. kùfk.

jpU. V.vk;.v];. ep\hd; gz;lhu - MNt kupah fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G

gy;NtW cjtpfs; :

jpU. v];. gP. gpudhe;J - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> kùfk.

-VII-

cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;

1. murwptpaypd; Njhw;wk;> murpay; Ma;T kw;Wk;

mZFKiwfs; 02 - 24

2. murwptpaypy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; cgJiwfs; 25 - 43

3. muR 44 - 70

4. murpayikg;G khjpupfs; 71 - 81

5. murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; 82 - 105

6. Kuz;ghLk; Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jYk; 106 - 126

7. ,yq;ifapd; fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wk; 127 - 135

8. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; nt];kpd;];lu;

murpayikg;G khjpupfSk; mjd; khw;wq;fSk; 136 - 146

1

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly;

22

01. murwptpaypd; Njhw;wk;> murpay; Ma;T kw;Wk; mZFKiwfs;

Nju;r;rp 01 :- murpay; kw;Wk; murwptpaypd; ,ay;G njhlu;gpy; mwpT+l;lKs;s gpuirahf

nraw;gLthu;. (ghlNtisfs; - 25)

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -

I.I murpayhdJ r%f tho;f;ifapd; ,d;wpaikahj Xu; mq;fkhFk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

I.II murwptpayhdJ murpaypd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis fy;tp rhu;e;j tifapy; fw;Fk; xU

gapw;rp Clfnkhd;whf tpgupg;ghu;.

I.III ghlj;JiwNahL njhlu;Gila gy;NtW mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp murwptpaiy fw;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; : -

murpaiyAk; murwptpaiyAk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

murpaYf;Fk; murwptpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;GfisAk; NtWghLfisAk; ,dq;fz;L

tpsf;Fthu;.

murwptpay; fw;ifia fw;gjw;fhd mZFKiwfis ngaupl;L mit xt;nthd;W njhlu;ghfTk;

tpgupg;ghu;.

murwptpaypd; mZFKiwfis tpku;rd uPjpapy; tprhuid nra;thu;.

murwptpay; fw;ifia fw;gjhy; jdf;Fk; jdf;Fupj;jhd r%f cyfpd; murwpay; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk;

r%fk; vDk; tifapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk; njhlu;gpy; fUj;Jiug;ghu;.

mwpKfk;

murpay; r%f tho;tpd; mj;jpatrpa mq;fkhFk;. munrhd;wpDs; gpwf;fpd;w vy;yh kdpju;fSk;

murpay; gpuhzpahtjhy;> murpay; kw;Wk; kdpj tho;Tf;fpilapy; NeubahdJk;> me;Nahd;a kw;Wk;

tpLtpf;fg;glKbahj ,izg;ghf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j njhlu;gpd; ,ay;gpid vy;yh nraw;ghl;L

gpuirfSk; mwpe;jpUf;fNtz;baNjhL Gjpjhf murwptpaiy fw;Fk; khztu;fSk; mwpe;jpUf;fNtz;baJ

mj;jpatrpakhFk;. murwptpay;> murpaypd; gy;NtW gpupTfis fw;Fk; Jiwnad;gij khzt khztpau;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

murwptpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L mjNdhL murpaYf;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfis

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j mtu;fshy; KbAk;. mj;NjhL tplaj;NjhL njhlu;Gila gy;NtW mZKiwfis

gad;gLj;jp murwptpaiy fw;gjw;Fk; khzt khztpaUf;F KbAkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghd

mbg;gil mwptpid Vw;gLj;jy;> murpay; kw;Wk; murwptpaypd; ,ay;Gfis mwpe;Jf; nfhz;l

gpuirahf nraw;gl Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; ,e;j Kjyhk; myfpdhy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

3

tplag;gug;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf topfhl;ly;fs;

1.1. murwptpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;

midtupdJk; r%f tho;f;ifapd; gpujhd mq;fkhf murpaiy gapYk; JiwNa murwptpay; vd

RUf;fkhfTk; vspikahfTk; tpsq;fg;gLj;j KbAk;. murpay; vd;gJ gue;j fUj;ijf; nfhz;l

vz;zf;fU vd;gJ murpay; njhlu;ghf fw;Fk;NghJ vkf;F Gyg;gLk;.

murpay; fw;ifj;Jiwahf ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sjhFk;. fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J

fpNuf;fj;jpd; VNjd;rpy; murpaiyf; fw;wy;> mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; gapw;rpaspj;jy; vd;gd

tpNrl fw;if epiyaq;fspy; eilg;ngw;wd. gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk; mup];Nlhl;by; Nghd;w Gfo;kpf;f

jj;JtQhdpfs; murpay; njhlu;ghd ,f;fpNuf;f rk;gpujhaj;jpd; Muk;g fUj;jhf;fshtu;. jw;NghJ

ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; “murwptpay;” vDk; ghlj;ij fw;gpj;jyhdJ

,r;rk;gpujhaj;ij NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nry;tjhFk;.

“murwptpaiyf; fw;wy;” vd;gjpy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murpay; kw;Wk; mjNdhL

njhlu;Gila Jiwfs; gw;wp fw;wy;> Ma;T nra;jy;> tpgupj;jy;> ,Uf;fpd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

vz;zf;fUf;fis tpku;rdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jy;> Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfs;> vz;zf;fUf;fis fl;bnaOg;Gjy;>

eilKiw murpay; nfhs;isfs;> Kiwfis tpku;rdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jp Gjpa khw;Wg; gpNuuizfis

Kd;itj;jy;> murpaypy; <LgLNthUf;F kl;Lkd;wp gpuirfSf;Fk; murpay; mwptpid Cl;ly;

Nghd;wd ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk; mup];Nlhl;by; jkJ fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; murwptpaiy

fw;gpj;jy;> gapw;Wtpj;jy; Nghd;w fUkq;fs; %yk; ,jid epiwNtw;wpdu;. Guhjd ,e;jpahtpYk; mur

Ml;rp njhlu;ghd epGzu;fs; ,t;thwhd fhupaq;fis epiwNtw;wpdu;. jw;NghJ ghlrhiyfspYk;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; murwptpay; epfo;r;rpepuypy; ,e;Nehf;fq;fs; cs;sd.

murwptpay; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; gpujhd rpy tplaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

I. murwptpay; Xu; Guhjd fw;ifahFk;. nka;apay;> fzpjk;> ju;f;ftpay;> xOf;ftpay;> mofpay;

Nghd;w JiwfSf;F ,izahf murwptpaypd; guty; fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L mstpy;

Guhjd fpNuf;fj;jpy; Muk;gkhdJ.

II. Xu; fw;ifj;Jiwahf murwptpaypd; ,ay;G> ghlg;gug;G> cs;slf;fk;> tpjpKiwfs;> Nfhl;ghLfSk;

vz;zf;fUf;fs; Nghd;w ,it gy;NtW tpUj;jpfspdhy; Rkhu; ,Ugj;ije;J E}w;whz;Lfshf

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;L> khw;wkile;J kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp mile;J te;jjhFk;.

III. murwptpay; mZFKiwfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpKiwfs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; gd;ikj;JtNk

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit gy;NtW FUFyf; fy;tp epiyaq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fSld;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gd;ikj;JtNk murwptpaiy fw;gjpy; cs;s xU rpwg;ghFk;.

murwptpay; vd;gJ> murpaiy fw;ifj;Jiwahf fw;gJ vd;gij NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. ,f;$w;wpy;

Kf;fpakhd ,U fUj;jpay;fs; cs;slq;fpAs;sd.

I. murpay;

II. murwptpay;

44

I. murpay; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;

murpay; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F nghJthf fpilf;Fk; ,yFthd gjpy; “Njrj;ij Ml;rp

nra;jy;” vd;gjhFk;. ,J murpay; vd;w vz;zf;fU njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; gpurpj;jkhd

my;yJ gad;ghl;by; cs;s GupjyhFk;. ,J murpay; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; KOikahd

tiutpyf;fzk; my;y. ,J murpay; vz;zf;fU njhlu;gpy; tha;nkhopahf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l

xd;whFk;.

fy;tprhu; Nehf;fpy; mjd; Mokhd mu;j;jj;jpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

murwptpay; Nghd;Nw murpay; vd;gjw;Fk; gpujhd ,U fUj;Jf;fs; cz;L.

muR> mur epUthfk; kw;Wk; murhl;rp njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUthfTk;> muRf;F kl;Lk;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhky; muRf;F ntspapy; gpuirfs; gq;Fg;gw;Wk; r%f gad;ghnlhd;whfTk;

cs;sJ.

murpay; vd;gij muR> mur epUthfk; kw;Wk; murhl;rp vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

,t;thwhditfs; murpay; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Guhjd tiutpyf;fzq;fshFk;.

Guhjd fpNuf;fj;jpYk;> ,e;jpah kw;Wk; rPd jj;Jtpayhsu;fSk; murpay; vd;gij

muR kw ;Wk ; mur mjpfhuj ;ij gad;gLj ;JjNyhL njhlu ;GgLj ;j pNa

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpdu;.

Mq;fpy nkhopapy; (Politics) vd;gJ fpNuf;f nkhopapy; (Politikos / nghypbNfh];) vd;w

gjj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J te;jjhFk;. “nghyp];” (Polis) vd;gJ efu murhFk;. mjhtJ> rpwpa

efuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa murhFk;. “efu muR” vd;gNj Politikos vd;gjd; tpsf;fkhFk;.

,jd;%yk; murwptpay; vd;gJ efu muR njhlu;ghd tplaj;jpid MuhAk; tpQ;Qhdk; /

fiyahfNt fUjg;gl;lJ. efu muR njhlu;ghd tplag;gug;gpw;Fs; gue;j fUj;jpay;fs;

gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

murpd; Njhw;wk;

murpd; Nehf;fk;

mur Ml;rp Kiwfs;

muR kw;Wk; gpuirfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Fzhk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;

murhl;rp nrad;Kiwfs;

vd;gd ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd fUj;jpay;fshFk;.

5

II. Guhjd ,e;jpah kw;Wk; rPdhtpy; “murpay;” vd;gJ ,t;tu;j;jj;jpNyNa ghu;f;fg;gl;ljhf

nfsbypau; kw;Wk; nfhd;Grpa]; Nghd;w rpe;jidahsu;fspd; E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;tpU rpe;jidahsu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp mup];Nlhl;bYk; $l Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F murhl;rp

njhlu;ghf MNyhrid toq;FtNj murpay; ty;Ydu;fspd; fUknkhd;whf ,Ue;jJ

vd $wg;gl;lJ.

eilKiwapy; ,r;rk;gpujhak; $bf; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; r%f gad;ghnlhd;whf:-

murpay; vd;gJ muR> murhq;fk; kw;Wk; mur epUthfk; Nghd;w JiwfSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jhky;

mjw;F ntspapy; r%f gpuirfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; eilKiw vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

cjhuzk; :-

gpuirfs; Ml;rpahsu;fis epakpf;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fSf;F murhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij

toq;fpAs;sdu;. murpay; fl;rpfspd; cWg;gpdu;fshfTk; cs;sdu;. ,itj; jtpu $l;lq;fs;>

Cu;tyq;fs;> vjpu;g;G eltbf;iffs;> NtiyepWj;jq;fs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs;> RahjPd rq;fq;fs;

%yk; nghJj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy; d;w Clfq;fs; %yk; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLfpd;wdu;.

,jd;gb Ml;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhf murpaiy nra;Ak; murpay;thjpfs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpuirfSk;

murpay; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,J fpNuf;f Afk;tiu ePz;Ls;sJ. “murpay;” vd;gJ Guhjd efu muNrhL

njhlu;GilaJ vd;w fpNuf;f fUj;jpy; ,U mu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd. mitahtd>

I. muR kw;Wk; murhl;rpNahL njhlu;Gila tplak;

II. mur nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy ; gpuirfspd; flikSk; nghWg;Gf;fspdJ

nraw;ghl;Lj;jd;ik.

cjhuzk; :-

fpNuf;fj;jpy; mg;NghJ fhzg;gl;l Neub [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwapy; gpuirfspd; Neub gq;Fg;gw;wy;

fhzg;gl;lJ. rl;lthf;fk;> efu; epUthfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwfs; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; gpuirfs;

RahjPdkhf <Lgl;ldu;. “nraw;ghl;L gpuir” vDk; vz;zf;fU mup];Nlhl;bypd; Politics E}ypy;

,t;tu;j;jj;jpNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jd;gb gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wy; vd;gjw;F “murpay;” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpy; tpNrl ,lk;

fpilj;Js;sJ. gpuirfspd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gq;Fg;gw;wy; ,y;yhj murpanyhd;iw vz;zpg;

ghu;f;f Kbahj msTf;F ,t;tplak; Nt&d;wpAs;sJ.

1.2 murpaYf;Fk; murwptpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

,jid gy Kiwfspy; Nehf;f KbAk;.

I. murpay; nra;jy; (Doing Politics)

II. murpay; fw;wy; (Studying Politics)

66

I. murpay; nra;jy;

,jd; nghUshtJ>

murhq;f mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s nraw;gly;.

murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

Nju;jy;fspy; gq;Fg;gw;wy;.

murpay; fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fg;gw;wy;.

Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; vjpu;g;G ,af;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gq;Fg;gw;wy;.

vd;gd njhlu;ghf jdp egu;fs; <LgLk; nraw;ghLfs;.

murpay; nra;Ak; gpuirfSf;Fk; njhopy;rhu; murpay; nra;gtu;fSf;Fk; murpay; njhlu;ghd

fy;tprhu; mwpT my;yJ rpwg;Gj;Nju;r;rp Njitg;gLtjpy;iy. “murpay;” vd;w r%f nraw;ghl;by;

<LgLtjw;Fs;s Mu;tk;> jpahfk; kw;Wk; jplrq;fw;gk; vd;gdNt Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

II. murpaiyf; fw;wy;

,J murpay; nra;tjpYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;l nraw;ghlhFk;. “murpaiy fw;Fk; khztiu” (Student

of Politics) murpay; nra;gtu; xUtuhf milahsg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. jpde;NjhWk; eilKiwapy;

nra;ag;gLk; ,j;jifa khw;wk; murpay; kw;Wk; murwptpay; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;

njhlu;Gfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Jizahf mikAk;.

fy;tpj;Jiwahf murpaiy fw;wy; kw;Wk; gpuNahf uPjpahf murpaypy; <Lgly; vd;w ,uz;Lk;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;litfshFk;.

murwptpaypd; nraw;ghL murpaiy fy;tpahf Ma;T nra;tjhFk;.

xUtu; murpaiy gpuNahf uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;shtpbDk; murpaiy fw;fy; murwptpaypd;

fUknkhd;whFk;.

,jw;fika>

murpay; fl;rpfspdJk; mikg;GfspdJk; nraw;ghLfs;.

murhq;f mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; ,af;fq;fSf;F

,ilapy; Vw;gLk; Nghl;b.

Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

njhopy;rhu; murpay;thjpfspd; elj;ijfs;

thf;fhsu; elj;ij

murpay; Nkhjy;> vjpu;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

murhq;f nfhs;iffs;

7

nfhs;if cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfs;

ru;tNjr njhlu;GfSk; Kuz;ghLfSk;

Aj;jk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdk;

Nghd;w gue;jstpy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; gy murwptpay; fw;ifapy; Kf;fpa

,lk;gpbj;Js;s tplag;gug;GfshFk;.

1.3 murpaiy fy;tpahf fw;wy;

murpay; fw;ifj;Jiwahf Rkhu; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;l fhykhf mgptpUj;jp

mile;jnjhU JiwahFk;.,J fp.K. 4Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ePz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j gutypD}L

murpay; fy;tpapd; ghlg;gug;G> tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfSk; tpuptile;Js;sd. ,jw;fika

epfo;fhyj;jpy; murpaypd; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fis fw;Fk; Xu; JiwahfNt murwptpaiy ehq;fs;

fUJfpd;Nwhk;.

murpaiy fw;wy; vd;gjpy; ,U mu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd.

I. murpay; eilKiw mwpnthd;whf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; njspTk; mwpTQhdKk;

,J ehk; Kiwahf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mwpnthd;wd;W. ,J ehshe;j tho;f;ifapd;

mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd GupjyhFk;. ,jpy; vkJ r%f> murpay; ek;gpf;ifSk;

jPu;khdq;fSk; fhzg;gLk;. r%f kw;Wk; cyfk; njhlu;gpy; FLk;gj;jpy;> maytu;fsplk;>

neUf;fkhdtu;fsplk; kw;Wk; Clfq;fspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mwpNt ,jd; mbg;gilahFk;.

vkJ jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ed;ik jPik vd;w ek;gpf;iffSk; ,jpy;

cs;slq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.

cjhuzk; :- ngz;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lkh? vd;w tpdhtpw;F

ehk; ngUk;ghYk; gjpy; toq;FtJ eilKiw mwptpy; cs;s fl;Lg;ghLfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;NlahFk;. “ngz;fSf;F murpay; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd gyk; ,y;iy” vd;w gjpy; eilKiw

mwptpd; %yk; J}z;lg;gl;l tplakhFk;.

II. murpaiy fy;tpj; Jiwahf fw;wy;

,J murpay; Njhw;wg;ghL my;yJ Kuz;ghl;il “tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy;” fw;gjhFk;. “tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd”

vd;w gjj;jpy; gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; mjd; gpujhd mbg;gil tpsf;fkhdJ VNjDk;

Njhw;wg;ghL njhlu;ghf “Kiwahf> Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fika topfhl;Lk; rupahd Kiwikf;F Vw;g

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l juTfs;> jfty;fs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fw;Fk; KiwahFk;”.

cjhuzk; :- ngz;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lkh vd;w

gpur;rpid njhlu;ghf gpwg;Grhu; Nfhl;ghl;L> xg;gPl;L uPjpahd ru;tNjr mDgtq;fs;> kf;fs;

fUj;J fzpg;G Nghd;w Clfq;fis gad;gLj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Ma;tpd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

juTfs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gLk; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;

tpgupg;gpd; %yk; KbTfis Kd;itj;jyhFk;.

88

murpay; fw;ifAk; murpay; gpupTfSk;

murpaiy fw;iff;F cl;gLj;jy; vd;gJ murpay; Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; gy;NtWgf;fq;fis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sk; nrad;KiwahFk;. fle;j ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfs; gutypD}L gy;NtW jpirfspy; mgptpUj;jp

mile;Js;s kw;Wk; njhlu;e;Jk; mgptpUj;jpaile;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; murwptpay; fy;tpj;Jiw %yk;

fw;fg;gLfpd;w murpayhdJ r%f tho;jd;ikapd; gy;NtW gpupTfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ>

I. murpay; epWtdq;fs;

II. murpay; gad;ghLfs;

III. murhl;rp

IV. murpay; elj;ij

V. murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;

vd;gNt ,itahFk;.

I. murpay; epWtdq;fs;

ve;jnthU r%fj;jpYk; murpayhdJ epWtdkakhf;fg ;gl;L fhzg;gLk; . ,t;thW

epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpaypy; gpurpj;jpg;ngw;w mk;rq;fshf muR> murhq;fk;> gjtpKiwfs;>

ePjpkd;wk;> ghuhSkd;wk;> murpay; fl;rpfs;> mikr;ruit> cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Nghd;wdNt

,itahFk;. ,q;F murpay; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; murpay; nraw;ghLfNs epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;L

,Uf;Fk;. ,tw;iw fw;Fk;NghJ ,it murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tf;F cl;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd;

epWtd fUg;nghUl;fshf miktJ epWtdq;fspd; Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp> fl;likg;G (mikTr;

Nru;f;if)> mjpfhuk;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> epiykhw;wk; kw;Wk; NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; me;j epWtdq;fSf;Fk;

gpuirfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; vd;gdthFk;.

II. murpay; eilKiwfs; (Political Practices)

murpay; eilKiw Clfj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;Nl epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; r%fj;jpd;

epiyg;Gj;jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk; :- ghuhSkd;w epWtdj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;fhf mjw;nfd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l eilKiwfs; gy

cs;sd. [dehafk;> Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfs;> Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;> ngUk;ghd;ikNahupd;

tpUg;gk; kw;Wk; kf;fs; ,iwikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> rl;l cUthf;f nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis jPu;khdpf;Fk; rk;gpujhaq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs; vd;gd ,e;j

eilKiwfshFk;. Vida vy;yh murpay; epWtdq;fSk; ,t;thwhd eilKiwfSld;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sd.

9

III. murhl;rp (Governance)

murhl;rp vd;gJ murwptpay; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLk; murpaypy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhdkhd gpupthFk;.

[dehaf murpay; KiwikapDs; gpuirfs; murhq;fj;ij njupT nra;J jhk; mq;fj;Jtk;

ngw;Ws;s r%fkhfpa murpay; r%fj;jpid rupahf topelj;jp mjd;%yk; r%fj;jpd; nghJ

vjpu;g;ghu;g;GfSf;F Nrit nra;J murpay; kw;Wk; epUthf uPjpahf r%fj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhFk;.

,e;j murhl;rp nraw;ghl;by; cs;slf;fg;gLk; gzpfs; rpy cs;sd.

r%fj;jpd; ey;tho;Tf;fhf> Kuz;ghLfis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F> rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk;

Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> nghUshjhu murpay; nry;topfis xOq;Fg;gLj;jTk; Njitahd

rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy; (Law Making)

ehl;bd; nghUshjhu r%f mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; epiykhw;wj;NjhL ey;tho;tpid Nehf;fhff;

nfhz;l nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy; (Policy Making)> nfhs;if mKyhf;fy; (Policy

implementation)

murhq;f nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd mur epUthf nraw;ghLfs;

(Public Administration)

gpuirfSf;F mur mutizg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J r%f xUikg;ghl;il

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;Ffpid Ngzpr; nry;yy; (Law and order)

r%f FOf;fSf;fpilapYk;> r%ff; FOf;fSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfis

Kfhiknra;jy; (Conflict Management)

ehLfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis (Inter State Relations) Kfhik nra;jYk; Ngzpr; nry;yYk;.

,t;tplaq;fs; kf;fis J}z;Lk; fUj;jpay;fshFk;. mj;NjhL ,it murwptpaypy; Ma;thus;fspd;

tpNrl mtjhdj;jpw;F cl;gLtdTkhFk;. ,jw;F ,it murpaypd; gpuNahff; fUtpfshf

cs;sikNa Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhFk;.

IV. murpay; elj;ij (Political Behaviour)

murpay; gpuhzp xUtuhd kdpjd; jw;NghJ gpuirahf fUjg;gLfpd;whd;. mjhtJ murpd;

mq;fj;jpdu; xUtu; vDk; tifapyhFk;. gpuirfSf;F etPd [dehaf murhq;f KiwapDs;

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kf;fpa gzpfs; gy cs;sd.

murpaypy; <Lgly;

Nju;jypy; thf;fpid gad;gLj;jy; my;yJ gad;gLj;jhik

Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; nraw;wpwDld; <Lgly; my;yJ xJq;fpapUj;jy;

murpay; fl;rpfspd; cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;jy; my;yJ ,y;yhjpUj;jy;

ehshe;j murpay; epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;J <LghL fhl;Ljy; my;yJ fhl;lhky;

,Uj;jy;

Nghd;w gpuirfspd; murpay; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis tpgupf;Fk; murpay;

vz;zf;fUNt murpay; elj;ijahFk;.

1010

V. murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; (Political Ideologies)

r%fj;jpd; murpay; epWtdq;fspd; eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; gpuirfspd; murpay; elj;ijfs;

murhl;rp nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikf;Fk; gpujhd rhjdkhf miktJ murpay;

fUj;jpay;fshFk;.

jw;Nghija cyf murpaypd; ,Ug;G kw;Wk; murpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; mur nfhs;iffis

xOq;fikg;gJ njhlu;gpyhd gpujhd fUj;jpay;fs; rpy cs;sd. mitahtd>

rkTilikthjk;

ypguy;thjk;

[dehaf thjk;

FbauRthjk;

eyd;Gup thjk;

Njrpathjk;

ngz;zpathjk;

vd;gditNa mitahFk;.

murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ murpaYf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNjhL r%fj;jpd; murpay; nraw;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; ngUksT kf;fspd; murpay; jPu;khdq;fs;> elj;ijfSk; mwpTQhdj;ij xOq;fikf;Fk;

fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpahFk;. r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; ,Uf;f KbAk;. ngUk;ghYk;

murpay; fl;rpfSk; ,e;j fUj;jpay;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk;. murhq;fk;

xd;W eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;iffSk; fUj;jpay;fSf;F Vw;gNt Njhw;wk; ngw;witfshf ,Uf;f

KbAk;. vdNt> murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ murpay; njhlu;ghf fy;tprhu; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;

murpaypd; Kf;fpakhdnjhU gpupthFk;.

1.4. murwptpay; mZF (Ma;T) Kiwfs;

murwptpayhdJ gue;j tplag;gug;Gfis cs;slf;fpAs;sjhy; mjd; Ma;T Kiwfs; gytw;iwAk;

cs;slf;fpa fw;wy; Jiwahf cs;sJ. mjd; ghlg;gug;igg; NghyNt mjd; Ma;T KiwfSk;

ePz;lfhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;L tsu;e;Js;sJ. ,e;j tsu;r;rpapy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l

tpUj;jp Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bNyNa murwptpay; RahjPd mwptpay; fw;if xd;whf

jd;id milahsg;gLj;jpaJ. mNjg;Nghd;W murwptpaypy; Ma;T Kiwfshf ,d;W ehq;fs;

fUJfpd;witfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; tsu;r;rp mile;jitfshFk;. ,it

r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jp kw;Wk; gupkhw;w cs;slf;fj;jpNyNaahFk;.

murwptpay; mZFKiwfs; rpy

jj;Jthu;j;j / nka;apay; mZFKiw

xg;gPl;L mZFKiw

gd;ikj;Jtthj mZFKiw

11

tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw (elj;ijthjk;)

murpay; nghUspay; mZFKiw

r%ftpay; mZFKiw

ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiw

1.4 . 1 . jj;Jthu;j;j / ,yl;rpathj mZFKiw (Philosophical / Normative Approach)

murpay; Ma;tpy; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJk; ePz;lfhy epiyg;gpidf; nfhz;lJkhd

mZFKiw ,JthFk;.

gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk; mup];Nlhl;by; ,jd; Kd;Ndhbfshtu;.

INuhg;gpa murpay; rpe;jidapd; gpujhd rf;jpahf ,Ue;j rprNuh> nrd; xf];bd;>

kf;fpahty;yp> Njhk]; n`hg;];> N[hd; nyhf;> ,k;khDNty; fhz;l;> n`fy;> fhs;khf;];

Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;j mZFKiwapid Kd;itj;jtu;fspy; gpujhdkhdtu;fs;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; rpe;jidahsu;fspy; kfhj;khfhe;jp> vdh vNud;b> N[hd; Nuhy;];>

rhu;s;]; nla;yu; kw;Wk; Nafd; `gu;k]; Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.

,e;j rpe;jidahsu;fspd; jj;Jtq;fspy; gy;NtW NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lg;NghJk;

,tu;fspilNa nghJthd Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; ,uz;bid fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

I. ,tu;fs; murwptpayhsu;fshftd;wp murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fshf

fhzg;gl;lik.

II. ,tu;fs; midtUk; murpaiy ,yl;rpa (Normative) Nfhzj;jpNyNa ghu;j;jik.

jj;Jttpay; mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; %d;W cs;sd.

I. cyfk; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilthj (Fundamental) tpdhf;fis tpdTjYk; mtw;iw

tprhuid nra;jYk;

cjhuzq;fs; :-

cyfk; vd;gJ ahJ?

cyf ,Ug;G vt;thW ,lk;ngWfpwJ?

cyfk; njhlu;gpy; mwptpay; uPjpahf Nehf;f KbAkh?

kdpj tho;f;if kw;Wk; ,Ug;gpw;F mu;j;jk; cz;lh?

tho;f;if vd;gJ ahJ?

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murpay; njhlu;gpy; jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; tprhuiz nra;Ak; mbg;gil tpdhf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;

murpay; vd;gJ ahJ?

muR vd;gJ ahJ? mJ vd;d Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf cs;sJ?

murpw;F kf;fs; Vd; mbgzpa Ntz;Lk;?

muR kw;Wk; Vida r%f epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;G ahJ?

Nghd;w tpdhf;fs; ,d;Wk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;w murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;

mbg;gil tpdhf;fshFk;.

II. jj;Jttpayhsu;fs;> cyif tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ehq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk;

vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tpsf;fj;jpid jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk;> cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk; tpNrl

<Lghl;bid fhl;ly;.

cjhuzk; : ePjp> epahak;> rkj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk;> cupikfs; Nghd;w murwptpaypd;

mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fspd; Mokhf NjLjy;.

III. ,yl;rpathj mZFKiw murpaypd; ,yl;rpa Nehf;fq;fs; kPJ fhl;Lk; mjpf <LghL.

,yl;rpak; (Normative) vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; “ngWkhdq;fspd; KbTfis”

cs;slf;fpaJ vd;gjhFk;.

cyfpy; Vw;gLk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J vk;kplk; ey;yit / jPait> rhjfk; /

ghjfk; vd;w tifapy; ngWkhdj; jPu;khdq;fs; cz;L. mt;thwhditNa

,yl;rpa ngWkhdj; jPu;khdq;fshFk;.

cjhuzk; :- fLq; Fw;wkpioj;j xUtUf;F kuz jz;lidia fl;lhakhf;f Ntz;Lkh?

vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; ed;ik / jPik> rhjfk; / ghjfk; vDk; tifapy; ngWkhdq;fs; njhlu;ghf

jPu;g;gdTfs; cz;L.

mNjg;Nghd;W cyf epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghf gz;GuPjpahd kjpg;gPl;L mstPl;Lf; fUtpfis vkf;F

toq;FtJk; ,yl;rpa vz;zf;fUtpd; %ykhFk;.

cjhuzk; :- Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> epahaj;jd;ik

cyfj;ij kpfTk; rpwe;j ,lkhf khw;WtJ vt;thW vd rpe;jpg;gjw;F vkf;F

cjtp toq;FtJ ,yl;rpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

cjhuzk; :- (i). r%fk; rkj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

(ii). murpay; [dehaf topKiwf;Fl;gl Ntz;Lk;

murpay; jj;Jttpaypy; ,yl;rpa vz;zf;fUf;fs; rw;W cau; kl;lj;jpyhd ,U mu;j;jq;fis

toq;Ftjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

I. murpay; rpe;jidfs;> Ma;T kw;Wk; tpgupg;G Nghd;Nw murpay; epWtdq;fs;

kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; r%fj;jpd; nghJ vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gfs;> ey;tho;Tf;fhf ghLgl

Ntz;Lk;.

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II. murpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gij khj;jpuk; tpsq;fg;gLj;JtJ

my;yhky;> murpay; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; vt;thW mikaNtz;Lk;

vd;gij Kd;itj;jNy murpay; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

,Jtiu vy;yh murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fspdJk; rpe;jidahf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,U Nehf;fq;fis

mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl fhzg;gl;ld.

jj;Jttpay; / ,yl;rpathj mZFKiwapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;

I. ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tpsf;fq;fis Mokhf Ma;T nra;jy;.

II. murpay; cyF njhlu;ghf fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Kuz;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;jp mtw;wpid

tpthjpg;gJ

III. murpay; rpe;jid fl;likg;gpd; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis ,yl;rpa gz;Gfs;

kw;Wk; jpahfk; njhlu;gpy; <LghL fhl;ly;.

1.4.2. xg;gPl;L mZFKiw

xg;gPL vd;gjd; fUj;J “njhlu;GgLj;JtJ” vd;gjhFk;.

gpujhdkhdnjhU mwpT rhu;e;j fhuzj;jpdhNyNa xg;gPl;L mZFKiw Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ VjhtJ r%f murpay; Njhw;wg;ghL / gpur;rpid /

fUj;jpay; njhlu;ghf kpfTk; G+uzj;Jtkhd njspnthd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd;

me;j Njhw;wg;ghL / gpur;rpid / fUj;jpay; ntspg;gLk; xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp gy

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; Ma;T nra;jy; kpfTk; tpisjpwd; kpf;fJ vd;gNjahFk;.

cjhuzk; I:- ehnlhd;wpd; murpay; ,];jpujd;ikf;F ifnfhLf;Fk; kpfr;rpwe;j murpayikg;G

vJ? vd;gJ gw;wpa gpur;rpid Ma;Tf;fhf cyfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk;

ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;Gfs; rpytw;iw xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; fw;w KbAk;.

cjhuzk; II:- Kuz;ghL cr;r epiyiag; ngw;w ehl;bYk;> rhkhjdk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

ehl;bYk; murpay; ,];jpuj;jd;ikf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd murpayikg;G vJntd Ma;T

nra;tjw;F ,k;Kiwapid gad;gLj;jy;.

(Mrpupau; ,jw;fhf cjhuzq;fis toq;fp fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;)

murpaiy Vd; Xg;gPl;L uPjpahf fw;f Ntz;Lk;? vd;gjw;F nfdd; epAl;ld; kw;Wk;

N[hd; nkd;l]; MfpNahu; “xg;gPl;L murpaYf;fhd mbg;gil” (Foundation of Comparative

Politics) vDk; fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit.

1. jkJ ehl;bd; murpaiy rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F NtW ehLfspd; murpay;

gw;wpa mwpit ngwy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

2. xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; murpay; tuyhW> murpay; gpd;Gyk;> murpay; epWtdq;fs;

gw;wpa xg;gPl;L uPjpapyhd mwptpy;yhky; me;ehLfspd; murpay; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd

njsptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

1414

xg;gPl;L mZFKiwapd; gpupTfs; %d;W cs;sd.

(m). gioik xg;gPl;L murpay; mZFKiw

(M). ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; xg;gPl;L murpay; mZFKiw

(,). rkfhy xg;gPl;L mZFKiw

(m). gioik xg;gPl;L murpay; mZFKiw

,t;tZFKiw Guhjd fpNuf;fk;> cNuhk;> kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa murpay; rpe;jidfs; Clhf

gazpf;fpd;wJ. mup];Nlhl;ly; jdJ murpay; (The Politics) vd;w E}ypy; mf;fhy fpNuf;f FbauRfspy;

fhzg;gl;l murpayikg;G tifg;gLj;jYf;F xg;gPl;L mZFKiwapid gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

murhq;fq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,tu; ,Utifahd mstPl;L fUtpfis

gad;gLj;jpdhu;. mit xd;W Ml;rpahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;iwaJ murhq;fk; Coy; kpf;fjh?

vd;gjhFk;. murpayikg;G njhlu;ghd xg;gPl;L Ma;tpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mup];Nlhl;by;

fpNuf;fj;jpy; epytpa murpay; mikg;Gfis Kbahl;rp> cau;Fbahl;rp> nfhLq;Nfhz;ikahl;rp>

rpy;Nyhuhl;rp kw;Wk; [dehaf Ml;rp vd tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.

(M). ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; xg;gPl;L murpay; mZFKiw

,J 1960 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du; mnkupf;f gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; tpUj;jp mile;j xd;whFk;. ,J

murpay; Ma;tpid tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,Ue;J MuhAk; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. murwptpay;

Nfhl;ghLfSk;> tpjpKiwfSk; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhd tpjpKiwfSf;F Vw;wjhd tpQ;Qhdkhf mika

Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Nj tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd murwptpay; ghlg;gug;gpd; gpujhd ju;f;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

,q;F murpay; ahg;Ngh my;yJ murpay; tuyhw;iwNah xg;gpLtjy;yhky; vNjl;irahf

mtjhdpf;ff;$ba rkfhy murpay; fUj;jpay;fspd; mbg;gilapy; khWg;gl;l murpay; Kiwfis

(Political System) xg;gPl;L fw;gNj xg;gPl;L murpay; Ma;tpd; Clfkhf mika Ntz;Lk;. murpay;

etPdkakhjy;> murpay; mgptpUj;jp> murpay; fyhrhuk;> murpay; r%fkakhjy; kw;Wk; murpay;

elj;ij vd;gdNt mt;thwhd fUj;jpay;fshFk;.

,t;tZFKiwapid gad;gLj;jp ntspahd murpay; E}y;fs; rpy.

1. nfg;upay; V. My;kz;l; (Gabrial A Almond) 1956 ,y; ntspapl;l “xg;gPl;L murpay; Kiw”

(1956> The Journal of Politics) vd;w E}ypd; 18 Mk; gjpg;gpd; ,yf;fk; 03.

2. nfg;upay; V. My;kz;l; (Gabrial A Almond) kw;Wk; N[k;]; v];. Nfhy;kd; (Jems S, Kolmon)

1960 ,y; ntspapl;l “mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; murpay;” (The Politics of

Developing Areas) vd;w E}y;.

3. rP%tu; khu;l;bd; ypg;rl; (Seemoower Martin Lipsat) - murpay; kdpjd;: murpaypd; r%f

mbg;gil – 1960 (Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics) vDk; E}y;

4. nfg;upay; V. My;kz;l; (Gabrial A Almond) kw;Wk; rpl;dp ntg;gu; (Sidney Webber) 1963 ,y;

ntspapl;l “gpuirfspd; murpay; fyhrhuk;: Ie;J ehLfspd; murpay; kdg;ghq;F kw;Wk;

[dehafk;” (The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations) vd;w E}y;

15

5. rhKNty; gP. `d;bq;ld; - khw;wKWk; r%fj;jpy; murpay; xOq;FKiw – 1968

(Political Order in Changing Societies) vd;w E}y;.

(,). rkfhy xg;gPl;L mZFKiw

rkfhy xg;gPl;L murwptpaypd; tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ fPo;tUk; mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhzyhk;.

(i) ,jd;NghJ Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba ghug;gug;G ngUk;ghYk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik

kpf;fjhFk;. murpay; epWtdq;fs;> murpay; eltbf;iffs;> murpay; epiykhw;wq;fs;>

r%f murpay; Kuz;ghLfs;> rkhjhd eltbf;iffs;> muRfspd; ,ay;Gk; epiykhw;wKk;>

[dehaf epiykhw;wj;jpd; Nghf;Ffs;> gpuirfspd; nraw;ghLfs;> ,dthj murpay;>

rptpy; r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfs;> kdpj cupikfs;> ngz;fspd; murpay; <LghL

Nghd;w fUj;jpay;fs; cjhuzq;fshFk;.

(ii) murpay; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; [dehafk; njhlu;ghd Kd;khjpupfspd; Clhf

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mstPl;L fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jhJ ,Ug;gNjhL mt;thwhd

Kd;khjpupfs; mtrpakw;wit vd;gijNa xg;gPl;L murpay; tpgupf;f NtzLk;.

(iii) xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; murpay; eilKiwfspy; ,Ue;J xg;gPl;L fy;tpia ngau;j;njLj;J

murpay; tpgupg;ig gyg;gLj;JtNj xg;gPl;L uPjpahd tpgupg;gpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

1.4.3 gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiw

murwptpaYf;F mg;ghy; cs;s Jiwfspd; Nfhl;ghL> vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfis murwptpay;

tpgupg;Gf;F gad;gLj;jNy ,t;tZFKiwapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. murwptpaypd; tuyhw;iwg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ

murwptpay; vg;NghJk; Vida ghlj;JiwfNshL njhlu;Ggl;L Nghrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk; :-

fpNuf;f Afj;jpy; - jj;Jttpay;

cNuhk Afj;jpy; - ,iwapay; rh];jpuk;> tuyhW kw;Wk; rl;ltpay;

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; - murpay; nghUshjhuk;> tuyhW> rl;ltpay;

20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; - r%ftpay;> khDltpay;> cstpay;> Gtpapay;> fiy> fyhrhuk;

gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiw murwptpaYf;F Njitg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; rpy cs;sd.

murpay; vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; Vida mk;rq;fspy; jdpikg;gl;L ,Ug;gjy;yhky; mJ mtw;Wld;

,ize;Js;sJk; r%fj;jpdhy; NknyOe;Js;s Njhw;wg;ghnlhd;whf ,Uj;jy;.

cjhuzk; :- [dehafk; kw;Wk; rhjp KiwfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;. ,J ,yq;ifapYk;

,e;jpa murpay; fyhrhuj;jpYk; cs;s Kf;fpa fUj;jpayhtNjhL> rpf;fyhd epiy xd;iwAk;

cUthf;Fk;. ,jid rupahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjhapd; r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khDltpay;

mZFKiwfs; murwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mtrpakhFk;.

1616

gd;ikthjk; vd;w vz;zf;fUtpy; %d;W tpsf;fq;fs; cs;sd.

I. Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;Jiwahf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jhYk; r%fj;jpd; Vida gpupTfSld;

murpayhdJ $bf; Fiwe;jstpy; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

II. murwptpaypy; jdf;Nf cupj;jhd Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; Vida

ghlg;gug;Gfspd; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUf;fNshL ,J jq;fpapUg;gJ kw;Wk; mjd;

%yk; Nghrpf;fg;gLtJk;.

III. Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F Nkyhf tpjpKiwfs; njhlu;gpYk; murwptpaypy; Vida

ghlj;Jiwfspd; tpjpKiwfNshL njhlu;GglYk; mjd; %yk; Nghrpf;fg;gLtJk;.

1.4. tpQ;Qhd (elj;ijthj) mZFKiw

“murwptpay;” vd;gjw;F ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tpsf;fNk “tpQ;Qhd tpjp Kiwfs;”

(Scientific Method) vd;gij gad;gLj;jp murpaiy Ma;T nra;jy; vd;gjhFk;.

,e;j Gjpa tpsf;fk;> murwptpay; cz;ikahd J}a tpQ;Qhdkhf khw Ntz;Lkhapd;

mJ ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdq;fs;> nghUspay; kw;Wk; cstpay; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

tpQ;Qhd tpjpKiwfis jkJ tpjpKiwfshf gad;gLj;jpdhy; kl;LNkahFk; vDk;

fUj;J ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J 1930 jrhg;jq;fspYk; 1940 jrhg;jq;fspYk; mnkupf;f murwptpayhsu; FOnthd;wpd;;

gpurpj;jpngw;w fUj;njhd;wgFk;.

r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; vd;gtw;wpy; nra;ag;gLk; Ma;Tfspy;

“nry;Ygbahdjd;ik” “ek;gfj;jd;ikahd” kw;Wk; “rupahd” mwptpid fl;bnaOg;g

mtw;wpd; Kiwfs; tpQ;Qhd uPjpapyhd jpirf;F khw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj nghUshjhu>

r%ftpayhsu;fSf;fpilapy; Nt&d;wpapUe;j fUj;Jf;fshf ,Ue;jd.

me;j Gjpa ghij vd;gJ J}a tpQ;Qhdq;fs; mg;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf gad;gLj;jpapUe;j

“tpQ;Qhd uPjpapyhd” kw;Wk; “nka;g;gpf;f$ba” tpjpKiwfshFk;.

tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwapd; %yf;nfhs;iffs;

“nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;Tfs;” %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; tplaq;fs;> rhd;Wfs;

kw;Wk; juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mwptpid cUthf;FtNj r%f> murpay;

fw;ifapd; ,yf;fhFk;. fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; Ma;T nra;af;$ba tplaq;fs; kw;Wk;

juTfis r%f murpay; Njhw;wg ;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy ; mwpe ;Jf;nfhs;tNj

“nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;tpy;” ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; r%f – murwptpay; tpgupg;G “Nehf;fk;” rhu;e;jjhf

(Objective) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; “mwpT”

vkJ jdpg;gl;l mjhtJ “Ra” KbTfspd; ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J

tpLgl;bUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd murpay; mwpT Ma;thsupd;

jdpg;gl;l KbTfspy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifahFk;.

mj;NjhL r%f – murpay; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; ehk; fl;bnaOg;gpAs;s mwpT

kw;Wk; KbTfs;> ngWkhdq;fspd; KbTfs; ,d;wp (Value Free) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

17

VNjDk; Njhw;wg;ghL njhlu;ghf MuhAk;NghJ mjd; rup gpio> ed;ik jPik vd;w

jPu;khdq;fis Kd;itf;f $lhJ vd;gNjhL nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba kw;Wk; Nehf;fike;j

juTfs;> rhd;Wg;gLj;jiy ikag;gLj;jp kl;Lk; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;

KbTfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,q;F ,aw;if tpQ;Qhd tpjpKiwfspy; ,Ue;J r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jNy

“ngWkhdq;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l mwpT” (Value free knowledge) vd;gNj ,jpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;l %yf;nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J J}a tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy; ,Ue;J r%f

tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l %yf;nfhs;ifahFk;.

tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwAk; elj;ijthjKk;

murwptpaypy; elj;ijthjk; (Behaviorism / Behaviounalism) vd;gJ kdpjdpd; murpay;

elj;ijia Muha;tij gpujhdkhff; nfhz;l tpQ;Qhdg;G+u;t murwptpay; tplag;gug;ghFk;.

1920 ,y; Muk;gkhfp 1930 – 40 jrhg;jq;fspy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w tifapy; murpay; epfo;r;rp

epuypd;kPJ ve;jsT jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;why;> ,e;j jiyaPL “elj;ijrhu; tpLjiy”

vd 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; murwptpaypd; guty; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gl;l $w;Wf;fspy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba murpay; cyfj;ij> r%fj;jpd; jdpegu;fspd;

murpay; nraw;ghLfspDs; nraw;gLk; Kiw> mjhtJ murpay; elj;ij kw;Wk; me;j

elj;ijfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tplaq;fs; vd;gNj elj;ijthjj;jpd; gpujhd ju;f;fkhf

,Ue;jJ.

jdpegu;fs; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. murpaypy; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

jkJ murpay; elj;ijfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; murpay; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs;

mtu;fSf;F cz;L. ,itNa murpay; elj;ijfshFk;. ,e;j elj;ijia nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba

Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j KbAk;. ,k;nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;tpd;%yk; NghJkhd juTfis ngwKbAk;.

cjhuzk; :- Nju;jy;fspy; thf;fhsu;fs; thf;fspj;jy; njhlu;ghf nka;g;gpf;ff;$baJk; msT

uPjpahd juTfis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j juTfis Mz; / ngz;> fy;tp

kl;lk;> njhopy;> fpuhk / efu> taJ vDk; kl;lj;jpy; tifg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;J elj;ij Nfhyq;fs;> Nghf;Ffs;> Fztpay;Gfs;>

vz;zpf;ifapyhd juTfs; %yk; (ml;ltiz> tiuGfs;> tPjq;fs; JizAld;) ngWNgWfis

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

elj;ijthjj;jpd; mz;ikf;fhy Nghf;Ffs;

gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wy; (Political Participation) njhlu;gpy; Ma;T nra;tNj

elj;ijthj Ma;Tfspd; mz;ikf;fhy Nghf;fhf mikfpd;wJ. ,J nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba

Ma;Tfspd; %yk; gFg;gha;T nra;af;$ba nraw;ghlhFk;. mnkupf;f elj;ijthjpfs;

mz;ikf;fhykhf ,J njhlu;gpy; ngupJk; mf;fiw fhl;bAs;sdu;.

elj;ijthjk; 1920 jrhg;jq;fspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L 1950 – 1960 jrhg;jq;fspy; mJ

midj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gpupthf khwpdhYk; 1970 fspy; gpd;du; gpd;dilT mile;Js;sJ.

1818

,jd; kPJ fhzg;gl;l tpku;rdk; vd;dntdpy; murpay; elj;ijapid kl;Lk; Ma;T nra;jypy;

mtjhdk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; murwptpay; tpgupg;gpd; tplag;gug;G RUq;Ftjw;F ngupJk;

fhuzkhf mike;jJ vd;gjhFk;.

murpay; elj;ij> murpaypd; xU gpupT kl;LNk vd;gjhy; Vida gpupTfis fUj;jpw;

nfhs;shik mtw;wpd; murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,y;yhJ nra;Js;sJ NgyhFk;.

,jd;gb 1970 jrhg;jq;fspy; elj;ijthj mZFKiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwtile;J

jj;Jthu;j;j> tuyhw;W kw;Wk; r%ftpay; mZFKiwfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kPz;Lk; Nknyy

njhlq;fpaJ.

,e;j khw;wq;fNshL elj;ijthjkhdJ 1970> 80 jrhg;jq;fspy; gpd; elj;ijthj (Post

Baheviaral) fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fs; te;jJ. nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba kw;Wk; mDgtk;rhu; murpay; FUFyj;jpd;

Mjpf;f epiyAk; tPo;r;rp mile;jik ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; kw;WnkhU Nghf;fhFk;.

,k;khw;wj;jpw;F khf;];thjk; - et khf;];thjk; - ypguy;thjk;> jj;Jthu;j;j - ngz;zpay;thjk;

kw;Wk; gpd; etPdj;Jtthjk; Nghd;w ghlj;Jiwfspdhy; Vw;gl;l rthy;fs; fhuzkhfpd.

1.4.5 murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiw

murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiw (Political Economy Approach) jw;NghJ Kw;WKOjhf khf;];thj

Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; mZFKiwapNyNa milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy;

Njhw;wk; ngw;w rpe;jidahd khf;];thjj;jpd; jj;Jtk;> nghUspay;> murpaypy; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd

gpupTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

murpay; nghUspay; vd;w vz;zf;fU 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa rpe;jidahsu;fshNyNa

Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nghUs; cw;gj;jp

re;ijg;gLj;jy; / tu;j;jfk;

Njrpa tUkhdk;

Nghd;w nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwfs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifNahL njhlu;GgLk; Kiw> nghUshjhu

nrad;Kiwf;F murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffspd; jhf;fk; vd;gtw;iw Ma;T nra;tNj ,jd; Muk;gfhy

epfo;r;rpepuyhf mike;jJ. ,jd; Kf;fpakhd rpe;jidahsu;fshf

vlk; ];kpj;

Nltp]; upf;fhNlh

N[hd; ];thl;kpy;

Njhk]; nky;j]; MfpNahu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

fhu;khf;]; murpay; nghUspay; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gl;l ,e;j rk;gpujha Gupjiy khw;wpaikj;jhu;.

nghUshjhu Jiwg;gw;wp tpupthf Ma;Tnra;tNjhL 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; murpay; nghUspayhsu;fs;

nra;ahj tifapy; Nfhl;ghl;L Kiwik (A Theoritical System) xd;iw cUthf;fpaik fhu;s;khf;]pd;

tpgupg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l etPd kw;Wk; tpNrl gz;nghd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,t;tZFKiw “tuyhw;W

19

nghUs;Kjy;thjk;” (Historical Materialism) vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J kdpj tuyhW>

r%f fl;likg;G> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; rpe;jidfs; vd;w midj;jpdJk; xl;Lnkhj;jj;ijAk;

fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> ,e;j xl;L nkhj;jj;jpidAk; mit xt;nthd;wpdJk; gpupTfs; kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpw;F

,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfis Muha;tjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;L kw;Wk; tpjpKiw

mZFKiwahFk;. ,e;j tuyhw;W nghUs;Kjy;thj mZFKiwapd; gpujhd Nfhl;ghl;bd; mq;fq;fs;

rpythFk;. mitahtd>

I. KO r%fj;jpdJk; xl;Lnkhj;jj;ij (Totality) fUjpf;nfhz;Nl kdpj r%fj;ij

Ma;Tnra;Ak;NghJ ehq;fs; mjw;fhf cs;Eisa Ntz;Lk;. “r%f xOq;fikg;G” vd;gJ

(Social Formation) ,e;j r%f xl;Lnkhj;jj;ij milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cUthf;fpf;nfhz;l

Nfhl;ghl;L vz;zf;fUthFk;.

II. r%f xOq;fikg;G gpujhdkhf ,U jsq;fspyhdJ. mitahtd>

1. nghUshjhu mbg;gil (Economic Base)

2. r%f> murpay;> fyhrhu vz;zq;fis cs;slf;fpa rpwg;gpay; (cr;r) fl;likg;G

(Super Structure)

III. r%f xOq;fikg;gpd; cr;rf; fl;likg;gpd;> mjhtJ r%f> murpay;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;

rhu;e;j Jiwfspy; Vw;gLk; gupkhw;wq;fs;> khw;wq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W RahjPdkhf>

jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L Vw;gLk; mgptpUj;jpfs; md;W. ,tw;Wf;F XusT RahjPdj;jd;ik ,Uf;f

KbAkhf ,Ue;jhYk; nghUshju jsj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w nraw;ghLfs;> gupkhw;wq;fspd;

ngWNgwhfTk;; mtw;wpd; ntspaPLfshfTNk ,Wjp tpgupg;gpy; ,t;NtWghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

IV. “tu;f;f Nghuhl;lkhNk” (Class Struggle) nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; gupkhw;wj;jpd;

mbg;gil epiyiknahd;whFk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhd mgpyhirfis

cila tu;f;fq;fshf tifg;gLj;jypd; tpisNtahFk;. nghUshjhu fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L ,g;gpuptpidfs; eilngWfpd;wJ. tu;f;fg; gpupTfspd; mbg;gilNyNa r%fj;jpd;

nghUshjhu tsq;fSf;F cupj;Jila my;yJ cupj;jpy;yhj tFg;Gfs; NtWgLfpd;wd.

tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lkhdJ nghUshjhu gykpf;f kw;Wk; gykw;w tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapy;

eilngWfpd;wJ.

ngupJk; nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba / ju;f;fpf;ff;$ba elj;ijthj murpay; mZFKiwfSf;F

khw;WKiwahfNt ,e;j mbg;gil khf;]pa Nfhl;ghl;bd; fUj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiw murpay; ghlj;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpj;jJ.

murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiwapy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jpa murwptpayhsu;fshy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpQ;Qhd / elj;ijthj murwptpay; njhlu;ghd tpku;rdq;fs; gy.

mit gpd;tUkhW>

I. murpaypy; fhzg;gLk; rupahd> Mokhd fUj;jpay;fis my;yhky; mjd;

Nkyhl;lkhd ntspg;ghLfisNa elj;ijthj murwptpay; cz;ikahf

Muha;fpd;wJ.

II. elj;ijthj murwptpay; murpay; uPjpahf njhd;Wnjhl;L tUtjhFk;.

(khw;wq;fSf;Fl;glhJ)

2020

III. r%fj;jpd; murpay; fl;likg;Gfis khw;Wjy; my;yJ kWrPuikg;G

nra;tjy;yhky; mtw;iw mt;thNw nfhz;L nry;tNj eilngWfpd;wJ. ,J

eilKiwapy; cs;s Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Ffpd;wJ.

khf;]thj <u;g;gpid ngw;w murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiwapd; Kf;fpakhd rpe;jidahsu;fs;

Kd;itj;j khw;W murpay; mZFKiwapd; gz;GfSk; gpupTfSk; gy gpd;tUkhW>

I. murpay; cyfj;jpid tpgupf;Fk;NghJ mjpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; tFg;G

%yq;fisAk; milahsk; fz;L mjd; xl;Lnkhj;jj;ij mz;kpj;J jkJ tpgupg;Gfis

fl;bnaOg;gpAs;sik.

II. murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f tu;f;f rhjdq;fspdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij

vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wik.

III. murpaypd; mjpKf;fpa (Fundamental) fUj;jpayhf mjpfhuk;> ,iwik> tFg;G ghFghLfs;>

tu;f;f Kuz;ghLfs;> muR> mjpfhu vjpu;g;G r%f ntspg;ghLfs; Nghd;wdtw;iw fUJfpd;wik.

IV. murpay; Ma;T> r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; fhzg;gl;l mjpfhuj;Jtk;

kw;Wk; mjpfhuf; fl;likg;G jPtpu tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w ,yf;NfhL

,Uj;jy;.

V. r%f> murpay; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F tpku;rd murpay; Ma;T cjt Ntz;Lk; vd ek;Gjy;.

1 . 4 . 6 r%ftpay; mZFKiw

r%ftpay; (Socialogy) murwptpaNyhL kpf neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila tplag;gug;ghFk;.

,t;tplaq;fspuz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhf 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; mnkupf;f gy;fiyf;fofj;jhy;

gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,t;NtWgLj;jy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk;

me;j tplaq;fs; ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; ,iltpidj;njhlu;Gfs; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

“mur pay ; r%ft pay ; ” (Political Sociology) mur pay ; kw ;Wk ; r%ft pay ;

mZFKiwfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; me;Nahd;a Vw;Gilikapy; fl;bnaOg;gl;l

murwptpaYk;; r%ftpaypdJk; xU cg gpupthFk;.

murwptpay; fw;iw kw;Wk; tpgupg;G> r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> mZFKiw kw;Wk;

tpjpKiwfspy; ngUk;ghYk; gyid ngw;Ws;sd. mj;NjhL 19> 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspd;

Kjw;gFjpapy; ,t;tplag;gug;Gfs; ,uz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Ggl;Nl fhzg;gl;lJ.

20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; Mf];l; nfhk;Nl> fhs;khf;]; kw;Wk; nkf;];ntgu;

Nghd;w rpe;jidahsu;fs; etPd murwptpaypdJk; r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfspdJk;

Kd;Ndhbfshtu;.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; jpwikahd Ma;thsu;

FOnthd;Wld; ngd;f;Ngu;l; FUFy fy;tpia Ma;Tnra;j Jiwfs; murwptpay;>

r%ftpay; Mfpa ,uz;NlhLk; njhlu;Gilajhf fhzg;gl;lJ.

murwptpaypy;> r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; Jiwapd; nry;thf;fpd; gad;fs;

murwptpay; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpa ,U mk;rq;fspYk; fhzyhk;.

21

fUj;jpay; uPjpahf r%ftpay; Ma;T vg;nghOJk; r%f fl;likg;G> r%f

mikg;Gfs;> r%f myFfs; kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G> r%f

tu;f;fk;> r%f gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; ,itaidj;NjhLk; njhlu;Gw;W eilngWk; kdpj

nraw;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpNyNa eilngWfpd;wd.

kdpjdpd; r%f nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp r%f fyhrhu kjk; Nghd;w gpupTfSf;Fs;

kpfTk; neUq;fpatifapy; Ma;T nra;tjpNyNa r%ftpaypd; cg gpupthd

khdpltpay; <LghL fhl;LfpwJ.

murwptpay; Ma;T nra;fpd;w rpy gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghf

r%fj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa gue;j kw;Wk; Mokhd njspnthd;wpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l r%ftpay; kw;Wk; cstpay; mZFKiwAk; kpfTk; gaDilajhFk;.

cjhuzk; :

murpay; fl;rpfs; vd;git murwptpay; Ma;tpy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU fUj;jpayhFk;.

murwptpayhsu;fs; fl;rpfs; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; rk;gpujha tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy;

Ma;T nra;jdu;.

fl;rpfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;

Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdk;

fl;rpfspd; tuyhW

fl;rpj; jiytu;fspd; ciufs;

gj;jpupif nra;jpfspy; ntspaplg;gLk; jfty;fs;

fl;rpj; jiytu;fspd; fye;Jiuahly;fs;

,it r%fj;jpDs; nraw;gLk; Kiwapd; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd gf;fq;fshFk;. vdpDk;

,J murpay; fl;rpfs; njhlu;gpy; KOikahd tpgupg;gpid nra;atpy;iy.

murpay; kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfs; vd;gd r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; Kiwia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s

vkf;F r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; mZFKiwfs; ngupJk; gaDiladthFk;. murpaypy;

gpuirfs; Vd; gq;Fg;gw;Wfpd;wdu;? fpuhkpa kw;Wk; r%f kl;lj;jpy; murpay; mjpfhuk; ahuplk;

cs;sJ? nrhj;J> rhjp> FLk;g gpd;dzp> ghy;epiy (Mz; ngz; jd;ik) Nghd;w mk;rq;fs;

gpuirfspd; murpay; fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghl;by; vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd? murpay;

kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfsplk; r%f uPjpahf fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F

,JNghd;w tpdhf;fSf;F ehk; tpil fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;. vdpDk; mjw;fhd mZFKiw

kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs; Njit. murwptpay; ,jw;fhf r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; mZFKiw

vd;gtw;iw ,jw;F tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhf gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

1.4.7 ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiw

murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Ma;Tfspy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa ngz;zpay;thjk; fw;if newpahf

1970 fspy; khw;wkile;jJ. ,J ngz;zpay;thj fw;ifj; Jiwapd; gpujhd gpupthFk;. ngz;zpay;thj

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mZFKiw murpay; njhlu;gpy; mjpKf;fpa tpdhf;fis vOg;gpaJ kl;Lkpd;wp “murpay;” vd;w

vz;zf;fUtpd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;jJ.

murpay; tpgupg;gpd;NghJ ngz;zpay;thjk; njhlu;gpy; vOg;gg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; ghuk;gupa murwptpaypd;

gy;NtW gpur;rpidfspy; ,Ue;J ngupJk; khWg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzkhf>

I. murpay; vd;w Jiwapy; Vd ngz;fs; Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;?

II. murpay; Jiwia Mz;fspd; Jiwahf njhlu;e;Jk; Ngz Ntz;Lkh?

III. r%f tuyhw;wpd; Clhf ngz;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;F> Xuq;fl;lg;glYf;F> Jd;gj;jpw;F kw;Wk;

ghugl;rk; fhl;LjYf;F Mshf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ Vd;? mt;thW nra;tij njhlu;e;Jk; itj;jpUg;gjh?

IV. ngz;fis Jd;gj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fk; r%f> murpay;> fyhrhu fUj;jpay; fl;likg;Gfs; ahit?

V. r%f kw;Wk; kdpj tpLjiy njhlu;gpy; ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; rkTilikthjq;fspd; mDgtq;fs;

NghJkhdjh?

,t;thwhd tpdhf;fis Muha;tjd; %yk; ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; murpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpgupg;Gf;F

Gjpa Nfhl;ghL / vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tiffs; gy Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

ghy;epiy (Gender)

Mz; ngz; njhopy; NtWghLfs; (Male-Female Division of Labour)

Mz; jiyikj;Jtk; (Patriarchy)

ngz; Jd;GWj;jy; (Women’s Oppressions)

Mz; ikathjk; (Androcentrism)

Mzhjpf;fk; (Male Domination)

ngz; tpLjiy (Women’s Liberation)

Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fs; ,jpy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

murwptpay; Ma;T tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiwapdhy; khw;wkile;j

Kiwia gpd;tUkhW RUf;fpf; $wyhk;.

(i). muR> murpay; mjpfhuk;> [dehafthjk;> nghJTilikthjk;> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> ePjp>

epahaj;jd;ik> cupikfs;> ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy;> Ruz;ly;> mOj;jk;> vjpu;g;G> mur nfhs;if>

gpurhTupik Nghd;wd murwptpaypy; fhzg;gLk; mjpKf;fpa vz;zf;fUf;fshfpa ,it midj;J

ghy;epiy (Gender) vd;w gpupg;G njhlu;gpy; kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jYk; mtw;wpd; tplag;gug;Gfspy;

ghy;epiy njhlu;ghd mZFKiwfis Nru;j;jy;.

(II). tFg;G> ,dk;> r%fk;> gpuir Nghd;wd murwptpaypd; mjpKf;fpa milahs vz;zf;fUf;fspy;

Mz; ngz; ghy;epiyia ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

23

(III). murpay; vd;gJ nghJkf;fs; mikg;gpd;%yk; (Public Sphere) eilngWk; nraw;ghlhFk;

vd fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fspdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpid

khw;wp jdpahs; gq;Fg;gw;wypy; (Private Sphena) murpay; eilngWk; Jiwahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

(IV). kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%f tpLjiyAk; (Emancipation) njhlu;gpy; ghuk;gupa jj;Jtj;jpw;F ngz;fs;

tpLjiy (Emancipation of Women) vd;gijAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

Kd;nkhopag;gLk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fSf;F mika tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;F khzt /

khztpaUf;F topg;gLj;jy;.

cjhuzk; 01 :- nka;apay; Ma;tpy; <Lgl;l murpay; rpe;jidahsu;fs; ,Utupd; ngau;fis

Fwpg;gpLf.

I. ………………………………..

II. ………………………………..

cjhuzk; 02 :- gpd;tUk; E}y;fis vOjpa murpay; rpe;jidahsu;fs; ahtu;?

I. FbauR …………………………………

II. murpay; …………………………………

2. gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; FO Kd;itg;Gfis jpl;lkpl;L tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.

murwptpaypd;

I. jj;Jthu;j;j / nka;apay; mZFKiw

II. xg;gPl;L mZFKiw

III. gd;ikj;Jtthj mZFKiw

IV. tpQ;Qhd (elj;ijthj) mZFKiw

V. murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiw

VI. r%ftpay; mZFKiw

VII. ngz;zpay; mZFKiw

2424

crhj;Jizfs;

01. fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;jpizf;fsk; (2007)> murwptpaypd; %yf;nfhs;iffs; I> nfhOk;G> fy;tp

ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;.

02. Goodin, Robert E (ed) (2009), The Oxford Hand book of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University

Press.

03. Grisby, Elleen, (2009), Analizing Politics: An introduction to Political Science, Belmont, CA, USA:

Cengage Learning.

04. Heywood, Andrew, (2013), Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

05. Hineman, Robert A (1995), Political Science An Introduction, New York, Mc Graw Hill Provessional.

25

murwptpaypy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; cg Jiwfs;

Nju;r;rp 02: murwptpay; ghlj;Jiwapy; cs;slq;Fk; fUg;nghUl;fis mwpe;J murwptpaiy

mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf jd;id jahu;g;gLj;jpf;nfhs;thu;. (ghlNtisfs; - 20)

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :

2.1. murwptpaypy; ghlj;Jiwf;Fl;gl;l fUg;nghUl;fspd; ,ay;GfisAk;

cs;slf;fj;ijAk; fw;ghu;.

2.2. r%fj;jpy; murpay; tho;tpy; mtw;wpd; gzpfis tpku;rpg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

murwptpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; cs;slq;Fk; fUg;nghUl;fis ngaupl;L tpsf;Fthu;.

xt;nthU fUg;nghUl;fSk; murwptpay; fw;ifg; ghlj;Jiwia KOikg;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

mf;fUg;nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd murpay; cyF njhlu;gpy; tpku;rd uPjpahf

rpe;jpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;Jthu;.

mwpKfk; :

murwptpayhdJ Rkhu; 24 E}w;whz;Lfs; tsu;r;rpaile;Jk; gupzhkk; ngw;wJkhd Gyikrhu; fw;ifahFk;.

murwptpaypd; jw;Nghija ghl cs;slf;fk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tNj ,t;tyfpd; %yk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

Guhjd fpNuf;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J jw;fhyk;tiu murpay; Ma;T cs;slf;Fk; cg gpupthf murpay;

jj;Jtj;jpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. murpay; nray;Kiwapy; gpujhd gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; kw;WnkhU

mk;rkhf murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. etPd murpay; kw;Wk; r%f rpe;jidfs; r%fj;jpy;

,lk;ngWk; r%f epfo;Tfis xd;wpizj;J Vd; mt;thW ,lk;ngWfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fk; murpay;

Nfhl;ghLfs; mjd; kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa JiwahFk;. murwptpaypy; Kf;fpak; ngWk; kw;WnkhU

fUg;nghUs; murpay; epWtdq;fshFk;. Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh vd;w tifg;gLj;jy;fs; %yk;

,e;epWtdq;fs; fw;fg;gLk;. ,jd;gb ,j;Nju;r;rp murpay; jj;Jtk;> murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;> murpay;

Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w fUg;nghUl;fspD}lhf fw;f vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tplag;gug;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf topfhl;ly;fs;

2. murwptpay; ghlj;Jiw cs;slf;fpa Jiwfis mwpe;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

2.1. murpay; jj;Jtk;

murpay; jj;JtkhdJ gpujhdkhf %d;W fUg;nghUl;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

(m). murpay; tpgupg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tiutpyf;fzq;fis njspTg;gLj;jy;.

2626

cjhuzk; : muR> mjpfhuk;> gpurhTupik> Rje;jpuk;> cupikfs;> rkj;Jtk;.

(M). murpay; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;jp mtw;iw Ma;T

nra;jy;.

cjhuzk; : muR vd;gJ ahJ? muR Vd; mtrpakhfpd;wJ? murpd; Njhw;wk; vt;thwhdJ?

murpay; vd;gJ ahJ?

(,). murpay; nraw;ghL> murpay; epWtdk;> murf; nfhs;ifg; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F topfhl;Lk;

,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;nkhopjy;.

cjhuzk; : Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> epahaj; jd;ik (xg;GuT)> nghJeyd;> r%f tpLjiy.

Guhjd fpNuf;f Afj;jpy; ,Ue;J jw;fhyk; tiu murpay; jj;Jttpay; fupridf; nfhz;bUe;j

fUg;nghUl;fspy; ePjp> epahaj; jd;ik> cupikfs;> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> murpay; tpLjiy>

murpd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;iw Kd;itf;f KbAk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j

fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghf murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fspilNa nghJ ,zf;fg;ghL fhzg;glhjNjhL>

,it xt;nthd;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;fSf;Fk;> tpthjj;jpw;Fk;> fUj;jhly;fSf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gl;L

jdpikahf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpay;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

murpay; jj;Jtk; fuprid nfhs;Sk; fUg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mjid Ma;T nra;j jj;Jttpayhsu;fs;

njhlu;ghd ,yFthd tpsf;fj;jpid fPOs;s ml;ltizapid mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

KbAk;.

fUj;jpay;

ePjp / epahaj; jd;ik

rkj;Jtk;

cupikfs;

Rje;jpuk;

murpay; ,ay;G

murpd; ,ay;G

Njhw;wk; / kj;jpafhy kw;Wk; jw;fhy

murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fs

gpNsl ;Nlh> mup];Nlhl ;by ;> Gdpj

xf];jPd;> Gdpj mf;Fthdh];> Njhk];

n`hg;];> Nltpl; fpAk;> ,khDNty;

fhz;l;> &Nrh> N[hd; ];thl; kpy;> fhu;s;

khf;];

mup];Nlhl;by;> n`hg;];> N[hd; nyhf;>

&Nrh> kpy;> khf;];> vyf;]p b njhf;tpy;>

Nù;gl; ];ngd;ru;> ̀ pANfh FNuhrpa];>

,khDNty;l; fhz;l;> kpy;> khf;];

fhz;l;> njhf;tpy;> nyhf;> `pAk;>

mlk;];kpj;> khf;];> nkhz;l];fpA+

gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;> n`hg;];>

nyhf;> khf;];> n[ukp nge;jk;

g pNsl ;Nlh> mup];Nlhl ;by ; > nrd;

xf];jpd;> khf;fpaty;yp> n`hg;];>

nyhf;> &Nrh> fhz;l;> n`fy;> khf;];

n`hg;];> nyhf;> &Nrh> khf;fpaty;yp>

khf;];

rkfhy murpay;

jj;Jttpayhsu;fs;

N[hd; Nuhy;];> nuhgl; Neh]pf;>

ikf;fy; nrz;ly;> khu ;j ;jh

e];gTd;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp

kfhj ;kh fhe ; j p > ikf ;fy ;

N`hy;l;lu;> rhu;s;]; nla;yu;>

nuhdhy;l; bNthfpd;;

Map\h Ngu;ypd;> nuhdhy;l;

bNthfpd ; > N[hd; Nuhy ;]; >

rhu;s;]; nla;yu;

Map\h ngu;spd;> ngw;wpf; ̀ af;>

N[hd; Nuhy;];> gpypg; ngl;b

rp. iul;kpy;> NaN`d; `gu;k];>

rhu;s;]; nla;yu;> kpN\y; G+Nfh

N[hd ; Nuhy ;] ; > NaN`d; >

`gu;kh];> rhu;s]; nla;yu

27

19 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu INuhg;ghtpy; jj;JttpaYf;F murpay; Ma;tpy; cau; ,lk; fpilj;jhYk;>

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpag; gFjpapy; mJ XusT gpd;dpiy mile;jJ. mt;thwhdnjhU

epiyia miltjw;F murwptpaypy; tpQ;Qhd vjpu;thjq;fs; NknyOe;j gpd;dzpapyhFk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; 1970 jrhg;jq;fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J kPz;Lk; murwptpaypy; jj;Jtthjj;jpw;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fpilj;jJ. mjD}lhf murwptpay; tpgupg;gpy; ,oe;j ed;kjpg;G kw;Wk; ,lk; vd;gd

kPz;Lk; fpilj;jJ. ,e;j khw;wkhdJ 1971 Mk; Mz;by; murpay; jj;JtQhdp N[hd; Nuhy;];

mtu;fspd; A Theory of Justice (ePjp njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs;) vd;w fl;Liuapid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz ;Nl Vw ; gl ; lJ . ,jNdhL jj ;JtQhd pfs ; > murw pt payhsu ; fs ; kw ;Wk ;

r%ff;Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fSf;Fkpilapy; Vw;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; tpthjq;fs; murpay;

jj;Jttpaiy kPz;Lk; Nky;Nehf;fp nfhz;L tUtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.

2.2. murpay; rpe;jidfs;

juhz;ikthjk; (ypguy;thjk;)> rkTilikthjk;> [dehafthjk;> r%f [dehafthjk;>

gh]prthjk;> mur nghJeythjk;> et ypguy; thjk;> Njrpathjk; Nghd;w murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;

cyf murpaypy; ghupa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;litfshFk;.

murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; murpaYf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk;> murpay;

nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; mjd; Nghf;fpw;Fk; topfhl;Lk;> r%fj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikNahiu

<u;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; murpay; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifapidf; nfhz;l cWjpahd

fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpahFk;. ve;jnthU murpay; rpe;jidAk;>

xt;nthd;Wk; NtWg;gl;l fUj;Jf; njhFjpfshy; MdJ.

r%fj;jpd; ntt;NtW gpupTfspd; murpay; mwpT> ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; Nehf;Ffis

cUthf;FtNjhL ,Uf;Fk;.

r%f gpupTfis murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;igg; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

,tw;iw %d;W cjhuzq;fspd; %yk; njspTg;gLj;jyhk;.

I. ypguy;thjk;

murpay; fUj;jpayhf ypguy;thjj;jpd; gpujhd %yf;nfhs;ifahf miktJ jdpkdpj

Rje;jpukhFk;. jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;> r%f Rje;jpuj;jpd; mbf;fy; vd;Wk;> ,J

nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu Nghd;w Jiwfspy; %yf;nfhs;ifahf mikaNtz;Lk;

vd;Wk; ypguy;thjk; ek;Gfpd;wJ.

ypguy;thjk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf INuhg;ghtpy; khdpa Kiw tPo;r;rpNahL Vw;gl;l

Kjyhspj;Jt gpd;Gyj;jpNyNa mgptpUj;jpaile;jJ.

Rje;jpu re;ij njhlu;ghf ypguy;thj nghUshjhu %yf;nfhs;if “Rje;jpuk;” gw;wpa

ypguy;thj fUj;NjhL njhlu;Gw;wpUe;jJ. murpay; JiwAk; “Rje;jpuk;” Mdjhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ypguy; murpay; fUj;jpay;> gpd;du; [dehafthjj;Jld;

,ize;jJ. “ypguy; [dehafthjk;” ,t;thNw Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

eilKiw cyfj;jpy; murpay; epWtd %yf;nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; gpuNahfq;fis

xOq;Fg;gLj;Jtjpy; ypguy;thj murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; gpujhd fhuzpahfTs;sd.

,t;thW ypguy;thj;jpid ikag;gLj;jp fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;>

%yf;nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; gpuNahfq;fs; gpd;tUkhW>

2828

19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; miug;gFjpapy; Muk;gkhd rkTilikthjk; ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; gpugy murpay; fUj;jpayhf gutyile;jJ. ,J ypguy;thjj;jpw;Fk;

Kjyhspj;Jtthjj;jpw;Fkhd tpku;rdkhfTk; khw;wPlhfTNk Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; miug;gFjpapy; gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp kw;Wk; gpupj;jhdpah

Nghd;w ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAld; Vw;gl;l r%f nghUshjhu

Kuz;ghLfNshL> rkTilikthjpfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gpujhd fUj;jhtJ r%f

rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; nghJ cupik vd;gjhFk;.

,e;j mbg;gilf; fUj;J NkYk; tpuptile;J “rkTilikthjk;” vd;w gpugy

fUj;jpayhf khf;];thjj;jhy; khw;wg;gl;lJ. khf;];thjj;jpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

gpujhd fUj;J Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij gpul;bg;Nghl;L> njhopyhsu; tu;f;fk; Ml;rp nra;Ak;

tu;f;fkhf khw;Wk; rKf Gul;rp vd;gNj cz;ikahd rkTilikia Vw;gLj;Jk;

vd;gjhf mike;jJ.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L murpaypDs; rkTilikthjk; gpujhd gzpfs; ehd;fpid

Mw;wpAs;sJ.

(m) Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f murpay; tpLjiy njhlu;ghf ypguy;thj

fUj;jpaYf;fhd gpujhd khw;wPl;bid fl;bnaOg;gpaik.

(M) Kjyhspj;Jt [dehafthj murpay; Kiwikf;F khw;wPlhf rkTilik

muR njhlu;ghd ,yl;rpaj;jpid Kd;itj;jik.

(,) Kjyhspj;Jtj;Njhbize;j ghupa ciog;Gr;Ruz;ly;> r%f Jd;gpay; kw;Wk;

r%f mrkj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf ghupa tpku;rdq;fis Kd;itj;J ghjpf;fg;gl;l

kf;fs; FOtpd; rkj;Jtk;> cupik kw;Wk; r%f tpLjiy njhlu;ghd

fUj;jpaiy murpay; rpe;jidapd; ikakhff; nfhz;Lte;jik.

(<) INuhg;ghtpYk;> INuhg;gh jtpu;e;j Vida cyfj;jpYk; r%f / murpay;

Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf kf;fs; ,af;fq;fSf;F topfhl;ba gpujhd murpay;

fUj;jpayhf fhzg;gl;lik.

I. Njrpathjk ;

gj;jhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; cyfk; KOtJk; fhzg;gl;l gpujhd fUj;jpayhFk;.

,J Kjypy; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wp gpd;du; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f kw;Wk; ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f

ehLfspYk; gpugy murpay; fUj;jpayhf khwpaJ.

murpay; fUj;jpayhf Njrpathjk; nra;Js;s kw;wk; ,d;Wk; nra;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;

gzpfs; gy cs;sd.

(m) Njrpathjnkd;gJ> murhf xd;wpizaf;$ba nghJ milahsk; cs;s

murpay; r%fq;fshf jq;fshNyNa vz;zg;gLk; fUj;jpay; kw;Wk;

vz;zf;fUtpid kf;fSf;F toq;Ftij Fwpf;Fk;. nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;

kw;Wk; epyg;gpuNjrk; me;j nghJ r%fkhf kf;fs; jq;fis rpe;jpg;gjw;F

,lk;nfhLf;Fk; milahs rhjdq;fshFk;.

29

(M) etPd Njrpa muRfs; (Nation - State) mbg;gilapy; Njrpathjj;jpdhy; Njrk;

kw;Wk; muR gw;wp vz;Zk; mbg;gilapNyNa fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epyj;njhlu;G>

fyhrhu xw;Wik> Njrpak; kw;Wk; muR vd;gd xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkkhdtifapy;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w etPd murpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifAk; Njrpathj

murpaypd; gy;NtW Kd;itg;ghfNt te;Js;sJ.

,jw;fika> murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; r%f murpay; rpe;jidapy; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk;

eilKiwNahL neUf;fkhf ,ize;jpUe;jhYk; murpay; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay;

gupkhw;wj;jpd; ghijapid xOq;fikf;f gq;fspf;Fk; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU murpay;

rhjdkhFk; vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.

2 . 3 . murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;

etPd murpay; kw;Wk; r%f rpe;jidapy; “Nfhl;ghL” vd;w vz;zf;fU nghJthf r%fj;jpy;

eilngWk; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; vt;thW Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij njspTg;gLj;jTk; tpgupf;fTk;

fy;tpayhsu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjpKiwfSf;fhd fUtp xd;whfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cjhuzq;fspd; %yk; ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

epfo;T fw;wy; Jiw Nfhl;ghL

Mfhaj;jpy; vwpag;gLk; nghUs; Vd;

G+kpia te;jilfpd;wJ? NtW jpirf;F

nry;yhjJ Vd;?

re;ijapy; nghUl;fSf;fhd jl;Lg;ghL

Vw;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpd; tpiy cauf;

fhuzk; vd;d?

r%f nghUshjhu gu pk hw ; wk ;

eilngWk; nghOJ rpy r%fg;

g pu pTTfSf;f pilapy ; Kuz;ghL

Vw;gLtJ Vd;?

GtpaPu;g;Gf; Nfhl;ghL

Nfs;tp epuk;gy; Nfhl;ghL

xg;g Pl ;L eaf; Nfhl;ghL

(xg ; g P l ; L Nja ;khdf ;

Nf hl ; g hL) (Relative

Deprivation Theory)

Gtpapay; thjk;

nghUspay;

murwptpay;

3030

tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; “Nfhl;ghL” vdg;gLtJ rpW vz;zf;fUthf #j;jpug;gLj;jf;$ba> fhuhz fhupa

njhlu;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd ntspg;ghlhFk;. cyfpd;

,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ r%f my;yJ murpay; uPjpahfNth cyfj;jpy; ehk; fz;fhzpf;Fk;

epfo;Tfs; xt;nthd;W gw;wpay;yhky; mit cs;slf;fg;gl;l gy gpupTfs; gw;wpa tpgupg;Gfs;

gytw;wpd; mjhtJ xl;Lnkhj;j Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpgupg;G kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;JNj tpQ;Qhd

uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL nghJthf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLlhFk;. ,jd;gb Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ cyfpy;

Vw;gLk; nghJ Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wpa njspTg;gLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s tpQ;Qhdpfs; gad;gLj;Jk;

fw;wy; fUtpahFk;. Nfhl;ghL cUthf;fg;gly; ,ay;ghdJk; r%ftpayhsu;fspd; xU Kf;fpa

tplaKkhFk;. murwpaypy; Nfhl;ghL vd;gjw;F ,U tpsf;fq;fs; cs;sd.

1. ,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL (epajpthjk;) (Normative Theory)

2. tpQ;Qhd (ju;f;f) uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL (Scientific Theory)

,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ murpay; jj;Jtk;> murpay; rpe;jidAld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l

Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,J gpNshl;Nlh Kjy; ,d;Wtiu fhzg;gLk; murpay; jj;Jtq;fis

rk;gpujhaq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j rk;gpujhaq;fs; gpujhdkhf murpay;> muR> murpay;

mjpfhuk;> Ml;rpnra;jy; kw;Wk; r%ff; nfhs;iffs; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Kd;itf;Fk;

rpj;jhe;j %yf;nfhs;iffNs (Axiomatic Principles) murpay; Nfhl;ghLfshf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

muR njhlu;ghd mup];Nlhl;lypd; Nfhl;ghL> r%f xg;ge;jk; njhlu;ghd n hg;]; kw;Wk; nyhf;

vd;Nghupd; Nfhl;ghL> mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd ypguy;thjpfspd; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wd ,yl;rpathj

Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghf Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;s cjhuzq;fshFk;.

o rl;lk; njhlu;ghd N[hd; Nuhy;]pd; Nfhl;ghL> FbauRthj Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghd

gpypg; ngl;bapd; Nfhl;ghL> r%f gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghf n gu;kh]pd; Nfhl;ghL

Nghd;wd ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; cjhuzq;fshf Fwpg;gplyhk;.

tpQ;Qhd Nfhl;ghL

murwptpaypy; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fs; 1930 fspy; ,ize;jJ.

mJ r%ftpayhsu;fspd; “tpQ;Qhd uPjpapyhd ghu;it” vd;w gpd;Gyj;jpyhFk;. ,e;j tpQ;Qhd

uPjpahd r%ftpay; rk;gpujhaj;jpDs; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ,aw;if tpQ;Qhd rk;gpujhaj;jpDs;

Nfhl;ghL vz;zf;fUthf;fg;gl;l KiwapNyNa tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ cyfj;jpy;

eilngWtdtw;iw Vd; mt;thW Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij rl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g njspTg;gLj;JtNj

Nfhl;ghl;bd; gzpahFk;. Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ,t;thwhd rl;lq;fis fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.

,jd;gb Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ r%f my;yJ cyfj;jpy;

eilngWtdtw;iw njspTg;gLj;Jk; rl;lkhFk;. nka;gpf;ff;$ba juTfs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfis

fz;fhzpj;jYf;Fk; gFg;gha;Tf;Fk; cl;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLk; “rl;lj;” njhFjpfNs

tpQ;Qhdpfs; jkJ Ma;Tfs; %yk; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd fl;bnaOg;gpAs;sdu;.

r%ftpaypy; ,J Neu;fzpa fl;likg;Gf;Fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy; murwptpaypy;

,t;tifahd Nfhl;ghl;L tplaq;fis “Neu;fzpa murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;” (Positivisit Political

Theory) vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. elj;ijthjk;> xg;gPl;L murpay; tpQ;Qhd tpgupg;G> murpay;

etPdkakhjy; kw;Wk; murpay; Kiwik fl;likg;Gfs; vd;gd 1930 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du;

Njhw;wk; ngw;w murwptpay; mZFKiwfs; ,e;j Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapNyNa murpay;

Nfhl;ghLfshf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

31

jw;fhy murwptpaypy; ehk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,yl;rpathj kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdg;G+u;tk; vd;w ,U

mZFKiwfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fpilapy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L kw;Wk; rkfhy

murwptpay; Nfhl;ghl;Lj;Jiw> mZFKiwfs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ vd;gij vq;fshy;

mthjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd gpujhd Nfhl;ghl;L gpupTfs; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

mitahtd>

(m) jhuhz;ik murpay; Nfhl;ghL

(M). FbauRthj murpay; Nfhl;ghL

(,). khf;];thj murpay; Nfhl;ghL

(<). gpd; khf;];thj Nfhl;ghL

(c). murpay; etPdkakhjy; Nfhl;ghL

(C). ngz;zpay;thj murpay; Nfhl;ghL

(v). gpd; etPdj;Jt / gpd; fl;likg;Gthj murpay; Nfhl;ghL

(V). gpd;fhydpj;Jt murpay; Nfhl;ghL

2.4. murpay; epWtdq;fs;

r%fj;jpy; murpay; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik> ngUk;ghyhd

murpay; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; murpay; epWtdq;fis rhu ;e ;J

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapdhYk; murpaiy MuhAk;NghJ ehq;fs; murpay; epWtdq;fs;

njhlu;ghf fuprid fhl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. nghUspay;> r%ftpay;> fy;tpay;> murwptpay;

kw;Wk; rl;lk; Nghd;w fw;ifj;Jiwfs; gytw;wpYk; “epWtdk;” gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; jkJ

fw;wYf;F Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf fw;Fk;NghJ> fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba tplaq;fs; mit rl;luPjpahd

tpjpKiwfs;> elj;ijfis vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpa mikg;ngDk; epiyapNyNah

fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,jw;fpilapy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fs; rpw;rpy

Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l epWtdq;fshTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fis Kiwrhu; (Formal) kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh (Informal)

vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofk;> efurig> ghuhSkd;wk; Nghd;w epWtdq;fs;

Kiwrhu;e;jitahFk;. ,it Kiwahd rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;> egu;fs; kw;Wk; fl;blq;fs;

vd;gtw;Wld; $ba Gyg;gLk; epWtdkhFk;.

FLk;gk;> cwTKiw> Fyk;> rhjp> je;ij jiyikj;Jtk; Nghd;wd r%fj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa epWtdq;fshdhYk;> ,it Kiwrhuh ,ay;gpNyNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J vq;fs; Kd; Gyg;glhtpbDk; mjd; ,Ug;G nraw;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; ngWNgWfis fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

3232

murpay; Ma;NthL njhlu;Gila gpujhd epWtdq;fs; ehd;F gw;wp ,e;j myfpy; ftdk; nrYj;j

Ntz;Lk;. muR kw;Wk; murhq;fk;> murpay; fl;rpfs;> mKf;ff; FOf;fs;> rptpy; r%fk; vd;gd

mitahFk;.

2.4.1.muRk; murhq;fk; Xu; murpay; epWtdkhf

ve;jnthU r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil kw;Wk; ikakhd murpay; epWtdq;fs;

muRk; murhq;fKkhFk;. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida ngUk;ghyhd murpay; epWtdq;fs;

muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpdhNyNa Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

cjhuzk; :- ghuhSkd;wk;> mikr;ruit> ePjpj;Jiw> cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs;> MAjg;gilfs;>

nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiy> ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpizf;fsq;fs; Nghd;wd.

muRk; murhq;fKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gg;gl;lhYk; ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;wy;y. etPd [dehaf

murpay; Kiwapy; muR vd;gJ xg;gPl;L uPjpahf ePz;lfhyk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; r%fj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; mjpKf;fpa murpay; epWtdkhFk;. murhq;fk; vd;gJ mur nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf ;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf kf ;fshy ; FWfpa fhyj;j pw ;F mjpfhuk ;

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdnkhd;whFk;.

Muk;gfhy [dehaf murpay; Kiwapy; muR kw;Wk; murhq;fk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; ,t;thwhd

NtWghLfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

cjhuzk; :- murhl;rp Kiwapy; nghJkf;fshy; Nju;e ;njLf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;

,y;yhjpUe;jNjhL> muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fpilapy; NtWghLk;

,Uf;ftpy;iy. murNd murhfTk;> murhq;fkhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fpilapy; epWtd uPjpahd NtWgLj;jy;fs; INuhg;ghtpy; khdpaKiw

murpay; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; murhl;rp Kiwik tPo;r;rpaile;jjd; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w

ypguy; [dehaf murpay; Kiwapd; gpujhd gz;ghfpaJ.

murpay; epWtdkhf muRNghd;w kdpj epWtdq;fSk; cs;sd. etPd muR epr;rapf;fg;gl;l

Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpNyNa xOq;fike;Js;sJ. muRf;F epr;rakhd Njr vy;iy cz;L.

epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpDs; murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;Js;s gpuirfs; kPJ

jkJ Mjpgj;jpak; kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; vd;gtw;iw itj;jpUf;Fk; cupikAk; Mjpgj;jpaKk;

muRf;F cz;L. ,J murwptpaypy; “,iwik mjpfhuk;” vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j mjpfhu gyj;jpid epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,d;Dk; gy epWtdq;fs; muRf;F

cz;L. murhq;fk; mjpy; xU epWtdkhFk;.

murpay; epWtdkhf muRf;F mbg;gil rl;lf; fl;likg;Gk; cz;L. mJ murpayikg;ghFk;.

murpd; ,ay;G> fl;likg;G> epWtd xOq;fikg;G Nghd;wd murpayikg;gpdhNyNa

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL jkJ mjpfhu gyj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf muR

nfhz;Ls;s gpujhdkhd epWtdq;fshf rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw>

MAjg;gilfs; kw;Wk; gzpafthl;rp vd;gd cs;sd. ,e;j vy;yh cg epWtdq;fSf;Fk;

epr;rakhd rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;> kdpjtsk; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

murpay; epWtdkhf murhq;fk; murpd; mjpfhuq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; gpujhd Kftu;

epWtdkhfNt nraw;gLfpd;wJ. rl;l cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> nfhs;if

cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;Gfis Ngzy; kw;Wk; Vida

33

muRfSld; njhlu;Gfis Ngzy; vd;gd muRf;fhf murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gpujhd

gzpfshFk;.

xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;lhYk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gila epWtd njhFjpahf vLf;Fk;NghJ

muR kw;Wk; murhq;fk; epWtdq;fs; xOq;fike;Js;s Kiwapid ehd;F fUj;jpay;fshf

tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

1. rl;lthf;f epWtdk; - ghuhSkd;wk;> rk\;b rl;lr;rig> khfhzrigfs;

2. epiwNtw;W epWtdk; - mikr;ruit> mikr;Rf;fs;> jpizf;fsq;fs;> mur

$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> gzpepiy Kiwik

3. ePjpj;Jiw epWtdk; - cau; ePjpkd;wk; Kjy; fPo;epiytiu gue;jpUf;Fk; ePjpkd;w

fl;likg;Gfs;

4. ghJfhg;G> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F

njhlu;ghd epWtdk; - MAjg;gilfs;> nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiyfs;

muR murwptpaypy; mjpKf;fpa ika fUj;jhfTk;> gioikahd fUj;jhfTk; cs;sJ.

fpNuf;f jj;Jttpayhsu; gpNsl;Nlh Kjy; ,d;Wtiu murwptpaypy; “muR” vd;gJ gw;wpa

Ma;Tfs; KbTWj;jg;glhj fUj;jpayhFk;.

murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; muR njhlu;ghf gpujhdkhf mtjhdk;

nrYj;jpAs;s fUj;jpay;fs; gpd;tUkhW.

(m). murpd; ,ay;G

(m). murpd; Njhw;wk;

(,). murpd; Nehf;fk;

(<). murpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; ,iwik mjpfhuk;

(c). muR kw;Wk; gpuir / r%fk;

(C). mur mjpfhuj;jpd; vy;iy

(v). murpd; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; khjpupfs;

,jpy; ehk; ,d;W tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; mu;j;jj;jpy; “murhq;fk;” gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;fs;

Muk;gfhy murpay; rpe;jidapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ngWk;ghYk; muRk; murhq;fKk; xNu

mu;j;jj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; ehk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W muR

kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij NtWgLj;jy; vd;gJ 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F gpd;du; tsu;r;rpaile;jikNa

,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

murwptpay; tuyhw;wpy; “murhq;fk;” vd;w fUj;J gy;NtW murpayikg;G khjpupfis

mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j murpayikg;Gfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf fw;gjw;Nf gutyhf

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. murwptpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;s mt;thwhd

murhq;fq;fs; fPo;tUkhW fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3434

(m). [dehaf murhq;fk;

(M). [dehafkw;w murhq;fk;

(,). ghjp (mu;j;j) [dehaf murhq;fk;

(<). FbauRthj murhq;fk;

(c). xw;iwahl;rp murhq;fk;

(C). rk];b murhq;fk;

(v). Njrpa murhq;fk; ($l;L murhq;fk;)

(V). Kjyhspj;Jt murhq;fk;

(I). rkTilik murhq;fk;

(x). gpd; rkTilik murhq;fk;

2.4.2.murpay; fl;rpfs;

murpay; fl;rpfs;> etPd murpaypy; Fwpg;ghf [dehaf murpaypy; jtpu;f;fg;gl Kbahj Xu;

mq;fkhFk;.

murpay; fl;rpfs; ePz;lnjhU tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f murpaypy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyj;jpw;F gpd;dNu

Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyj;jpw;F

gpd;Ng Muk;gkhdJ.

vdpDk; murpaypy; murpay; fl;rpfs; GupAk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l flikfSk; gzpfSk;

fhuzkhf ,it njhlu;gpy; kpfTk; gue;jstpy; kw;Wk; tpupthf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;w fy;tprhu;

Ma;thf murwptpaypDs; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa murpay; fl;rpfs; njhlu;ghd fy;tprhu; Ma;tpd;

Kf;fpa murpay; epWtdkhf INuhg;gh> mnkupf;fh Nghd;wtw;wpy; murpay; fl;rpfspd;

nraw;ghLfs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,e;j gpd;Gyj;jpw;F ,U gpujhd fhuzpfs; gq;fspj;jd.

I. gpujpepjpj;Jt murpay; Kiwikapd; guty;.

,Uf;fpd;w murpay; mikg;gpy; gpujhdkhd epWtd ,ae;jpukhf murpay; fl;rpfspd;

gzpfs; Kd;dpiy mile;jd.

II. thf;Fupik gutyiljy;

35

,jw;F Kd;du; mKf;ff;FO (Interest Groups) fhzg;gl;l murpay; FOf;fs;

gue;jstpyhd mq;fj;Jtk; kw;Wk; fl;likg;Gld; mgptpUj;jp mile;jik ,jw;F

fhuzkhfpaJ.

murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ

Nju;jy; my;yJ NtW Clfj;jpd; Clhf murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpidf;

nfhz;L xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l epWtdkhFk;.

vd;& N Tl; : r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; FO kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J

murpay; fl;rpapid NtWgLj;jp mwpe;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba gpujhd Fzhk;rq;fs; ehd;fpid

(Andred Heywood, Politics) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

murpay; fl;rpfs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij

eilKiwg;gLj;jNt Kaw;rpf;Fk;.

murpay; fl;rpfs; “mq;fj;Jt ml;ilfisf; nfhz;l” xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gpupthFk;.

murhq;f nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;Gila tplaq;fs; gytw;wpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jk;

nfhs;iffspd; njhFjp xd;W ,Uj;jy;. (rpyNtisfspy; jdpf; nfhs;if xd;wpid

kl;LNk Kd;itf;Fk; rpwpa fl;rpfSk; cz;L)

murpay; fl;rpfSf;F nfhs;if uPjpahf kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; milahsq;fs; fhzg;gly;

(tyJrhup> ,lJrhup> kj;jpa kag;gl;l> Njrpathj> eyd;Gupthjk; Nghd;wd)

E}whz;LfSf;Fk; rw;W Kd;Ndhf;fpa fy;tprhu; gpd;Gyj;jpy; murpay; fl;rpfs;

njhlu;ghd Ma;tpy; murpayhsu;fs; fuprid nfhz;l fUj;jpay;fs; fPo;Fwpg;gpl;lg;gb

mike;jpUe;jJ.

1 . murpay; fl;rpfspd; tifg;gLj;jy;

cau;Fohik (fhlu;) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs; (Cadre Parties) kw;Wk;

nghJkf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs; (Mass Parties)

nghJ kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; fl;rpfs; (Representative) kw;Wk;

nghJkf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; (Intergrative Parties)

murpayikg;Grhu; fl;rpfs; (Constitutional) kw;Wk; Gul;rpfuf; fl;rp (Revolutionary)

tyJrhup kw;Wk; ,lJrhup fl;rpfs;

2 . murpay; fl;rpfspd; gzpfs;

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; (Representation)

murpay; cau; Fohkpdiu cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;jy; (Elite formation

and recruitment)

r%ff; FOf;fspd; murpay; Nehf;fq;fis cUthf;Fjy;. (Setting Political Goals)

3636

nghJkf;fspd; / thf;fhsu;fspd; murpay; mgpyhirfis murpay; nraw;ghl;bDs;

nfhz;L nry;yy; (Interest articulation and Aggregation)

nghJkf;fis murpay; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jy; kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;

(Mobilization and Leadership)

murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikj;jy;.

3. fl;rp Kiwfs;

jdpf;fl;rp Kiw

,Ufl;rp Kiw

Mjpf;fKs;s jdpf;fl;rp Kiw

Mjpf;fKs;s ,Ufl;rp Kiw

gy;fl;rp Kiw

4. fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfSk; cgha KiwfSk;

murpay; fl;rpf;fspd; fUj;jpay;fs;

Nju;jy; tpAfk; kw;Wk; cghaq;fs;

cWg;gpdu;fis Ml;Nru;j;jYk; epjp jpul;Lk; tpjpKiwfSk;

murpay; fl;rpfspd; r%f mbg;gil

fl;rpfspd; xOq;fikg;G Kiwfs;

Nrit toq;Fdu; - Nrit ngWdu;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jj;Jk; r%f

tiyaikg;G

murpay; fl;rpfs; njhlu;ghd Ma;tpidg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ,it ngUk;ghYk; INuhg;gpa kw;Wk;

mnkupf;f mjhtJ ghupa ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk; jhuhz;ik [dhehaf murpay;

Kiwfspd; mDgtj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gJ njspT. gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk;

njhlu;gpy; FWfpa tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;l ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fSf;Fk;> etPdkakhf;fSf;Fk;

Fiwe;jstpy; cl;gl;bUf;Fk; r%fj;jpy; murpay; fl;rpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;> nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

Fzhk;rq;fspy; khWgl;l ,ay;Gfis fhl;l KbAk;.

cjhuzk; :- ,yq;if> ,e;jpah> Mgpupf;fh> ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Mrpa ehLfspy; mz;ikf;

fhyq;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfspy; ,e;j khw;wq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s

KbAk;.

37

2.4.3.mKf;ff; FOf;fs; (Pressure Groups)

,it INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f murwptpaypd; tpNrl fye;JiuahlYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l

murpay; r%ff; FOthFk;.

,jw;fhf mnkupf;fhtpy; ngUthupahf Mirf;FOf;fs; (Interest Groups) kw;Wk; epahag; gpur;rhuf;

FOf;fs; (Lobbying Groups) vd;w ,U gjq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,J

mOj;jf; FOf;fs; vd;Nw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j %d;W nrhw;fspdJk; mu;j;jq;fis

gpd;tWkhW Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

o mOj;jf;FOf;fs; vd;gJ FOthf xd;wpize;J rl;lk;> muR> nfhs;if> murj;

jPu;khdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gpuirfs; FOthFk;.

o Mirf;FOf;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l mgpyhir / Nehf;fk; / ngWNgw;wpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L jkJ mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; mgpyhirfis mile;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

nraw;gLk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gpuirfs; FOthFk;.

o epahag; gpur;rhuf;FO vd;gJ rl;lk;> murf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; mur jPu;khdq;fSf;F

mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;> murpay;thjpfs;> cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis

re;jpj;J> mtu;fspd; jPu;khdq;fspy; jkf;F Njitahd mOj;jq;fisf; nfhLf;Fk;>

my;yJ NtW r%ff; FO my;yJ murhq;fj;jpw;fhf gzj;jpw;fhf ,f;fhupaj;ij

nra;Ak; xOq;fike;j FOthFk;. epahag;gpur;rhu FO gpuirfs; FOthf ,Uf;fKbAk;

vd;gNjhL mt;thwpy;yhkYk; ,Uf;f KbAk;.

cjhuzk; :- mnkupf;f gpuirfs; FO my;yJ ntspehl;L murhq;fj;jpw;fhf

epahag;gpur;rhuk; nra;fpd;w> mjd;%yk; tUkhdk; <l;Lk; tu;j;jff;

fk;gdpfs;.

rl;l cUthf;fk;> mur nfhs;if kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk;>

murpay; fl;rpfSf;Fk; mg;ghy; kw;Wk; rkhe;jukhfTk; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fs; vd;gjdhyhNyNa

mOj;jk;> mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; epahag; gpur;rhuf; FOf;fs; Nghd;wd murwptpaypy; Kf;fpak;

ngWfpd;wJ.

,it xOq;fike;j epWtdq;fshf miktNjhL Nkw;fj;Nja ehLfspYk; ,yq;ifapYk;

rq;fq;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Wf;F mq;fj;jtu;fSk; cj;jpNahfj;ju; rigAk; fhzg;gLk;.

ahg;G> fhupahyak; kw;Wk; Cjpak; ngWk;; gzpahsu; njhFjpAk; fhzg;gLk;.

tu;j;jfu;fs;> ifj;njhopyhsu;fs;> tptrhapfs;> epUthf mjpfhupfs;> kjf; FOf;fs;> njhopy;

FOf;fs;> ngz;fs; Nghd;w gy r%fg; gpuptpdu;fshy; mKf;f / Mirf; FO / epahag;

gpur;rhuf; FOf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

,yq;ifapd; cjhuzq;fs;

rpW Njapiy Njhl;l cupikahsu;fspd; rq;fk;

ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fspd; rq;fk;

3838

,yq;if tu;j;jfr; rig

,yq;if k pyh rq;fk;

,yq;if mur itj;jpau;fs; rq;fk;

mfpy ,yq;if ngsj;j khfh rk;Nksdk;

jdpahu; Ng&e;J cupikahsu;fspd; rq;fk;

murwptpay; tuyhw;wpy; njhopw;rq;fk; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fq;fs;> mKf;f / Mir /

epahag;gpur;rhuf; FOf;fshf fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. ,it Ntwhd murpay; epWtdq;fshf

fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; mKf;ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; mtw;wpd; Nehf;fj;ij mile;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; Nfhzq;fspy; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ gpujhd NtWghLfs;

cz;L.

o murpay; fl;rpfs; murhq;fj;jpDs; nrd;W mjD}lhf mur nfhs;is jPu;khdnkLj;jypd;

NghJ mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;Ak;.

o murhq;fj;jpw;Fs; nry;yhky; murhq;fj;jpw;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L murhq;fj;jpd;

nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNj mKf;f / Mir / epahag;

gpur;rhu FOf;fspd; %y cghakhf mikfpd;wJ.

o rpy mKf;ff; FOf;fs; jdp fUj;jpay; vd;w mbg;gilapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Lk;

cs;sd.

cjhuzk; :- #oy; ghJfhg;G> Xa;T+jpaf;fhuu;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;> Ng&e;J

gpuahzpfspd; cupikfs; ghJfhg;G> Vw;Wkjp tpahghuj;jpy; cs;s

fk;gdpfspd; cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;> kuz jz;lidia vjpu;j;jy;.

rpy mKf;ff;FOf;fs; gue;j Nfhl;ghl;L ,yf;Ffis nfhz;litahFk;.

cjhuzk; :- [dehafk;> kdpj cupikfs;> ngz;fs; cupikfs;> rptpy; cupikfs; Nghd;wd.

mKf;fk; / Mir / epahag; gpur;rhu FOf;fSf;F rhu;ghdJk; vjpuhdJkhd thjq;fs;

cs;sd.

rhu;ghd thjq;fs;

murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ nfhs;ifg; gpufldq;fspy; cs;slf;fhj Mdhy; Fwpj;j gpuirfs;

FOf;fSf;F Njitahd kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd Fiwfis (Jd;g Jauq;fis)> Ntz;LNfhy;fis>

mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; Njitfs; njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpd;> murhq;fj;jpd; mtjhdj;ij

nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Clfkhf ,Uj;jy;.

murpay; fl;rpfspy; Fiwepug;gpahf nraw;gl;L gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wy; tha;g;Gfis

tpupTg;gLj;jy;.

39

mur nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs; Fwpj;J fupridf; fhl;Lk; gpuirfis xOq;Fg;gLj;jYk;

mtu;fSf;fpilapy; mJ njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; tpku;rdq;fis tpUj;jp

nra;tjd;%yk; r%fj;jpd; nghJ[d murpay; fye;Jiuahly;fis Mog;gLj;jYk; mjD}lhf

[dehafj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

jkJ nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; murhq;fj;jpd; jd;dpr;irahd elj;ijfSf;fhd

jilahf nraw;gl;L r%f [dehafj;jpd; cWjpg;ghl;il tYg;gLj;jy;.

vjpuhd thjq;fs;

,jpy; ,ize;jpUg;gtu;fSk; nraw;gLgtu;fSk; xd;wpy; fw;w> nrhj;Jila kw;Wk;

tug;gpurhjq;fis ngw;w gpuirfshtu;. ,jdhy; ,t;thwhd mikg;Gfspy; cau;Fohk; (Elite)

gz;G xd;W ,Ug;gNjhL mjd; ngWNgWfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;fshfTk; r%fj;jpd; cau;Fohk;

tFg;gpdNu ,Uj;jy;.

,it gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ> r%f FOf;fspd; FWfpa kw;Wk; epiyahd Njitfshf

,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf r%fj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ eyDf;F fpilf;Fk;

Nritfs; fPo; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gly;

rpy ehLfspy; ,t;thwhd FOf;fSf;F ghupa r%f mjpfhuk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,J kf;fshy;

fpilf;Fk; mjpfhuky;y. ,jdhy; ,tw;Wf;F cs;s mjpfhuq;fspy; ntspg;gilj;jd;iknahd;W

fhzg;glhik.

[dehaf nraw;ghLfs; jpwe;j xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; ,t;thwhd mikg;Gfs; murhq;fj;jpd;

nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdr; nraw;ghLfspy; (%ba) ftrk; xd;whf khw;Wjy;.

2.4.4. rptpy; r%fk;

rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ “muRf;F ntspapy; RahjPdkhd gpuirfs; jkJ nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

xd;wpize;J xw;Wikahf nraw;gLk; r%f tha;g;ghFk;.” ,jw;F Nkyhf ,t;thwhd tha;g;Gfspy;

nraw;gLk; gpuirfs;rhu; mikg;Gfis milahsg;gLj;jTk; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;wg; gjk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNt rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; tpupthdJk; RUf;fkhdJkhd

tiutpyf;fzq;fshFk;. ,e;j gue;j kw;Wk; FWfpa mu;j;jg;gLj;jy;fs; ,uz;bYk; “rptpy;

r%fk;” vd;w vz;zf;fU jw;Nghija murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Nfhl;ghLfspYk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

jw;Nghija [dehaf Nfhl;ghl;bDs; rptpy; r%fk; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUTf;F Kf;fpa

,lk; fpilf;fpwJ. tYthdJk; nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJkhd rptpy; r%fk; xd;W ,Uj;jy; cWjpahd

[dehafj;jpd; gz;ghfTk; [dehafj;jpw;F fpilj;j ngWNgwhfTk; rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa

Nfhl;ghLfspy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%ff; Nfhl;ghLfspy; rptpy; r%fk; vd;gjw;F fhzg;gLk; vz;zf;fU

uPjpahd tuyhw;wpDs; mJ ehd;F mu;j;jq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia fhzyhk;.

1. gioik jhuhz;ikthj fUj;J :-

mjhtJ muR kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd jdpg;gl;l nraw;ghLfSf;fhf

fhzg;gLk; r%f re;ju;g;gq;fs;. ,khDNty; fhz;l; kw;Wk; ngw;wpf; n fy; Nghd;w

4040

N[u;kdpa jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sgb rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ Kjyhspj;Jt

re;ij njhlu;ghd ,ilntsp vd;gjhFk;.

2 . gioik khf;]pathj fUj;J :-

rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijahFk; vd;w n fypd; fUj;ij NkYk;

Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nrd;W fhu;s; khf;]; me;j vz;zf;fUit Kjyhspj;Jt r%fk;

vd;gjw;fhd kw;WnkhU khw;wPl;L gjkhfNt gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j khf;]pathj

fUj;jpd;gb rptpy; r%fj;jpy; rfyUf;Fk; jdJ jdpg;gl;l Rakhd tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fis

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F mtutUld; Nghl;b NghLtNj eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.

,jd;gb rptpy; r%fj;jpDs; egu;fs; jdpj;jdpNa gpupj;J jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L jkJ

rhj;jpag;ghLfis G+u;j;jp nra;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyf;F nry;tNj eilngWfpd;wJ.

3. xUq;fike;j [dehaf fUj;J :-

,jd;gb rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ murpypUe;J RahjPdkhf jkJ nghJj; Njitfis

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf rq;fq;fs;> mikg;Gfis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;L nghJtpy;

nraw;gLtjw;F [dehaf murpay; fl;likg;gpy; gpuirfSf;F fpilf;Fk; r%f

tha;g;ghFk;. rptpy; r%fk; xOq;fike;j [dehafj;jpd; (Associational Democracy)

tha;g;ghf Kjd; Kjypy; ghu;j;jtu; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpuhd;rpa murpay; rpe;jidahsu;

mnyf;rp]; b njhf;tpy; Mthu;. vdpDk; mtu; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;w nrhy;iy

gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. ,tu; ,jw;fhf “rptpy; tho;f;if” (Civil Life) vd;gijNa gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

,jD}lhf njhf;tpy; rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa Njhw;wg;ghLfisNa tpgupj;jhu;.

4. Gjpa khf;]pathj fUj;J (fpukprpad; fUj;J) :-

md;NjhdpNah fpuk;rp vd;w ,j;jhyp ehl;L khf;]pathj rpe;jidahsu; 1930

jrhg;jq;fspy; vOjpa Mtzq;fspy; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;gjw;F Gjpa khf;]pathj

mu;j;jg;gLj;jiy toq;fpdhu;. ,jd;gb rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ muR kw;Wk;

gpuirfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; r%f fyhrhu tha;g;ghFk;. Ml;rpahsu; tu;f;fk;

jkJ Mjpgj;jpaj;ij r%fj;jpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ Njitg;gLk; nghJkf;fs;

tpUg;gj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjw;fhf mtrpakhdtw;iw ,e;j r%f fyhrhu

tha;g;GfspDs; jiyapLtjd; %yNk Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. kjk;> fyhrhuk;> fy;tp

Mfpa r%f fyhrhu Jiwfs; NghyNt ghlrhiy> njhopw;rq;fk;> tpisahl;L

fofq;fs;> Clfq;fs;> gs;spthry;fs; Nghd;w r%f fyhrhu epWtdq;fSk; rptpy;

r%fk; vd;w gug;Gf;Fs; cs;slq;Fk;.

5 . [dehaf r%f murpay; nraw;ghl;L tha;g;ghf

1970 – 1980 jrhg;jq;fspd; Muk;gg; gFjpapypUe;J rptpy; r%fk; vd;gjw;F ,e;j

mu;j;jg;gLj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. [dehafk; fhzg;glhj ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh>

fpof;F INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Mrpahtpy; VNjl;irajpfhu murhq;fq;fSf;F vjpuhf [dehaf

murpay; ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;W r%f murpay; NjitfisAk; ,af;fq;fisAk;

mwpKfg;gLj;j ,e;j vz;zf;fU gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;ehLfs; ahtw;wpYk;

vNjl;irajpfhu Ml;rpg; nghwpKiwfspd; fPo; murpay; fl;rpfs; fhzg;glhikahy;

me;j Ml;rp nghwpKiwf;F vjpuhf r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfshdJ njhopw;rq;fk;>

kj mikg;Gfs;> tptrha ,af;fq;fs;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; fiy mikg;Gfs;> khztu;

,af;fq;fs; Nghd;w Clfq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,e;j

41

,af;fq;fspd; gzpfs; murpay; fl;rpfs; nra;ahj gzpfshfNt ,Ue;jd. ,t;thwhd

,af;fq;fs; gpd;du; [dehaf r%fj;jpd; murpay; fl;rpfSf;F rkhe;jukhf khw;W

murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;f njhlq;fpd. ,jdhNyNa murpay; fl;rpfs;

my;yhj murpay; xOq;fikg;Gfs; (Non Party Political Formations) vd;w milahsk;

rptpy; r%f mikg;GfSf;F fpilj;jJ.

6 . rptpy; r%fj;jpd; r%f ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; Njit vd;w tifapy; :-

[dehaf kw;Wk; [dehafkw;w r%fj;jpYk;> r%fj;jpd; gue;Jgl;l murpay; mgpyhirfspd;

kPJ nghJrd ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

cjhuzk; :- tptrha ,af;fq;fs;> ,isQu; ,af;fq;fs;> ngz;zpa ,af;fq;fs;> kj

,af;fq;fs;> njhopw; rq;f ,af;fq;fs;> #oy; ,af;fq;fs;> kdpj cupikfs;

,af;fq;fs;> gj;jpupif Rje;jpu ,af;fq;fs;.

,t;thwhd ,af;fq;fs; murpay; fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J NtWg;gl;lit. ,it murpay;

fl;rpfs; Nghy Kiwahd epWtd fl;likg;G kw;Wk; mq;fj;jpdu;fis nfhz;buhj jpwe;j

,af;fq;fshFk;. mtw;Wf;F epiyahd fUj;jpay;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;.

gue;jstpyhd gy;tif kf;fis Neub murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jy; (Mass Action)

mjd; tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. ,t;thwhd gy;tif kf;fs; ,af;fq;fSk; rptpy; r%f ,af;fkhfNt

milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

murwptpaypy; rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa fuprid Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

rptpy; r%f ,af;fq;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mg;ghy; rkhe;jukhfTk; murpay;

nraw;ghLfs; eilngWk; epWtdq;fshf cs;sik.

muRfspYk;> murpay; fl;rpfspYk; RahjPd kw;Wk; NtWgl;l r%f murpay; Njitfis

rptpy; r%fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jy;.

gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wYf;F murpay; fl;rpfshy; toq;fg;glhj Gjpa

tha;g;Gfs; rptpy; r%fj;jpdhy; fpilf;fpd;wik.

Jbg;Gkpf;f rptpy; r%fnkhd;W ,Ug;gjhdJ ehl;bd; [dehafj;ij Mog;gLj;j

cjTk;.

murpay; tYT+l;Lk;NghJ murpay; fl;rpfs; kwe;JtpLfpd;w my;yJ jifikfsw;w

fUj;jpay;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fspd; fPo; gpuirfis xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk;.

mikg;Gfis tYT+l;Ltjd;%yk; gpuirfs; murpay; uPjpahf tYg;gLj;j xj;Jiog;G

toq;Fk;.

2.5. xg;gPl;L murpay; (Comparative Politics)

1950 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du; murwptpaypy; epiyahd Jiwahf xg;gPl;L murpay; mgptpUj;jp

mile;Js;sJ.

,J mnkupf;f murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L gpd;du; murwptpay; Jiwapd;

“fw;wy; JiwahfTk;” kw;Wk; “fw;wy; tpjpKiwahfTk;” khwpAs;sJ.

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xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;wy; tuyhwhdJ mup];Nlhl;lNyhL Muk;gpj;jNjhL ,tu; kpfTk;

rpwg;ghd murpayikg;gpid Kd;itg;gjw;fhf mf;fhy fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Guhjhd

efu muRfs; gytw;iwAk; Ma;T nra;jhu;. kf;fpaty;ypapd; fl;Liuf;fhfTk; ,t;tZFKiw

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

khf;fpaty;ypAk; jkJ murpay; fUj;Jf;fSf;fhf xg;gPl;L murpaiy gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

murwptpaypd; rk;gpujha fw;wpypy; <Lgl;bUe;j INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;fhTf;F mg;ghy;

cyfpd; Vida ehLfspy; murpay; Kiwikj; njhlu;gpy; fw;gjw;fhd murwptpayhsu;fspd;

<LghL> xg;gPl;L murpay; fy;tpahf tsu;r;rpaila fhuzkhfpaJ.

,jd;gb %d;whk; cyfj;jpYk;> u];ah cs;spl;l rkTilik ehLfspYk;> murpay; kw;Wk;

murpay; Kiwikfspy; fhzg;gl;l NtWghLfis mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F murwptpaypy;

Kd;te;jdu;. ,jdhy; murwptpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gl;l mnkupf;f kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa

ikag;gLj;jy; khw;wkile;jikNa Vw;gl;lJ.

,t;thW xt;nthU ehLfspYk; murpaiy xg;gPl;L uPjpahf Muha;tjd; %yk; murpay;

nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf nghJtpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l KbTfSf;F

tUtjw;Fk;> murpay;thjpfs; J}z;lg;gLtijAk; fhuzkhff; nfhz;L mJ tpjpKiwahf

khwpaJ.

cjhuzk;:- Nju;jy; Kiwik> thf;fhsu; elj;ijapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpid ehLfs;

rpytw;wpid Ma;T nra;J nghJ KbTfSf;F (nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l) tUtjw;fhd

tha ;g ; G f pl ;Lk ; . ,e ;j t pj pKiwa pid xg ; g Pl ;L t pj pKiw vd

milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.

xg ;g Pl ;L u Pj pahf mur pay ; kw ;Wk ; murhq ;fj ;ij fw ;Wf ;nfhs ;tjw ;F

murwptpayhsu;fs; fuprid nfhs;tJ Vd;?

I. murpaiy NtW ehLfSld; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; vkf;F vkJ ehl;bd; murpay;

gw;wpa kpfTk; rpwe;j njspnthd;wpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajha; ,Uj;jy;.

II. Vida ehLfspd; murpaiyg; gw;wp rpwe;j njsptpidg; ngWtjhy; ehq;fs; me;j

ehLfs; xt;nthd;W gw;wp kl;Lky;yhJ ,d;Dk; rpy ehLfs; njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L ghu;g;gjw;Fk;

ngupJk; cjtpahf mikAk;.

III. murpay; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghd nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJ

KbTfSf;F tUtNj etPd murwptpay; Ma;tpy; tpgupg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.

xg;gPl;L fy;tp vjid nra;fpd;wJ?

murwptpayhsu;fs; ehLfSf;fpilNaahd xg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.

cjhuzk; : murpay; fl;rp Kiwik gw;wp ehLfs; rpytw;wpid ikag;gLj;jp xg;gPl;L

Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. (Cross National Compatiosons)

ehl;bDs;Sk; fUj;jpay;fis xg;gPL nra;a KbAk;

43

cjhuzk; : Mz; ngz; Nju;jypy; gq;Fg;gw;wypd; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wp fpuhk kw;Wk; efu

uPjpahf xg;gPl;L Muha KbAk; (Within Country Comparisons)

murwptpaypy; Kf;fpakhd fUj;jpay;fis ru;tNjr uPjpapy; xg;gPl;L Muha KbAk;

cjhuzk; :

o [dehaf gupkhw;wk;> [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiwikapd; rhjf ghjf jd;ik

o tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk;

o ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wypd; Nghf;Ffs;

Nghd;wd xg;gPl;lha;tpd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nra;af;$ba fUj;jpay;fs; MFk;.

Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. murwptpaypy; cs;slq;Ffpd;w cg ghlg;gug ;Gfis rpwg;ghf Muha;e ;J Rtu;

gj;jpupifnahd;iw my;yJ rQ;rpif xd;iw jhahupf;fTk;.

crhj;Jizfs;



02. b nrha;rh>vk;.X.V. (2003)> murwptpaypd; mbg;gil rpj;jhe;jq;fs; (rpq;fsk;)> Nguhnjdpa>

Mrpupau; ntspaPL.

03. caq;nfhl> [aNjt> 2011> rptpy; r%fk;> mJ vd;d?> ahUilaJ?> vjw;fhdJ?> nfhOk;G

r%f tpQ;Qhdpfs; rq;fk;.

04. Goodin, Robert E (ed) (2009), The Oxford Hand book of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University

Press.

05. Heywood, Andrew, (2013), Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

06. Newton, Kenneth and Van Deth, Jan W, 2010, Foundations of Compatative Politics, Cambrige University

Press.

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03. muR

Nju;r ;rp 03 : jhDk; gpuirnahUtu; vDk; tifapy; muR njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfisAk;

tpsf;fq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd mbg;gilfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

(ghlNtisfs; - 55)

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :

3.1 muR vDk; vz;zf;fUtpid tpsf;Fthu;.

3.2 muR gw;wpa tifg;gLj;jiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L muR gw;wpa fUj;jpaiy

tpku;rpg;ghu;.

3.3 muR njhlu;ghd murpay; vz;zf;fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L etPd murpd;

khjpup Kiwfis gFj;jha;thu;.

3.4 murpay; vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L muirAk;

mjd; ,ay;GfisAk; gFj;jha;thu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

muir tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp mjd; gzpfis tpgupg;ghu;.

etPd Ms;Gy murpdJk; Njrpa murpdJk; gz;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

cyfkakhf;fkhdJ murpd;kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpid tpku;rdk; nra;thu;.

mur khjpup Kiwfis tifg;gLj;jp gFj;jhuha;thu;.

murpd;> ,iwik> gpuir Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

murpd; ,ay;G gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;L mZFKiwfis ngaupl;L mit xt;nthd;W

njhlu;ghfTk; tpsf;Fthu;.

kdpj Rje;jpuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F muRf;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj gz;Gfis

,dq;fz;L ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

mwpKfk; :

muR vd;gJ murwptpaypy; Kf;fpakhd fUj;jpayhFk;. mj;NjhL muR vd;gJ ek;

midtupdJk; tho;tpy; Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhf mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; r%f

epWtdKk; MFk;. nghJthf kdpju;fSf;F mur mOj;jq;fSf;F cl;glhky; tho;tJ

fbdkhdjhFk;. kdpjd; munrhd;Wld; Kjd; Kjypy; njhlu;GWk; re;ju;g;gk; gpwg;nghd;iw

gjpT nra;jyhFk;. ,J mtdJ kuzk; tiu fhzg;gLk; njhlu;ghFk;. murpd;

mq;fj;Jtj;ij ngw;wjd; gpd;du; mJ gpuir vd;w me;j];jhf khWfpwJ. mjd;gpd;du;

munrhd;wpy; cupikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cupj;Jilatdhfpd;whd;.

45

muR njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrlkhd tplak; vd;dntdpy; mJ fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhj>

njhl;Lzu Kbahj> Mdhy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tpahgpj;J fhzg;gLk; Njhw;wg;ghlhf

fhzg;gLtjhFk;. gpuirfspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJk;>

xw;WikahdJk; tpisjpwd;kpf;fJkhd tho;f;ifapid tho;tjw;F Njitahd rl;lk;

kw;Wk; xOq;fpidg; NgZtJk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; r%f eyd;Gupfis

cWjpg;gLj;JtJk; murpd; nghWg;ghFk; vd nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

gpuirfshf ehq;fs; fw;gJk; cs;slf;fg;gl;lJk;> muR vd ehk; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

tplag;gug;Gf;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;

3.0 muR

muir tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd gpujhd %yf;nfhs;ifahf miktJ “muR vd;gJ

tuyhw;W kw;Wk; r%f Njhw;wg;ghL” vd;whFk;. ,jd;%yk; fUjg;gLtJ> “muR”

epr;rapf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;W epiyfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;J> gy;NtW murpay; jsq;fspy;

gutyile;J gy;NtW ,ay;Gfis ngw;w r%f epWtdk; vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpLtjhapd; muR vd;gJ> tuyhw;W uPjpahf tpNrlj;Jtkpf;f gilg;ghFk;.

mJ r%fj;jpd; gilg;nghd;whFk;. ,jd; tpsf;fk; murpd; ,ay;G r%f tuyhw;W

tsu;r;rpf;F ,izthf khw;wkile;Js;sJ vd;gjhFk;. Nfhj;jpu muR Kjy; etPd

[dehaf muRfs; tiu murpy; Vw;gl;l tuyhw;W mgptpUj;jp ,jidNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

3.1 muR kw;Wk; mjd; tfpghfk;

muR vd;gij r%fj;ij epUtfpf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l mjpfhu fl;likg;gpidAk;>

epWtdq;fisAk; nfhz;l $l;lhf tpsf;f KbAk;.

gpujhdkhf %d;W Jiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl murpd; gzpfis

rk;gpujhfg;G+u;tkhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd>

(i). rl;lj;Jiw – rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

(ii). epUthfj;Jiw – rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

(iii). ePjpj;Jiw – ePjpia epUtfpj;jy;

,e;j tifg;gLj;jy; “muR” vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s vkf;F gad;gl;lhYk; murpd;

gzp ,jidf;fhl;bYk; kpfTk; gue;jJk; MokhdJkhFk;.

jw;fhy cyfpy; munrhd;wpd; gzpfis gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplKbAk;.

(i). rl;lj;jpd;> r%f tiyaikg;gpdJk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhtyd; :- ,J

munrhd;wpd; kughu;e;j gzpahFk;. ,jw;F>

(a) fz;fhzpj;jy; %yk; (Policing) r%f mikjpia nfhz;L elhj;Jjy;

(Njitahapd; MAjg;gilfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;)

(b) ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;> ePjpkd;w epUthfk; kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;fy;

(c) rl;l cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

4646

(d) nfhs;if cUthf;fk;

(ii). nghUshjhu epUthfk; kw;Wk; topelj;jy;

(a) tupfis t#ypj;jy;

(b) ehl;bd; nghUshjhu ghijapid epu;zapj;jYk; nghUshjhu

nfhs;iffis cUthf;fYk;.

(iii). r%f epUthfk;> topelj;jy; kw;Wk; r%f fz;fhzpg;G

,jd;fPo; tUkhdq;fs; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; tpjj;jpid jPu;khdpj;jy; kw;Wk;

epUtfpj;jy;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tzpfj;Jiwfspd; juq;fis epu;zapj;jy;> r%f

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyd;Gup nraw;ghLfs;> tWik xopg;Gf; nfhs;iffs;> tPL> Rfhjhuk;>

fy;tp> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;w r%fj;Jiwfspd; nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpj;jy; vd;gtw;iw

muR Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

(iv). r%fj;jpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpidg; Ngzy;

murpd; Ms;Gy vy;iyf;Fs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpidg; Ngzpf;nfhs;sy;>

gpuirfs; murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;F mbgzpit ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; muR njhlu;e;Jk; Kaw;rp nra;Ak;. ,jw;fhd mjpfhu

gyk;> epWtdq;fs;> kdpj gyKk; muRf;F cz;L. nghyp];> ePjpkd;wk;

kw;Wk; kdpj gyk; vd;gtw;iw itj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; gpuirfspd; fz;fhzpg;G

kw;Wk; fz;fhzpf;Fk; (Surveillance and Policing) Kiwapy; rl;lk; kw;Wk;

xOq;fpidg; Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; muR nfhz;Ls;s epWtdq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jk;.

(v). Aj;jg;gpufldk; kw;Wk; Aj;jk; nra;jy;

nghJthf muRf;F kl;LNk cupa tpNrl gzpahf ,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

munrhd;W muRf;Fs;shfTk; muRf;F ntspapYk; Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fg;gw;Wfpd;wJ.

cs;sf NkhjyhdJ murpd; ghJfhg;gpw;F murpd; Ms;Gy vy;iyapy; Vw;gLk;

mr;RWj;jiy jLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf mtrpakhfpd;wJ. mur ghJfhg;gpw;F NtW

muRfspdhy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Aj;j mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;NghNj

muR ntspaf Nkhjy;fspy; <LgLfpd;wJ.

3.1.1. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; ikakhf muR

kdpju;fs; xd;whf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU Clfkhf murpay; uPjpapy; Vw;gLk;

xw;Wikia Fwpg;gplyhk;. me;j murpay; xd;wpiztpd; gpujhd ntspg;ghNl murhFk;.

kdpju;fs; xd;whf ,izAk; NtW mikg;Gfshf RahjPd FOf;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfs;>

njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> r%f ,af;fq;fs;> kj epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wd nraw;gLfpd;wd.

vdpDk; muR ,it vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhd mjpfhuKila kw;Wk; cau; r%f

epWtdkhFk;. “muR kdpj $l;likg;ghFk;”. vdpDk; ,J kdpj epWtdq;fspy; cau;thd

epWtdk; vd;w mup];Nlhl;lypd; gpurpj;jpg;ngw;w $w;wpd; mbg;gilAk; ,JthFk;.

47

muR kdpj mikg;G / epWtdq;fspy; Nkyhd epWtdk; vd;gjpy; ,U tpsf;fq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

(i) mup];Nlhl;lypd; mu;j;jg;gLj;jy; :-

fpNuf;f murpay; jj;Jttpayhsuhd mup];Nlhl;by; Politics vd;w fl;Liuapd;

Muk;gj;jpNyNa Kd;itf;Fk; thjkhdJ “muR r%f epWtdkhtNjhL>

kdpju;fspd; cau;thd nghJ eyDf;fhf nraw;gLtjhy; ,J Vida r%f

epWtdq;fis tpl cau;thdJ” vd;gjhFk;.

Vida r%f e pWtdq ;fs ; jkJ mq ;fj ;jtu ;fs pd ; eyd ;fis

mile;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt ghLgLfpd;wd.

vdpDk; muR r%fj;jpd; midtupdJk; nghJ kw;Wk; cau;thd tho;f;ifia

mile;Jf;nfhs;tjid jdJ Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ,J cau; r%f

epWtdkhFk;.

(ii) ntgupd; mu;j;jg;gLj;jy; :-

19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpYk;

tho;e;j N[u;kd; ehl;L r%ftpayhsuhd nkf;]; ntgu; (Max Weber) vd;gtuhy;

muR njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s mu;j;jg;gLj;jy;fspy; ,J kpfTk; njspthf

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

“Politics as a Vocation” (1919) vd;w (murpaiy njhopy; xd;whf)

fl;Liuapy; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;ljhtJ> “muR vd;gJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy

gpuNjrj;jpy; gyhj;fhu (fl;lhag;gLj;jy;) mjpfhuj;ij ntspg;gilahfg;

gad;gLj;Jk; jdpAupik jkf;Nf cs;sJ vdf; $Wk; kdpj FOthFk;”

vd;whu;.

muR tha;g;gpid toq;fpdhy; khj;jpuNk r%fj;jpd; Vida epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;

egu;fshy; fl;lhag;gLj;jy; mjpfhuj;ij (Coercive Power) gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

cupik ,Uf;Fk;. td;Kiwia gad;gLj;Jk; “cupik” ia ngw;w xNu %yhjhu

Kftu; vDk; tifapNyNa muR vd;gJ fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. muR jd;idg;gw;wp

mt;thNw rpe;jpf;fpd;wJ.

mj;NjhL muR jdJ vy;iyf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w r%f FOf;fis> kdpju;fisAk;

topelj;Jfpd;wJk;> epUtfpf;g;gJ> vr;rupj;jy; kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;Ftjw;fhd

,Wjp epWtdkhf muR fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd mjpfhuk;> rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;>

epWtdq;fs;> egu;fs; vd;gd muRf;F cz;L. ghuhSkd;wk;> rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;>

ePjpkd;wq;fs;> gzpaftikg;G> MAjg;gil> nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiy Nghd;wtw;iw

cs;slf;fpa gue;j mjpfhukpf;fJk; kw;Wk; NtW ve;j epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ,y;yhj

mjpfhu gyKk; (Authority) muRf;F cz;L.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mjpfhu gyj;jpid murwptpaypy; murpd; “,iwik

mjpfhuk;” vd milahsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuk; vd;gJ

mjd; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLk; MsGyg;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s r%fj;ij

topelj;Jtjw;F Njitahd rl;l cUthf;fk;> rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;>

4848

ePjpia epUtfpj;jy;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F vd;gtw;iw Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

muRf;F kl;LNk cupj;jhd mjpfhukhFk;.

muRf;F fPoike;Js;s tifapYk; murpd; mDkjpAld; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk

Vida r%f epWtdq;fSf;F ,t;tjpfhukhdJ rpwpjstpNyDk; fpilf;Fk;.

3 . 1 . 2 . etPd Ms;Gy (ngsjPf) muR

etPd Ms;Gy (ngsjPf) muR gpujhd mq;fq;fs; ehd;fpd; fPo; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

I. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyg;gpuNjrk;

II. Njrpa mbg;gil

III. murhq;fk;

IV. ,iwik

I. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyg;gpuNjrk;

etPd Njrpa muRfs; mjd; mjpfhu gyj;jpid gad;gLj;Jk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

Ms;Gyk; xd;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njspthd Ms;Gy vy;iyfis

cs;slf;fpajhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyg;gpuNjrk; fhzg;gly;> etPd Njrpa muRfspd; tpNrl

gz;ghFk;. ,e;j Ms;Gy vy;iy Vida muRfs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fshy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;. Muk;gf;fhy etPd Njrpa muRfspd; Ms;Gy vy;iyfs;

nefpo;r;rpAilatdthf fhzg;gl;lNjhL> etPd Njrpa muRfspd; Ms;Gy vy;iyfs;

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; nefpo;r;rpaw;witahFk;.

murpd; Ms;Gy vy;iyfs; epu;khdpf;fg;gl;ljhfNth (nraw;ifahdjhfNth) my;yJ

,aw;ifahdjhfNth my;yJ ,it ,uz;bd; Nru;f;ifahdjhfNth ,Uf;f KbAk;.

,e;j murpd; vy;iyfs; epyg;gpuNjrk;> fly; vy;iy my;yJ ,itapuz;Lk;> ,e;j

tyaj;ij #oTs;s thd;gug;igAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.

muRf;F cupj;jhd epyg;gpuNjrkhdJ ,e;j vy;iyapdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpd; ngsjPf kw;Wk; nghUs;rhu; mbg;gil mjw;Fupa epyg;gpuNjrkhFk;. ,jdhNyNa

“gpuNjrk;” (Territoriality) vd;w vz;zf;fU muRf;F vg;NghJk; mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.

ehL njhlu;ghd czu;T my;yJ Njrhgpkhdk; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;

rhjdq;fspy; gpujhd xd;whf Ms;Gyk; (Territory, Land) Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

gpuir xUtu; jhd; VNjDk; munrhd;wpd; cWg;gpdd; vd;w fUj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tJ Ms;Gyj;jpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; G+kpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;NlahFk;.

49

II. Njrpa mbg;gil

etPd ,dq;fspd; Njhw;w topKiw kw;Wk; etPd murpd; Njhw;w topKiw vd;gd

xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkhe;jukhf eilngw;Ws;sd.

“Xu; ,dk; - Xu; muR” vd;w fUj;J ,jw;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. ,J “Njrk; - muR” (Nation

– State) vd;w etPd murpay; ,ay;gpd; mbg;gilahFk;.

etPd muR Njhw;wk;ngWtjpy; fw;Gy rhjdkhf mike;jJ “NjrpathjkhFk;”.

Njrpathjk; vd;gJ “murpd; Ms;Gyj;jpy; thOk; midj;J kf;fSk; xNu milahsk;

nfhz;l> xU ,dkhff; fUJk;” murwptpay; Kd;itf;Fk; xU fUj;jpayhFk;.

,jd;%yk; Njrpa xw;Wik kw;Wk; Njrpa Gupe;Jzu;T vd;gd Vw;gLk; vd

vjpu;g ;ghu;f ;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhNyNa etPd muRfs; Njrpa muRfs; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

III. murhq;fk;

ehq;fs; NkNy 2.4.1 gFjpapy; Nehf;fpatifapy;

murpd; ,iwikajpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; epWtdk; murhq;fkhFk;. mjhtJ

mur mjpfhuj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; epWtd fl;likg;G murhq;fkhFk;.

murhq;fj;jhy; mur mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; jPu;g;gspj;jy; nraw;ghL

nra;ag;gLk;. ,jd;gb rl;lj;Jiw> epUthfk;> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;wpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epWtd fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epWtdj; Jiwfs; %d;W

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

murhq;f tifg;gLj;jy;fs; gythwhf fhzg;gLtNjhL [dehaf murhq;fk;>

vNjr;irajpfhu murhq;fk;> mjpfhuthj murhq;fk;> rkTilik murhq;fk; Nghd;w

gy;NtW murhq;f khjpupfis fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mj;NjhL murhl;rp Kiw>

ghuSkd;w murhq;f Kiw> [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiw> fyg;G murhq;f Kiw Nghd;w

tifapy; gy;NtW murhq;fq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

IV. ,iwik

muR ngw;wpUf;Fk; mjpfhu gyj;jpidNa ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

muRf;F cupj;jhd ,iwik> r%fj;jpy; NtW ve;j epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,y;yhj cau;

mjpfhukhFk;.

rl;lq;fis cUthf;fTk;> KO mjpfhuj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp rl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;> rl;lq;fis kPWNthiu jz;bf;fTk; muRf;F ,Uf;fpd;w Vida

epWtdq;fSf;F ,y;yhj mjpfhuk; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

,e;j mjpfhukhdJ Vidatu;fSf;F fl;lisfis gpwg;gpg;gjw;Fk;> Vidatu;fspd;

fl;lisfSf;F mbgzpahjJkhd mjpfhukhFk;.

5050

Ms;Gy vy;iyf;Fs;Sk; mjw;F mg;ghYk; muR cau;thd epiyapid ngw;wpUf;fTk;>

murpd; Ms;Gyj;jpd; midj;J egu;fSk;> midj;J epWtdq;fSk; muRf;F jkJ

mbgzpit fhl;Ltjw;Fk; mJ nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,iwik mjpfhuNk mbg;gilahf

mikfpd;wJ.

3.1.3. etPd Njrpa muR

Njrpa muR (Nation – State) vd;gJ etPd muRfis milahsg;gLj;j r%ftpaypy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU vz;zf;fUthFk;.

“Njrpa muR” vd;w fUj;J gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.

,jd; mbg;gil cs;slf;fkhtJ “Xu; ,dj;jpw;F Xu; muR – xU muRf;F xU ,dNk

cs;sJ” vd;gjhFk;.

1789 gpuhd;rpa Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpuhd;rpa muR INuhg;ghtpd; KjyhtJ

Njrpa murhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Muk;gf;fhy etPd Njrpa muRfs; Njrpa muRfshf fhzg;glhikNa Njrpa muR>

etPd muRfspd; tpNrl gz;ghf fUjg;gLjw;F fhuzkhFk;.

Muk;gf;fhy etPd muRfSf;F Fwpj;j Ms;Gyk;> Ms;Gy vy;iyfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

mur mjpfhuk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. xU ,dkhff; fUjg;gl;l

kf;fs;> gy;nkhop> fyhrhu kw;Wk; gpuNjr milahsk; nfhz;ltu;fshf fhzg;gl;ldu;.

vdpDk; etPd Njrpa muRfs; ,jpypUe;J khWgl;ljhFk;. xU ,dj;jpw;F xNu Njrpa

kw;Wk; fyhrhu milahsq;fNs ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Muk;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.

,jdhy; fyhrhu> nkhop kw;Wk; kj uPjpahd gy;tifik fhzg;gLk; r%fj;jpy;

etPd Njrpa muRfs; gyTk; muR kw;Wk; Njrj;jpid fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ghupa

gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq; nfhLj;jd.

,jdhy; jw;fhyj;jpy; Njrpa muR vd;w vz;zf;fU Gjpjhf mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd murwptpayhsu;fs; Nahrid Kd;itj;jdu;. ,jd;gb “gd;ikthjk;” vd;w

vz;zf;fU fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jd; cs;shu;e;j fUj;J etPd muRfs; tu;f;f kw;Wk; fyhrhu kf;fs; gpupTfis

nfhz;bUf;f KbAk; vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; %yk; fyhrhu> tu;f;f kw;Wk; milahs

gy;tifikapid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gd;ikj;Jtthjpfs; (Pluralist) jkJ muRg; gw;wpa

fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jdu;.

3.1.4. cyfkakhf;fYk; muRk;

etPd ypguy;thj nghUshjhu murpay; kWrPuikg;Gfspdhy; trjpaspf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghlhf

nghUshjhu cyfkakhf;fiy milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,r;nraw;ghl;bDs; muRfspy;

fz;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;l etPd Nghf;F muRf;F ntspahfTk; murpd; vy;iyfisf; fle;j

rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; ,af;fq;fspd; Mjpgj;jpaj;ij Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

51

%yjdk;> tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; Gul;rp> fyhrhu kakhf;fy;>

njhopyhsu;fspd; ru;tNjr mirT Nghd;wd murpd; Njrpa vy;iyfis

fUj;jpw;nfhs;shJ> ,t;nty;iyfis jfu;j;Jf;nfhz;L tpuptile;j xd;whFk;.

,it Njrpa muRfSf;F vt;thW jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd? vd;gJ njhlu;ghd

fye;Jiuahly;fs; Kd;dpiy mile;jNjhL> ,J njhlu;ghd ,U Nfhl;ghl;L

mZFKiwfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd>

I. cyfkakhf;fypDs; Njrpa muRfs; ,Wjpia milAk; vd;gJk;>

II. Njrpa muRfs; epiwtilahky; mJ kPs;fl;likf;fg;gLjYf;F cl;gLtJ

vd;gJkhFk;.

cyfkakhf;fypdhy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j Njrpa muR Kiwik rw;W gpur;rpidf;F

cs;shdJ vd;w tplaj;NjhL njhlu;Gila gpujpepjpfspy; xUtuhd gpuhd;rpa

Njrj;jtuhd Nguhrpupau; [Pd; Nkup nfN`d;Ndh (Jean marie Gehenno) (1995) Mk;

Mz;L ntspapl;l The End of the Nation State (Njrpa muRfspd; KbT) vd;w fl;Liuapy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> cyfkakhf;fypdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiyikapd; fhuzkhf

tpNrlkhf cyfkakhf;fk; r%fk; njhlu;ghd gpd;Gyj;jpDs;> Ms;Gyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

mike;j Njrpa muRfSf;F jw;NghJ ,Ug;G ,y;iy. Njr vy;iyfspy; jw;NghJ

mu;j;jkpy;iy. NkYk; %yjdj;jpw;F> jfty;fSf;F> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; kdpju;fspd;

epWtdq;fspd; tiyaikg;GfSf;F Njrpa mur vy;iyfs; njhlu;e ;Jk;

mtrpag;glhjNjhL> mit Njrpa muRfspd; vy;iyfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;shkNy

nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,d;W Njr vy;iy vd;w xd;W vt;tpj mu;j;jKk; ,y;yhj xd;whFk;.

cyf jfty; r%fj;jpy; Ms;Gyk; vd;gJ njhlu;e;J Kf;fpakw;wjhFk;.

,e;j thjj;jpy; “,dk;” vd;gjw;fhd Kf;fpaj;JtKk; Fiwe;JtUfpwJ vd;gJk;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> nghJ Nehf;fk;> nghJ tpjp njhlu;gpy; rpe;jpj;jy; jw;fhypf

njhlu;G tiyaikg;ghdJ r%fj;jpy; njhlu;e;Jk; fhzg;glhik fhuzkhf kdpju;fis

xd;whf gpizj;J itj;jpUg;gJ jw;fhypfkhf murpay; vDk; tifapy; Kf;fpakw;w

tiyaikg;G njhlu;ghNyNa gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa muRfshy; ,tw;Wf;F

Kfq;nfhLf;f KbahJ vd;gJk; ,e;j thjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njrpa muRfs; gytPdkile;jik cyfkakhf;fypd; tpisthFk;.

“Njrpa muRfs; gytPdkiljy;” njhlu;gpyhd fye;Jiuahlypy; rw;W khWgl;l fUj;jhf

miktJ “cyf %yjdk; murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;L mur epUthfj;jpy;

,Ue;J RahjPdkile;Js;sd” vd;gjhFk;.

Nltpl; n y;l; 1991 Mk; Mz;L “[dehafk;> Njrpa muR kw;Wk; cyfkakhf;fy;”

vd;w fl;Liuapy; cyfkakhf;fypdhy; xU jdpaurpd;> mjpgjp murpYk;$l epUthfj;jpw;F

cl;glhj Gjpa cyf nghUshjhu Kiwik fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;L cs;sJ vd;w fUj;jpid

Kd;itj;jhu;. ,jd;gb Gjpa ru;tNjr murpay; jsk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. mjhtJ

gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspd; njhlu;G tiyaikg;G (Transnational Network) Njhw;wk;

ngw;wikAk; mtw;iw murpdhy; epUtfpf;f Kbahjjd; fhuzkhfTk; muRf;F

ntspapYs;s ru;tNjr mikg;GfSf;F kpfTk; gyk;tha;e;j tifapy; muRfspd;

nraw;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;Fkhd jpwd;fs;

fpilf;fg;ngw;wd.

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3.2. mur khjpupfSk; tifg;gLj;jy;fSk;;

Nfhj;jpu muR

Muk;gfhy murpay; epWtdq;fshd ,tw;wpy; jw;Nghija rpf;fy;kpf;f r%fq;fis

Nghy murpay; epWtdf; fl;likg;G my;yJ epWtdq;fis fhz Kbatpy;iy.

murpay; vd;w Ml;rp mjpfhuq;fs; r%fj;jpDs; gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ.

,jpy; gykpf;f egu;fshy; Ml;rp jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; FO Njhw;wk; ngWtNjhL ngUk;ghYk;

FykhdJ xU FLk;gj;jpd; xUtu; vd;wtifapy; mjd; cWg;Gupikapid ngw;wdu;.

,f;FOf;fs; %yk; Fyj;jpd; xw;Wikapid Ngzpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

Fyj;jpd; Ml;rpapy; jiyikj;Jt ghj;jpuk; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jiytu; xUtu;

,Ug;gNjhL mtUf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ.

mtupd; murpay; mjpfhukhdJ FOtpDs; mtUf;Fs;s rpNu];lj;jd;ikapd;

mbg;gilapNyNa cUthfpd;wJ.

,e;j jiytu;fs; Vida Fyq;fSld; nry;tk; kw;Wk; kj tplaq;fSf;fhf Nghuhb

jkJ FOTf;F mD$yq;fis gfpu;e;J nfhz;ljhf kdpju;fisg;gw;wp Ma;Tnra;j

xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

jiytupd; FLk;gk; cl;gl Vidatu;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; epiyikfs; xj;j jd;ikf;

nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jik ,q;F fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba xw;Wikahf ,Ue;jJ.

,r;r%fk; czT kw;Wk; Vida Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;Jf; nfhs;tJ njhlu;gpy;

jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUe;jJ.

Nfhj;jpu muRfspy; murpay; gad;ghLfspd; mbg;gil gof;ftof;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs;>

mD];lhdq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUe;jJ.

fpNuf;f efu (Guhjhd) muR

murpay; njhlu;gpy; xOq;fike;j KjyhtJ mur Kiwikahf fUjg;gLtJ fpNuf;f

efu muR KiwahFk;. ,J Nfhj;jpu muR Kiwapd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpaile;j mur

KiwikahFk;.

etPd muRfspYk; $l Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilapid cUthf;Fk;NghJ ngUk;ghYk;

Kd;khjpupahff; nfhs;sg;gLtJ fpNuf;f mur Kiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l fpNuf;f murpay; rpe;jidahFk;.

fpNuf;f efu muR Kiwik epr;rapf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; rpwpa G+kp gpuNjrj;jpy; xOq;fike;j

kf;fSld; $ba Ml;rp Kiw kw;Wk; tho;f;if Kiwapidf; nfhz;L tpUj;jp

mile;jjhFk;.

mq;F FbNawpapUe;j fpNuf;fu;fs; guk;giu kw;Wk; goq;FbapdiuAk; (Clan and Tribe)

ikakhff; nfhz;L r%fkhf G+kp gpuNjrj;jpy; xOq;fike;jdu;. ,it murpay;

tho;tpy; ikakhf khwpaJ.

53

fpNuf;f efu muR Kiwapy; Nfhj;jpu Ml;rp Kiwapyike;j epUthfk;> Kiwahd

murhl;rp> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l G+kp gpuNjrj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Muk;gkhfpAs;sJ

vd;gij fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

fpNuf;f efu muir #o mr;r%fj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshjhuk; mwpthu;e;j kw;Wk;

xOf;f uPjpahd tho;f;ifapd; mk;rq;fs; #o;e;jpUe;jd.

fpNuf;f efu muRf;F cupj;jhd ,U fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

(i). efu muR murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;j mynfhd;whf ,Ue;jik.

(ii). mit xt;nthd;Wk; RahjPdkhd myFfshf ,Ue;jik.

fpNuf;f efu muRfs; NtW efu muRfSld; me;epakhjy; fpNuf;fu;fSf;F

gof;fkpy;yhjjhf ,Ue;j mNjNtis kf;fs; njhif kw;Wk; Ms;Gy uPjpahf

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; rpwpa murpay; mynfhd;whf ,Ue;jJ.

,q;F kf;fspilNa jkJ muR njhlu;gpy; kpf cau;thd czu;T fhzg;gl;lJ.

efuj;jpd; kjNk midj;J gpuirfspdJk; kjkhftpUe;jJ.

mj;NjhL fpNuf;f efu murpDs; ngz;fs;> mbikfSf;Fk;> FbNaw;wthjpfSf;Fk;

gpurh cupik fpilf;ftpy;iy. gpuir vd;gJ nrhj;Jila Mz;fSf;fhd

tug;gpurhjkhfpaJ.

Neub [dehafk; epytpa VNjd;]; Nghd;w muRfspy; gpuirfs; vd;gtu;fs; kf;fspd;

nraw;ghLfSf;fhf nraw;ghlhd tifapy; gq;fspg;G nra;tNj vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

fpNuf;f efu muRfspy; gy;NtW murpay; khjpupfs; mgptpUj;jp mile;jpUe;jd. jdpegu;

Ml;rp Kiw> rpy;Nyhuhl;rp Kiw> Neub [dehaf Ml;rp Kiw> Vfhjpgj;jpa Ml;rp

Kiw vd;gd ,tw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.

[dehafk; kw;Wk; gpuirfSf;fhd murpay; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gd fpNuf;f efu murpid

ikag;gLj;jp Njhw;wk; ngw;wikapdhNyNa murpay; uPjpahf Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.

murhl;rp Kiw (Kbahl;rp Kiw)

murhl;rp vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; guk;giuahf murhl;rpf;F cupikNfhUk;> jdp egupdhy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Ml;rp KiwahFk;. ,J cyfk; KOtJk; fz;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Muk;gfhy muR khjpupahFk;.

murd; / murp Ml;rpf;FtUtJ rk;gpujhag;gbahFk;.

nja;tPftopAupik Nfhl;ghLfspy; murDf;F murhl;rp nra;tjw;F ,iwtdhy; mjpfhuk;

fpilj;Js;sJ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> ru;tjpfhu murhl;rp Kiwfspy; nja;tPf

topAupik murhl;rp gz;Gfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

murhl;rpapy; Ml;rpahsUf;F vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuk; fpilj;jNjhL rl;lk; mtupd; /

mtspd; jdpg;gl;l fl;lisfshy; cUthdJ.

5454

ru;tjpfhu murhl;rpapy; murpay; epWtdq;fs; Fiwthd mgptpUj;jpapNyNa

fhzg;gl;ld. rl;lj;Jiw> epUthfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> epUthfk; kw;Wk; Aj;j mjpfhuk;

kd;dd; / ,sturpaplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;likNa ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;.

murhl;rpapy; “gpuirfs;” vd;w vz;zf;fU fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;F gjpyhf

“fPo;g;gl;ltu;fs;” (mbikg;gl;ltu;fs;) (Subject) vd;Nw fhzg;gl;lJ. fPo;g;gl;ltu;fSf;F

etPd gpuirfis Nghy cupikfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf mtu;fSf;F

nghWg;Gf;fNs fhzg;gl;ld.

jhuhs (ypguy;) [dehaf muR

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l muR njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUNt ypguy;thjj;jpd; mbg;gil murpay;

vz;zf;fUthFk;.

vNjl;irajpfhu muRf;F vjpuhf kdpj Rje;jpuq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 17 Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J gpupj;jhdpah cs;spl;l Nkw;F INuhg;gh

kw;Wk; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR vd;gtw;wpy; gutyile;j murpay; fUj;jpaNy ypguy;

(jhuhz;ik) [dehafthjkhFk;.

ypguy; thjk; kw;Wk; etPd [dehafthjk; vd;gd xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkdhdtifapy;

mgptpUj;jpaile;j murpay; vz;zf;fUf;fshFk;.

[dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fshy; nra;ag;gLk; Ml;rp njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUthFk;. mjdhy;

mJ epiyahd Ml;rp KiwNahL ,ize;j vz;zf;fUthFk;.

ypguy;thjk; xUtif epiyahd nghUshjhu KiwAld; ,ize;j fUj;jpayhFk;.

mjhtJ mJ Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu KiwikAld; (ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jtk;)

,ize;j fUj;jpayhFk;.

,jd;gb ypguy; [dehafthjk; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu KiwikiaAk; [dehaf

Ml;rp KiwapidAk; xd;wpizf;fpd;wJ.

jhuhs [dehaf muRKiw gpujhdkhf Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu Kiwapid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay; Kiwnahd;whFk;.

kf;fs; Ml;rp njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fU ,jd; fPo; Kf;fpak; ngWtNjhL kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshy;

nra;ag;gLk; Ml;rp gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf murhq;fkpUj;jy; ypguy; [dehaf murpay;

Kiwapd; mbg;gil gz;ghFk;.

gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;fk; nraw;gLtjw;F Njitahd mbg;gil r%f murpay; khupfs;

(tplaq;fs;) rpytw;iw gpd;tUkhW fhl;l KbAk;.

jilfsw;w Rje;jpuk;

rkj;Jtk;

ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rp

kf;fs; Ml;rp

55

ahg;GWthjk;

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp

ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdk;

nghWg;Gld;$ba murhq;fk;

Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy;fs;

Nghl;bf; fl;rp Kiw

(Mrpupau; ,t;tplak; njhlu;gpy; tFg;giwapy; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;)

rkTilik muR khjpup

rkTilik mur Kiwik ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; mgptpUj;jpaile;j mur KiwahFk;.

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w khf;];thj khjpupapd; Nfhl;ghl;L

kw;Wk; fUj;jpaNy ,jd; mbg;gilahFk;. khf;];thjk; vd;gJ fhu;s;khf;]; vd;w

N[u;kdpa rpe;jidahsuhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;L> jj;Jttpay; kw;Wk; rpe;jid

njhFjpahFk;.

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUe;j Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk; ypguy;thj

mur khjpupfSf;F khw;wPlhfNt khf;];thj murpay; rpe;jidapd; rkTilikthj

mur khjpup njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fU fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.

,J Kjyhspj;Jt r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; Kiwikia njhopyhsu;fs;

Gul;bg;Nghlg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; muR khjpupahf khf;];thj Nfhl;ghL

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

ciog;Gr; Ruz;uy; mw;w> r%fj;jpy; tFg;Gthjnkhd;W ,y;yhj rkj;Jtthj r%fj;ij

fl;bnaOg;GtNj rkTilik munrhd;wpd; Nehf;fhf cs;sJ.

rkTilik munrhd;wpy; gpuirfspd; ngsjPf tho;f;if juj;jpid mgptpUj;jp

nra;tjpNyNa mjpfk; fupridf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tp> njhopy;> tPL> Rfhjhuk;

Nghd;w mbg;gil kdpj Njitfis midtUf;Fk; rkkhd tha;g;Gfspy;

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; rkTilik murpd; nghWg;ghf fUjg;gl;lJ.

,jdhy; jdpahu; Kaw;rpf;Fg; gjpyhf mur Mjpgj;jpak; epiyepWj;jg;gLk;.

rkTilikahsu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifapd;gb njhopyhsu; tu;f;f fl;lisapd; fPo; nghUshjhu

tsk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp nraw;ghl;bd; jdpahu; cupikia ,y;yhnjhopj;J r%f nghJ

mjpfhuj;jpid cUthf;Fk;NghJ r%fj;jpy; tFg;G moptilAk;. tFg;G mrkj;Jtk;

,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk;.

tu;f;fq;fs; mw;w r%fj;jpy; tu;f;f fUtpahd muR vd;w mlf;FKiw jhgdk; njhlu;e;Jk;

Njitaw;wJ vd;gjhy; mJ cjpu;e;JtpLk; vd khf;];thj Nfhl;ghL Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

rkTilik muR> ypguy; [dehaf murpy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ. rkTilik

murpd; cupikahsu;fs; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fkhFk;. mjd; murpay; Kiwapd; mbg;gil

ypguy; [dehafkd;wp> jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; fl;lisfshFk;.

5656

murpay; fl;rpfis ikag;gLj;jpa murpay; Nghl;bj;jd;ik ,q;fpy;iy. gy; fl;rp

Kiwf;F gjpyhf ,q;F xU fl;rp KiwNa fhzg;gLk;.

,u];ah> rPdh> fpA+gh> tlnfhupah> tpal;ehk;> fk;Nghbah kw;Wk; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpd;

rpy ehLfs; rkTilik muRKiwapid guprPypj;Jg;ghu;j;Js;sd.

Nrhtpal; A+dpad; (xd;wpak;) kw;Wk; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; rkTilikthjk;

tPo;r;rpaile;jjd; gpd;du; rkTilik muR> ypguy; [dehafthj;jpw;F khw;wPlhff;

fUjg;gLtjpy;iy.

gh]p]thj muR

gh]p]thjk; vd;gJ murpd; caupaj;jd;ik (Glorification of the State) rpNu\;lj;jd;ik

kw;Wk; vNjl;irajpfhuk;> ,dthjk;> ,uhZtthjk; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

murpay; fUj;jpayhFk;.

,J Kjypy; 1920> 1930 jrhg;jq;fspy; ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; N[u;kdp Nghd;wtw;wpy; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wJ. ,j;jhypapy; ngzpl;Nlh KNrhypdpAk;> N[u;kdpapy; vNlhy;g; `pl;yUk;

INuhg;gpa gh]p]thj;jpd; gpujhd jiytu;fs; ,Utuhtu;.

gh]p]thj;jpd; gpujhd fUj;jpayhf ,Ug;gJ ,dthj ghu;itapy; muR njhlu;ghf

tpgupf;Fk `pl;yu; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ> “,dj;jpd; rpU];bNa murhFk;” vd;whu;.

gh]p]j;jhy; muR kw;Wk; ,dk; vd;gJ rkkhditahf fUjg;gl;Ls;sikia

,jd;%yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

gh]p]thj;jpw;F Vw;g muR vd;gJ “,dj;jpd; rpU\;bahFk;” murpdhy; ,dj;jpd;

NjitNa gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jdhy; muRk; ,dKk; xd;whFk;.

muR njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; gh]p]thj tiutpyf;fzq;fspy; kpfTk; gpugy;akhd

,U tiutpyf;fzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> “muR epufw;w jhgdkhFk;” vd;gJk;>

“muR ru;tty;yik nghUe;jpa jhgdkhFk;” vd;gdNt mitahFk;.

ePl;Nr Kd;itj;j “#g;gu;Nkd;” (mjprpwg;G kdpjd;) (Superman) vd;w vz;zf;fU muR

njhlu;ghd gh]p]thj fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpy; ngupJk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ,jd;%yk;

murpd; caupaj;jd;ik> cau;e;jJ> epfuw;wJ Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; muRf;F epfuhf;ff;$ba

NtW ve;j epWtdq;fSk; ,y;iy vd;gJ tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

mjpfhuk; vy;iyaw;w epiyNa “muR ru;t ty;yik nghUe;jpaJ” vd;gjd; mu;j;jkhFk;.

mjpfhuk; caupaJk; epfuw;wJkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

gh]p] muR r%f epWtdkhfty;yhky; mJ r%fj;jpw;F NkYs;sjhFk;. muR

mjpraj;jf;fJk;> ku;kkhdJkhd ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL ,jd; cz;ikahd

,ay;gpid rhjhuz kf;fshy; tpsf;fpf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

mj;NjhL murpd; Njhw;wk; mjd; jw;Nghija epiy kw;Wk; murpd; vjpu;fhyk; njhlu;gpy;

Kiwahd tpgupg;G xd;W gh]p]thj;jjpy; Kd;itf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. “muR epiyahdJ”

vd;gjpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. muRf;F Muk;gNkh my;yJ KbNth fpilahJ

vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;.

57

“muRk; r%fKk; ru;trkkhdJ” vd;gjd; %yk; gh]p]thjpfs; r%fk; kw;Wk;

jdpegu;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ murpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kl;Lk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpdu;

vd;gNj mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. muRf;Fk; murpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; jdpegu;fs;

vy;yhtifapYk; fl;Lg;gLk;NghNj jdpegu; tpLjiy rhj;jpag;gLfpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpy; kf;fs; Kf;fpakw;wNjhL muR kl;LNk Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk;

gh]p]thjpfs; “muNr Ml;rpahsd; MFk;”. mjhtJ muRk; Ml;rpahsDk;

ru;trkkhditahFk;. ,jdhy; murpd; gilg;Ng Ml;rpahsdhthd; vd;gij

Rl;bf;fhl;baJ.

,jd;gb gh]p] murpy; Ml;rpahsu; ru;tjpfhupahthd;. mjhtJ mwpTila> gz;Gila>

kdpjkhz;Gila> Aj;jg;gyk; nfhz;l> tPuKila> ,uh[je;jpuKila> NjrmgpkhdKila

Fzhk;rq;fspy; gh]p] Ml;rpahsd; gupG+uzkhdtd;. ,jdhNyNa gpuirfsplkpUe;J

jiytDf;F vy;yhtifapYk; mbgzpT vjpu;g;ghu;f;fpd;wJ. ehafu; topghl;il

ntspfhl;LtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

gh]p] murpy; vy;yh Clfq;fSk; ehafu; topghl;bid ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

murpay; fl;rp> mKf;ff;FOf;fs; KOikahf jilnra;ag;gLk;.

kf;fspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wiy gh]p]thjk; vjpu;f;fpd;wJ. mur epUthf nraw;ghLfs;

KOikahf Ml;rpahsdpd; vNjl;ir mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; eilngWtNjhL murpd; rl;lk;

vd;gJ Ml;rpahsdpd; tpUg;gq;fshFk;.

MAjgyk; gh]p]thjj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. gh]p] muRf;F jhq;fisj; jtpu;j;j

NtW ve;j r%f Nehf;fKk; ,y;iy. “muR muRf;fhfNt” vd;w Nehf;fpy; fhzg;gLk;.

mjhtJ “muR muRf;fhfNt cs;sJ” vd;gjhFk;.

fhydpj;Jt muR

gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> xy;yhe;J> Nghu;j;Jf;fy; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa fhydpj;Jt

mjpfhuq;fSf;F Neubahf fPo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j INuhg;gh my;yhj r%fj;jpy;

tpUj;jpaile;j mur khjpupNa “fhydpj;Jt muR” vd;gjd; %yk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j mur khjpup tuyhw;W uPjpahf 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;dNu tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.

16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gf;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Nghu;j;JfPru; fhydpj;Jt

Ml;rpapapd; fPNoNa ,yq;ifapYk; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp Muk;gkhfpaJ. 1815 Mk; KO

jPTk; gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljd; gpd;du; KO ehl;bdJk; murpay;

fl;likg;Gk; gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; fPo; khw;wkile;jd.

fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l Muk;g fhydpj;Jt muRfs; xd;wpy; ,yq;if>

GUNd> ,e;NjhNdrpah my;yJ ,e;jpah Nghd;wd epykhdpa murhf ,Ue;jd.

,y;iyNay; ngUk;ghyhd Mgpupf;f ehLfisg;Nghy; Nfhj;jpu muRfshf ,Ue;jd.

fhydpj;Jt munrhd;wpid cUthf;fj;jhy;> ,e;j fhydpj;Jt r%f murpay;

Kiwikapy; fPo;tUk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

(i). ghupa epyg;gpuNjrq;fis xU murpd; MSiff;F nfhz;Lte;jikahy;

fhydpj;Jt muRfs;> Muk;gfhy fhydpj;Jt muRfis tplTk; ghupa

epyg;gug;Gfisf; nfhz;l muRfshf khw;wk; ngw;wd.

5858

(ii). fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; Aj;j nraw;ghLfspdhy; fhydpj;Jt muRfs; ,uhZt

muRfshfNt tpUj;jp mile;jd. Njrpa r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rp kw;Wk;

vjpu;g;Gfis jLg;gjw;Fk; fhydpj;Jt muRfs; Aj;j rf;jpfisAk;>

MAjg;gilfisAk; njhlu;e;Jk; Ngzpr; nrd;wd.

(iii). fhydpj;Jt muRfs; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; xOq;fike;jpUe;jd.

fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fshy; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;nghd;wpid

fl;bnaOg;gpaik ,r;r%fj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kf;fpa khw;wkhFk;. gpd;du;

gpd; fhydpj;Jt muRfs; ,e;j fl;likg;ig ikag;gLj;jpNa fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;ld.

(iv). fhydpj;Jt r%fj;jpy; fhydpj;Jt muR ,uhZt mjpfhuthj murhfNt

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;jJ. mJ [dehaf muRk; my;y. Njrpa r%fj;jpd;

gpujpepjpfs; fhydpj;Jt mur fl;likg;gpy; Njrpa r%fj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshftd;wp>

fhydpj ;Jt mur pd ; g puj pe pj pfshf nraw ;glNt (Kftu ;fshf)

,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. fhydpj;Jt muRf;F Nrit nra;tjw;fhf

mtu;fSf;F epyk;> epe;jfk;> gjtpfs; kw;Wk; gz uPjpahd rYiffSk; fpilj;jd.

fhydpj;Jt muRf;fhf tupapid Nru;j;jy;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpidg;

Ngzpf;nfhs;sy; vd;gNt ,e;j Njrpa gpujpepjpfsplk; gfpug;gl;l gpujhd

gzpfshFk;.

gpd; fhydpj;Jt muR

gpd; fhydpj;Jt muR Kiw tpNrlkhd mur khjpupahFk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;L ju;f;fj;jpid

fl;bnaOg;gpatu; ghfp];jhdpa ehl;ilrhu;e;j `k;rh myhtp (Hamza Alavi) vd;w

Nfhl;ghl;lhsuhthu;.

1972 Mk; Mz;L New Left Review rQ;rpifapy; ntspapl;l “State in Post Colonial Societies:

Pakistan and Bangaladesh” (ghfp];jhd; kw;Wk; gq;fshNj\; r%fq;fspd; mur gpd;

fhydpj;Jtk;) vd;w fl;Liu ,jw;F Jizg;Gupe;jJ.

`k;rh myhtpapd; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; NtW mZFKiwfspd; JizNahL gpd;

fhydpj;Jt muRfspd; tpNrl gz;Gfis gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplKbAk;.

(I). gpd; fhydpj;Jt r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; muRfs;> me;j r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l

fhydpj;Jt fl;likg;Gfis NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nrd;Ws;sikahFk;.

fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; fpilj;j murpay; Rje;jpuk; me;j fl;likg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J

tpLgl;L jdpj;J nry;tjw;F tha;g;G toq;ftpy;iy.

(II). gpd; fhydpj;Jt muRfs; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; [dehaf gupkhw;wk;

rhj;jpakhdjhfNth my;yJ epiyj;jpUf;fjf;f tifapNyh eilngwtpy;iy.

,uhZtg;Gul;rpfspd; %yk; [dehaf Ml;rp mikg;Gfis khw;wpaikj;jy;

kw;Wk; mjpfhuthj Ml;rpKiw cUthjy; vd;gd ,r;r%fj;jpd; nghJ gz;Gfshf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J khWgl;ljhf ,e;jpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w gpd;

fhydpj;Jt ehLfs; rpy cs;sd.

59

(III). gpd; fhydpj;Jt muRfspy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrlkhd gz;G> ,e;ehLfspy;

xg;gPl;LuPjpahf tYthd kw;Wk; gykpf;f ,uhZt kw;Wk; rptpy; epUthf

fl;likg;nghd;W mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd; ikakhf njhopw;gLtjhFk;. ,it

fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;litahFk;. fhydpj;Jt thjj;jpy;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l murpay; Rje;jpuj;jpdhy; ,e;j fl;likg;Gfs; khw;wkilatpy;iy.

,it murpay; fl;rp kw;Wk; rptpy; murpay; epWtdq;fSf;F Nkyhd kpfTk;

mjpfhukpf;fitahFk;.

(IV). murpay; fl;rp> rptpy; murpay; epWtdq;fSf;F Nkyhd mjpfhuKila ,uhZtk;

kw;Wk; gbepiythj fl;likg;nghd;W Njhw;wk;ngwy; gpd; fhydpj;Jt muR

[dehaf gupkhw;wj;jpid Nehf;fpa gazj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;G uPjpahd

jilahFk;.

et jhuhz;ikthj muR

nghUshjhu gpd;Gyk;

murpd; nghJeythjk; %d;whk; cyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr; nry;yypd; Muk;gKk;>

rkTilik cyfj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikapdhy; cyf Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu

kw;Wk; murpay; ,af;fq;fSf;F cyfk; KOtJk; ,ilA+Wfsw;w epiyapid

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;G fpilj;jJ.

,e;j gpd;Gyj;jpy; Njrpa muRfspd; Njrpa vy;iyfis jhz;b re;ij nghUshju

Kiwiknahd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

,e;j gzg; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu

Kiw Kiwahf nraw;gl;ljid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L “cyfkakhf;fy;” vd;w

vz;zf;fU Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu Kiwapd; Muk;gj;jpy; jiyaplhf;nfhs;ifNa fhzg;gl;lJ.

,jd;%yk; muR> nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfspy; jiyaplhj mjhtJ jilnra;tjpy;iy

vd;gNj nfhs;ifahf ,Ue;jJ.

Muk;gf;fhy jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifahdJ eyd;Gupthj nfhs;ifapd; gutNyhL

eyptilar; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

1960 jrhg;jq;fs; MFk;NghJ mur eyd;Gupthjk; gbg;gbahf gpd;dpiy mile;J

Kfhikj;Jt muR vz;zf;fU gutpaJ.

,t;thW juhs murpd; murhq;fj;ij epUtfpg;gNjhL kl;Lg;gLj;JtJ et jhuhs

murpd; gpujhd gz;nghd;whFk;.

Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; ru;tNjrkag;gLj;jg;gLtjd; %yk; cyfj;jpd;

murpay; jsk; ghupa khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;lNjhL> re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ,izahf

cyfyhtpa fyhrhuKk; tpUj;jpaile;jJ.

,t;thwhd epiyapdhy; Njrpa muR ehk epUthf epiyf;F js;sg;gl;lNjhL> muR

nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfspy; tpyfpapUj;jYk; fl;lha mq;fkhfpaJ. mjhtJ Njrpa

6060

muRfs ; Njr pa vy ;iyfisf; fle ;J gutyile ;Js ;sJ. re ;ijfis

topelj;Jtjw;fhd ve;jnthU thag;Gk; Njrpa muRfSf;F ,y;iy.

murhdJ> re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ,lk;nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; Njrpa

nghUshjhuj;ij jpwe;Jtpl eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;baNjhL> ru;tNjr

nghUshjhuj;ij ,af;Fk; KOikahd nghWg;gpid cyf tq;fp> ru;tNjr ehza

epjpak;> ru;tNjr tu;j;jfr; rq;fk; kw;Wk; gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfs; Nghd;w ru;tNjr

mikg;Gfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

,jpy; nghUshjhuj;ij ,af;Fk; nraw;ghL jw;Nghija muRfSf;Fupa gzpay;y.

,t;thwhd gpd;Gyj;jpy; Rje;jpu re;ij nraw;ghl;bw;F Njitahd mikjpahd #oiy

cUthf;Fjy;> ePjpia epUtfpj;jy; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; vd;gdNt muRf;F

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gzpfshFk;.

,q;F Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;ij njhlu;e;Jk; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F

Njitahd midj;Jtpj epiyikfisAk; cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; topelj;jiy

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kfhikj;JtNk Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gjd; tpsf;fkhFk;.

murpay; rpe;jidg; gpd;Gyk;

et jhuhz;ikthj fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;l murpay; rpe;jidahsu;fspy; nuhgl;

Nehrpf;> ngl;wpf; Nthd; Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.

et jhuhz;ikthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLtJNghy vy;yh jdpegu;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

cupikfSf;F cupj;Jilatu;fs;. ,it vt;tifapYk; gwpf;f KbahJ. ifg;gw;w

Kbahj kw;Wk; ifkhw;w KbahjitfshFk;. ,it murpdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;glhjjhy;

mtw;wpy; rkepiyj;jd;ikfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf muR jiyapl Ntz;bajpy;iy.

nuhgl; Nehrpf; (Robert Nozik) Fwpg;gpLtJNghy egu;fspd; murpay; cupikia

ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mur mjpfhukhdJ kpfTk; Fiwe;jstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

mur mjpfhuk; nghyp]; mjpfhuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l xd;whf ,Uj;jy; MfhJ. egu;fspd;

nrhj;J njhlu;ghd cupik kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjhy; ,t;Tupikapid ,y;yhJ

nra;a KbahJ vd mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. jw;Nghija Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu

Kiwapd; Gjpa Nghf;FfSf;F Vw;g muRfspd; ,ay;Gfis khw;Wtjw;fhf et

jhuhz;ikthj fUj;Jf;fs; ,t;thW Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jw;Nghija mgptpUj;jpaile;j Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu muRfisg;NghyNt

FiwtpUj;jpaile;j Kjyhspj;Jt muRfspYk;$l murpd; eyd;Gup vz;zf;fU

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. ru;tNjr ehza epjpaj;jpd; gupe;Jiuahf ,Ug;gJ

FiwtpUj;jp ehLfspYk; eyd;Gup muRfspd; nryTfis ,y;yhJ nra;a Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjhFk;.

,t;thwhdnjhU epiyapy; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; Clhf cjtpfis

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; Ntiyj;jpl;lNk ,tu;fs; r%fj;jpy; tWikahdtu;fSf;fhf

Kd;itj;Js;s jPu;thf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;gb ru;tNjr ty;yuRfspy; cjtpngWk; mur

rhu;gw;w tiyaikg;G xd;W cyfj;jpy; nraw;gLtij fhzKbAk;.

61

Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu Kiw tpUj;jpf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; jiyaplhf;

nfhs;ifNa mJ rpije;J Nghtjw;Fk; fhuzkhf mike;jNjhL> ,jw;F khw;wPlhf

mur eyd;Gup nfhs;if eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lNjhL Kjyhspj;Jt r%f

nghUshjhu Kiwik kPz;Lk; (Gduikf;fg;gl;L) capUl;lg;gl;L epiyahd r%f

Kiwahf khwpaJ. ,t;thW Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw epiyngwyhdJ> ePz;lfhykhf

,jw;F rhthy;tpLj;j rkTilikthjj;jpid gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ.

Fiwe;jgl;r mur vz;zf;fU

,jd;%yk; mur eyd;Gupthj tuyhw;W gzpapid KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;J Kjyhspj;Jt

Kiwapd; cz;ikahd Kjyhspj;Jtthj Nehf;fq;fs; kPz;Lk; vOr;rpngwy; ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy; Fiwe;jg;gl;r muR (Minimalist State) vd;w

vz;zf;fUtpd; Njhw;wj;NjhL Muk;gkhdJ.

Fiwe;jg;gl;r muR nfhs;ifapdhy; kPz;LnkhUKiw murpd; gzpfis tiuaWj;jy;

vd;w Fiwj;jiy fhzKbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,J jiyaplh muRNghyd;wp r%f

nghUshjhu tplaq;fspy; tpyfpapj;jy; my;yJ jiyaplhky; ,Ug;gJ my;y.

,jpy; r%f> murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kfhik nra;tjw;fhf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapy;

murpd; jiyapLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,J eyd;Gup murpidg; Nghy gue;j kw;Wk; ,yF

jiyapLjy; my;y. ,jd;gb mur jiyaplhthjk; kw;Wk; eyd;Gupthjk; Mfpa

,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd epiyahfNt Fiwe;jg;gl;r murpid ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

3.3. muR njhlu;ghd murpay; vz;zf;fUf;fs;

3.3.1. muRk; ,iwikAk;

,iwik vd;gjd; mu;j;jk; “cau;thdJ” vd;gjhFk;. ,iwik mjpfhuk; vd;gjd;

%yk; fUjg;gLtJ muR ngw;wpUf;fpd;w cau;thd mjpfhukhFk;.

,r;nrhy;ypid Kjd;Kjypy; murwptpaypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; [Pd; Nghbd; (Jean Bodin)

Mthu;. ,tu; ,iwikia rl;lj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj gpuirfs; kw;Wk; Fbfs;

kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; muRf;Fupa cau;thd mjpfhuk; vd;Nw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpdhu;.

,iwik NtW ve;j r%fj;jpw;Fk; mbgzpakhl;lhJ.

,jd;gb ,iwik ,Utifg;gLk;.

I. cs;spiwik (Internal Sovereignty)

II. ntspapiwik (External Sovereignty)

cs;spiwik vd;gJ ve;jnthU Rje;jpu muRk; jkJ murpDs; thOk; kf;fspd;

mbgzpit ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd rl;l mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gjhFk;.

ntspapiwik vd;gJ NtW ve;j ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; mJ fPo;epiyg;glhJ

,Uj;jyhFk;. ,jd;gb ,iwikkpF muR jkJ ntspehl;L nfhs;iffis mOj;jq;fs;

,d;wp itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpwdhFk;.

6262

,iwik mjpfhuk; epiyahd> midj;jhz;iktha;e;j> gpupf;fg;gl Kbahj> ifkhw;w

Kbahj> ifaspf;f Kbahj xd;whf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,iwikg; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU rk];bthjk; kw;Wk; cyfkakhf;fNyhL ghupa rthYf;F

cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa munrhd;wpDs; thOk; gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fis

xd;wpizg;gjw;fhf ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpid gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; Nghf;nfhd;W tpUj;jpaile;J

tUfpd;wJ.

kWGwk;> ,iwik mjpfhukhdJ cyfkakhf;fypdhy; rthYf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jw;Nghija cyfpd; nghJf; nfhs;iffs; Njrpa kl;l ,iwik myFfs; %yk;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtjpYk; ghu;f;f ngUk;ghYk; cau; Njrpa mikg;Gfspdhy; (Super –

National Organizations) jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Njrpa muRfSf;F Njrpa tupf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; Fw;wq;fs; ahJ vd jdpj;J

jPu;khdpf;ff;$ba epiy ,Ug;gjpdhy; ,J cs;spiwik eilKiwapy; cs;sjhf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

vdpDk; jw;Nghija %yjd gha;r;rYld; (Capital Flow) Vw;gl;l re;ijapid

ikag;gLj;Jk; cyf tu;j;jf mikg;Gfs; Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs;>

rl;lq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; kw;Wk; Fw;wq;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gjhYk;

,iwik rthYf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jdhy; jw;fhy Njrpa muRfs; vd;gJ cyf cau; Njrpa epWtdq;fspy; vLf;fg;gLk;

nfhs;iffis Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fshf khwpAs;sjhf thjk;

xd;W Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j gpd;Gyj;jpDs; gpugy;akhd muRfspd; ,iwik tpUj;jpaile;Js;sNjhL eypthd

muRfspd; ,iwik mbj;Jr; nrd;Ws;sik njspthfpd;wJ.

3.3.2 muRk; gpuirAk;

gpuir vd;gjd; ruskhd fUj;J “efuj;jpy; tho;gtu;” vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;

jw;Nghija mu;j;jk; “murpd; cWg;gpdd;” vd;gjhFk;.

egu;fs; jkJ nghJ tho;f;if njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by;

gq;Fg;gw;Wk; Kiwf;F Vw;g “gpuir” vd;gJ jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mup];Nlhl;lypd; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g> gpuir vd;gtu; murpd; nraw;ghLfSf;F

Neubahf gq;Fg;gw;Wk; eguhthu;.

,tu; ,e;jf; fUj;jpid rpwpa fpNuf;f efu muRfspd; gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj

Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

etPd rpf;fy;kpf;f muR Kiwapy; fpNuf;f efu muR Kiwapidg; Nghd;W

mur epUthf nraw;ghLfspy; gpuirfs; Neubahf gq;Fg;gw;w KbahJ. ,J

kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; topKiwnahd;whFk;.

etPd [dehaf muRfspy; rl;l cUthf;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wdu;fs;

kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; my;yJ kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba gpuirfs; vd;Nw

63

vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fUj;jhtJ gpuirfs; nghJ jPu;khdq;fis

vLg;gjw;F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSlhf njhlu;GgLfpd;w nghWg;Gf;$Wk;

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; (mjpfhupfs;) vd;whFk;.

,jpy; mur nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; gpuirfspd; flikg; nghWg;Gf;fs; etPd

muRfspd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g xOq;fike;Js;sJ.

jw;NghJ muR kw;Wk; gpuirfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpy; kpfKf;fpakhd

gz;Gfs; ,uz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

I. gpuirfs; mDgtpf;Fk; murpay; cupikfs;

II. gpuirfspd; murpay; flikfs;

,jd;gb gpuir vd;gtu; mur eyd;Gup kw;Wk; cupikfis mDgtpg;gtUk;

mjw;fhf muRf;F mbgzpit fhl;LgtUkhthu;.

munrhd;wpy; Ms;Gyj;jpy; tho;fpd;wtu;fSf;F gpurhcupikia

toq;ff;$baJk; ,y;yhnjhopf;ff;$baJkhd xNu epWtdk; murhFk;. vdpDk;

cz;ikahd eilKiwahf miktJ muir epUtfpg;gtu;fshy; mjid

jPu;khdpf;f KbAk; vd;gjhFk;.

T.H. Marshall Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;j vz;zf;fUTf;F “r%f gpurhTupik” vd;gij

,izj;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb “njhopnyhd;iw nra;tjw;F>

tPnlhd;iw cupikahf;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik Nghd;wd r%f gpuir

vd;gjd; fUj;jhFk;. khu;rypd; ,r; “r%f gpurhTupik” vd;w fUj;J “ypguy;

gpurhTupik” vd;gjw;fhd khw;wPlhFk;.

muRf;F gpuir Vd; mbgzpit fhl;lNtz;Lk; vd;w tpdhtpw;F

murwptpayhsu;fs; gy;NtW gjpy;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;.

mup];Nlhl;lypd; fUj;Jf;F mikthf> murpd; ,Wjp Nehf;fk; midj;J

gpuirfSf;Fk; eyd;Gup kw;Wk; ey;tho;f;ifia Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhLg;gjhFk;. gpuirf;F xOf;fuPjpahf cau;jukhd> kfpo;r;rpahd

tho;f;ifAld; $ba cau;thd tho;f;if vd;gd murpdhy;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g> gpuirfs; muir

cUthf;fpf;nfhz;lNjhL muRf;F mbgzpit fhl;Ltjw;fhd

cld;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,jw;fhf muR gpuirfSf;F

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%f mutizg;gpidAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

ypguy;thj Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g> gpuirfspd; ,aw;if

cupikfis ghJfhj;Jf;nfhLg;gJ muR vd;gjhy; gpuirfs; muRf;F

mbgzpa Ntz;Lk;.

&Nrhtpd; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g> muR nghJ tpUg;gj;jpid gpujpgypg;gNjhL>

mjd;%yk; nghJ rpj;jNk gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;

gpuir muRf;F mbgzpa Ntz;Lk;.

6464

muR> murhq;fk; kw;Wk; Ml;rpKiw vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfs;

vy;yh r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil kw;Wk; ikakhd murpay; epWtdk;

muRk; murhq;fKk; MFk;.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida murpay; epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wKk; muR kw;Wk;

murhq;fj;jhy; eilngw;Ws;sJ.

cjhuzk; : ghuhSkd;wk;> mikr;ruit> ePjpj;Jiw> cs;Suhl;rp mikg;Gfs;>

MAjg;gilfs;> nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiy> ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofk;>

jpizf;fsq;fs; Nghd;wd.

muRk; murhq;fKk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gilad. vdpDk; ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;wy;y.

[dehaf murpay; Kiwfspy; muR vd;gJ xg;gPl;L uPjpahf ePz;lfhyk; epiyj;Js;s>

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpKf;fpa murpay; epWtdkhFk;.

murhq;fk; vd;gJ mur nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf

kf;fshy; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w epWtdkhFk;.

Muk;gfhy [dehaf muRfspy; ,t;NtWghL fhzg;gltpy;iy.

cjhuzk; :- kd;duhl;rpapy; kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; xd;W

,y;yhjpUe;jNjhL muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw ;fpilapy; NtWghLk;

fhzg;gltpy;iy. murNd muR kw;Wk; murhq;fkhdhd;.

muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fpilapyhd epWtd NtWg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ> INuhg;ghtpy;

epykhdpa murpay; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; murhl;rp Kiwik tPo;r;rpaile;jjd; gpd;du;

Njhw;wk; ngw;w ypguy; [dehaf murpay; Kiwapd; gpujhd gz;ghfpaJ.

muR Nghd;w kdpj epWtdkhdJ> epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyg;gpuNjrj;jpy;> murpay; uPjpahf

xOq;fike;j gpuirfs; kPJ jkJ ,iwik kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;j Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd

cupikAk;> mjpfhuKk; nfhz;l murpay; epWtdkhFk;.

jkJ mjpfhu gyj;jpid Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;F muRf;Fs;s epWtdq;fspy; murhq;fk;

vd;gJ xU epWtdk; kl;LNk.

muRf;Fs;s mbg;gil rl;l fl;likg;G murpayikg;ghtNjhL> murpd; ,ay;G> fl;likg;G>

epWtd xOq;fikg;G Nghd;wd ,jdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

muR jkf;Fs;s mjfhugyj;jpid rl;lj;Jiw> epUthfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> MAjg;gilfs;

kw;Wk; gzpf;FO vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

,jd;NghJ murhq;fkhdJ mur mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; gpujhd Kftuhf

nraw;gLfpd;wJ. rl;lkpaw;wy;> mKyhf;fy;> nfhs;if njhlu;Gfs; Ngzy; kw;Wk;

Vida muRfSld; njhlu;Gfis Ngzy; Nghd;wd muRrhu;ghf murhq;fj;jhy;

nra;ag;glNtz;ba gpujhd gzpfshFk;.

65

Ml;rpKiw (Regime)

Ml;rpKiw (Regime) vd;w vz;zf;fU “murhq;fk;” vd;gjw;F rw;W neUf;fKilajhf

,Ug;gpDk;> ,jw;F NtW tpsf;fnkhd;Wz;L. murhq;fk; vd;gJ murpd; nraw;ghLfis

nra;tjw;fhf nghJkf;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLk; epWtd fl;likg;ghf Kd;du; fz;Nlhk;.

[dehaf KiwapDs; murhq;fk; vd;gJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikia ngw;Ws;s

gpujku; kw;Wk; mikr;ruitapdhy; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLk; epWtdf; fl;likg;ghFk;.

xt;nthU murhq;fKk; jkJ fUj;jpay;fs;> r%f mbg;gil kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtk;

njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrlj;jd;ikapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,e;j murhq;fj;ij

milahsg;gLj;Jk;NghJ “Ml;rpKiw” (Regime) vd;w gjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzq;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

o murhq;fj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F Vw;g murhq;fj;ij milahsg;gLj;jy; :-

uh[gf;\ Ml;rp> [atu;j;jd Ml;rp> ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Ml;rp Nghd;wd.

o murhq;fj;jpd; xOq;fikg;Gf;F Vw;g cUthFk; Ml;rpKiw :- $l;L Ml;rp

(Coaliation Regime)

o murhq;fj;jpd; fUj;jpaypd; mbg;gilapy; :- eyd;Gupthj Ml;rp (Welfare regime)>

rkTilikthj Ml;rp (Socialist regime)> midj;jhz;ikthj Ml;rp (Authoritarian

regime)

3.4. murpd; ,ay;G njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L mZFKiw

r%f xg;ge;jthjk;

nja;tPf topAupik Nfhl;ghL fPo;epiy mile;jpUe;j gpd;Gyj;jpNyNa r%f

xg;ge;jthjkhdJ kj;jpa fhy ,Wjpapy; INuhg;ghtpy; murpd; mjpfhuj;ij

epahag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf NknyOe;jJ.

,Jtiu Ml;rpahsu;fs; nja;tj;jpd; gpujpepjpfs; vd $wpf;nfhz;L nfhz;Lnrd;w

epykhdpa nghUshjhu Kiw> vOr;rpg; ngWk; tzpf tFg;Gf;F jilahf mike;jJ.

Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw vd;w r%f KiwapDs; cUthfpa etPd tFg;GfSf;F Njitahd

rk;gpujha khdpa gpuGf;fis cUthf;fp me;epiyapid jkJ mgpyhirfSf;fhf

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jw;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fpa “r%fj;jpDs; muR Njhw;wk;

ngw;wJ” vd;w cld;ghl;Lthjj;jpd; %yk; me;j r%fj;jpd; NjitfNs

ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

,Jtiu jhdhfNt Njhd;wpajhf $wg;gl;l muR r%fj;jpdhy; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

vd fhl;lg ;gl;lJ. ,J “r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l cld;ghl;bd; tpisT” vd

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,e;j fUj;jpaiy Nfhl;ghlhf Kd;itj;jtu;fs; Njhk]; n hg;];> N[hd;nyhf;> [Pd;

n[f; &Nrh Mfpa %tUkhtu;.

Njhk]; n`hg;]; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1642 – 1648 fhyg;gFjpapy; rptpy; Aj;jj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l murpay; m];jpu epiyapid KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;J epiyahd murpay;

6666

epiyik xd;iw fl;bnaOg;gf;$baJ tYthd murhl;rpNf KbAk; vd;gij

fhl;Ltij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bid Kd;itj;jhu;.

N[hd; nyhf; Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; VNjl;irajpfhu murhl;rp

fPo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;L ghuhSkd;wpd; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jkJ

Nfhl;ghl;bid Kd;itj;jhu;.

&Nrh gpuhd;rpy; fhzg;gl;l vNjl;irajpfhu murhl;rpf;Fk; Coy;kpf;f cau;Fohkk;

mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf nghJkf;fspd; Gul;rpahy; murhl;rp Kiw kw;Wk; cau;Fohkpd;

mjpfhuj;ij KOikahf ,y;yhnjhopj;J mjpfhuj;jpd; Cw;W nghJkf;fs; vd;gij

fhl;Ltjw;fhf jkJ Nfhl;ghl;bid Kd;itj;jhu;.

(Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; ePz;l fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;)

khf;];thjk;

khf;];thjk; vd;gJ nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tuyhW kw;Wk;

r%fk; gw;wp tpgupg;gjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gue;j jj;JtkhFk;.

fhu;s;khf;]; kw;Wk; ngw;wpf; Vq;fy;]; vd;Nghuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,f;Nfhl;ghL

murpd; Njhw;wk;> guty; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wp Kd;du; fhzg;glhj tifahd tpsf;fk;

xd;wpid toq;fpAs;sJ.

kdpj r%f tuyhwhdJ tu;f;f Nghuhl;l tuyhwhfNt ,Jtiu fhzg;gl;ljhf ,tu;fs;

Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. tuyhw;wpy; fhzg;gl;l vy;yhtpj r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;l vjpu;g;Gfis

mlf;Ftjw;fhf muR vd;w jhgdj;ij nrhj;Jila tu;f;fk; gad;gLj;jpaJ vd;gjhy;

“muR nrhj;Jilatu;fspd; fUtp” vd;Wk;> “muR mlf;FKiw epWtdkhf”

nraw;gLtjhfTk; ,tu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.

Muk;g fk;A+dpr Afk;> mbikAfk;> epykhdpa Afk;> Kjyhspa Afk;>

rkTilikthjAfk; Nghd;wtw;why; r%fj;jpd; tuyhW tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sNjhL>

tsu;r;rpailfpd;wJ vd khf;];thjk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. muR me;je;j tuyhw;W

fhyq;fSf;F Vw;g gutyile;Js;sJ.

Guhjd khf;];thj;jpw;F Vw;g etPd Kjyhspj;Jt muR vd;gJ cw;gj;jp fUtpfSf;F

cupikahsu;fshfTs;s Kjyhspj;Jt tFg;gpdhy; ciog;gpid kl;Lk; nfhz;l Mdhy;

me;j ciog;Gf;Fk; cupikf;Nfhu Kbahj njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;ij Ruz;Ltjw;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tu;f;ff; fUtp xd;whFk;. ,jdhNyhNa murpid ,y;yhnjhopf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd khf;];thjpfs; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

Kjyhspj;Jt muir ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tuyhw;Wf; flikapid khf;];thjk; njhopyhsu;

tu;f;fj;jpw;Nf ngw;Wf;nfhLj;Js;sJ. njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jplk; mjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghL

fhzg;gbDk; mjid xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd epWtdk; xd;W Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

khf;];thj;jpd;gb murpid ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tuyhw;W flikg;nghWg;Gf;fSf;fhf

njhopyhsu;fis topelj;Jk; flikapid fk;A+dpr fl;rpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

,jd;%yk; fk;A+dpr fl;rp> njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb murpay; mjpfhukhf

khWk;.

67

njhopyhsu; tu;f;fk; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; rkTilikthj r%fj;ij

fl;bnaOg;Gtw;Fk; muR vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;lf; fhynkhd;Wf;F mtrpakhdJ vd

khf;];thjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

rkTilik Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; tu;f;fkw;w munrhd;Nu Njhw;wk; ngWk;. tu;f;fNgjkw;w

rkTilik r%fj;jpw;Fk;> njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf Kjyhspfshy; kPz;Lk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;glf;$ba vjpu;g;Gul;rpapid Kwpabf;Fk; flikg; nghWg;Gfs;> Gul;rpapd;

gpd;duhd tu;f;fkw;w murpd; Njit vd;w tifapd; gpd;dzpapy; cs;s thjkhFk;.

vt;thwhdg;NghJk;> rrTilik Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F murpd; Njit

,y;yhJ ,Ug;gjhy; muR ,y;yhJ Nghjy; my;yJ cjpu;e;Jtply; Vw;gLk; vd rpy

khf;];thjpfs; ek;gpdu;. nydpd; ,jpypUe;J khWgl;lnjhU fUj;jpid nfhz;L>

Kjyhspj;Jt muR jhdhf moptjpYk; ghu;f;f njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd;

fPo; ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;ba fUtpahf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

(Mrpupau; ePz;l fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;)

ypguy;thjk; (jhuhz;ikthjk;)

18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miu E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpy; gutpa

Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghd murpay; fUj;jpay; ypguy;thjk; vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miug;gFjpapy; Mq;fpy jj;Jttpayhsuhd N[hd;nyhf;>

jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;> murpay; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jupikf;fhd Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghf

Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jf;fs; ypguy;thj tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> tYT+l;lYf;Fk; ghupastpy; jhf;fk;

nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; Nkw;F INuhg;gh tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij

mbg;gilahff ; nfhz;L Njhw ;wk ;ngw ;w nghUshjhu Kiw murpdhy ;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 18 E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpaiu gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w

ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf muR jiyapl Ntz;bjpy;iy

vd ;Wk ; > ,e ;j nghUshjhu Kiw mjw ; Nf cu pj ;j hd rf ;j pfshy ;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; Guhjhd nghUspayhsu;fshd vlk; ];kpj; kw;Wk;

Nltpl; upf;fhNlh Mfpa ,Utuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j gpd;Gyj;jpy; muR nghUshjhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;w fUj;jpaiy

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L muR jiyaplhthjk; vd;w vz;zf;fUnthd;W Njhw;wk;

ngw;wJ. ,J jhuhz;ikthj;jpd; gioahd gpupthFk;.

,jd;gb jiyaplh munrhd;wpid fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd murpay; fUj;jpayhf

ypguy;thjk; Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu

Kiwapd; murpay; ntspg;ghlhfNt gutpaJ.

,t;thW gutyile;j ypguy;thjk; %d;W tiffspy; ,dq;fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

o Guhjhd ypguy;thjk; - jiyaplh muR vz;zf;fU

o etPd ypguy;thjk; - eyd;Gup muR vz;zf;fU

6868

o et ypguy;thjk; - Fiwe;jg;gl;r muR vz;zf;fU

Guhjhd jhuhz;ikthjk; (ypguy;thjk;) :- gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diu

gFjpapy; gutpa Muk;gfhy ypguy;thj fUj;Nj Guhjhd ypguy;thjkhFk;. ,J

vt;tifapYk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; muR jiyaplf;$lhJ vd;Wk;> muR mikjpahd

#oiy cUthf;FtJk; gf;frhu;gw;wtifapy; ePjpia epiyehl;b egu;fspd;

nraw;ghLfSf;F kpfTk; Fiwthd kl;lj;jpy; jiyapLjy; vd;gjpy; fupridf;

nfhz;lJ. ,jd;gb Fiwthf epUtfpf;fg;gLk; muR rpwe;j muR vd;gNj ,jd;

fUj;jhFk;.

etPd ypguy;thjk; :- Guhjd ypguy;thj;jpdhy; fpilj;j nghUshjhu Rje;jpuj;jpy;

Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpd; ,yhgj;jpid cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;ij

Ruz;Ltjw;fhd jpwe;j tha;g;G Kjyhspj;Jt tFg;gpw;F fpilj;jJ. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk;

r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; tWik>

njhopypd;ik> ke;jNghrid> Neha;fs;> mwptw;wepiy Nghd;w r%f nghUshjhu

gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;Tfis NjlNtz;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf rl;lk; xOq;fpidg; Ngzp

muR nra;Ak; nghyp]; gzpfSf;F mg;ghy; r%f eyd;GupfspYk; jiyaplNtz;Lk;

vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW r%fj;jpd; nghJ eyDf;fhf muR jiyapl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahf Kd;itj;jtu;fspy; B.vr;.fpwpd; kw;Wk; n`hg;];

`T]; gpuG Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;. ,jd;gb mur eyd;Gup vz;zf;fU Mo

Nt&d;wpaJ.

re;ij nghUshjhu Kiwapd; gpuNtrj;Jld; mur eyd;Gupthjk; gpd;dpiyaile;J

Kfhikj;Jt muR vz;zf;fU gutyile;jJ. ,t;thW Muk;gkhFk; et jhuhz;ikthj

vz;zf;fUtpdhy; kPz;LnkhUKiw murpd; gzpfis fl;Lg;gLj;jy; my;yJ Fiwj;jiy

fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;. vdpDk; mJ jiyaplh muirg;Nghy mur nghUshjhu r%f

nraw;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J tpyfpapUj;jy; my;yJ jiyaplhjpUj;jiy Fiwe;jg;gl;r

murpy; fhz KbahJs;sNjhL Fiwe;jg;gl;r muR nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f

nraw;ghLfspy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyaPl;il nrYj;Jk;. mjhtJ r%f murpay;

nraw;ghLfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhf muR kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapy; jiyapl

Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb muR jiyaplhthjk; kw;Wk; mur eyd;Gupthjk; Mfpa

,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyahf Fiwe;jg;gl;r muir milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.

(Mrpupau; ,f;fUj;jpay; njhlu;ghf tFg;giwapy; ePz;l fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;)

ngz;zpay;thjk;

muR njhlu;gpyhd tpNrl ngz;zpay;thj Nfhl;ghnlhd;W fpilahJ. ,jw;fhf mjpfhuk;

njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghNl cz;L. vdpDk; muR kw;Wk; murpay; njhlu;ghf tpNrl

mZFKiw xd;iw ngz;zpay;thjk; Kd;itj;Js;sJ.

“ghy;epiyapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ” vd;gNj ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpujhd fUj;jhFk;.

Mjpgj;jpak; kw;Wk; mlf;FKiw Clhf ghYwT epiy NknyOe;J Mz;fs; kw;Wk;

ngz;fs; r%f gpupTfshf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu; vd;fpd;wJ.

Mz;fspd; cyf jj;Jtj;jpw;F Vw;g fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s Njhw;wg;ghl;L cyfj;jpy;

ngz;fs; mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL ,jpy; mtspd; clNy ikag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

69

mtspd; nghUs;> fl;loF xOq;fikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mtspd; tho;f;if

tpgupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapd; cs;slf;fk; jhahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;je;j

ghy;epiyf;F Vw;g Fwpj;j flikg; nghWg;Gf;fs; cupj;jhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; gy;NtW fw;wy; Jiwfs; cs;sd. ypguy;> khf;];thj kw;Wk;

jPtputhjk; (nubfy;) vd;gd gpujhdkhdit.

ngz;zpay;thjpfs; muR njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;jhtJ> muR vd;gJ Mz;fis

ikag;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLk; cyfj;ij Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nry;Yk; Mz;fspd;

fUtpahfthFk;.

muR njhlu;ghd ngz;zpay; thjj;jpw;fhd Nfhl;ghnlhd;W fhzg;glhikahNyNa

ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; khf;];thj fUj;jpay;fSf;fpilNa ,J Roy;fpwJ.

ypguy; ngz;zpay;thjpfs; ngz;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf murpd; jiyaPl;bid Vw;fpd;wdu;.

khf;];thj ngz;zpay;thjpfs; Kjyhspj;Jt muir vjpu;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdu;.

,tu;fs; ngz;fSf;F ePjpapid ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd NfhUfpd;wdu;.

,Wjpahf ngz;zpay;thjpfs; epr;rakhf Mz;ika fUtpahf cs;s muR> ngz;fs;

kPJ Mz;fs; cyfj;ij jpzpf;Fk; fUtpahf nraw;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. jpUtpidr; rPl;L Kiw%yk; jdf;F fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; tplaq;fis

Kd;itj;jy; / nrhw;nghopthw;Wjy;

I. murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; ika ntspg;ghlhf muR

II. etPd Ms;Gy muR

III. etPd Njrpa muR

IV. cyfkaKk; muRk;

V. Nfhj;jpu muR

VI. Guhjhd fpNuf;f muR

VII. kd;duhl;rp

VIII.jhuhs / ypguy; [dehaf muR

IX. rkTilik muR

X. gh]pr muR

XI. fhydpj;Jt muR

XII. gpd; fhydpj;Jt muR

7070

XIII. et jhuhs / ypguy; muR

2. fPo;Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;jpay;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapyhd ifNaL xd;iw jahupf;Ff.

muRk; r%f epWtdq;fSk;

muRk; gpurhTupikAk;

muR> murhq;fk; kw;Wk; Ml;rpKiw vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk;

NtWghLfSk;

r%f cld;ghl;Lthjk;

khf;];thjk;

ypguy;thjk;

ngz;zpay;thjk;

crhj;Jizfs;



02. nfh];kd;> Mu;.vr;.v];. (1972)> murpayikg;Gk; FbkfDk;> nfhOk;G> fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;

jpizf;fsk;.

03. y];fp> nùy;l; N[. (1970)> muR njhlu;ghd rpj;jhe;jKk; tiutpyf;fzKk;> nfhOk;G>

fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;.

04. caq;nfhl> [aNjt> (2010)> muR njhlu;ghd murpay; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; gad;ghL> nfhOk;G

r%f tpQ;Qhdpfs; rq;fk;.

05. Jessop, Bob, t and Furut(2015), State: Past, Present and Future, Cambrige, MA:Polity Press.

06. Vincent, Andrew, (1987), Theories of the State, Oxford: Blackwell

71

04. murpayikg;G khjpupfs;

Nju;r;rp 4 :- cyfpy; epyTk; murpayikg;G khjpup tiffspd; mbg;gilapy; murpayikg;Gfis

gFj;jhAk; Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;

(ghlNtisfs; – 30 )

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-

4.1. mur mjpfhu gfpu;Tf;fika murpayikg;G khjpupfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwapid tpgupg;ghu;.

4.2. epiwNtw;W mjpfhu xOq;fikg;gpw;fika murpayikg;G khjpupfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwapid

tpgupg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-

mjpfhu gf pu ;t pd ; mbg ;gila py ; mur payikg ;Gfis ,dq ;fz;L mtw ;iw

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

mt;turpay; mikg;G Kiwfspd; gz;GfisAk; ed;ik jPikfisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhu xOq;fikg;gpw;Ffika murpayikg;G Kiwfspd; khjpupfis milahsk;

fz;L mtw;wpw;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.

xt;nthU murpayikg;G KiwfspdJk; gaDWjp njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L uPjpahf fUj;Jiug;ghu;.

rkfhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; murpayikg;G Kiwfspd; gz;Gfis jhq;fw;wwpe;j

murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; JizAld; gFj;jha;thu;.

mwpKfk; :-

,e;j myfpd; Nehf;fk; cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; murpayikg;G khjpupfs; kw;Wk; mjd;

tpNrlj;jd;ikfis tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L mjD}lhf ,t;tifahd murpayikg;G khjpupfs;

njhlu;ghf tpsf;fk; xd;iw toq;FJk;> murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;jy; kw;Wk;

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; xOq;fikg;G nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Kiwf;F Vw;g murpayikg;G khjpupfis

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJkhFk;.

Kjyhtjhf ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij gfpu ;jy; my;yJ ,iwik mjpfhuk; vq;F

epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murpayikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;jp>

,t;turpayikg;Gfspd; tpNrl gz;Gfisf; xg;gpl;L fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> ,e;j

murpayikg;Gfspd; mD$y gpujp$yq;fis njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L uPjpahf mtjhdk; nrYj;jp

mtw;wpy; mjpfhuq;fs; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb murpayikg;Gfis xw;iwahl;rp>

rk\;bahl;rp> miu rk\;bahl;rp> $l;L rk\;b Nghd;w murpayikg;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gLk;

Kiwg;gw;wp fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.

mj;NjhL epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwf;F Vw;g cyfpy; fhzg;gLk;

gpujhd murpayikg;G khjpupfspd; tpNrlj; jd;ikfis tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L mJ njhlu;ghd

gFg;gha;Tfs; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd;NghJ ypguy; (jhuhz;ikthj) [dehafj;jpd; fPo;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfgpdl; (ghuhSkd;w) murpayikg;G> [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G>

7272

fyg;G murpay; mikg;G kw;Wk; midj;jhz;ik murpayikg;Gfs; njhlu;ghfTk; mtjhdk;

nrYj;jg;gLk;.

murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij gfpu ;tij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;

murpayikg;G khjpupfs;

xw;iwahl;rp murpay; mikg;G Kiw:-

xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpy; ,iwikahdJ KOikahf kj;jpa murplNk jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

xw;iwahl;rpapy; murpayikg;G uPjpahd caupaj; jd;ikia kj;jpf;F toq;fp ,Ug;gjdhy; gpuhe;jpa

muRfs; cs;spl;l ve;jnthU khjpupapdJk; ,Ug;G kj;jpa murpd; tpUg;gj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. ,J

rkepiyaw;w kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikia cUthf;Fk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F jdJ

tpUg;gj;jpd;gb cs;Suhl;rp (khfhz) murhq;fq;fis kPsg; cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; xOq;fikg;gjw;Fk;

,y;yhJ nra;tjw;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L. mj;NjhL me;j epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gf;fis tpupthf;Ftjw;Fk; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.

cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd muRfs; xw;iwahl;rp KiwapNyNa xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpNrlkhf

ghupa ,dg; ghFghLfs; ,y;yhj rpwpa [dehaf ehLfspy; xw;iwahl;rp fl;likg;Gf;fs;

nghJthditahf cs;sd. rk\;b thjj;jpd; rpf;fy; jd;ikAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ xw;iwahl;rp fl;likg;G>

,yFthdJk; tpidj;w;wpwd; kpf;fJkhf cs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; eilKiw uPjpahf xw;iwahl;rp

Kiwikapy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;G rk\;bia Nghd;W rpf;fyhdJ.

xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;

murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuk; jdpnahU Njrpa epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;bUj;jy;

xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;Gfspy; ,iwik mjpfhuk; KOikahf Njrpa kj;jpa murhq;fj;jplk;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

kj;jpa Njrpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; gjtpepiy (gbepiy) jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s

murhq;f epWtd nraw;ghLfspD}L fPo;epiy epWtdq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

fhzg;gly;.

kj;jpa rl;lj;Jiwapd; caupaj;jd;ik ntspg;gLk; tifapy; xw;iwahl;rp ehLfspd; Njrpa

rl;lj;Jiw Xuq;f thj mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wik.

rk\;b murpayikg;Gld; xg;gpLifapy; xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;G vspikahdJk; tpidj;wpwd;

kpf;fJkhd murpayikg;ghf cs;sik.

xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpd; Nghf;Ffs;

xw;iwahl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;e;Njl;irahf epUthf gutyhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ fPo; kl;lj;jpw;F mjpfupj;j nghWg;Gf;fis toq;FjyhFk;. ,J murpay;

mjpfhuj;ij fPo;kl;lj;jpw;F toq;Ftjy;y. 1990 jrhg;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngUk;ghyhd xw;iwahl;rp

ehLfs; fPo; kl;lq;fSf;F mjpfkhd nghWg;Gfis toq;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpfis vLg;gij

fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. xw;iwahl;rp ehLfspy; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J fPo; kl;lj;jpw;F mjpfhuj;ij

gutyhf;Fjy; gpujhdkhf %d;W Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngwyhk;.

73

1. mjpfhuj;ij gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; (Deconcentration)

mjpfhuj;ij gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; KOikahf epUthfk; rhu;e;j nraw;ghlhFk;. ,jd;gb

kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gzpahl;FOit jiyefuj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtW gpuNjrq;fSf;F

Nritf;F cl;gLj;JtjhFk;. epUthf nraw;ghLfis tpupthf;Fjy;> murhq;fj;jpd;

epUthf tplaq;fSf;fhf nra;ag;gLk; nryTfis Fiwj;jy; Nghd;wd mjd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

2. epUthf gutyhf;fk; - (Decentralization)

nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jiy cs;Suhl;rp Nghd;w cg Njrpa epWtdq;fSf;F

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jNy ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; ];nfd;bNdtpa ehLfs;

,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;. mt;thwhd ehLfspy; khfhz murhq;fq;fs; kj;jpa

murpd; mDkjpAld; my;yJ xj;Jiog;gpd;wp eyd;Gup Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; cs;Suhl;rp murhq;fq;fs;

kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

3. mjpfhu xg;gilj;jy; (Devolution)

xUrpy rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fs; cl;gl jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; RahjPdj; jd;ikia kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpd; %yk; fPo; kl;lq;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLtNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; ];ngapd; Nghd;w ehLfspspd; gpuNjr murhq;fq;fs; ,J

njhlu;ghd cjhuzq;fshf Fwpg;gplyhk;. If;fpa ,uhl;rpaj;jpdhy; 1999 Mk; Mz;by;

];nfhl;yhe;Jf;Fk; Nt];Rf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L xg;gilf;fg;gl;l

ghuhSkd;w rl;lk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; me;ehl;bd; kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;wk; rhjhuz rl;l%yk; xd;iw epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjd;

%yk; mt;thW xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;fTk; KbAk;.

rk\;b murpayikg;G

rk\;b my;yJ ngluy; murpay; mikg;G vd;gJ jdp murpDs; murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; epUthf

mjpfhuj;ij ,izj;jy; my;yhky; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij gq;fpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; gy;

kl;lq;fspyhd (Multi Level) Ml;rp khjpupahFk; (Martin and Harrop - 2013). ,jd;gb rk];b murpay;

mikg;gpDs; rl;l uPjpahd ,iwik kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; rk\;b Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

cg gpupTfSf;fpilapy; (gpuhe;jpak; my;yJ khfhzk;) gq;fplg;gLk;. rk\;b Kiwapy; ,e;j ve;j

kl;lj;jpYk; ,d;ndhU kl;lj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; jpwd; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jd;%yk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd;

xg;gPl;L uPjpahd RahjPd epiy ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; rk\;b murhq;fj;jpy; kj;jpa murpw;F

gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikapd;wp jkJ mjpfhuj;ij tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbahJ.

rk\;b Kiw If;fpaj; jd;ik kw;Wk; gpuNjr gy;tifj;jd;ikfSf;fpilapyhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

fl;bnaOg;gl;lJ. ,J xg;gPl;L uPjpahf RahjPd my;yJ NtWg;gl;l murpay; mgpyhirfs; epyTfpd;w

myFfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; Nguk; NgRjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w murpayikg;ghFk;. ve;jnthU rk];b murpYk; fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghJg;gz;Gfs;

rpy cs;sd.

7474

rk\;b murpay; mikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;

murhq;f ,ae;jpuk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; RahjPdkhd ,U tifahd murhq;f

kl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ Njrpa my;yJ kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fs;

vd;w tifapyhFk;.

kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fs; mjpfhuq;fs; gytw;iw nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

,it RahjPd mjpfhuq;fshFk;. ,U kl;l murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; xd;wpd; mjpfhuj;ij kw;nwhd;W

cilikahf;fpf; nfhs;s KbahJ.

rk\;b murpayikg;nghd;wpy; kj;jpa muRf;Fk; gpuhe;jpa myFfSf;Fk; jdpj;Jtkhd tplaq;fs;

xg;gilf;fg;gLk;. kj;jpa muR ntspehl;L njhlu;Gfs;> ghJfhg;G> FbtuT nraw;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; epjprhu; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w nghJthd cs;sff; flikfSf;F nghWg;gha; ,Ug;gNjhL>

gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;F xg;gilf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fspy; gd;ikj;jd;ik fhzg;glyhk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; nghJtpy; fy;tp> cs;ehl;L mYty;fs;> Rfhjhu nraw;ghLfs;> r%f Nrit

nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;.

kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpak; Nghd;w xt;nthU murhq;f kl;lj;jpw;Fk; fpilf;Fk; nghWg;Gfs;

kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;gpdhy; cWjpahf fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. kj;jpa

kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; xUjiyg;gl;rkhf kj;jpa my;yJ gpuhe;jpa

murhq;fq;fshy; khw;wKbahj tifapy; Kiwahd rl;l fl;likg;gpd; fPo; topelj;jg;gLk;.

,jdhy; rk];b murhq;fj;jpd; murpayikg;gpy; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf nefpoh> jpUj;jq;fisr;

nra;tjpy; XusT ,Uf;fkhdjhf fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf :- mT];Nuypah kw;Wk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J

Nghd;w ehLfspy; murpayikg;gpid jpUj;j Ntz;Lkhapd; kf;fs; mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G

%yk; nghJkf;fspd; mDkjpia ngw;whjy; Ntz;Lk;.

kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xj;Jiog;gpid fl;bnaOg;Gk; Nehf;NfhLk;

kw;Wk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if cUthf;fk; nraw;ghl;by; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fis

njhlu;GgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lj;Jiw <uit nfhs;ifapd;gb

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; nrdl; vDk; ,uz;lhk; kd;wq;fspd; Nehf;fk;

gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;F kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;JtKk; mjpfhuKk;

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jyhFk;.

murpayikg;gpy; Kiwahd tpjpKiwfs; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jd;%yk; cau;ePjpkd;wkhdJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghLfis

jPu;j;Jitf;Fk; cau; epWtdkhf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lq;fSf;F

Njitahd mjpfhuj;Jiwfis jPu ;khdpg ;gjd; %yk; rk\;b murpay; mikg;G

eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gij jPu;khdpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rk\;b ePjpkd;Wf;F cz;L.

xw;iwahl;rp murpay; mikg;G tpuptilaf;$ba khjpup xd;whf ,Ug;gNjhL rk\;b murpayikg;G

tpNrl epiyikfspd; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw cUthf;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;. njhlu; Nguk; NgRjypd;

%yNk rk\;b murpayikg;nghd;W cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. RahjPd myFfis Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ

vt;thW? kj;jpf;Fk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mjpfhuk; gq;fplg;gLtJ vt;thW? Nghd;w

mbg;gilahd tplaq;fs; ,t;thwhd Nguk; NgRjypd; NghJ Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;Fk;.

mj;Jld; murpayikg;ghf;f nraw;ghl;by; rk\;b murpayikg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fk; nraw;ghL

gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ikaj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; myFfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;

mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;jy; ,lk;ngWtJ murpayikg;gpdhNyNaahFk;. vt;thwhdg;NghJk;

75

xw;iwahl;rp Kiwapid cUthf;Fk;NghJ ,t;thwhd rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fNtz;b

Vw;gLtjpy;iy.

rk\;b murpayikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Kd;du; RahjPdkhf fhzg;gl;l muRfs; my;yJ murpay; myFfs; xNu murhf

xd;WgLtjw;fhd Njit ,Uj;jypd; mbg;gilapy; rk\;b muRfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Rtpl;ru;yhe;J> If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshf fhl;lyhk;. ntspaf

mr;RWj;jy; fhzg;gly;> ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfis rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;jy; my;yJ Njrj;jpd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;gd ,jw;fhd mz;kpj;j

fhuzpfshFk;.

epyj;jpd; tprhyj;jd;ikAk; rk\;b murpayikg;G xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahf

mikAk; kw;WnkhU fhuzpahFk;. cyfpy; G+Nfhs mbg;gilapy; ngupa muRfs; rk\;b

Kiw xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;j jPu;khdpg;gJ ,t;tplaj;Jld; vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;

nghUe;jhtpbDk; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR (1787)> fdlh (1867)> gpNurpy; (1891)> mT];Nuypah

(1901)> nkf;rpNfh (1917)> ,e;jpah (1947) Mfpa ehLfs; njhlu;gpy; ,J cz;ikahFk;.

Gtpapay; uPjpahf tprhykhd muRfs; fyhrhu gd;ikj;jd;ik ngwf;$ba Nghf;F

epyTtNjhL> tYthd gpuhe;jpa rk;gpujhaq;fis ngw;Wfnfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fyhrhu kw;Wk; ,d gd;ikj;Jtk; rk\;b Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,Wjp

rhjdkhFk;. rk\;bthjk; r%f gpsTfSf;Fk; gd;ikj;jd;ikf;Fk; vg;nghOJk; epWtd

uPjpahd gjpypid toq;Fk;. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpd; gpuhe;jpa muRfs; nkhopapid

rhu;e;J vy;iyfis epu;zapj;jpUe;jhYk; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; fh];kPu; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; kj uPjpapyhd

NtWghLfis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sd. Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhzy; (Unity in Diversity)

vd;w thrfj;jpy; ,e;jf; fUj;J cWjpahf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

rk\;b murpayikg;gpd; (rhjfkhd gz;Gfs;) epiwfs;

jdpahdnjhU kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdk; xd;wplk; mjpfhuk; Ftpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xw;iwahl;rp

murpayikg;gpid Nghd;wy;yhky; gpuNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mgpyhirfSf;F

murpayikg;Grhu; cWjpapid toq;Ffpd;w murpay; Fuypid ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Kbfpd;wik.

kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lj;Jiwapd; ,uz;lhk; kd;wj;jpd; %yk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fk;> kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpDs; VNjDk; mstpyhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij mDgtpj;jy;.

,jd;%yk; rk\;b mjpfhuk; fpilj;Js;s gpuhe;jpaq;fs; jdpahf ,Uf;fhky; kj;jpa mur

fl;likg;gpDs;Ns xd;WNru;jy; eilngWk;.

murhq;f mjpfhukhdJ gutyile;J fhzg;gLtjhy; jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F

cjTk; rkepiy jiyaPfs; nfhz;l tiyaikg;G xd;W cUthFk;.

gpupe;jpUf;fpd;w r%fnkhd;iw xw;Wikg;gLj;j kw;Wk; xd;wpize;j tifapy; nfhz;L

nry;tjw;fhd epUthf ,ae;jpu Kiwik xd;wpid rk\;b toq;Fk;. ,e;j njhlu;Gfis

vLf;Fk;NghJ ,duPjpahf gpupe;j kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpahf gpupe;j r%fj;jpw;F rk\;b jPu;T

rpwg;ghdjhf mikayhk;. ngy;[paj;jpd; mDgtq;fspd;%yk; fhl;lg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; gpupe;j

7676

r%fnkhd;wpy; ,dg;gd;ikj;Jtj;ij ,izg;gjw;fhf rk\;b Ml;rpKiw gpuNahrdkhf

mike;jJ.

gue;jsthd muRfis xOq;fikg;gjw;fhf ,aw;ifahd gpuNahf uPjpahd jpl;lnkhd;W

rk\;b Kiw %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rk\;b murpayikg;gpd; (ghjf gz;Gfs;) Fiwfs;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J rk\;b murpayikg;G kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gly; vd;w jpirf;F

khw;wkiltij jLg;gjw;F rk\;b thjj;jpw;F Kbahky; NghAs;sJ.

rk\;b Kiwapd; fhuzkhf murhq;f gpuptpid Vw;gl KbAk; vd;gNjhL murpDs;

Nfe;jpukag;gLj;jYf;fhd mOj;jk; tYtilAk;.

rk\;b murhq;fk; xw;iw kw;Wk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;fq;fisg;Nghy; nraw;wpwdhdJk;>

tYthdJkhd murhq;fq;fshf ,y;yhjpUf;fpd;wik.

rk\;b murpayikg;G xd;iw cUthf;Fjy;

tuyhw;W uPjpahf rk\;b murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gLk; %d;W topKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. nghJ mgpyhirfis mile;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;du; gpupe;J fhzg;gl;l myFfs; xd;W

Nru;e;J kj;jpa mjpfhu Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

,jd;fPo; ngUk;ghYk; rk\;b murhq;fk; fl;likf;fg;gLtJ epiyahd murpay; rd r%fq;fs;

gy jdpj;jdpNa jkJ milahsq;fisAk; RaepiyikiaAk; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;

vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gld; xd;W Nru;jypd; %ykhFk;. cjhuzkhf 1787 ,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; gpuhe;jpaq;fs;

13 ,d; gpujpepjpfspd; re;jpg;gpdhy; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR cUthfpaJ. mnkupf;f

mDgtq;fspd; %yk; tYthd mOj;jk; ngw;w rkkhd rk;Nksdk; 1848 ,y; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpYk;>

1867 ,y; fdlhtpYk;> 1897 / 98 fspy; mT];l;NuypahtpYk; eilngw;wJ. ,jw;F nghUshjhu

kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd tplaq;fNs mOj;jk; nfhLj;j fhuzq;fshFk;.

2. gpupe;j ehL xd;W xd;wpize;J rk\;b Ml;rp Kiw xd;whf kPs fl;likf;fg;gly;.

,J xUrpy Neuq;fspNyNa Vw;gLk;. ngy;[pak; ,jw;fhd gpujhd cjhuzkhFk;. gpuhd;R

nkhop NgRk; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xy;yhe;J nkhop NgRk; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gl;l

gpsTfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfspdhy; 1970 kw;Wk; 1980 Mk; jrhg;jq;fspy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; ,e;j FOf;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fs;

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,Wjpahf 1995 Mk; Mz;by; ngy;[pak; rk\;b murhf

gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

3. xw;iwahl;rp munrhd;W ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; fyhrhu gy;tifj;jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; rk\;b

murhf kPs; fl;likf;fg;gly;.

];ngapd;> kNyrpah> njd;dhgpupf;fh vd;gd ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;. Muk;gj;jpypUe;J

xw;iwahl;rpahf fhzg;gl;l ngupa gpupj;jhdpahTk; jw;NghJ rk\;b gz;gpid Nehf;fp efUk;

epiyapid fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

77

ghjp rk\;b murpayikg;G

ghjp (mu;j;j) rk\;b murpayikg;gpy; xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpdJk; kw;Wk; rk\;b

murpayikg;gpdJk; gz;Gfis xUNru milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd;gb xw;iwahl;rp kw;Wk;

rk\;bahl;rp vd;w ,U tiffSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l murpayikg;ghf ,jid fUj KbAk;.

,e;jpah mu;j;j rk];b njhlu;gpy; vLf;ff;$ba rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G

Kiwapid xw;iw my;yJ rk\;b murpay; mikg;ngd;W miof;fhky; mu;j;j rk\;b

murpayikg;G vd;Nw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ul;il murhq;f epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpd;

cau;j;jd;ik vd;w gz;Gfspd; %yk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G gpujhdkhf rk\;bf;Fupa gz;Gfis

fhl;bdhYk;> mjDld; xw;iwahl;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; gy gz;GfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

cjhuzkhf xw;iwf; FbAupik> gjtpepiy Kiwapd; Mjpgj;jpak; kw;Wk; ,it

vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F ngUkstpyhd mjpfhuq;fis

murpayikg;gpD}lhf ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpDs; mjpfhug; gfpu;tpid MuhAk;NghJ me;ehl;L murpayikg;G kj;jpa

muRf;F rhu;ghd tifapy; nraw;gl;Ls;sik njspthfpd;wJ. ,jw;F rpy cjhuzq;fisf;

fhl;lyhk;.

cjhuzkhf :- murufhy epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fspd;

mjpfhu gl;bay; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpa muR rl;lq;fis cUthf;f KbAk;. mj;Jld; kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpw;F> gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fspd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

cz;ikapy; mtrufhy epiyikapd; NghJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xw;iwahl;rp gz;Gfis

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; mtrufhy epiy %d;W tifahf

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mitahtd>

1. Njrpa mtru epiy

,e;jpah ntspaf Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F my;yJ cs;sf nfhe;jspg;GfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ahg;gpd; 352 Mk; cWg;Giuapd;gb [dhjpgjp mtrufhy epiyia

gpufldg;gLj;j KbAk;.

2. gpuhe;jpa mtru epiy

ahjhapDk; khepyk; xd;wpy; murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuk; nraypoe;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murpayikg;gpy;

356 Mk; cWg;Giuapd;gb [dhjpgjp murufhy epiyia gpufldg;gLj;j KbAk;.

3. epjp neUf;fb epiy

,e;jpahtpd; epjp ,];jpuj;jd;ikf;F neUf;fb epiynahd;W Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;

murpayikg;gpd; 360 Mk; cWg;Giuapd;gb [dhjpgjp mtrufhy epiyia gpufldg;gLj;j

KbAk;.

,ijj; jtpu rhjhuz fhyq;fspYk; $l kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;Wf;F gpuhe;jpa

rl;lj;Jiwapd; mDkjpapd;wp rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikAld; Gjpa gpuhe;jpaq;fis cUthf;f

my;yJ gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; vy;iyfis khw;wpaikf;fTk; KbAk;. Nf.rp. tpau; vd;gtuhy;

“mnkupf;f murpayikg;G kughu;e;j rk\;bahf tpsf;Fk; mNjNeuk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig

tpsf;FtJ mu;j;j rk\;b murpayikg;G vd;whFk;. mJ Nkyjpfkhd xw;iwahl;rp

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rk\;b murpayikg;G vd;gjpYk; ghu;f;f Nkyjpf rk\;b gz;Gfisf;

7878

nfhz;l xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;ghFk;”. ,jid mtu; RUf;fkhf;fp $Wk;NghJ “,e;jpa

murpayikg;G jd;ikapy; rk\;b vd;whYk; rhuk;rj;jpy; xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;Ng”

vd;whu ; . vdpDk; eilKiwapy; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy ; rk];b gz;Gfs;

tYtile;Js;sikia fhzyhk;.

$l;lhz;ik rk\;b Kiw

$l;L rk\;b vd;gjdhy; nghJ tof;fpy; fUjg;gLtJ cld;ghL vd;gjhFk;. $l;Lr;rk\;b vd;gJ

RahjPd muR myFfSf;fpilapy; neUq;fpa xj;Jiog;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mtw;Wf;fpilapy;

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cld;ghlhFk;. ngUk;ghYk; nghUj;jid / xg;ge;jk; %yk; $l;lhz;ik

rk\;b murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL gpd;du; nghJ murpayikg;nghd;W epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;sg;gLk;. ghJfhg;G> ntsptptfhu> nghJ gz myF Nghd;w Mokhd gpur;rpidfSf;F

Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; $l;lhz;ik rk\;b murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;gb

midj;J myFfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd nghJ tplaq;fSf;fhd murpay; myFfspyhd rq;fkhFk;.

mjhtJ tpNrl Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jf;nfhs;Sk; vjpu;g;ghu;g;gpy; ,iwik mjpfhuk; nfhz;l muRfshy;

kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; murpayikg;ghFk;.

$l;lhz;ik rk\;b Kiwapy; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fs; mjpfhuj;jpy; mjpfkhdkhdtw;iw

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F ,Ug;gJ Fiwe;j mjpfhuq;fNsahFk;. kj;jpa murhq;fk;

nra;aNtz;baJ vJ vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gJk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fNsahFk;. $l;lhz;ik rk\;b

Kiwf;F tuyhw;W uPjpapyhd cjhuzkhf Articles of Confederation vd;gjd; fPo; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l

mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpid Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; xOq;fike;jpUf;Fk; Kiwg;gb fhzg;gLk; murpayikg;Gfs;

,jd;fPo; murpayikg;Gfs; %d;W tiffshf ghFgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd> ghuhSkd;w

murpayikg;G> [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G kw;Wk; fyg;GKiw murpayikg;G vd;gdthFk;.

ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;G

ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;G njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpahit vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis

me;j murpayikg;G gutyhf gpupj;jhdpah nghJeytha ehLfspy; fhzyhk;. mj;Jld;

Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspYk; fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

[dhjpgjp murpayikg;Gfspy; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw kw;Wk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwfSf;fpilapy;

njspthd NtWghL epytpdhYk;> ghuhSkd;w KiwapDs; ,jid njspthf fhz KbahJ.

ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;

ghuhSkd;w Kiwnahd;wpy; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l mikr;ruitf;F (fgpdl;)

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhNyNa mikr;ruit “murpay; epiwNtw;Wj;Jj;Jiw”

vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik Mjuitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fl;rpapd; my;yJ $l;lzpapd;

jiytu; gpujku; vdg;gLfpd;whu;.

79

gpujku; nghJthf ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpyiuf; nfhz;L

mikr;ruitia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mikr;ruit> murhq;fj;jpd; capu; ehbahff;

nfhs;sg;gLk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xj;Jiog;gpd; mbg;gilapy; murhq;fk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. ghuhSkd;w

Kiwapy; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw Neubahf rl;lj;Jiwapy; jq;fpapUg;gNjhL rl;lj;Jiwf;F

nghWg;G $wNtz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpd; jiytu; Neubahf njupT nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. murpd; jiytu; KbahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhf njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjpahf ,Ug;ghu;. gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; ,e;jpah ,jw;fhd

cjhuzq;fshFk;.

gpujku; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit $l;lhf ghuhSkd;Wf;F nghWg;Gr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

[dhjpgjp KiwNahL xg;gpLk;NghJ ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; rhjfq;fspy; xd;W

epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapdJk; rl;lj;JiwapdJk; fyg;gpdhy; rf;jptha;e;jJk; cWjpAkhd

murhq;fnkhd;iw cUthf;FtJkhFk;. ,J nghJthf mT];Nuypah> fdlh> gpupj;jhdpah> nld;khu;f;

kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wJ.

[dhjpgjp murpayikg;G

ypguy; [dehaf cyfpDs; [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G ghuhSkd;w murpay; mikg;gpw;fhd

xU gpujhd khw;wPlhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G ghuhSkd;w

murpayikg;gpidg; Nghd;W cyfk; KOtJk; gutyile;j murpayikg;G my;y. If;fpa

mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiw ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fhtpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs;

Kd;khjpupahf gad;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,jw;F Mrpahtpy; fhl;lg;glf;$ba cjhuzk; gpypigd;];

MFk;.

[dhjpgjp murpayikg;GfSf;fpilapy; vt;thwhd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lg;NghJk;

,t;tpurpayikg;Gfspy; fhzg;glf;$ba mjp Kf;fpa gz;G rl;lj;Jiw kw;Wk;

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwfs;; jdpj;jdpNa Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtNjhL (Separate Orgin)> xd;wpypUe;J xd;W

jdpg;gl;l epiyg;G (Separate Survival) cs;sikAkhFk;. ,jd;gb>

epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; rl;lj;Jiwfs; jdpj;jdpNa Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtNjhL ,e;j gpupTfSf;fpilNa

ahg;GuPjpahf RahjPd mjpfhuq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,jd;gb [dhjpgjp NeubahfNth my;yJ

Fiwe;jg;gl;rk; If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; [dhjpgjp njupT nra;ag;gLk; Kiwapy; thf;fhsu;

fy;Y}upapdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;.

epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; rl;lj;JiwfSf;fpilapy; Kiwahd egupilj;njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;.

[dhjpgjp murpdJk;> murhq;fj;jpdJk; jiytuhthu;.

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw rl;lj;Jiwf;F nghWg;Gr; nrhy;y khl;lhJ vd;gNjhL rl;lj;Jiw tpNrlkhd

Fw;wg;gpNuuiz Kiwfspy; my;yhky; [dhjpgjpia gjtp tpyf;f KbahJ. kWGwk;

[dhjpgjpahy; rl;lj;Jiwia gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f KbahJ. ,t;tpU JiwfspdJk; MAl;fhyk;

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mikr;ruit [dhjpgjpf;F

nghWg;Gr; nrhy;Yk; ntWk; MNyhrid rigahFk;. mikr;ruitapd; cWg;gpdu;fs;

8080

rl;lj;Jiwapdu; my;yu;. rl;lj;Jiwapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; mikr;ruitapd; cWg;gpduhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; mtu; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

mur jiytupd; tfpgq;F kw;Wk; murhq;fj; jiytupd; tfpgq;F vd;gd [dhjpgjp gjtpapDs;

xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

[dhjpgjp murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd ntw;wp epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J rl;lj;Jiwapd;

mjpfhuj;ij Ntwhf;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpg;gjhFk;. mJ jilfs; kw;Wk; rkd;ghLfs; %yk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;epiyahdJ jspahs; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f

cjTfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; murhq;fj;jpd; xU epWtdj;jpw;Fs; mjpfhuk; Ftpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gk; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fyg;GKiw murpayikg;G

gy;NtW murpay; mikg;Gfspd; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fp nfhz;bUf;Fk; murpayikg;Gfs; fyg;G

Kiw murpay; mikg;Gfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kbahl;rp kw;Wk; $l;lhl;rp vd;w ,uz;L

tifahd murpayikg;GfspdJk; gz;Gfis fye;j murhq;fk;> NkYk; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w

murpayikg;Gfspd; gz;Gfspd; Nru;f;iffspdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l murpayikg;GfshfNth

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;thW fyg;G murpayikg;Gfs; gytifapy; fhzg;gLtNjhL mtw;Ws; kpfTk; mjpfkhdJk;

gpugy;akhdJkhd murpay; mikg;ghf jpfo;tJ ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;gpdJk; [dhjpgjp

murpayikg;gpdJk; mbg;gil gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpa ghjp (mu;j;j) [dhjpgjp Kiw vd nghJthf

mwpag;gLk; murpayikg;ghFk;. mu;j;j [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G xUGwk; ghuhSkd;Wf;F gjpyspf;ff;$ba

gpujku; cl;gl;l mikr;ruitapdhYk; kWGwk; kf;fspd; Neub thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjpapdhYk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mu;j;j [dhjpgjp

murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

[dhjpgjp kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njupT nra;tjhf fhzg;gly;.

[dhjpgjpf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l gpujku; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit xd;W [dhjpgjpf;F epfuhf

fhzg;gLjy; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; ghuhSkd;wpd; ngUk;ghd;ik tpUg;gk; cs;stiu gjtpapy;

,Uj;jy;.

,ul;il epiwNtw;W Kiw vd miof;fg;gLk; mu;j;j [dhjpgjp Kiw ,uz;L gpujhdpfSldhd

Kiwahf ,Ug;gjhy; mJ epr;rakhf epUthf mjpfhuj;jpy; gpuptpidia cUthf;Fk;.

mJkl;Lky;yhJ Nenujpu; fl;rpfs; ,uz;bw;F [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wg;NghJ ,e;j gpuptpid [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; gpujkUf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLtjw;F

fhuzkhfyhk;. gpuhd;]; ,J njhlu;gpy; nfhLf;ff;$ba rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf

jw;NghJ ,yq;if cl;gl gy;Nfupah> ypj;JNtdpah> nkrNlhdpah> klf];fhu;> khyp> nkhrhk;gpf;>

&Nkdpah Mfpa ehLfspYk; mu;j;j [dhjpgjp KiwNa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (Newton

and Deth, 2005, Sodaro 2008)

81

midj;jhz;ik murpayikg;G (Autocracy)

midj;jhz;ik murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd gz;ghtJ jdp egupd; iffspy; mur mjpfhuk;

Ftpe;jpUg;gNjhL midj;jhz;ikthjpapd; KbTfs; ntspaf rl;lg;G+u;tkhf my;yJ kf;fs;

mjpfhuk; Mfpa ,uz;by; xd;Wf;Fk; fl;Lg;glhjjhf ,Ug;gjhFk;.

,t;thl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; jdpahs; cupikfs; nghJthf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glhjNjhL gyhj;fhuj;jpd;

%yNk mjpfhuk; ,ay;ghfNt nfhz;Lr; nry;yg;gLk;. ,jd;gb midj;jhz;ikahsdpd; mjpfhuj;ij

jilnra;af;$ba murpayikg;Ngh my;yJ NtW VNjDk; rl;lNkh ,t;thl;rpKiwapy; fhzg;glhJ.

mj;NjhL kf;fSf;F mtu;fspd; murhq;fk; nraw;gl Ntz;baJ vt;thW vd;gJ njhlu;ghf jkJ

fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nju;jy;fs; Nghd;w [dehaf nrad;Kiwfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

midj;jhz;ikthj;jpd; gpujhd tuyhw;W tbtkhf ,Ug;gJ kuG kd;duhl;rpAk;> Vfhjpgj;jpathjKkhFk;.

VNjl;irajpfhu Ml;rpKiwAk; ,uhZt MizajpfhuKk; $ba Ml;rpKiw midj;jhz;ik

Ml;rpKiwAld; ,dq;fhz KbAk;. vdpDk; midj;jhz;ikthj (Totalitarian) Ml;rpKiwAk; ,uhZt

fl;lis Ml;rpKiwAk; vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; midj;jhz;ik Ml;rpKiwAld; xd;whf

gazpg;gjpy;iy. midj;jhz;ik Ml;rpKiwapidg; (midj;jhz;ik Ml;rp Kiw vd;gJ tho;f;if

kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; vy;yh mq;fq;fisAk; epUtfpf;Fk; Ml;rp KiwahFk;.) Nghd;Nw ,uhZt

fl;lisfSldhd Ml;rp KiwapYk; xU caupa fl;lisahsdhy; me;j Ml;rpKiwf;F jiyikj;Jtk;

toq;fg;gl;L mjd;%yk; midj;jhz;ik Ml;rp xd;wpid cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. kWGwk;

midj;jhz;ikthjp my;yJ ,uhZt fl;lisfSldhd Ml;rp Kiwfs;> fk;Adprk;> [{d;lh

my;yJ jdp murpay; fl;rp Nghd;w $l;L jiyikj;Jt ,ay;gpy; nraw;gl KbAk;. rpyNeuq;fspy;

midj;jhz;ik Ml;rp Kiw [dehaf murpayikg;gpD}lhfTk; cUthf KbAk;. jPu;khdnkLj;jy;

kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; tpiuthf nra;a KbAk; v;dgJ jdpegu; Ml;rp Kiwapd;

gpujhd ed;ikahFk;. vt;thwhdg;NghJk; midj;jhz;ik murpayikg;G [dehafj;ij KOikahf

vjpu;f;fpd;wJ. ,J Guhjd [dehafk; kw;Wk; [dehaf vjpu; murpay; khjpup Kiwiknahd;whFk;.

Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. muR mjpfhuj;ij Ntwhf;Fjiy mbg;gilahf nfhz;l murhq;f khjpupfs;

2. epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij xOq;fikj;jy; mbg;gilapy; epiyngWk; murhq;f khjpupfs;

vDk; ,U jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; ,U tpthjf;FOf;fs; ,uz;L tPjk; jahu;gLj;jp tpthjk;

xd;iw jpl;lkpLf.

crhj;Jizfs;

01. Bealey Frank, Richard A: Chapman and Michael Sheehan, (1999), Elements in Political Science,

Edinborgh: Edinbrogh University Press.

02. Hague, Rod and Martin Harrop, (2013), Comparative Government Politics, Newyork, Palgrave Macmillan.

03. Haywood, Andrew, (2013), Politics New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

04. Lijphart, A, (Ed), (1992), Parliamentary Verses Presidental Government, Oxford University Press.

05. Wheare, K.C. (1966), Modern Contitutions, Oxford University Press.

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05. murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;

Nju;r;rp 05 :- murpay; fUj;jpay;fspd; ,ay;ig ,dq;fz;L etPd murpay; nrad;Kiwfs;

epWtdq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F murpay; fUj;jpay; %yk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; gzpfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

(ghlNtisfs; – 30)

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :- 5.1 gy;NtW murpay; fUj;jpay;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

5.2 mtw;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;> murpay; Jiwfs;> mtw;wpd;

nraw;ghLfis vd;gdtw;iw tpku;rd uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; :- murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gjw;F tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.

mt;turpay; fUj;jpay;fis xg;gpl;L tpgupg;ghu;.

mt;turpay; fUj;jpay;fs; murpay; epfo;Tfspy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ij murpay; epfo;Tfspd; Jizf;nfhz;L tpgupg;ghu;.

mwpKfk; :-

r%fj;jpd; murpay; mwptpw;F> jdp egu;fs; kw;Wk; r%f FOf;fspd;

murpay; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk;> murpay; epWtdq;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk;

gzpfisAk; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w xOq;fike;j

tifapy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpNa murpay;

fUj;jpay; vz;zf;fUtpd; tpsf;fkhFk;. murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

murpay; rpe;jidfs; vd;gd ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ,UNtW

gjq;fshFk;. murwptpaypy; murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; vd;w vz;zf;fUthdJ

Kiwahf mikag;ngw;Ws;s murpay; rpe;jid njhFjpfs; kw;Wk;

fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjp vd;w mu;j;jj;jpNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

murpay; fUj;jpanyhd;W gpurpj;jkhd rpe;jidahsu; xUtupd; my;yJ

rpe;jidahsu;fs; gyupd; fw;gpjq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpahf

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. md;Nwy; gpujhd xU rpe;jidahsupd;wp

rpe;jidahsu;fs; gyupdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; tsu;r;rpapd;

ngWNgwhf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUf;f KbAk;.

murpay; uPjpahf kpfKf;fpakhd gq;fspg;gpidr; nra;Js;s murpay;

fUj;jpay;fs; rpytw;iw mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb

83

jhuhz;ik thjk;

rkTilik thjk;

FbauR thjk;

r%f [dehaf thjk;

ghrpr thjk;

Njrpa thjk;

kj rhu;gpd;ik thjk;

ngz;zpa thjk;

Mfpa murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; murpay; tpQ;Qhd ghlg;gug;gpy; Nkw;nfhz;l gzpfs;> mtw;wpd;

jd;ikfs;> gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gNj

,j;Nju;r;rpapd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

tplag;gug;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;

5.1 jhuhz;ik thjk;

,J Liber vd;w ,yj;jPd; gjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;. mjd; mu;j;jk; “Rje;jpuk;”

vd;gjhFk;.

jhuhz;ikthj murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; %yKk;> nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghl;bd; %yKk;

“Rje;jpuk;” vd;w vz;zf;fU fUjg;gLtJ murpd; / murhq;fj;jpd; Njitaw;w

jiyaPl;bypUe;J Rje;jpukiljy; vd;gjhFk;. (Freedom from undue goverment interference)

17k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa epykhdpa r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; Kiwik

kw;Wk; ru;tjpfhu murhl;rp Kiwapd; gpd;dzpapy; mtw;Wf;F vjpuhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w

fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpahf jhuhz;ikthjj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.

17k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ murdpd; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp Kiwikf;F vjpuhf

Gjpa r%f tFg;nghd;wpd; vOr;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lkhd

,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthd Gjpa tu;j;jf kw;Wk; kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu;> murpd;

jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp KiwapidAk;> jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd tu;j;jf fl;Lg;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; tup Nrfupg;G KiwapidAk; nfhz;l nghUshjhu fl;Lg;ghLfis nghWj;Jf;

nfhs;stpy;iy.

,t;thwhd gpd;dzpapy; murhl;rpapd; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

jiyaPLfspypUe;J ,tu;fSf;F “Rje;jpuk;” Njitg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,J

jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghlhf tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.

,jd;gb jhuhz;ikthj vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;gil fUj;J murpd; / murhq;fj;jpd;

jiyaPl;bypUe;Jk; mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;Jk; ngWfpd;w Rje;jpukhFk;. (Freedom from

8484

goverment’s interference and constraints inpoted by goverment) ,e;j fUj;jpDs; jj;Jthu;j;j

kw;Wk; murpay;rhu; mbg;gilAk; gpize;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

I jj;Jthu;j;j mbg;gil

gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; %yk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gjw;F vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk; (Negative

freedom) vd;w tifapy; Gjpa tpsf;fnkhd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. jilfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;>

jiyaPLfs; ,d;ikahy; egu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; Rje;jpuNk ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

(Freedom from constraints jilfs; mw;w tifapy; ngWfpd;w Rje;jpukhFk;).

NkYk;>

* jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf murpdhy; ifJ nra;ag;gLtjpypUe;J tpLgLk; Rje;jpuk;

(Freedom from arbitary arrest)

* jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf muR gpwg;gpf;fpd;w tup KiwfspypUe;J tpLgLk;

Rje;jpuk; (Freedom from arbitary taxation) vd;wthW gioik jhuhz;ikthj jj;Jtk;

Rje;jpuk; vd;gij “vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk;” vd cUthf;fp cs;sJ.

II murpay; mbg;gil

,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ murpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifahFk;.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghlhf tsu;r;rpaile;j mur jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapdhy;

(Laissez - Faire) nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay; Jiwfspy; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPL

Fiwe;jgl;rkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;lJ.

Rje;jpu nghUshjhuKk; Rje;jpu re;ijAk; murpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifAld;

,ize;Js;s gpujhd ,U vz;zf;fUf;fshFk;.

murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;ilAk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L Rje;jpukhf

,aq;Ffpd;w re;ijnahd;wpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Rje;jpu nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd

fUj;Nj ,jd; mbg;gilahFk;.

jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;gij> Rje;jpu re;ij kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F mj;jpahtrpakhd

mbg;gil epge;jidahf gioik jhuhz;ik thjk; fUJfpd;wJ.

jhuhz;ikthjKk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuKk;

jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; - gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghlhfTk;> eilKiw

jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; murpay; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G rpe;jidapd; Kjw;gbahf fUjg;gLk;

vz;zf;fUthFk;.

jhuhz;ikthj jj;Jtj;jpYk;> r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu jj;Jtq;fspdJk;

Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; mbg;gil fw;ifahd jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; (Individual Freedom) vDk;

tplakhdJ gy;NtW fw;gidfspd; %yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd :

I r%fkhdJ jdpegu;fshy; MdJ. mjdhy; r%fk; vd;gJ jdpegu;fspdhy;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s r%f $l;lhFk;. (Society is a collection of Individuals)

85

II r%fj;jpy; cs;s jdpegu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; (Individuas) Rje;jpukhf (Free)

ju;f;f uPjpahf (rational) rpe;jpf;ff;$ba RahjPdkhd (Autonomous) kdpjdhtu;.

III r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Rje;jpukhdJ> ju;f;f uPjpahd mwpTila kw;Wk;

Rahj Pdkhd egu ; fs ; jdJ khd pl Mw ;wy ; fis cr ; rst py ;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJ ntspj;jilfs; mjhtJ> murhq;fj;jpdJk;

r%fj;jpdJk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> jilfs;> jiyaPLfis Fiwj;J cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

Rje;jpukhd #oypNyNa MFk;. ,JNt ‘Rje;jpuk;’ MSfpd;w #oyhFk;.

IV. jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w tifapy; Ml;rp nra;tNj murhq;fj;jpd;

nghWg;ghFk;. ,jid rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu> r%f

Jiwfspy; Fiwe;j mur jiyaPl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w murhq;fj;jpdhNyNa

nra;a KbAk;. mJ “jhuhz;ik” murhq;f KiwahFk;.

jhuhz;ikthj murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;

gpujhd rpe;jidahsu;fSk; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSk;.

Njhk]; n`hg;]; (1586 - 1679)

o ,tu; ve;jtifapYk; jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidahsu; my;yu;.

o vdpDk; jhuhz;ik murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gil tplaq;fshd

(m) murpd; mbg;gil jdpkdpjdhthd;

(M) jdpegu; ju;f;fuPjpapyhd rpe;jidAs;s RahjPd kdpjdhthd;.

(,) muR vd;gJ kdpju;fspd; r%fuPjpahd gilg;ghFk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fspd;

Kd;Ndhbahthu;.

o n`hg;]; vNjr;rjpfhu murhq;fj;ij rl;l Kiwahd murhq;fkhf khw;Wtjw;F

1652 ,y; murpay; jj;Jtj;jpDs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; nytpahjd; (Leviathan)

vd;w E}ypid ntspapl;lhu;.

o murpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghf mtu; fl;bnaOg;gpa r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;bDs;>

gpd;ida fhyj;jpd; ypguy;thjk; njhlu;gpyhd rpe;jidsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspy;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; %d;Wk; Mokha; fhzg;gl;ld.

N[hd; nyhf; (1632 - 1704)

n`hg;Rf;Fg; gpd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpa gpujhd murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tu;

jhuhz;ikthj murpay; rpe;jidapd; cz;ikahd Muk;g fUj;jhththu;.

murhl;rpf;F vjpuhdtuhd nyhf; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; kd;du; Ml;rp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w

Ml;rp Mfpaw;Wf;F ,ilapy; eilngw;w mjpfhu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghuhSkd;w thjpfis

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jhu;.

nyhf; 1690 fspy; “murhq;fk; njhlu;ghd ,U fl;Liufs;” vd;w E}iy ntspapl;L

gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; murpay; mbg;gilapid fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;.

8686

jhuhz;ikthj murpay; fUj;jpaYf;F nyhf; ,izj;j gpujhd fUj;Jf;fis gpd;tUkhW

fhl;l KbAk;.

I mur mjpfhuj;jpd; %yjhuk; kf;fshtu;.

II kf;fshy; epge;jidfSld; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gld; (Trusteeship) $ba

mjpfhuj;jpdhNyNa murhl;rp nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; Ml;rpahsUf;F fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

III nghJkf;fshy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j nghWg;Gld; $ba mjpfhuj;ij

epge ;jidfis kPwhj tifapy ; nraw ;gLj ;Jtjw ;F Ml;r pahsu ;

flikg;gl;bUe;jdu;. nghJ kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;> tho;f;if> kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd;

ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy; me;epge;jidfspd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

IV jq;fSld; cld;gl;Ls;s Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,e;j epge;jidfis kPWthu;fshapd;

mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij kPsg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; cupik

kf;fSf;F cz;L.

V murhq;fj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpfhuk;

,Utopfspy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

(m)murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk;> kf;fshy; Ml;rpahsUf;F toq;fpAs;s

nghWg;Grhu; cld;gbf;ifapd; epge;jidfs; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;.

(M) nghJkf ;fs ; Ml ;r pahsu ;fSf ;F mur mjpfhuj ;ij

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Nf toq;fp ,Ue;jik.

nyhf;fpdhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l ,t;turpay; rpe;jidia ‘tuk;Gila murhq;fk;’

(Limited Government) gw;wpa vz;zf;fU vdyhk;.

nkhz;l];fpA+ (1689 - 1755)

gpuhd;rpa murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tupd;> “mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;” njhlu;ghd

Nfhl;ghL jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidf;F toq;fpa Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;ghFk;.

fp.gp. 1748 ,y; gpuhd;]pa nkhopapy; ntspapl;l “rl;lj;jpd; capu;” vd;w fl;Liuapy;

,J njhlu;ghd rpe;jidia mgptpUj;jp nra;Js;shu;.

,jd; gpujhd %yf;nfhs;ifahtJ> murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhukhdJ rl;lj;Jiw>

epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa gpujhd JiwfSf;filNa gpupj;J itf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

mt;thW ,y;yhky; ,t;tjpfhukhdJ xU epWtdj;jplk; my;yJ xU eguplk; xd;W

Ftpf;fg;gLk;NghJ jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij kPWk; Ml;rp Kiwnahd;W cUthFtJ

mjd; ngWNgwhFk;. ,jid nkhd;l];fpA+ “nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp” (Tyranny) vd

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. murhq;fj;jpd; ,t;tjpfhuq;fis gpujhd %d;W JiwfSf;fpilNa

njspthf Ntwhf;fy; kw;Wk; ,e;j epWtdq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; RahjPdkhf ,aq;fr;

nra;tjd; %yNk ,jid jLf;f KbAk;.

murpay; mjpfhuk; Ml;rpahsu;fshy; nfhLq;Nfhz;ikahd tifapy; gad;gLj;Jk;

mghak; njhlu;e;jpUg;gjhy; nghJkf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lkhapd;

87

,e;j mjpfhuq;fSf;F jilfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidapd; tpisthf

,e;j vz;zf;fU fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNtjhd; nkhz;l];fpA+ murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij xU eguplNkh my;yJ

epWtdj;jplNkh xd;W Ftpf;ff;$lhJ vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

[Pd; n[f; &Nrh (Jean Jacques Rousseau) (1712 - 1778)

gpuhd;rpa ,dj;jtuhd &Nrh r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;bid Kd;ndLj;J

nrd;wtu;fspy; xUtuhthu;.

1762 ,y; ntspahd “r%f xg;ge;jk;” vDk; E}y; mtupd; gpujhd murpay; E}yhFk;.

&NrhTk; nyhf;> nkhz;l];fpA+ Nghd;Nw murpdhy; kdpj Rje;jpuk ;

kPwg;gLfpd;wikapypUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jpdhu;.

kf;fshy; jkJ Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gdtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf

cUthf;fg;gl;l murpdhNyNa mtu;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; mghak;

cs;sJ. ,e;j GjpUf;F &Nrh nfhLj;j jPu;T mur mjpfhukhdJ murpDs;

xOq;fike;Js;s midtupdJk; eyidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjhFk;.

&Nrh ,uz;L vz;zf;fUf;fis ikag;gLj;jp jdJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

I. “nghJ tpUg;gk;” (General Will) vd;gJ KjyhtjhFk;. muR gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ

Ml;rpahsu; vDk; rpyupd; tpUg;gpidNah ey;tho;tpidNah my;yhky; murpy;

cWg;gpduhf cs;s midtupdJk; xl;L nkhj;j tpUg;gj;jpid gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ

vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;.

II. “kf;fs; ,iwik” vd;gJ ,uz;lhtJ MFk;. kf;fs; ,iwikapd; nrhe;jf;fhu;

muNrh my;yJ Ml;rpahsu;fNshtd;wp nghJ kf;fNs vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

nghJ kf;fsplk; cs;s ,iwikia ifafg;gLj;jNth gpupf;fNth KbahJ.

5.2. rkTilik thjk;

19k; E}w;whz;by; [Nuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l murpay; fUj;jhFk;.

,f;fUj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F 17k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J mgptpUj;jp mile;j ifj;njhopy;

Gul;rpapd; ngWNgWfspy; xd;whf INuhg;gpa Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Nkhrkhd

tu;f;f Kuz;ghLk;> njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd; fLikahd tWik epiyAk; fhuzkhfpaJ.

Fiwe;j $yp ngWfpd;w mjpf ciog;G Ruz;lYf;F cl;gl;l njhopyhsu; tFg;gpd;

cupikfis ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL njhopw;rq;f ,af;fq;fSk; Nghuhl;lq;fSk;

19k; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jJ.

rkTilikthjk; vDk; fUj;Jf;fspd; tsu;r;rpia ,U fhyfl;lq;fspy; fz;Lnfhs;s

KbAk;.

I. ,e;j fUj;J Kjypy; Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l jdpahu; nrhj;J

Kiwikf;F gjpyhf r%fj;jpy; epyTfpd;w nghJ nrhj;J Kiwik njhlu;ghd

8888

khw;W Kiw xd;iw Kd; itg;gjd;Nky; vOe;jJ. “nrhj;J Kiw njhlu;ghd

r%f nghJ cupik” ,id Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp

nraw;ghLfis r%f nghJ nraw;ghLfshf khw;Wk;NghJ jdpahu; nrhj;J

Kiwapd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l kpfTk; Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f

mrkj;Jtj;ij ,y;yhJ nra;a KbAk; vd;w Muk;g fUj;JUthf;fNk ,jd;%yk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

II. fhu;y;khu;f;]; kw;Wk; ngl;upf; Vq;fy;]; Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J Kd;itj;j

rkTilikthjk; njhlu;ghd etPd fUj;J ‘khf;rpa thjk;’ vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

jkJ Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;bid rkTilik njhlu;ghd gioik fUj;jpypUe;J

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F “tpQ;Qhd rkTilik” thjk; vd ,tu;fs;

milahsg;gLj;jpdu;. ,J khf;rpathj rkTilik thjk; vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

1848 ,y; khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; ntspapl;l ‘fkpA+dpr mwpf;if’ %yk;

“rkTilikthjk;” gw;wpa khf;rpa Nfhl;ghL Kjd;Kiwahf xOq;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd fUj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gplyhk;.

I. Kjyhspj;Jt r%f> nghUshjhu Kiwik njhopyhsu; tFg;gpd; ciog;igr;

Ruz;Ljy; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mynfhd;whFk;.

II. jdpahs; nrhj;J Kiwik kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy; jdpahs; cupikfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwik fhzg;gLk; tiu ciog;Gr;

Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; r%f mrkj;Jt epiy fhzg;gLk;.

III. ,e;j ciog;G Ruz;ly;> tWik kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik vd;gtw;iw

,y;yhJ nra;a Ntz;Lkhapd; Kjyhspj;Jt r%f nghUshjhu Kiwikia

,y;yhJ nra;J mjw;F gjpyhf rkTilik r%f nghUshjhu Kiw xd;wpid

Gjpjhf cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

IV. nrhj;J kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy; jdpahu; cupikia ,y;yhJ

nra;J mtw;iw nghJ r%f cupikahf fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,e;j

r%f Kiwikapd; gpujhd Fzhk;rkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; NghJ

nghUshjhu tsj;jpw;fhd nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf nghJkf;fs; fhzg;gLtu;.

tug;gpurhjq;fisg; ngw;w xUrpyu; my;yu;. ,jd; NghJ r%f tsq;fspd;

%yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;witfis ahtUk; rkkhd Kiwapy;

mDgtpf;fg;gl KbAk;. cw;gj;jp> gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; Efu;T rkj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ r%f tFg;Gf;fshf gpupe;J nry;tJ (tu;f;f

NtWghL) njhlu;e;jpUf;f khl;lhJ.

V. ,t;thwhd r%f nghUshjhu gupkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; mjid

r%f Gul;rp xd;wpd; ClhfNt rhj;jpag;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy;

jiyikj;Jtk; jhq;FtJ njhopyhsu; tu;f;fkhFk;. njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd;

jiyikapy; Vw;gLk; ‘rkTilik Gul;rp’ Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpd; njhopyhsu;

tu;f;fj;jpw;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpw;FkpilNa Vw;gLk; tu;f;f Nghuhl;lk;

tpuptilAk; rk;gtKk; ,lk;ngWk;.

VI. rkTilikg; Gul;rp jPtpu murpay; gupkhw;wkhFk;. ,jd;NghJ Kjyhspj;Jt

muir tPo;j;jp njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpdhy; mur mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;

89

nfhs;tJ ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd;%yk; Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpd; murpay; mjpfhuk;

,y;yhJ NghFk;.

VII. rkTilik murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd flikahtJ Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu

Kiwikia> nrhj;J njhlu;ghd nghJ cupikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

rkTilik nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f Kiwik xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fj;

Njitahd jPtpu gupkhw;wj;jpw;F jiyikj;Jtk; toq;FtjhFk;.

VIII.rkTilik r%fj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; “fk;A+dp];” r%f Kiwikahf gupkhw;wk;

milAk;. nfhkpAdp];l; r%f Kiwik KOikahf xw;Wik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%f gupkhw;wkhf cUntLg;gNj ,jd; ,Wjp

ngWNgwhFk;.

,e;j gz;Gfspd;gb njspthtJ ,J jhuhz;ikthjj;jpidg; Nghd;Nw r%f nghUshjhu

murpay; fl;likg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; kw;WnkhU fUj;jpay; vd;gjhFk;. vdpDk;

jhuhz;ikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jt fUj;jpayhFk;. rkTilikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij

,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; fUj;jpayhFk;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; rkTilikthjk; murpay; jj;Jtkhf khwpaJ. ,jd; %yk;

Nky; vOe;j Kjyhspj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd ghupa tpku;rdq;fs; khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fs;

INuhg;ghtpYk; fhyzpj;Jt ehLfspYk; ngupJk; ftug;gl;lJ.

cjhuzkhf : 1917 ,u\;a Gul;rp> 1949 rPdg;Gul;rp> 2Mk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;

gpd;du; Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpy; rkTilik murhq;fq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gly;>

1959 fpA+g Gul;rp> INuhg;ghtpd; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

vd;gd rkTilik fUj;jpaypdhy; <u;g;Gf;nfhz;litfshFk;.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; “cyf rkTilik ,af;fk;” vd;fpd;w murpay; nraw;ghLk;

mjw;fhd gpuaj;jdj;jpYk; mgptpUj;jp Vw;gl;lJ.

rkTilikthjk; murpay; fUj;jpayhf ,d;ndhU gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cs;shdJ.

khf;\pathjk; fw;gpj;j “Gul;rpfu rkTilikf;F” (Revolutionary Socialism) rkhe;jukhf

“%d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; rkTilik” (Third World Socialism) thjk; vd;w fUj;Jk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpahtpd; [t u;yhy; NeU> vfpg;jpd; mg;Jy; fkhy; erhu; kw;Wk; jd;rhdpahtpd;

[Pypa]; epauhNu Nghd;Nwhu; ,jd; Kf;fpa rpe;jidahsu;fshtu;.

%d;whk; cyf rkTilik thjk; khf;rpa - rkTilikthj Nfhl;ghLfspd; fhzg;gl;l

rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%fePjp njhlu;ghd fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhyzpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; ypguy; Kjyhspj;Jtthjpfs; jhq;fs; cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;l

ehLfspd; nghUshjhu FiwtpUj;jp kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F gupfhuk; fpilf;fhJ

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ,e;j jiytu;fs; gpd; fhydpj;Jt r%fq;fSf;F kpfTk;

nghUj;jKila nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis Njbdu;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdJk;>

rkTilikthjj;jpdJk; %yf; nfhs;iffis fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j khw;Wf;

fUj;jpidAk; ‘rkTilikthjk;’ vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdu;.

9090

5.3. FbauRthjk;

,J ypguy; thjk; Nghd;Nw murpay; rpj;jhe;jkhf ,Ug;gNjhL murpay; Nfhl;ghL

kw;Wk; murpay; jj;Jtk; vd;w tifg;gLj;jYf;Fk; cl;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; gpuirfs;> gpurh cupik> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; murpay; njhlu;ghd FbauRthj

fUj;Jf;fs; etPd muR> mjd; ,ay;igAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa

gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ.

ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; FbauRthjk; vd;gd xd;Nwhnlhd;W khWgl;l murpay; fUj;jpayhf

,y;yhjtplj;Jk;> ,it ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w NtWghLfis mwpe;J

nfhs;sy;> ,f;fUj;jpay;fis rupahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk; cjTk;.

FbauRthjk;> murpay; vz;zf;fUthfTk;> jj;JtkhfTk; ePz;l tuyhw;iwf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tuyhW fpNuf;f> cNuhk Afq;fs; tiu ePz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.

FbauRthj fUj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia ehd;F fl;lq;fspy; fhl;l KbAk;.

1. gioik FbauRthjk; :- fpNuf;f kw;Wk; cNuhk FbauRthj Afk; - mup];

Nlhl;by;> nghypgpa]; kw;Wk; rprNuh

2. INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp fhyk; :- kf;fpahtyp mgptpUj;jp nra;j FbauRthj rpe;jid

3. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; mnkupf;f FbauRthjk; :- gpuhd;rp];

&Nrh> nkhz;l];fpa+> mnkupf;fhtpd; Njhk]; n[gu;rd; kw;Wk; N[k;]; nkbrd;.

4. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; FbauRthjk; :- n dhn ud;bl;> FNtd;bd; ];fpdu;>

gpypg; ngl;b> (Hannah Arendt, Quenton Slicner, Philip Pettit) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L

FbauRthjj;jpd; gpujhd fUj;jpayhsu;fs;

Fbahl;rpthjj;jpy; nghJthd %yf;nfhs;iffs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

(m). FbauRthjk; murhl;rp Kiwikf;F NenujpuhdjhFk;. ,J 18 Mk; 19 Mk;

E}w;whz;Lfspy; jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf mgptpUj;jpaile;j xd;whFk;.

(M) FbauRthjj;jpd;gb ,iwikapd; cupikahsd; murd; / Ml;rpahsd; md;wp

nghJkf;fshtu;. ,JTk; gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf Njhw;wk;

ngw;w murhl;rpf;F vjpuhd epiyg;ghlhFk;.

(,) murpd; jiytd; kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;

ftdk; nrYj;jpaNjhL ,f;fUj;J 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; tsu;r;rpaile;j

Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

(<) gpuirfs; murpay; uPjpahf cz;ikahfTk;> JUtpuha;fpd;w murpay; tpyq;fhf

nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fg;gw;Wthu;. murpay; uPjpahf nraw;ghl;Lld; ,Ue;J nghJ

ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; cioj;jy; FbauRthj gpuirnahUtupd; gpujhd

gz;ghFk;. ,J mup];Nlhl;bypd; fhyj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngw;WtUk; fUj;J. ,e;j

Fzhk;rq;fis mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLtJ “rptpy; ey;nyhOf;fk;” (Civic Virtue)

vd;whFk;.

91

(c) midj;J gpuirfspdJk; nghJ eyYf;fhfNt gpuirfs; murpay; r%fkhf

(Political Community) xOq;fike;jpUg;gjd; Nehf;fkhFk; (Common Good).

(C) murpaypd; Nehf;fk; Rje;jpukhFk;. mJ gpuirfspd; nraw;ghl;by; jtpu

mikjpahf ,Ug;gjdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Nfh> ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Nfh

KbAkhdjy;y. ,yFtpy; ,y;yhky; Nghff;$ba tskhd Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;ff;

$baJ gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;Wjy; nraw;ghl;bdhNyNaahFk;. ,J

“gpuirfspd; gq;Fg;gw;wy;” (Civic Engagement) vd;w nrhy;ypdhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

fPo;tUk; gz;Gfspd; %yNk jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk; FbauRthjk; Mfpad xd;wpw;nfhd;W

NtWgLfpd;wJ.

m) gpuirAk; murpaYk;

I. FbauRthjj;jpw;F Vw;g gpurhcupik vd;gJ ntWkNd murpd; / murpay; r%fj;jpy;

cWg;Gupikia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ kl;Lky;y. murpay; nraw;ghl;by; nraY}f;fj;Jld;

gq;Fgw;Wk;> mjD}lhf nghJ ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; ciof;fpd;w gpuirfspd;

ew;gz;ghFk;. “murpaypy; <LgLjy;” vd;gJ me;j nghJ ed;ikAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk;

mile;Jf;nfhs;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L Vida gpuirfSlDk; ,ize;J

$l;Lzu;Tld; nraw;gLtjhFk;. gpuir nraY}f;fj;Jld; murpaiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

epiyapy; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

II. vdpDk; ,J gw;wpa jhuhz;ikthj fUj;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. gpurhTupik vd;gJ

murpd; / murpay; r%fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; fpilg;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikthj [dehaf

murpy; gpuir jdf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s Rje;jpuj;ij jdpahfTk;> mikjpahfTk;

mDgtpg;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikaw;w kw;Wk; [dehafkw;w murpay; KiwapNyNa gpuirfs;

nraY}f;fj;Jldhd murpay; Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngWk;.

M) Rje;jpuk;

I. jhuhz;ikthjk; “Rje;jpuj;ij” jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; (Personal Freedom) vd;Nw

mu;j;jg;gLj;jpaJ. mjhtJ murpd;> r%fj;jpd; kw;Wk; VidNahupdJ jilfspYk;

jiyaPLfspYkpUe;J tpLgl;L jdpegu;fs; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb VidNahUf;F ,ilA+W

Vw;glhtz;zk; rpe;jpf;fpd;w nraw;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; tho;tjw;fhd Rje;jpukhFk;. ,jid

“vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk;” (Negative Freedom) vd Fwpg;gpLtu;. mjhtJ jilfs; ,d;wp

fpilf;fpd;w Rje;jpuk; (Freedom From Constraint) vd;gjhFk;.

II. FbauRthjj;jpw;fpzq;f Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ gpuirfs; jq;fsJ Nghuhl;lq;fspd; %yk;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w kw;Wk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w cupikahFk;. Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ

,ay;ghf ,of;fg;glf;$ba mr;RWj;jYf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fpd;w nghJthd cupikahFk;.

mjid ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F jhuhz;ikthjk; Kd;itf;Fk; rl;luPjpahd> murpay;

tiuaiwfs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhjpUg;gNjhL mjw;fhf gpuirfspd; gq;Fg;gw;wy;

(Civic engegment) mj;jpatrpakhFk;.

jw;fhy FbauRthj rpe;jid

20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; FbauRthjj;jpd; gpujhd rpe;jidahsu;fshd n`dhnùd;bl;> FNtd;bd;

];fpdu;> gpypg; ngl;bapl; MfpaNahupd; rpe;jidfspy; gpujhd ,U fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

9292

I. murpay; Mjpgj;jpathjj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l Rje;jpuk; (Freedom from domination)

II. Rje;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Clfkhf gpuirfspd; nraw;ghL.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; FbauRthjk; gpuirfspd; mrpay; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;

njhlu;gpy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wikahy; mJ “gpuirfspd; FbauRthjk;” (Civics

Republication) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

5.4 r%f [dehafk;

,J gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpaiug;gFjpapy; Muk;gkhfp jw;fhyj;jpYk;

nraw;gLfpd;w vz;zf;fUthFk;.

1860 fspy; N[u;kdpapy; njhopyhsu; ,af;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk;

ngw;w N[u;kdpa r%f [dehaf fl;rp ,jd; Kd;Ndhbahf fhzg;gl;lJ.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g jrhg;jq;fspy; [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspy; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdiu

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xOq;fike;j njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; Clhf r%f [dehaf

fl;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sij fhzyhk;.

r%f [dehaf ,af;fq;fspy; Gjpa kWkyu;r;rpia ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd;

gpd; N[u;kd; kw;Wk; ];nfd;bNdtpa ehLfspy; fhzf;fpilj;jJ.

jhuhz;ik thjk;> khf;rpa thjk; Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfspy; KOikahf cld;glhj

mNjNeuk; mtw;wpd; rpy mq;fq;fis ,izj;J fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l xd;W vd;gNj

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; INuhg;gpa r%f [dehaf rpe;jidapd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;.

,jdhNyNa Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdJk; khf;]thjj;jpdJk; fyg;nghd;whfTk; ,J

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

khf;];thjj;jpd; nry;thf;if ngw;Wf; nfhz;Lk; mjidNa jkJ epiyg;ghlhff;

nfhz;Lk; INuhg;ghtpy; r%f [dehafk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. me;j r%f [dehaf

njhopyhsu; fl;rpfs; Muk;gj;jpy; khf;]paj;jpd; nry;yhf;ifg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;litfshf

fhzg;gl;ld.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g jrhg;jq;fspy; r%f [dehafkhdJ khf;];thj kw;Wk;

Gul;rpfu rkTilikthjj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;l fUj;jpay; Kidg;gpidAk; murpay;

uPjpahd milahsj;jpidAk; ngw;wJ. N[u;kd; r%f [dehaf fl;rpapd; jiytuhd

vl;tu;l; Ngd;];;ild; (1850 - 1932) Edward Bernstein mjd; Kd;NdhbAk; ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd;

gpujhd rpe;jidahsUkhthu;.

Muk;gj;jpy; khf;rpathjpahd ,tu; njhopyhsu;fspd; fl;lha Gul;rp njhlu;ghd fUj;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. ghuhSkd;wj;ij Clfkhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd;

%yk; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; rkTilikthj Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;s KbAk;

vd;w Gjpa rpe;jidia r%f [dehafthjj;jpw;F ,tu; toq;fpdhu;.

1930 fspd; gpd;du; murpd; eyd;Gupthj fUj;J r%f [dehaf rpe;jidAld;

xd;wpize;jJ. r%f [dehafj;ij rkTilikthjj;jpd; nkd;Jiwahf fUJtjw;fhd

gpd;dzpahf ,e;j rpe;jidapd; ,izg;G fhzg;gl;lJ.

murpay; rpe;jidahf r%f [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd mbg;gilfs;

93

I. Kjyhspj;Jt r%f nghUshjhu Kiwikapdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jPtpu

nghUshjhu mrkepiy> tWik kw;Wk; r%f mePjpfSf;F Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpDs;

jPu;tpd;ikapdhy; me;j Kiwikia epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

II. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw ;F khw;w Plhf Njhw ;wk ; ngw ;w rkTilikthjk;

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd ; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l gpur ;r pidfSf;F rpwe ;j

Kd;nkhopTfis nra;jJ. vdpDk;> Gul;rp xd;wpD}lhd epiykhw;wj;jpdhy;

rkTilikthjj;ij Njhw;Wtpg;gJ vd;gJ khf;rpathjj;jpd; eilKiwf;F

mg;ghw;gl;L cs;sJ.

III. Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwik> r%f rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f ePjp gw;wpa rkTilikthj

mbg;gilfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd;

gpur;rpidfSf;F rkTilikthj jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

IV.Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij rkTilikthj mbg;gilfSf;F Vw;g kWrPuikg;G nra;Ak;

Nghjhd nfhs;if uPjpahd mbg;gilfs; gpd;tUkhW

1. nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; murpd; jiyaPL :

,J mur jiyapLfsw;w jhuhz;ik Kjyhspj;Jt mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;J

njspthf NtWgLjyhFk;.

mur jiyaPl;bd; %yk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nghf;fpid epUtfpj;jy; kw;Wk;

topelj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

,jd;%yk; re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd r%f> nghUshjhu

tpisTfSf;F (r%f rkkpd;ik> tWik> r%f mePjp) jPu;T fhzKbAk;.

2. fyg;G nghUshjhuk;

,jD}lhf Kjyhspj ;Jt kw ;Wk; rkTilikthj nghUshjhu

mbg;gilfisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; xd;wpizj;jNy Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.

re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; ,lk;ngWk; mNjNeuk; mjid muR epUtfpj;jy;

fyg;G nghUshjhuj;jpd; (Mixed Economy) gpujhd gz;ghFk;.

3. r%f eyd;Gup

Kjyhspj;Jt jhuhz;ikthj nghUshjhu Kiwapy; r%f eyd;Gup vd;w

vz;zf;fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

,J re;ij rf;jpfs; %yk; eyd;Gupfis tYg;gLj;jpAs;sjhf ek;Gfpd;wJ.

,e;j fUj;jpid r%f [dehafthjk; KOikahf epuhfupg;gNjhL Rje;jpu

re;ijahdJ mrkepiyia Vw;gLj;JNk jtpu ,tw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfis

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fhJ vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

9494

,jw;fhf r%f [dehafthjkhdJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; Jiwfspy;

murpd; Neub jiyaPl;Lldhd r%f eyd;Gupfis (Social Welfarism)

Kd;nkhope;jJ.

4. nry;tk; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis r%fj;jpw;F kPs gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; ghjfkhd tpisnthd;whd nry;tk;

kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis gfpu;tjpy; fhzg;gLk; ghupa rkkpd;ik> nry;tk;

Fwpj;j xUrhuhupd; iffspy; xd;WFtpjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf r%f [dehafk;

tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tq;fis kPs gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; vz;zf;fUtpid khw;wPlhf

Kd;nkhope;jJ. (Redistribution of Income and Wealth).

nry;te;ju;fsplkpUe;J mwtplg;gLk; tUkhdtupfis r%f eyd;Gup

nraw;ghLfSf;F nrytopj;jy; ,jw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd

cghakhFk;.

5. $l;L Nguk;NgRjy;

r%f [dehaf ,af;fk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf njhopyhsu; tFg;gpd; kPJ

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;ljhFk;.

MfNt> njhopyhsu; tFg;gpd; Cjpak; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj;juj;ij ghJfhj;Jf;

nfhs;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> gpuGf;fNshL $l;L xg;ge;jq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gilfis toq;FtJ r%f [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd

gz;ghFk;.

5.5 ghrpr thjk;

jhuhz;ikthjk; 17 – 18 Mk; E}w;whz;LfspYk;> rkTilikthjk; 19 Mk;

E}w;whz;bYk;> ghrprthjk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; miug;gFjpf;Fk;

cupikAila fUj;jpay;fshFk;.

,J Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Xu;

jj;JtkhfTk;;> murpay; ,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

murpay; fUj;njhd;whfpa ghrprthjkhdJ ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; ,j;jhyp

kw;Wk; N[u;kdpapd; tPo;r;rpNahL Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; ghrprthjk; vd;w nrhy; ,j;jhypapy; ngdpl;Nlh KNrhypdpapd;

jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ru;tjpfhu MAj gy murpay; ,af;fj;ij

Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

gpd;du; mJ N[u;kd;> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,dthj MAjgy

kw;Wk; ru;thjpfhu murpay; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mur Kiwikfis Fwpg;gpl

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJthdnjhU murpay; gjkhf khw;wk; mile;jJ.

N[u;kdpa ghrprk;> eh]prthjk; (Nazism) vdg;gl;lJ. ,J Njrpa

rkTilikthjk; (National Socialism) vd;w N[u;kd; nrhy;ypd; jpupghFk;.

95

gpd;dzp

,j;jhypapYk; N[u;kdpapYk; ghrprthjkhdJ Kjyhspj;Jt> jhuhz;ik [dehaf>

rkTilikthj kw;Wk; nfhkpAdpr thjq;fSf;F Nenujpuhd jj;JtkhfTk;> murpay;

,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; Njhy;tpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,j;jhypapYk;>

N[u;kdpapYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ghupa murpay; neUf;fb> 1920 fspy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu

rupTepiyapdhy; cUthd nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f tPo;r;rp vd;gd ghrprthjk; kw;Wk;

ehrprthjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd gpd;dzpahf mike;jJ.

fUj;jpay;

N[u;kdpa ehrprthj Ml;rpahsuhd mnlhy;g; pl;yu; (Addolph Hitler) 1925 - 26 fspy;

murpay; rpiwf; ifjpahf ,Ue;jNghJ ntspapl;l ‘vdJ Nghuhl;lk;’ (Mein Kampf)

vd;w E}ypy; ghrprthjj;jpd; mbg;gil kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis kpfTk; njspthf

vOjpAs;shu;.

`pl;yu; kw;Wk; ,j;jhypa ghrprthj jiytdhd ngdpl;Nlh KNrhypdp (Benitto Mussolini)

ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gad;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghrprthj rpe;jidapdJk;

murpaypdJk; gpujhd gz;Gfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

m) murpay; midj;jhz;ikthjk; (Totalrianism)

ghrprthjkhdJ xU tifapy; ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp Kiwnahd;wpid

fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fhf nfhz;bUe;jNjhL ,J murpay; Nfhl;ghl;by;

midj;jhz;ikthjk; vDk; vz;zf;fUthf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

mjd; nghUshtJ muR mbg;gilapNyNa ru;thjpfhukhdJk;> ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp

fl;likg;gpd; %yk; KO r%fj;ijAk;> murpay; KiwikiaAk; jdJ

KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fk;> Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;.

M) muRf;F mbgzpjy; (Cult of the state)

KNrhypdpapd ; ghrprthj vz;zf;fUtpypUe;J Muk;gkhd murpd;

mjpfhuj;Jtj;ij KO r%fKk;> rfy gpuirfSk; epge;jidfs; kw;Wk;

Nfs;tpfspd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;> mjd; mjpfhujpw;F jdJ Ra tpUg;gpd;gbNa

mb gzptJNk ,jd; tpsf;fkhFk;.

Vnddpy; murhdJ KO ,dj;jpdJk; cau;T> nfsutk; kw;Wk; tpjp Mfpatw;wpd;

ntspg;ghL vd;gjhyhFk;.

ghrpr murpay; KiwikapDs; murpypUe;J tpyfpa my;yJ RahjPdkhd

jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; xd;W ,y;iy.

mjpfhuj;jpw ;Fk;> mjpfhu epWtdq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; jiytUf;Fk;

mbgzptjD}lhfNt Rje;jpuk; fpilf;fg;ngWfpwJ.

9696

,) jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; ,y;iy

jhuhz;iikthjj;jpd; mbg;gil fU> murpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; jdpahs;

Rje;jpuk; vd;why; ghrprthjj;jpd; fPo; ‘jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;’ vd;w vz;zf;fU

kWf;fg;gLjNy Fwpf;Fk;.

ghrprthjj;jpy; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ> murpw;Fk;> ,dj;jpw;Fk; jiytDf;Fk;

epge;jidapd;wp fhl;Lk; mbgzptpd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

<) ehafu; topghL (jiytUf;F mbgzpjy;)

jiytdpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Mjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F rfy gpuirfSk;> KO r%fKk;

epge;jidapd;wpAk; Ra tpUg;gj;Jld; mbgzpjy; ghrprthjj;jpd; tpNrl gz;ghFk;.

N[u;kdpapd; ehrprthj;jpd; fPo; Kd;dpiyg;gl;l GUuu; (Fuhrer) vd;w vz;zf;fU

,e;j ehafu; topghl;bd; %yk; ntspg;gl;l ghrpr thjj;jpd; gilg;ghFk;.

c) jPtpu tu;f;fthjk; / ,dthjk;

N[u;kdpa ehrprthjj;jpd; %yk; tsu;f;fg;gl;l ,e;j gz;gpd; %yk; N[u;kd;

,dk; cyfpd; cau;e;j ,dk; vd ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; cyfpd; jiytpjp

N[u;kdpa ,dj;jpd; jiytpjpapd; gbNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; vdTk; mjdhy; KO

cyfj;jpd; kPJk; jdJ Mjpgj;jpaj;ij epiyepWj;Jtjw;F ,dj;jpw;F g+uz

cupik cz;L vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.

“N[u;kd; ,dk; Mupa ,dkhFk;” vd;w fUj;J ,jd; %yk; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapyNyNa ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd a+ju;fs; nfhy;yg;gLtij

N[u;kdpa ehrpr thjpfs; epahag;gLj;jpdu;.

C) jPtpu ,uhZtthjk; (Extreme Militarism)

jPtpu ,uhZtthjk; ,uz;L %yq;fspypUe;J ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ.

I. N[u;kdpaNu cyfpd; cau;e;j ,dk; vd;gjhy; KO cyfKk; jq;fsJ

Mjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tUk; vd;w gue;Jgl;l rpe;jid.

II. N[u;kdpa ‘Mupa’ ,dj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jyhf fUJfpd;w

Vida ,dq;fspypUe;J ‘Rje;jpuk;’ miltjhFk;. ,r;rpe;jidia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F

N[u;kdpa ehrprthjpfs; Kw;gl;ldu;.

v) td;KiwAk; jPtputhj;jijAk; (Terror) murpay; mjpfhu Clfkhf gad;gLj;Jjy;

ghrpr murpd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghf KO r%fj;ijAk; jq;fsJ

Mjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; gyte;jkhf cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhf ,Ue;jJ.

97

jdJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F cld;glhj rfy r%f / ,dg; gpuptpdiuAk;

mbikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; clypay; uPjpahf mopit

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ghrpr thjpfs; xOq;fike;jpUe;jdu;.

,d Rj;jpfupg;G (Genocide) ghrpr murpd; flik Mf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghrprthjj;Jld; cld;glhj kf;fSf;F ,U khw;WtopfNs fhzg;gl;ld.

xd;W ehl;il tpl;Lr; nry;Yjy; my;yJ ,d Rj;jpfupg;Gf;F cl;gLjy;

vd;gditNa mit.

Kjyhk; cyf Nghupd; gpd; ,j;jhypapYk;> N[u;kdpapYk; ntspg;gl;l

ghrprthjk;> ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; me;ehLfs; mile;j

Njhy;tpapdhy; cj;jpNahf g+u;tkhf epiwtile;jd.

ghrprthjk; khdpl gz;ghl;by; Vw;gl;l khwhf; fyq;fkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

ghrpr rpe;jid ,d;W Njhy;tpaile;J fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjd;

jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;l rpwpa FOf;fs; INuhg;ghtpYk;> mnkupf;fhtpYk; ,d;Wk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

5.6 Njrpa thjk;

19Mk; kw;Wk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;j gpujhdkhd murpay;

fUj;jpay; Njrpa thjkhFk; (Nationilism).

mJ murpay; fUj;jpayhfTk;> murpay; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fkhfTk; ,Ug;gNjhL

etPd cyfpy; murpd; murpay; Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; muRfSf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w gpujhd rhjdKk;

MFk;.

Njrpa thjj;jpd; flikg; nghWg;Gfis kwe;J etPd cyfj;ij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s KbahjsTf;F etPd tuyhw;wpd; topiaAk; kdpju;fspd; murpay;

jiytpjpia jPu;khdpg;gjpYk; Njrpa thjk; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sJ.

jq;fis “,dnkd;W” Fwpg;gpLk; Ra Gupe;Jzu;Tila kf;fs; Fwpj;j murpay;

Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Kd;ndLf;fpd;w ‘,dk;’ gw;wpa fUj;jhf Njrpathjk; vd;gij

RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpyhk;.

fUj;jpayhfTk; rpe;jidahfTk; Njrpathjj;jpy; ,uz;L tpNrlq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

I. Njr pathjk ; vd ; gjw ;F Kiwahd xUKfg ; gLj ;jg ; gl ; l

rpe;jidnahd;wpy;iy.

o ,J Fwpj;j xU rpe;jidahsupdhNyh my;yJ jj;JttpayhsupdhNyh

Kd; itf;fg;gl;ljy;y. mjw;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd rpe;jidahsu;fSk; ,y;iy.

,J gw;wp ngdbf;l; vd;lu;rd; vDk; murpay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu; 1983Mk;

Mz;L ntspapl;l fw;gidg; r%fq;fs; (Imagined Communities) vDk;

E}ypy; tpsf;fkhf $wpAs;shu;.

9898

Njrpathjk; murpay; uPjpahf vt;tsT gykhdjhf fhzg;gl;lhYk;

mJ jj;Jtk; vd;wtifapy; fPo ;e piyahdJk;> jj;Jthu ;j ;j

mbg;gilnahd;Wk; mjpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. Vida murpay;

fUj;jpay;fisg; Nghd;W jdf;nfd;w jdpj;Jtkhd rpe;jidahsu;fisNah>

Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fisNah ,J cUthf;fpf; nfhs;stpy;iy. Njrpathjj;jpw;F

n hg;];> nfhf;tpy;> khf;];> ntgu; Nghd;wnuhUtu; ,y;iy. (vd;lu;rd;

1983.14)

II. jd pj ;Jtkhd jj ;Jtt payhsu ;fs ; > r pe ;jidahsu ;fs pdhy ;

Njw;Wtpf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; gy;NtW r%fq;fspypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;s

Njrpathj fUj;jpay;fspy; nghJthd fl;likg;nghd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.

c+k; : rpq;fs Njrpathjk;> [g;ghd; Njrpa thjk;> Mq;fpy Njrpa thjk;> ,u\;rpa Njrpa

thjk; Nghd;wthW xd;wpw; nfhd;W Neubj; njhlu;Gfs; mw;w Njrpathjq;fspd; fl;likg;Grhu;

xOq;fikg;G nghJj;jd;ik cilajhFk;.

Njrpathjj;ij gpujhd %d;W mZFKiwfspD}lhf ,dq;fhzyhk;.

1. etPd mZFKiw (Modernist)

18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; INuhg;gpa ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspy; Njrpa

muRfs; tsu;r;rpailAk; nraw;ghl;Lld; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l fUj;jhFk;.

2. kuG uPjpahd mZFKiw (Primordialist)

,jd; fUj;J> Njrpathjk; gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfs; gioikahd kdpj tuyhw;iwg;

Nghd;Nw gioikahd epfo;thf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. fUtpthj mZFKiw (Instrumentalist)

,dk; vd;w fUj;J murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; murpay; gpuKfu;;fs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;w fUtpahFk; vd ,jdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

‘,dTzu;tpd;’ mbg;gilAk; NjrpathjKk;

1. “VNjDk; r%fj;jpw;F jhq;fs; midtUk; $l;lhf ,dk; vd;fpd;w ghupa r%fj;jpw;Fs;

cld;gLNthk; vd;fpd;w czu;tpidf; fl;bnaOg;GtNj Njrpathjj;jpd; gpujhd

gzpahFk;.”. mjhtJ Njrk; vd;fpd;w r%fj;jpw;F cld;gly; (Blonging to the Community

called Nation) vd;w czu;thFk;.

2. ‘xNu ,dkhf’ rpe;jpg;gjw;F mtu;fSf;fpilNa nghJj;jd;ik njhlu;ghd cWjpg;ghL

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpathjpfs; ,jid ‘Njrpa milahsk;’ (National Identity)

vd;fpd;wdu;. Njrpa milahs rpd;dq;fshf nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;> nghJ tuyhW

kw;Wk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nghJthd epy gpuNjKk; mlq;Fk;.

3. nghJj;jd;ik njhlu;ghd czu;tpd; %yk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;w Njrpathjk; gpd;du;

murpay; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk; ‘,dk;’ vd;gjw;F murpay;

99

milahsnkhd;W fpilg;gNjhL mjD}lhf kf;fSf;F murpay; ,yf;Ffis ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;J ,dj;ij murpay; uPjpahf topelj;Jk;. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp

kw;Wk; r%f FOf;fspd; cupikfs; ,e;j murpay; Nehf;fq;fspy; gpujhdkhditahFk;.

4. Raepu;za cupik (Right of self Determination) Njrpa thjj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l gpujhd

vz;zf; fUthFk;. ,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ jdJ murpay; jiytpjpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;

cupik rfy ,dq;fSf;Fk; cupj;jhdJ vd;gjhFk;. murpay; uPjpahf gpupe;J Ntwhd

munrhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tNjhL> gpuptpid> gpuNjr Rahl;rp> Njrpa Ra epu;za

cupik vd;gjd; %yk; epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

5. murpay; uPjpahf Njrpathj fUj;jpaypd; gzpahtJ ,dk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w

xU r%fj;ij Vida r%fq;fspypUe;J NtWgLj;jp milahsk; fhz;gjhFk;. Kd;du;

Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb ,jd; epakq;fshf nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk; Mfpa Njrpa milahs

fUtpfshFk;. ,jid NtWgLj;jp milahsk; fhZjypy; cr;r epiyia milAk;NghJ

ehKk; vjpup / vjpupfs; vd;w NtWghl;bd; %yk; cyfj;ij ghu;g;gjw;F Njrpa thjpfs;

Kw;gLfpd;wdu;.

Njrpathjk; fUj;jpayhfTk; murpay; ,af;fkhTk; (18 E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; ,d;W

tiu) gpujhd ,uz;L jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ.

1. Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;

2. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;

1. Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;

,J Njrpathjj;jpd; gioik Njhw;whFk;. ,jd; gpujhd gz;ghf fhzg;gLtJ

Njrpa murpd; milahsj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;.

INuhg;ghtpy; 18k; E}w;whz;by; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wg;ghL “xUNjrk; - xU muR” vd;w #j;jpuj;jpd;gb xU ,dj;jpw;Fl;gl;l kf;fs; mt;tpdj;jpd;

Njrj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;wdu;.

Njrj;jpd; kPjhd cupik> gpizg;G kw;Wk; md;G Nghd;wd mt;tpdj;jpd; muRld;

me;epak; MFk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; gpizg;G kw;Wk; Nerpg;GkhFk;.

c+k; : ,yq;ifau;fs;> ,e;jpau;fs;> jha;yhe;jpau;fs; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ,e;j Njrpa

muRfspd; rpe;jidahFk;.

2. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;

Njrpa murpDs; tho;fpd;w ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w $l;lhd r%f FOnthd;W

njhlu;ghd murpay; mwpT ‘,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;’ (Ethinic Nationalism) vd

miof;fg;gLk;.

mjw;Fk; mbg;gilahf miktJ nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk; Mfpa nghJ

milahsq;fshFk;.

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,dj;Jt Njrpathjk; gw;wpa fUj;jhly; Njhw;wk; ngWtJ jhDk; cWg;Gupikia

mDgtpf;fpd;w Njrpa murpDs; Njrpa - mur Njrpathjj;jpDs; jdf;F rkkhd

cupikfs; fpilf;fhik kw;Wk; Ntw;WikfSf;F cl;gly; Mfpa ,d;dy;fSf;F

kj;jpapyhFk;.

mt;thwhd ,dj;JtNjrpa thjj;jpDs; murpay; Nfhupf;iffSs; rkkhd cupikfs;>

gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp kw;Wk; gpupe;J nry;yy; Mfpad mlq;Fk;.

18k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Njrpa thjj;jpd; tuyhw;W mDgtkhdJ fyg;ghd xd;whFk;.

mJ rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpisTfis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;Js;sJ.

1. cyfpd; etPd muRfs; mbg;gilapNy Njrpa murthj Njrpa thjj;jpdhy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> tpLjiy njhlu;ghd fUj;J Njrpa thjj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugykhf

tifapy; kf;fs; $l;Lzu;tpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. Njrpathj muR kw;Wk; Njrpathj ,af;fq;fs; Aj;jk;> ,d Rj;jpfupg;G> td;Kiw

Nghd;wtw;wpw;F topg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

5.6 kjrhu;gw;w thjk; (Secularism)

kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk; vd;gJ rkaj;ijAk; murpaiyAk; xd;W fyf;fhkypUg;gjhFk;.

mur Jiwf;F rkaj;jpd; mOj;jNkh> rka Jiwf;F murpd; mOj;jq;fNsh ,y;yhky;

,it ,uz;Lk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W NtWgl;l kw;Wk; RahjPdkhd ,uz;L Jiwfshf fUjg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;jpayhFk;.

rkak; murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jy;> murpaYf;fhf rkaj;ij Clfkhf gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;Sk; gpd;dzpapy; rka Kuz;ghLfs; gpujhd murpay; fUj;jpayhf fhzg;gLfpd;w

jw;fhyj;jpy; kjrhu;gw;wthjk; njhlu;ghd <LghL mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

,J njhlu;ghf ePz;l fye;Jiuahlnyhd;W ,e;jpahtpy; ,lk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL

muR kjrhu;gw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd 1975,y; murpayikg;gpw;F Nru;f;fg;gl;l

rPu;jpUj;jj;jpYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,J [dehafj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtNjhL>

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpYk; murpay; KiwikapYk; mbg;gilahd Nfhl;ghlhTk; cs;sJ.

Njhw;wk;

18 - 19k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

INuhg;gpa Qhdpfspd; (Enlightement) rpe;jidapd; xU gFjpahFk;.

mjdhy; kjrhu;gpd;ikthjkhdJ gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;NjhLk; rkTilikthj

rpe;jidAlDk; njhlu;Ggl;lJ.

INuhg;gpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;> kj;jpa fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp fhyj;jpy; gpujhd mq;fkhf

muR kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl;l epWtd ,izg;gpd;kPJ murhl;rpapd;

fhtydhf jpUr;rig ,Ue;jikf;F vjpuhf tsu;r;rpAw;wjhFk;.

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murhl;rp Kiwikf;F vjpuhd ,af;fq;fs; muR kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfSf;fpilapy;

fhzg;gl;l ,e;j “J}a;ikaw;w $l;bw;F” vjpuhdjd; %yk; me;j Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

jj;Jthu;j;j ntspg;ghlhd tpisthfthNt kjrhu;gpd;ikthjkhdJ Njhd;wpaJ.

kjrhu;gpd;ik thjk; Njhw;wk;ngWtjw;fhd kw;WnkhU fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp

Afj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ju;f;f mwpTf;F Kjyplk; nfhLj;jikia Rl;bf; fhl;l KbAk;. ,J

jpUr;rig Kd;ndLj;Jr;nrd;w mQ;Qhd uPjpahd Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhFk;.

kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;> gioik jhuhz;ik thjj;jpdJk;>

rkTilik thjj;jpdJk; rpe;jid uPjpapyhd %ykhFk;.

jhuhz;ik thjk;> kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapy; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;> rpe;jid kw;Wk; kdrhl;rpia

gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; Mfpa %yj;jj;Jtq;fis <u;j;Jf; nfhz;lNjhL rkTilikthjk;

r%f mOj;jj;jpd; epWtdkhf kj Mjpgj;jpw;F vjpuhf Gul;rp nra;jiy Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

,jd;gb “jpUr;rigAk; muirAk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W NtWgLj;JtJ” (Separation of

church and the state) INuhg;gpa jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk; rkTilik thj rk;gpujhaj;jpDs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.

jhuhz;ikthj kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;

I. muRk; kw;Wk; jpUr;rig Mfpatw;iw epWtd uPjpahf Ntwhf;Fjy; :

,jdhy;> murpd; jd;ik> murpd; nfhs;if vd;gtw;iwj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; rkak; jiyaplf;

$lhJ vd;gNjhL rka tplaq;fspy; muR jiyaplf; $lhJ vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.

II. muR rkaj;Jld; md;Nahd;akhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ kw;Wk; rka fw;iff;Fk; gpurhuj;jpw;Fk;

muR njhlu;GglhjpUj;jy;.

III. muR ve;jnthU rkaj;jpw;Fk; gf;fr;rhu;ghf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. rkak; kdpju;fspd;

jdpg;gl;l tplakhdtNjhL mij murpaYf;F nfhz;L tu Ntz;bajpy;iy.

IV. kjj;ij Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jhuhz;ik kjr;rhu;gpd;ikthjk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. rka

Rje;jpuk; gpuirfspd; mbg;gil cupikfspy; xd;W vd;gNjhL rkaj;jpd; ngauhy;

ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; ghFghL fhl;lf;$lhJ vd;gjpNyNa ,J ftdk; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

rkTilikthj kjr;rhu;gpd;ik

khf;rpathjpfs; rkak; r%fj;ij Jd;gj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fk; epWtdk; xd;nwdTk;

cyfk; gw;wpa jtwhd tpsf;fk; xd;iw Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shd kf;fSf;F ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;Fk; fUj;J njhFjp xd;nwdTk; mwpKfk; nra;jdu;.

rkTilikthj kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;

I. rkTilikthj muR KOikahf rkaj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;jg;gl;bf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kjkhdJ murpd; mDkjpAlNdNa epyt KbAk;.

II. rkTilikthj KiwapDs; rkak;rhu;> murpay;rhu; epWtdq;fSf;F ,Ug;G

fpilahJ.

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III. murpd; jPtpu Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; rkTilikthj muRf;F mjdhy; mr;RWj;jy;

,y;yhj tiuapy; kl;LNk khf;rpathj KiwikapDs; rka epWtdq;fSf;F

,lk; fpilf;Fk;.

IV. rka milahsj;Jld; murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f ,af;fq;fis epWTtjw;F

tha;g;G ,y;iy.

,e;jpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;

jhuhz;ikthj r pe ;jidapd ; mbg ;gilapy ; ,e ;j pa kjrhu ;g pd ;ik

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpa kjrhu;gpd;ikapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; :

I. ,jpy; ,uz;L mu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd.

(m). jhuhz;ik kjrhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd mbg;gil midj;J

kjq;fisAk; gf;frhu;gpd;wp (Impartical) ghu;g;gjhFk;. ,e;jp nkhopapy; mJ

“mwnewp rhu;gpd;ik” vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

(M). rfy kjq;fisAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;. mjhtJ rfy kjq;fSk; rkkhdit

vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,J “ru;t mwnewpfspdJk; Nru;f;if” vd;wvz;zf;fUtpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

I. jdpegu;fspd; rka milahsq;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ murhdJ rfy

gpuirfisAk; xNu rkkhf kjpg;gspj;jy;

II. gpuirfspd; cupikfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk;

jdJ rka milahsq;fs; jilahf ,Uf;f khl;lhJ.

kjrhu;gpd;ikAk; murpaYk;

kjrhu;gpd;ikapd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ muR kw;Wk; rkaq;fSf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;G> mur nfhs;if kw;Wk; gpuirfspd; cupikfis kjr;rhu;gpd;wp

epu;zapg;gjhFk;.

vdpDk;> murpaypy; kjk; njhlu;GglhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jd; mu;j;jky;y.

kjrhu;gpd;ik fhzg;gLk; ehLfspy; kjthj murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; ,af;fq;fs;

fhzg;gLtNjhL ,e;jpah mjw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.

kjrhu;gpd;ikapd; jw;fhy Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk; cyf murpaypy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw ,U fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpAs;sd.

I. rka mbg;gilthjj;ij Jizahff; nfhz;l kjk;rhu; muRfs; (Theocratise

State) Njhd;Wtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gly;.

103

II. gd;ikf;fyhrhuthjj;jpid ikag;gLj;jp rka milahsq;fis cila rpWghd;ik

r%fq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

5.7. ngz;zpa thjk;

murpay; fUj;jpanyhd;whf ngz;zpathjj;jpd; jiyaPL 1970 fspy; Muk;gkhdJ.

Nfhl;ghl;L kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L r%f fw;ifahf INuhg;ghtpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk;

Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,e;j fUj;jpay; gpd;du; INuhg;gh jtpu;e;j r%fq;fspYk; gutpaJ.

ngz;zpthj ,af;fj;jpYk; rpe;jidapYk; gpujhd 5 Jiwfis ,dq;fhzyhk;.

jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk;

rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk;

jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpay; thjk;

gpd;etPd ngz;zpay; thjk;

gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpay; thjk;

jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk; :- fy;tp> njhopy; tha;g;G kw;Wk; rkkhd Cjpak;

vd;gtw;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ngz;fSf;fhd murpay; kw;Wk; rl;l

cupikfis ntw;wp nfhs;Sjy;.

jdJ clypay; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F ngz;fSf;F cupik

cz;L

rkkhd njhopy;> rkr; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; rkkhd cupikfs; vd;gd jhuhz;ik

ngz;zpa thjj;jpd; gpujhd Nfhrq;fshFk;.

rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk; :- rkj ;Jtj ;ij ngw ;Wf ; nfhs ;Sk ;

%Nyhghaj;jpy; ,J jhuhz;ik thjj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.

ngz; tpLjiyf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; rkTilik thjj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;Jld;

xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> Vida r%ff; FOf;fs; jkJ

cupikfSf;fhf nra;fpd;w Nghuhl;lj;Jld; ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;ijAk;

,izf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpathjk; :- je;ijtop jiyikj;Jtj;ij Kw;whf

,y;yhnjhopj;jy; ngz;tpLjiyf;F fl;lhakhdJ vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.

Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; vd;w tifapy; r%f mOj;Jk; kw;Wk; Jd;gj;jpw;F

cl ; gLk ; tifa py ; r%fj ;ij NtWgLj ; j pa pUg ; gJ je ;ij

jiyikj;Jtj;jpdhyhFk;.

104104

gpd; etPd ngz;zpathjk; :-

ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; Jd;gpay;fs; rkkhdjy;y vd;gNjhL mtu;fs;

Jd;gj;ij gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ngz;fspd;

Nfhupf;iffs; xNu jd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;bajpy;iy. mJ gd;ikahdJ.

gy;NtW r%f #oy;fspy; ngz;fspd; rpukq;fs; me;j #oYld; ngz;fspd;

tFg;G NtWghLfs;> epwNgjq;fs;> njhopy; Nghd;w fhuzpfs; rkkhf

,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; me;j NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; tpNrlj;Jtq;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l ngz;zpathjj;jpd; Njit ,jd; %yk; czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpathjk; :-

,jd;fPo; fhydpj;Jtq;fshf ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l r%fq;fspy;

ngz;fspd; Jd;gpaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fp ngz;fspd; cupikfs; vd;w

vz;zf;fU kPSUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,dNgjj;jpw;Fk; FbNaw;wthjj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;l ,t;thwhd r%fq;fspy; cs;s

ngz;fspd; mDgtk; Nkw;fj;Nja r%fq;fspy; ngz;fSila mDgtq;fis

tpl NtwhdJ vd;gjhy; mtw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp ngz;zpathj murwptpaiy

fl;bnaOg;g ,tu;fs; Kd;nkhope;jdu;.

105

Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;\

1. jdpahs; fUj;jpl;lk; xd;iw jahupj;jy;.

gy;NtW murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpD}lhf xg;gil xd;iw jahupf;Ff.

,jd;NghJ fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jTk;.

fUj;jpaiy tiutpyf;fzk; nra;jy;

fUj;jpay; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

mJ njhlu;gpy; fUj;J njuptpj;Js;s Kf;fpa rpe;jidahsu;fSk; mtu;fspd; fUj;J

Kd;itg;Gfs;

murwptpay; ghlg;gug;gpw;F mjD}lhf Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;.

ahjhu;j;j uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; / rkfhy Nghf;Ffs;

Mfpa tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd xg;gil xd;iw Kd;itf;fTk;.

crhj;Jizfs;

01. caq;nfhl> [aNjt> (2011)> midtUk; muru;fs; midtUk; Fbkf;fs;> muR njhlu;ghd

Nfhl;ghLk; mjd; gad;ghLk;> nfhOk;G> r%f tpQ;Qhdpfs; rq;fk;.

02. tu;zghy> tp];t> (1996)> murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;> cau; rpe;jid njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk;>

nfhOk;G> fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;.

03. tpNufu;> rhu;s;];> (2001)> murwptpay; rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; guty;> nfhOk;G> fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;

jpizf;fsk;.

04. Bryson, Valorie, (2003), Feminist Political Theory: An Itroduction, Newyork: Palgrave: Macmillan.

05. Graham, Paul and John Hoffman, (2006), Introduction to Political Ideologies, Newyork: Pearson

Longman.

06. Heywood, Andrew, (2012), Political Ideologies: An Introduction, Newyork: Palgrave: Macmillan

07. Pettit, Philip, (2002), Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government, Oxford: Oxford University

Press.

106106

06. Kuz;ghLk; Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jYk;

Nju;r;rp 06:- Nkhjypd; ,ay;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L Nkhjy; jPu;T kw;Wk; rhkhjhdj;ij

fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gtw;wpd; mtrpaj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

(ghlNtisfs; - 40)

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-

6.1. NkhjYk;> Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghL njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;bidAk; kw;Wk; mjd;

eilKiw gpuNahfq;fisAk; njspTg;gLj;Jthu;.

6.2. rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjypdJk;> mjid kPs;fl;likj;JjypdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

njhlu;gpy; tpku;rd uPjpahf fUj;J njuptpg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-

Nkhjiy tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nkhjy; jPu;T Kiwfis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nkhjiy jPu;g;gjpy; Kd;ndr;rupf;if toq;fg;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

Nkhjiy jtpu;g;gjw;F Kd;tUthu;.

Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; jhDk; xU gq;fhsuhf nraw;gLthu;.

Nkhjy; epiykhw;wj;ij tpku;rd uPjpahd EZfpaha;thu;.

Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghl;L Clfq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nkhjy; ,zf;fg;ghL> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; rkfhy cyfj;jpw;Fg;

nghUj;jg;ghL nfhz;ljhd tifapy; tpsf;Fthu;.

jkJ tho;f;ifapy; mDgtpf;fpd;w Nkhjy;fis rhjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gLk;

tifapy; khw;Wtjw;F Kay;thu;.

mwpKfk;

rkfhyj;jpy; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T fw;if gue;j gy;Jiwrhu; fw;ifahf

khwpAs;sJ. murwptpay;> r%ftpay;> rl;lk;> Kfhikj;Jtf; fw;iw kw;Wk; ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs;

Mfpa Jiwfspy; ,J Kf;fpa fw;wy; gpupthf khwpAs;sJ. Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Kuz;ghl;Lj;

jPu;j;jy; njhlu;ghd fw;if murwptpaypy; 1980 fspd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;Nj fw;fg;gl

njhlq;fpaJ.

,e;j ghlj;jpy; fPo;tUk; %d;W fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;gpNyNa mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

mitahtd>

i. Kuz;ghL vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

107

ii. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

iii. rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; kPsikj;jy; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sy;.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

6.1. Kuz;ghL tiutpyf;fzk;

Kuz;ghL vd;gJ kdpju;fs;> r%ff; FOf;fs; my;yJ ,uz;L muRfs; my;yJ mjw;F

Nkw;gl;litfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrlj;Jtkhd njhlu;nghd;whFk;. Nguhrpupau; fpwp];Nlhgu;

kpr;nrypd; Kd;itj;Js;s fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tiutpyf;fzq;fs; %yk; ,tw;iw NkYk; tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s KbAk;.

“Kuz;ghL vd;gJ jkf;fpilapy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nghUj;jkpy;yhj Nehf;fq;fis cila my;yJ

mt;thW rpe;jpf;Fk;> ,U jug;Gfs; my;yJ egu;fs; my;yJ r%ff; FO my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

FOf;fSf;fpilapy; epyTk; njhlu;ghFk;”

Nguhrpupau; fpwp];Nlhgu; kpr;nrypd; ru;tNjr Kuz;ghLfspd; fl;likg;G (The Structure of International

Conflict) (1981) vd;w fl;Liuapd; mu;j;jg;gLj;jYf;F Vw;g Kuz;ghL vd;gJ> vjpu;thjk;> Nghl;b>

gpur;rpid (gpzf;F) Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. murpay; kw;Wk; r%ff; Nfhl;ghLfspy;

Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sgb vjpu;thjk;> Nghl;b kw;Wk; gpzf;F vd;gtw;iw Nkhjy;tiu epiykhw;wk;

milaf;$ba epiyikahFk;. mJ td;Kiwf;Fk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fSf;Fk; moptpid

juf;$ba ngWNgWfis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; tpistpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhNyNa Kuz;ghL vjpu;thjk;

kw;Wk; gpzf;fpy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpd;wJ.

Nghl;bj;jd;ik> vjpu;thjk; kw;Wk; gpur;rpid (gpzf;F) Mfpad kdpj njhlu;Gfspy; njhlu;r;rpahf

epyTtjhFk;. mit jtpu;f;fg;gl Kbahj egu;fSf;fpilapyhd kw;Wk; r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd

njhlu;ghFk;. vdpDk; Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T Kiwapy; $wg;gLtJ> mit jug;GfSf;F me;Nahd;akhd

Kiwapy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w Kuz;ghlhf tsur;rpailtjdhNyNa jLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Muk;g kl;lj;jpy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ egu;fSf;fpilapYk; Kuz;ghL Njhd;wyhk;. mit kdpju;

xt;nthUtUfpilapYk; NkhJfpd;w Nehf;fq;fis ehb nry;Yk;NghNj Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk; :- xU khk;goj;ij KOikahf ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gps;isfs; ,UtUf;fpilapy;

Kuz;ghL Njhd;wyhk;. khk;goj;ij jdpj;J KOikahf cupikf; nfhz;lhLtJ vd;gJ

xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkg;gLj;j Kbahj Nehf;fnkhd;whf (an incompatible goal) ,Ug;gjdhyhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l cjhuzj;ij r%fk; kw;Wk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpw;Fk; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. r%ff; FOf;fs;>

,df; FOf;fs;> r%f tu;f;fk;> ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; muRfSf;;fpilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w njhlu;Gfspd;

NghJ Kuz;ghL Njhd;WtJ mjpfhuk;> tsk;> %yjdk;> me;j];J Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis

mile;Jf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; mtu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; rkg;gLj;j Kbahj

Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mgpyhirfspdhyhFk;.

Kuz;ghl;bd; nraw;ghLfis ,dq;fhz;gJk; ,q;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

108108

Kuz;ghl;bd; nraw;ghLfs;

,J njhlu;gpy; ,U gpujhd mZFKiwfs; cs;sd.

1. Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjfkhd gf;fk;

2. Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjfkhd gf;fk;

1904 Mk; Mz;L N[hu;[; rPnky; (George Simmel) vDk; r%ftpayhsu; vOjpa “Kuz;ghl;bd; r%ftpay;”

(Sociology of Conflict) vd;w E}ypd;gb Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjfkhd nraw;ghLfs; gythFk;. mit>

r%fk; tsu;r;rpailahky; xNu ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gij jtpu;f;fpwJ.

r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd Njitia typAWj;jy;.

egu;fSk; r%fKk; khw;wkila gq;fspj;jy;.

r%ff; FOf;fspd; xw;Wikj;jd;ikapid tYg;gLj;JfpwJ.

1956 ,y; r%f Kuz;ghl;bd; nraw;ghLfs; (The Function of Social Conflict) vd;w fl;Liuapy; Y}tp];

Nfhru; (Lewis Koser) vd;w r%ftpayhsu; Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjfkhd tpisTfshf gpdtUtdtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

Kuz;ghL rpwg;ghf xOq;fikahj r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; rQ;ryepiyapid

(kd mOj;jj;jpid) (Tension) jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s ifnfhLg;gjhy; mit r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapy;

xw;Wikj;jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;j Jiz epw;Fk;.

khf;rpa fUj;jpd;gb> r%f tuyhw;wpd; Kd;Ndhf;fpa gazj;jpd; ce;J rf;jpahf fhzg;gLtJ

tu;f;f Kuz;ghNlahFk;. (Class Conflict)

xd;Wf;nfhd;W Nenujpuhd r%f tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilNa tuyhW KOtJk; Vw;gl;Ls;s

vjpu;thjq;fs; Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf r%fkhdJ tuyhw;W epiykhw;wj;jpw;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.

2. Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjfkhd ghu;it (vjpu;kiw) tpisTfs;

Kuz;ghl;bdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfshf td;Kiw> kdpjf; nfhiy> kdpjg;gLnfhiy>

nghUshjhu r%f mopTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzk;

Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jq;fs;

ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Aj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; MAj Kuz;ghLfs;

cs;sf rptpy; Aj;jq;fs;

td;Kiwrhu; ,d Kuz;ghLfs;

ghupa ty;yuRfSf;fpilapyhd ghupa moptpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba mZthAj Nkhjy;tiu

nry;tjw;F mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu fhzg;gl;l tha;g;Gfs;.

cyfstpy; gutp tUfpd;w gaq;futhjk; kw;Wk; gaq;futhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Aj;jq;fs;.

109

20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kdpjFyk; mDgtpj;j Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghd vjpu;kiw tpisTfspd;

mDgtNk Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T kw;Wk; ,zf;fg;ghL njhlu;gpy; murpay; kw;Wk; fw;iff;fhd

J}z;Ljy;fis toq;fpd.

6.1. Kuz;ghl;bid tifg;gLj;jy;

Kuz;ghLfis %d;W tifahf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

i. vspa tifg;gLj;jy;

ii. nraw;ghl;Lthj tifg;gLj;jy;

iii. murpay; tifg;gLj;jy;

1. vspa tifg;gLj;jy;

,J ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

i. Msf Kuz;ghL

ii. Mspil Kuz;ghL

iii. FOtpDs;shd Kuz;ghL

iv. FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghL

i. Msf Kuz;ghL (Intrapersonal Conflict)

xt;nthU egupdJk; cs;sj;jpDs; Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. tho;f;ifapd;

gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mgpyhirfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

cs;sj;jpy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gly; kdpjdpd; ,aw;if mDgtkhFk;.

ii. Mspil Kuz;ghL (Inter Personal Conflict)

egu;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; Mspil nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ ,U egu;fs; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

egu;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; Nghl;b> Ntw;Wik kw;Wk; vjpu;f;fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

cUthFk; Kuz;ghLfshFk;.

iii. FOtpDs;shd Kuz;ghL (Intra group conflict)

r%f FOf;fSf;fpilapy; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mgpyhirfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

cUthFk; Kuz;ghLfs; ,t;tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;.

iv. FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghL (Inter Group conflict)

,uz;L FOf;fs; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l FOf;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; ,e;j

tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;.

110110

2 . nraw;ghl;Lthj tifg;gLj;jy; (Funtionalist Clasification)

Kuz;ghLfspdhy; r%fj;jpy; nra;ag;gLfpd;w nraw;ghLfspdJk; rhjf ghjf tpisTfspd; ,ay;gNg

,jd; mbg;gilahFk;. ,e;j mbg;gilapd; fPo; mnkupf;f r%f cstpayhsuhd Nkhu;bd; Nlhap\;

(Morton Deutsch) Kuz;ghl;il ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.

m. Neu;fzpa Kuz;ghL (epahag;gLj;jf;$ba) (Constructive Conflict)

M. vjpu;kiw Kuz;ghL (Destructive Conflict)

(m) Neu;fzpa (epaha) Kuz;ghL

epaha nraw;ghl;bid nra;Ak; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfs; fpilf;Fk; Kuz;ghLfs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. Kuz;ghl;by;

gq;nfLf;Fk; jug;gpdu; jq;fSf;F ,jd;%yk; Neu;fzpa ngWNgW fpilj;jJ vd;Nw rpe;jpf;fpd;wdu;.

,jdhy; ,tu;fs; Kuz;ghl;bd; tpisTfs; kPJ jpUg;jp milfpd;wdu;. mJ Kuz;ghl;bd; Neu;fzpa

Kbnthd;wpid Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J rhjfkhd epiwtpidg; ngw;Wj;jUk;. ,J mopTfsw;w

Mf;fg;G+u;tkhdjhFk;. mt;thwhd Kuz;ghnlhd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd tplakhtJ

Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gq;fspj;j fhuzq;fis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xw;WikahfTk; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhfTk;

nraw;gLtjw;F jug;GfSf;F tha;g;G> jpwik kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;G vd;gd fpilf;fpd;wikahFk;.

(M) vjpu;kiw kw;Wk; mopTj;juf;$ba Kuz;ghLfs;

vjpu;kiw Kuz;ghLfspy; jug;Gf;fs; jq;fSf;F ghjfkhd ngWNgWfs; fpilj;Js;sJ vd rpe;jpg;gu;.

,jd;NghJ ,tu;fs; Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; jpUg;jpapd;ikapy; ,Ug;gu;. ,jd;; tpisthf ,lk;ngWtJ

Neu;fzpa Kuz;ghl;by; Nghd;W Kuz;ghL KbTf;FtuhikahFk;. ,J NkYk; gue;J tpuptilAk;.

Nguhrpupau; nlhap]pd; fUj;Jg;gb ,t;thwhd vjpu;kiw Kuz;ghL NkYk; tpUj;jpailAk;NghJ

eilngWtJ Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; mjw;F fhuzkhd mbg;gil fhuzpfspy; jdpikg;gl;L> tpUj;jpailAk;

Gjpa rf;jp kw;Wk; ,af;fj;d;ik (Dynamic) xd;iw ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;tjhFk;.

cjhuzk; :- ,yq;ifapd; ,d Kuz;ghL

3. murpay; tifg;gLj;jy;;

cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd Kuz;ghLfs; murpay; Kuz;ghLfshFk; (Political Conflict).

mit jdpg;gl;l Kuz;ghLfs; my;y. ghupa kf;fs; njhif> muRfSld; njhlu;GilaJ. mit

ngUk;ghYk; td;Kiwahf khwpAs;sJ. mit ngWk;ghYk; ePz;lfhykhf epiyj;jpUf;Fk;> jPu;g;gjw;F

fbdkhditfshFk;. ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikia ikag;gLj;jp Nguhrpupau; gPl;lu;

n`hyd;];Bd; (Peter Wallenstein) %d;W tifg;gLj;jy;fis nra;Js;shu;.

m. muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;

M. cs;sf Kuz;ghLfs; (muRf;Fs;)

,. muR epu;khz Kuz;ghLfs;

m. muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; (Inter State Conflict)

ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; gy;NtW ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; fhuzq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

111

cjhuzkhf:- muRfSf;fpilapy; vy;iy my;yJ tsq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;sy; Nghd;wtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kuz;ghLfs;. ,it rpyNtisfspy; ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Aj;jkhfTk;

khWk;. may;ehLfisg; NghyNt cyf ty;yuRfSk; ,t;thwhd ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfspy;

<Lgly; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. gdpg;Nghu; (Cold War) fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ Nghd;W

cyf ty;yuRfs; ,t;thwhd Aj;jq;fspy; kiwKfkhf njlu;Ggl KbAk;.

M. cs;ehl;L (muRf;Fs;shd) Kuz;ghLfs; (Intrastate Conflict)

murpay; mjpfhuNk cs;shl;L Kuz;ghLfSf;F ngUk;ghYk; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. cjhuzk;

ePz;lfhy MAj Kuz;ghLfs; mjhtJ rptpy; Aj;jk;.

ngUk;ghYk; ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghLfspd;NghJ muRfs; ,it ehl;bd; rl;lk;> xOq;F> murpd; ghJfhg;gpw;F

mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd fUjpNa nraw;gLfpd;wJ. cs;sf Kuz;ghL mjpfupg;gjhy; mit

rptpy; Aj;jq;fshf khw;wkiljy; vd;gJ cyfj;jpy; fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fshf fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba

Nghf;FfhFk;. mur mjpfhuk; njhlu;gpy; ePz;L nry;Yk; rptpy; Aj;jkhf khWtNj ,jd;NghJ

eilngWfpd;wJ.

cs;sf Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;

(i) fl;likg;Grhu; fhuzpfs;

(ii) nghUshjhu> r%ff; fhuzpfs;

(iii) murpay; fhuzpfs;

(iv) fyhrhu fhuzpfs;

(i) fl;likg;Grhu; fhuzpfs;

,dj;Jt kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahf gd;ikj;Jtk; nfhz;l r%fq;fspy; murpay; xUikj;jd;ikia

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Lnry;yjw;fhd munrhd;W Njhw;wk; ngwhikNa ,t;thwhd r%fq;fspy; Kuz;ghL

Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpujhd fl;likg;Grhu; fhuzp xd;whf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rpy ,df;FOf;fspd; Jd;g

Jauq;fSf;F rhjfkhf gpujpgypg;Gfis toq;Ftjw;F murhq;fk; jtWk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; my;yJ

kWf;Fk;NghJ muR gytPdkilfpd;wJ. mur vjpu;g;G czu;Tfs; ,f;FOf;fspilNa Nt&d;wptpLfpd;wJ.

muRfs; jkJ cupikfs;> Nfhupf;iffSf;F rhjfkhd gjpypid toq;fhJ vd epidf;fpd;w mt;thwhd

,df;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; muR xUtUf;nfhUtu; J}ukhFjy; Jd;gJauq;fs; vjpu;g;Gf;fshfTk;> vjpu;g;Gf;fs;

Kuz;ghLfshf khWtjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

(II). nghUshjhu> r%ff; fhuzpfs;

ghupa r%f> nghUshjhu mrkj;Jtk; epyTjy;> r%f uPjpahf ghugl;rk; fhl;lg;gly; kw;Wk;

r%f uPjpahf Vw;gLfpd;w Xuq;fl;ly;fs; vd;gtw;iw mDgtpf;Fk; r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilNa

Jd;gq;fs; tpUj;jpailjy; nghJthd epfo;thFk;. vdpDk; murhq;fk; ,t;thwhd Jd;g

Jauq;fis njhlu;e;J Gwf;fzpf;Fk;NghJ r%fj;jpy; jpUg;jpapd;ik cUthfp mJ eilKiwapy;

cs;s Kiwikf;F vjpuhd tpNuhjkhf khWk;. tpNrlkhf nghUshjhu tpUj;jp nraw;ghLfshy;

Vw;gLfpd;w nghUshjhu ,ilntsp mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ murpay; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLtJ

ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspd; rhjhuz mDgtkhf khwpAs;sJ. njhopw;rq;fk;> khztu; kw;Wk;

112112

,isQu; ,af;fq;fs; murhq;fj;Jld; Neub Kuz;ghLfSf;F tUtJ ,e;j gpd;Gyj;jpNyNa

MFk;. ehl;bd; gpujhd nghUshjhu> r%f mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghl;by; rpWghd;ik ,df;FOf;fSf;F

tug;gpurhjq;fs; fpilf;fhjNghJ mtu;fspd; Jd;g Jauq;fs; ,d Kuz;ghlhf khw;wkilfpd;wJ.

tpiuthd nghUshjhu epiykhw;wk; eilngWk;NghJ r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpiuthd

ifj;njhopy;kaKk; efukakhf;fk; vd;gtw;why; ngUk;ghyhd r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilNa

Vw;glf;$ba ghJfhg;gw;w czu;Tk;> r%f kdj;jhf;fj;jpw;Fk;> murpay; jPtpuj;jd;ikf;Fk;

toptFj;Js;sjhf Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghd fw;wy;fspy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

(III). murpay; fhuzpfs;

cs;sf Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpujhd murpay; fhuzpfs; rpy Kuz;ghl;L fy;tpapy;

,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jk; ehd;F tplaq;fs; cs;sd.

rpy r%ff; FOf;fSf;F mrkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; fhl;Lk; murpay; epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gly;.

rfy ,dj;Jt> fyhrhu r%ff; FOf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpf;nfhs;sg;glhj ,dthj fUj;jpay;fs;

fhzg;gly;.

r%fj;jpd; ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghupa murpay; Nghl;b

kw;Wk; vjpu;g;Gfs; fhzg;gly;.

nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; neUf;fb epiyfspy; Kuz;ghL jPtpukilAk; tifapy;

mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; cau;Fohk; murpay; fhzg;gly;.

(IV). fyhrhu kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; fhuzpfs;

cyfpd; Njrpa muRfspy; kpf rhjhuzkhf fhzg;gLfpd;w ,d Kuz;ghl;Lf;F top rikj;Js;s

gpujhd fhuzp fhyhrhukhFk;. gy;ypd r%fq;fspd; rpWghd;ikf; FOf;fspd; nkhop> kjk;> fy;tp

kw;Wk; Vida fyhrhu cupikfSf;Fk; milahsq;fSf;Fk; Vw;Gilik fpilf;fhikAk;> mit

ghugl;rq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtjpdhYk; ,e;j kf;fspilNa Vw;gLfpd;w Jd;g Jauq;fs;>

mikjpapd;ik kw;Wk; jpUg;jpapd;ikfs; murpay;kag;gLj;jg;gly; vd;gd ,d Kuz;ghL Njhw;wk;

ngWtjw;fhd Muk;gkhFk;. ,dj;Jtj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa milahs fUj;jpay;fs; ,d

Kuz;ghLfis tpuptilar; nra;tjw;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fk;. ngUk;ghd;ikia Nghd;Nw rpWghd;ik

FOf;fspilNa Vw;gLfpd;w ,t;thwhd Njrpathj fUj;jpay;fspd; rhjhuz gz;ghf fhzg;gLtJ>

,it me;Nahd;akhd Kiwapy; Nenujpu; fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;. mjhtJ jq;fisj;

jtpu Vida ,df;FOf;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;fhj kw;Wk; ,e;j r%ff; FOf;fs; jkJ ,Ug;Gf;F

(tho;jd;ikf;F) mr;RWj;jyhf ,Uf;Fk; vjpupfshf fUJk; fUj;jpayhFk;. ,t;thwhd Njrpathj

fUj;Jf;fs; gy;ypd r%fq;fspy; Njrpa xd;wpizg;Gf;fhd jilahFk;.

mur cUthf;f Kuz;ghLfs; (State Formation Conflict)

gPl;lu; n`hyd;];Bdpd; mu;j;jg;gLj;jYf;F Vw;g> mur cUthf;f Kuz;ghLfs; vd;gJ

munrhd;wpDs; thOk; kf;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPjj;jpdu; Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu; vd;w gpujhd

tplaj;jpidf; nfhz;L murhq;fk; kw;Wk; jhk; Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;s VNjDk; G+kp gpuNjrj;jpw;fhd

cupikapid NfhUk; vjpu; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghlhFk;.

113

,e;j tiutpyf;fpzf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g jw;Nghija cyfj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd gy;ypd muRfspy;

fhzg;gLk; gpuNjr milahsk;> mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;Jf;nfhs;tJ NghyNt gpupe;J nry;tijAk;

Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gLk; ,d tu;f;f murpay; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; me;ehl;L

murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; mur epu;khz Kuz;ghLfshFk;.

ngUk;ghyhd Kuz;ghLfspy; jdpg;gl;l egu;fs; njhlq;fp ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;

tiu xUtifahd tho;f;if rf;fuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Kuz;ghl;Lj;

jPu;T njhlu;gpy; mz;ikf;fhy Ma;Tfspy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.

Kuz;ghl;L fy;tpapd; Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtuhd mnkupf;fhtpd; Y}tp]; fpwp];Ngu;f; (Luvis

Krisberg) ,e;j fUj;jpid ntspapl;l Ma;thsuhthu;.

Nguhrpupau; fpup];Ngf; ,d; fUj;jpw;F Vw;g Kuz;ghL epiyahdJ my;y. ,it Muk;gpj;J fhzhky;

NghFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; mikjpaw;w Kuz;ghLfs; gpd;du; gy;NtW fl;lq;fisj; jhz;b nry;Yk;NghJ

kpfTk; mikjpailAk;. ,t;thW gy;NtW fl;lq;fis jhz;b gazpf;Fk; Kuz;ghl;bd; ngWNgw;why;

GjpaNjhu; Kuz;ghL Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F tha;g;G cz;L. fpwp];Ngf; Kuz;ghL xd;W gazpf;Fk;

ghij njhlu;ghd fUj;J “Kuz;ghl;L tho;f;if rf;fuk;” vd;w fUj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf

mike;Js;sJ vd;gij fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

,e;j gbepiyfs; fPo;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthwhFk;.

Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd fhuzk; / epge;jidfs; fhzg;gly;

,J Kuz;ghl;bd; Muk;g epiyahFk;. Kuz;ghnlhd;W Vw;gLtjw;F NghJkhd

epge;jidfs; fhzg;glYk; ngUk;ghYk; mit fz;Lg;gpbf;fhky; ,Ug;gJNk ,jd;

gpujhd Fzhk;rkhFk;. mwpe;jpUe;jhYk; mit Kuz;ghL xd;Wf;fhd fhuzkhf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;shik. mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhz;L Muk;gj;jpNyNa jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

Kuz;ghnlhd;W Vw;gLtij jtpu;g;gjhFk;.

Kuz;ghL Nknyyy; (Emergence)

Kjy; fl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Jd;gq;fs; kw;Wk; mjw;F fpilf;Fk; vjpu;kiw tpisTfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rkg;gLj;j Kbahj mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gly; ,f;fl;lj;jpy; eilngWk;.

Kuz;ghL jPtpuepiy (cf;fpuepiy) miljy; (Escalation)

Kuz;ghl;bd; gupkhdk; kw;Wk; jPtpuj;jd;ik Mfpa ,uz;Lk; gz;GuPjpahf GjpanjhU

gbepiyf;F khw;wkiltJ vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. Kuz;ghL td;Kiwg;NghyNt

Aj;j gbepiyf;F tUjy;> Kuz;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w kuzq;fs;> nrhj;J Nrjj;jpd;

msTfs; cau;tiljy; Kuz;ghL jPtukilAk;NghJ Vw;gLk;. Kuz;ghl;bd;

jug;gpdu;fs; xUjiyg;gl;rkhf Aj;j uPjpahd jPu;tpy; Mokhd mf;fiw nrYj;jYk;

,e;epiyapy; Vw;gLk;. nghJthf ehLfspd; cs;sf Kuz;ghLfspd; NghJ ,e;j

gbepiy xg;gPl;lstpy; ePz;l fhyhkhFk;. mj;NjhL ,f;fl;lj;jpy; Kuz;ghl;il

murpay; fye;Jiuahly; topKiwapy; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gk; kpfTk;

FiwthFk;.

114114

Kuz;ghl;bd; jPtpuepiy mw;Wg;Nghjy; (De- Escalation)

Kuz;ghnlhd;W jPtpu gbepiyf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yg;gbDk; mj;jPtpuj;jd;ik FiwtilAk;

Nghf;Fk; Kuz;ghl;by; cz;L. mjd; jPtpuj;jd;ikia Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;

rkpQ;irfs; ,U jug;Gf;Fkpilapy; gupkhw;wpf; nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; Kuz;ghnlhd;wpd;

jPtpuj;jd;ik Fiwtiljy; Muk;gpf;Fk;. ,t;thwhdnjhU epiyapid miljy;

gy;NtW tplaq;fspd; ngWNgWfspd; tpisthf ,Uf;fyhk;. jug;GfSf;F

Kuz;ghl;bid njhlu;e;Jk; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;fhd tsk; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;

gytPdkiljy;> ru;tNjr mOj;jq;fs;> Nkhjiy Kd;ndLg;gjw;F Njitahd

kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;gpy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rp> jug;Gf;fs; Kuz;ghl;bdhNyNa fiyg;giljy;

kw;Wk; mjdhy; xUjiyg;gl;rkhf jPu;Tfis NjLk; jplrq;fw;gk; fPo;epiyailjy;

Nghd;wd ngUk;ghYk; fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba tplaq;fshFk;.

tpy;ypak; V. rhu;l;kd; (William A Zartman) Kd;itj;Js;s me;Nahd;a uPjpapyhd

fhag;gLj;Jk; Njf;fepiy (Mutually Hurting Stalemate) vd;w vz;zf;fU> Kuz;ghnlhd;W

jPtpuj;jd;ik cau;tiltjpypUe;J jPtpuj;jd;ik FiwtilAk; tiu Kuz;ghl;bd;

gupkhw;wj;ij njspTg;gLj;Jk; Nfhl;ghl;L #j;jpukhFk;. Kuz;ghnlhd;wpd; jPtpuepiy

ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F ePbf;Fk;NghJ> Aj;j uPjpahf xUjiyg;gl;rkhf jPu;tpidg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpwd; ,y;yhJ NghFk; vd;gJ jug;GfSf;F tpsq;Fk; vd;gNjNa

rhu;l;kd; ,jd;%yk; fhl;bdhu;. vj;jug;Gf;Fk; xUjiyg;gl;rkhf ntw;wpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Kbahj> Kd; gpd; nry;y Kbahj rpiwg;gLj;jYf;F Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;Gfs;

MshfpapUf;Fk;. ,J jPikfis ngw;Wj;jUk;> ,Ujug;GfSf;Fk; ghupa el;lq;fis

ngw;Wj;jUtjhFk;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa jug;Gfs; xUjiyg;gl;rkhd jPu;Tfisad;wp>

,Uj;jug;GfSk; ,ize;J Njl Ntz;ba ,Ujug;G fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapyhd

jPu;Tfis Njl jahuhFk;. ,J Kuz;ghl;bd; jPtpuj;jd;ikapid Fiwg;gjw;F Njitahd

mjpKf;fpa epge;jidahf rhu;l;kd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Kuz;ghl;il fye;Jiuahly;

Kuz;ghl;L tho;f;if rf;fuk; (Conflict Life Cycle)

jilfs;> epge;jidfs; kw;Wk;

ntspg;glh Kuz;ghL

fhy ,ilntsp

jPtpuj; jd;ik

Kuz;ghL Vw;gly;

Kuz;ghL jPtpukiljy;

me;Nahd;akhd tifapy; fhag;gLj;Jk; Njf;f epiy

jPtpuj;jd;ik Fiwtiljy;

rkhjhd Ngr;R thu;j;ij

Kuz;ghL Kbtiljy;

Kuz;ghl;bw;F

gpd;duhd

rkhjhdj;ij

fl;bnaOg;gy;;

115

%yk; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F %d;whk; jug;nghd;W kj;jpa];ju;fshf gq;Ff;nfhs;tjw;fhd

tha;g;G ,e;epiyapNyNa fpilf;Fk;.

Kuz;ghl;bid KbTf;F nfhz;Ltuy; (Termination)

ehnlhd;wpDs; fhzg;gLk; Kuz;ghL rptpy; Aj;jkhf khwp> mjdhNyNa

ePz;Lnrd;Ws;s (Protracted) Kuz;ghnlhd;iw KbTf;F nfhz;LtUjy; ePz;lfhy

nraw;ghl;bd; tpisthFk;. ,t;thwhd rpy Kuz;ghLfs; xU jug;Gf;F Aj;j ntw;wp

fpilg;gNjhL Kbtila KbAk;. ,jd;NghJ nghJthf Njhy;tpAw;w jug;gpdu; mtu;fs;

fpsu;r;rpahsu;fshapd; moptiltNjhL> mtu;fspd; murpay; Nfhupf;iffis

epiwNtw;Wtjh ,y;iyah vd;gij jPu;khdpf;Fk; G+uz cupik> mjhtJ vjpu;kiw

mjpfhuk;> ntw;wpg;ngw;w jug;ghd murhq;fj;jpw;F fpilg;gNj eilngWk;.

ePz;L fhzg;gLk; rptpy; Aj;j Kuz;ghl;bid KbTf;F nfhz;LtUk; kw;WnkhU

topKiw ,Ujug;Gk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fye;Jiuahly; %ykhd jPu;Tf;F tUtjhFk;.

,J nghJthf “rkjhd cld;gbf;if” (Peace Agreement) %yk; eilngWk;. %d;whk;

jug;nghd;wpd; kj;jpa];jk; (Mediation) ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU gq;fpid tfpf;Fk;.

Kuz;ghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; ntw;wpf;nfhs;s vz;zpa

xUjiyg;gl;r (Unilateral) kw;Wk; (cau;e;jgl;r) cr;rthj (Maximalist) ,yf;Ffis

iftpl;L> ,uj;jug;Gk; cld;glf;$ba ,yf;Ffis Nju;T nra;tNj rhkhjhd

cld;gbf;ifapy; ngUk;ghYk; eilngWfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb fye;Jiuahly; %ykhd

rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk; Kuz;ghL KbTf;Ftuy;> Kuz;ghl;Lj;jug;Gf;fs;

kw;Wk; Nfhupf;iffSf;fpilapy; eilngWk; me;Nahd;a tpl;Lf;nfhLg;G (Mutual

Accommodation) kw;Wk; rkur rkhjhdk; (Compromise) vd;gdthFk;.

Kuz;ghLfspd; NghJ ahJ nra;a Ntz;Lk;?

Kuz;ghl;bid jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Nfhzj;jpy; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> Kuz;ghLfis rhjfkhd kw;Wk;

Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd jPu;nthd;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;NjhNl mjpy; gpuNtrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kuz;ghl;L

jPu;T njhlu;ghd fw;iw ,jw;fhf Kd;itj;Js;s Nahrid ahnjdpy; ,jw;fhd rpwe;j gpuNtrk;

Kuz;ghLfSf;F fhuzkhf mike;j fhuzpfis (Underlying Causes) milahsq;fz;L mjw;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjhFk;.

irkd; gp]u; (Simon Fisher) ,d; FO 2000 Mk; Mz;by; ntspapl;l Kuz;ghl;NlhL gzpGupjy;:

nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; cghaKiwfs; (Working With Conflict; Skills and Strateries for

Action) vd;w E}ypy; Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; nraw;gLk;NghJ gad;gLk; gy;NtW mZFKiwfis

tpgupj;Js;sdu;. ,e;j mZFKiwfs; Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T fw;ifapy; gy;NtW Ma;thsu;fs; kw;Wk;

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;litfshFk;. ,it Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fSk;

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk; gue;jstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;litfshFk;.

(m). r%f cwTrhu; mZFKiw (Community Relations Approach)

Kuz;ghlhdJ r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfs; mw;Wg;Nghtjhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gNj

,t;tZFKiwapd; gpujhd fUj;jhFk;. r%ff;FOf;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; ek;gpf;ifaPdk;>

tpNuhjk; kw;Wk; me;epakhjy; vd;gd ,jd; gz;GfshFk;. ,jdhy; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;tpd;

Nehf;fkhf mika Ntz;baJ>

116116

Kuz;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila jug;GfSf;fpilapy; njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Gupe;Jzu;it

tpUj;jpr;nra;jy;

,dj ;Jt> fyhrhu > r%f Nghd ;w gy ;tifika pid Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;tjw ;Fk ;

nghWj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

(M) kdpjj; Njitfs; mZFKiw (Human Needs Approach)

kdpjdpd; mbg;gil ngsjPf> khDl kw;Wk; r%fj; Njitfs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;glhikapdhNyNa

Kuz;ghL Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghd kdpjj; Njitfs; Nfhl;ghL Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

nrYj;jg;gLtJ ghJfhg;G> milahsk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> FOtpd; nfsutk;> murpay;

gq;Fg;gw;wy; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; Nghd;witfNs ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghLfspd; NghJ ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gLk; tplaq;fshFk;. kdpjj; NjitfNshL njhlu;Gila ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghLfis

jPu;f;Fk;NghJ fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g nraw;gLtJ gaDilajhFk;.

jk;khy; nra;ag;glhj khDl Njitfis mwpe;Jf;nfhz;L mtw;iw <Lnra;J

nfhs;tjw;Fs;s khw;W topKiwfis NjLtjw;F Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;Gfis J}z;Ljy;

midj;J jug;gpdUf;Fk; mbg;gil kdpjj; Njitfis <Lnra;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapyhd

cld;ghLfSf;F tUtjw;F jug;GfSf;F cjtpaspj;jy;.

(,) milahsj; Njitfs; mZFKiw (Identity Needs Approach)

Kuz;ghLfs; r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd milahsk; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfpAs;sJ vd;w

czu;tpdhy; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ vDk; fUj;jpNyNa milahsf; Nfhl;ghL mtjhdk;

nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Kd;du; Vw;gl;l Njhy;tpfs;> Jd;gq;fs; kw;Wk; gpd;dilTfs; ,jd; fhuzpfshf

cs;sd. ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghLfis jPu;f;Fk;NghJ fPo;tUtdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

jhk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; gaq;fs; vd;dntd;gij fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F

jug;GfSf;F cjtpfis nra;J> mtu;fSf;fpilapy; jd;Dzu;thjy; (gr;rhj;ghjk;) (Empathy)

kw;Wk; rkurj;ij (Reconciliation) fl;bnaOg;g cjtpg; Gupjy;.

midj;J jug;GfspdJk; mbg;gil milahsq;fs;> Njitfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; $l;L

cld;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.

(<) fyhrhu njhlu;ghly; mZFKiw (Cultural Communication Approach)

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; fyhrhu njhlu;ghly; khjpupfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; Ntw;WikfNs cs;sf

fyhrhu njhlu;ghly; Nfhl;ghl;by; mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ njsptpd;ikapdhy;

Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;Nw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Kuz;ghl;L jPu;tpd; Nehf;fq;fshf ,e;j mZFKiw

gpd;tUtdtw;iw Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ.

Kuz;ghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fspd; fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghf mtu;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

Gupe;Jzu;it mjpfupj;jy;.

me;j FOf;fSf;fpilapy; xt;nthUtUu; gw;wpAk; fhzg;gLk; ghjf> vjpu;kiw rpe;jidfis

(Negative Stereotypes) ePf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

cs;sf fyhrhu njhlu;ghliy tYg;gLj;jy;.

117

(c) Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;w mZFKiw (Conflict Transformation Approach)

Kuz;ghL mrkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; fhzg;gLk; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk;

fyhrhu fl;likg;GfSf;fhd gpujpaPL vDk; tifapNyNa Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wf; Nfhl;ghL

Kd;itf;Fk; mbg;gil fUj;jhFk;. ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghLfspy; Kuz;ghl;L gupepiyahf;fk;

mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. ,jw;fhf gpd;tUtdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

mrkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; vd;gtw;Wf;F mbg;gilahf mikAk; fhuzq;fshd fl;likg;Gfs;

kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis khw;wpaikj;jy;.

Kuz;ghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila jug;GfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; Gupe;Jzu;it rhjfkhd

Kiwapy; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fjy;.

kf;fis tYT+l;ly; kw;Wk; rkhjhdk;> epahaj;jd;ik> kd;dpg;G toq;fy;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;

rkurg;gLj;jiyAk; (Reconcialation) Nkk;gLj;jy; nranyhOq;F kw;Wk; gad;ghLfis

Muk;gpj;jy;.

(C) gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy; mZFKiw (Problem Solving Approach)

jug;gpdUf;fpilNa (i) xd;Wf;nfhd;W nghUe;jhj kw;Wk; NtWg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fs; fhuzkhfTk;>

(ii) Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; “G+r;rpa tpUj;jp” (Zero – Sum) rkd;ghl;bid (jhq;fs; kl;LNk rup>

jq;fSf;F kl;LNk vy;yh ntw;wpfSk; fpilf;fNtz;Lk;> vjpu;j;jug;G Kw;WKOjhf Njhy;tpaila

Ntz;Lk;> moptila Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w ek;gpf;iffs;) epiyahf itj;jpUg;gjd; fhuzq;fNs

,t;tZFKiwapd; Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilahFk;. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfis jPu;g;gNj

(Problem Solving) ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jw;fhf gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Kuz;ghl;Lf; fhuzpfisAk; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; nfhz;L>

jkJ fbdkhd epiyapy; ,Uf;fhky;> mbg;gil fhuzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

Kuz;ghl;L jPu;Tf;fhd ,zf;fg;ghL (Negotiation) nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl jug;Gf;fSf;F cjtp

nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

xU jug;G kl;Lkpd;wp vy;yh jug;GfSk; ntw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; cld;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F

jug;GfSf;F trjpaspj;jy;.

6.2. Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T nrad;Kiw

Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T vd;gJ nghJthf ePz;lnjhU nrad;KiwahFk;.

jdpg;gl;l uPjpapYk;> r%f> murpay; Kuz;ghLfspYk; mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f tplak; ahnjdpy;

Kuz;ghl;il KOikahf jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; fbdkhapDk;> Kuz;ghl;bid rhjfkhd tifapy;

mZFk; topKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;gb>

Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; Kd;ndr;rupf;if nra;jy;

Kuz;ghl;il jtpu;j;jy;

Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;

Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wk;

118118

Kuz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T

Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; Kd;ndr;rupf;if nra;jy; (Early Warning)

,J 1980 – 1990 fhyg; gFjpfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;j vz;zf;fUthFk;.

,jd; mbg;gil fUj;J> r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s Kuz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf Kd;dNu

,dq;fz;L mit Vw;gLtij jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLj;jyhFk;.

mt;thW nra;Ak;NghJ Kuz;ghL Vw;glf;$ba ,lk;> r%ff; FOf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw

,dq;fz;L mjd;%yk; Kuz;ghLfSf;F fhuzkha; mikaf;$ba fhuzpfs; kPJ

ftdk; nrYj;jp jPu;g;gjw;fhd Nahridfis cUthf;f KbAk;.

Kuz;ghl;il jtpu;j;jy; (Conflict Prevention)

,J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l “Kd;ndr;rupf;if nra;jy;” Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T Kiwapd; Muk;gg;

gbepiyahFk;.

Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fis ,dq;fz;ljd;

gpd;du; mtw;iw Kuz;ghlhf khwhky; jLg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Kuz;ghl;L jtpu;g;G Kiwfs; ,uz;L cs;sd.

I. Kuz;ghl;il Rkhuhf jtpu;j;jy; (Light Prevention)

,jd;fPo; Kuz;ghnlhd;W td;Kiwahf khWtij jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if vLj;jNy

eilngWfpd;wJ.

,uh[je;jpu jiyaPLfs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs;> khehLfs;> rkhjhd Ngr;Rf;fs;> Kuz;ghl;L

jPu;T nrayku;Tfs; Nghd;w Clfq;fis ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

II. Mokhf jtpu;j;jy; (Deep Prevention)

,jd;Kyk; Kuz;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j mbg;gil fhuzpfis fz;lwpe;J>

mtw;Wf;F jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J Kuz;ghL Vw;glf;$ba tha;g;Gfis

jtpu;g;gjhFk;.

nghUshjhu> murpay; rPuikg;Gfs;> mgptpUj;jp topKiwfs;> tUtha;fs; kPz;Lk;

gfpu;e;J nry;Yk; topKiwfs;> eyd;Gup nfhs;iffs;> murpay; epWtdq;fis

cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;wd ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jf;$ba topKiwfshFk;.

Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; (Conflict Management)

Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gjw;F ,U tpsf;fq;fs; cs;sd.

I. Kuz;ghl;il KOikahf jPu;g;gJ fbdkhd> ePz;l fhyk; vLf;ff;$bajhf cs;sNghJ

Kuz;ghl;bd; td;Kiw kw;Wk; mopTj;jd;ikahd tpisTfis fl;Lg;gLj;jp> me;j guTif

kw;Wk; jPtpuj;jd;ikia fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;JtkhFk;. ,J Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd

gpujhd %yf;fhuzpfSf;F jPu;Tfis Njl Kaw;rpg;gjpy;iy.

119

,t;tZFKiw> Kuz;ghLfis rhjfkw;w tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; xd;whfNt

ghu;f;fpd;wJ.

II. ,uz;lhtJ mZFKiw> Kuz;ghl;il rhjfkw;w tpisTfis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; xd;whf

ghu;f;fhky;> r%fj;jpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W khWgl;l kNdhepiy kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd

Nkhjy; vd;Nw tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Kuz;ghLfis [dehaf kw;Wk; rkhjhdkhd

rl;lfj;jpDs; fye;Jiuahly;> fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapd; %yk; eilngWfpd;w nraw;ghlhf

khw;Wjy; ,q;F ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

,k;Kiwfs; ,uz;bdJk; Nehf;fk; Kuz;ghnlhd;iw gpur;rpidf;Fupa jd;ikf;F khw;Wtij

jtpu;g;gjhFk;.

Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wk; (Conflict Transformation)

,t;tZFKiwapdhy; Kuz;ghnlhd;iw rhjfkhd Kiwapy; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;> ,Jtiu

rkhjhd cld;gbf;if my;yJ xU jug;G kl;Lk; ntw;wp ngWtjy;yhky;> gupepiykhw;w

nrad;KiwapDs;NsNa eilngWk; nraw;ghlhFk;. mjhtJ Kuz;ghl;bdhNyNa

Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ik> Nehf;fk;> mgpyhir vd;gdTk; epiykhw;wk; milAk;.

gPl;lu; n hyd;];Bd; (1991) Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wk; vd;gJ tuyhw;W nrad;Kiwapy;

fpilf;Fk; fw;wy; mDgtj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; ngWNgW vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,jd;gb>

rhj;jpakhd Kiwapy; eilngWk; Kuz;ghl;L epiyikhw;wk; vd;gJ> Aj;j mghak;

kPz;Lk; Vw;glhtz;zk; Kuz;ghl;L jug;Gf;fs;> Kuz;ghl;bw;F VJthf mikAk;

gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghl;bdhy; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fSk; epiykhWtjhFk;.

,jd;gb Kuz;ghl;il rhjfkhd Kiwapy; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Gjpa tha;g;G

jpwe;Jtplg;gLk;.

Kuz;ghL epiykhw;wk; gy tiffspy; Vw;gl KbAk;. mtw;wpy; rpy fPo;tUkhW>

jug;Gfs; epiykhWjy; (Actor Transformation)

Kuz;ghl;L jug;Gfspy; gq;Fjhuu;fs;> murhq;fk;> jiytu;fs; khw;wk; miljy;

kw;Wk; mtu;fs; Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; fhl;Lk; kNdhepiy khw;wkiltjhy;

Kuz;ghl;bw;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fk;.

gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rp epuypd; epiykhw;wk; (Issue and Agenda Transfomation)

,jd;NghJ Kuz;ghl;bw;F ikakhf mikAk; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rp

epuy;fs; khw;wk; miljy;.

cr;rthj Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf> kj;jpaka rkhjhdj;jpw;F tha;g;gspf;Fk;

Nehf;fk; cUthjy;> xUjiygl;r ntw;wpf;Fg; gjpyhf ,iz rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd

tha;g;G cUthjy; vd;gd ,jd; %yk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

Kuz;ghl;bd; tpjpKiw epiykhw;wk; (Rule Transformation)

Kuz;ghl;L jug;Gfspd; elj;ijfspy; khw;wk; Vw;glNy ,jd; %yk;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

120120

fl;likg;G epiykhw;wk; (Structural Transformation)

Kuz;ghl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j fl;likg;G> gpur;rpidfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> elj;ij>

jug;Gfs; Nghd;w midj;Jk; epiykhw;wk; miljy;.

Kuz;ghl;bw;F gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; (Post Conflict - Peace Building)

rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifia xd;iw ifnahg;gk; ,ly; my;yJ Aj;jj;ij KbTWj;jy;

my;yJ Kuz;ghl;L jPu;Tf;F Njitahd Kd; epge;jid kl;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; %yk;

Gyg;gLk; fUj;jhf cs;sJ. Kuz;ghL kPz;Lk; Vw;glh tz;zk; Kuz;ghl;L fhuzpfSf;F

rhjfkhd tifapy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp> nghUshjhu – murpay; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

kPs;fl;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy; ,jd; gpd;duhd rhthyhf cs;sJ.

Kuz;ghl;bd;NghJ moptile;j gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fj;ij kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy;>

Gdu;tho;tspj;jy;> kPs; mgptpUj;jp> kf;fSf;F rYiffis toq;Fjy;> ePjp kw;Wk;

epahaj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;> kf;fSf;Fk; gpuirfSf;FkpilNa Gupe;Jzu;it

fl;bnaOg;gy; Nghd;wd Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

nraw;ghLfspy; mlq;Fk;.

Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T (Conflict Resolution)

Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T vd;gJ Kuz;ghL kPz;Lk; Vw;glh tz;zk; mjd; mbg;gil fhuzpfis

NghyNt Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lNghJ Njhw;wkile;j Jd;g Jauq;fspYk; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp

nra;ag;gLk; rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghl;bdhy; milag;gl Ntz;ba

Nehf;fhFk;.

6.3. Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T Clfq;fs;

Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T nrad;Kiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mbg;gil Clfq;fs; 4 fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;

2. kj;jpa];jk; nra;jy;

3. rkhjhd cld;gbf;if

4. rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

,zf;fg;gLj;jy; (Negotiation)

Getting to say “yes” vd;w ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpurpj;jpg; ngw;w ifE}ypid

vOjpa nwh[u; gpru; (Roger Fisher) kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; A+up (William Ury) vd;Nghupd;

mu;j;jg;gLj;jYf;F Vw;g> ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ “ehq;fs; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Ntz;baij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; ClfkhFk;. cq;fSf;Fk; kw;iwaj;

jug;Gf;Fk; ,ilNa gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghJ mgpyhirfs; NghyNt vjpu; mgpyhirfs;

fhzg;gLk;NghJ ,U jug;Gf;FkpilNa cld;ghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy;

nra;ag;gLk; njhlu;ghly; gupkhw;wNk ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gjhFk;”

121

“,zf;fg;gLj;jy;” vd;gJ Kuz;ghl;by; <Lgl;Ls;s jug;Gf;fs; jkJ Kuz;ghLfisj;

jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd fye;Jiuahly; nraw;ghl;L Kiwik xd;whFk;.

“,zf;fg;gLj;jy;” vd;gJ xd;Nwhnlhd;W NkhJgtu;fis nghJthdnjhU

epiyghl;bw;F nfhz ;LtUtjw ;fhf Kuz;ghl ; NlhL njhlu ; Gila

jug;Gf;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; nrad;KiwahFk;.

,zf;fg;gLj;jy; eilngWk; tpjq;fs; %d;W> Kuz;ghl;L fw;ifapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(m) Kuz;ghl;il jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; (Problem Solve Negotiation)

,jd;NghJ Kuz;ghl;L jug;GfSf;F nghJtpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jPu;nthd;wpid NjLtNj

eilngWk;. ,J ,Ujug;Gf;Fk; kfpo;r;rpia ngw;Wf;nfhLf;ff;$ba> kj;jpaka rkhjhd

jPu;Tnthd;wpid ,ize;J Njbf;nfhs;Sk; nrad;KiwahFk;. ,jd;%yk; Kuz;ghl;NlhL

njhlu;Gila fhuzpfis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F cld;gLNj ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

(M) jd;dhjpf;f ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; (Contending Negotiation)

,jd;NghJ Kuz;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila xU jug;G kw;iwaj; jug;gpd; kPJ jkJ epiyghl;il

jpzpg;gjw;fhf fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLtjhFk;. jkJ epiyg;ghl;by; khw;wkilahky;

jPu;f;fkhd epiyghl;by; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L vjpu;j;jug;gpd; epiyg;ghl;il jkf;F rhjfkhd

Kiwapy; khw;wpf;nfhs;s mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNj ,q;F eilngWk;.

(,) tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; (nefpo;r;rpahd) ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; (Yielding Negotiation)

,k;Kiwapdpy; Kuz;ghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fs; jPu;nthd;wpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

jkJ Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gfs; njhlu;gpy; tiye;J nfhLj;jNy eilngWk;.

kj;jpa];jk; nra;jy; (Mediation)

kj;jpa];jk; vd;gJ Kuz;ghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fSf;fpilapy; tpthjj;jpw;F

JizGupe;Js;s gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; ,Ujug;ghYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jPu;tpid (Settlement)

Vw;gLj;jpw;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; %d;whk; jug;nghd;W nghWg;Ngw;Ws;s ,ilj;juF nraw;ghlhFk;.

kj;jpa];jk; xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghly;yhky; njhlu; nraw;ghlhFk;. ,J gy

gbepiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

I. Muk;gj;jpy; Kuz;ghl;L jug;GfSf;fpilapy; jfty;fis gupkhWgtuhf nraw;gly;.

II. mtu;fSf;fpilapy; rhjfkhd fUj;J gupkhw;wj;jpw;F Njitahd njhlu;ghly; ClfkhjYk;

mjw;F cjtp GupjYk;.

III. Kuz;ghLfSf;F khw;W jPu;Tfis gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjw;F cjtp Gupjy;.

IV. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;Gf;fis fye;Jiuahly; Nkirf;F nfhz;LtUjy; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;fspy;

jiyikg; gq;fpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

V. kj;jpa];j;jpd;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidf;Fupa tplaq;fis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F jug;Gf;fSf;F

cjtp Gupjy;.

122122

VI. kj;jpa];jpy; <LgLk; jug;Gfspd; ntspaPl;lhsuhf nraw;gly;.

VII. rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapid jahupg;gjpy; cjtp Gupjy;.

VIII. rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapid eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> jug;Gfs; Nfl;fpd;w cjtpfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

6 . 3 . 3 rkhjhd cld;gbf;if

,Ug;gJ Kuz;ghl;L jug;Gf;fs; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if my;yJ jPu;T cld;gbf;if (Peace

Agreement, Settlement Agreement) xd;iw ifr;rhj;jpg;glNy murpd; cs;sf uPjpahfNth my;yJ

ehLfSf;F ,ilapNyh Kuz;ghnlhd;W fhzg;gLk;NghJ ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; kj;jpa];jk;

nra;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nehf;fkhFk;. rkhjhd cld;gbf;if vd;w nrhy;

(Peace Accord) ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

%d;whk; jug;nghd;wpd; kj;jpa];jk; fhzg;gLk;NghJ> ,e;j %d;whk; jug;gpd; gq;Fg;gw;wy;

kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;gpd;gbNa rkhjhd cld;ghl;bw;F Kuz;ghl;L jug;Gf;fs; ifr;rhj;jpLk;.

cld;gbf;ifia jahupg;gjw;Fk; %d;whk; jug;G gq;Fg;gw;Wk;. kj;jpa];jk; ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

jug;Gf;fspd; ,uz;bdJk; epGzu;fs; cld;gbf;ifia jhahupg;gu;.

Kuz;ghnlhd;W xUjiyg;gl;rkhf KbTf;FtUk;NghJ rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffs;

ifr;rhj;jpLtjpy;iy. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; Njhy;tpaile;j jug;gpid

fPo;epiyg;gLj;Jk; cld;gbf;ifNa nra;ag;gLk;. mJ rkhjhd cld;gbf;if xd;wy;y.

rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifnahd;wpd; gz;Gfs;

i. Kuz;ghl;L jug;Gf;fs; ,uz;Lk; Kuz;ghl;il ,ilepWj;Jtjw;F my;yJ KbTf;F nfhz;Ltu

,zq;Fjy;.

ii. jdpahfTk;> $l;lhfTk; eilKiwg;gLj;j cld;gLfpd;w cWjpnkhopfis rkhjhd

cld;gbf;ifapd; epge;jidfshf khw;Wjy;.

iii. Kuz;ghL rptpy; Aj;jnkhd;whapd;> Aj;jj;ij KbTf;F nfhz;Ltuy;> epuhAjghzpahjy;>

Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fis Gdu;tho;tspj;jy;> Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ ruzile;j nghJ kf;fis

kPsf;Fbaku;j;jy;> kdpj cupik kPwy;fSf;F jPu;Tfisj; Njly; Nghd;w tplaq;fSf;F

$l;lhf ,zq;Fjy;.

iv. Nghuhl;l jug;G gpujhd murpay; nrad;Kiwf;Fs; cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; me;j jug;Gf;fspd;

murpay; Nfhupf;iffSf;fhd gjpyhf murpay; kWrPuikg;Gf;F ,zq;Fjy;.

v. cld;ghl;bd; epge;jidfis rupahd Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;j rgjnkLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd

fz;fhzpg;G tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;Fjy;.

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

rkhjhd cld;gbf;iff;F jug;Gf;fs; tUjy;> rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; ePz;l nrad;Kiwapd;

Muk;gk; kl;LNk. tpNrlkhf td;Kiw kw;Wk; ePz;Lnrd;Ws;s rptpy; Aj;jk; fhzg;gl;l r%fj;jpy;

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJk; ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; gupepiykhw;w nrad;KiwahFk;.

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy; nrad;Kiwapy; gpujhd rthy;fs; ,uz;L cs;sd.

123

i. rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l epge;jidfis rupahd KiwapYk; cWjpaspj;j

KiwapYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

ii. cld;gbf;if Kiwahf nraw;glhjNghJ Vw;glf;$ba Kuz;ghl;bw;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;Gtij

epUtfpj;jy;

6 . 4 . rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; (Peace Building)

rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;GjYk;> tiutpyf;fzKk; mjd; mZFKiwAk;

Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; rkhjhdf; fw;iffspy; rkhjhdk; vd;gjw;F ,UNtWg;gl;l mu;j;jg;gLj;jy;fis

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nguhrpupau; N[hfhd; fy;Lq; (Johan Galtung) 1964 mwpKfg;gLj;jpa

,Utifahd Kiwfs; ,itjhd;.

i. vjpu;kiw rkhjhdk; (Negative Peace)

td;Kiw kw;Wk; Aj;jkw;w epiyapy; cUthFk; rkhjhdk;.

ii. Neu;fzpa rkhjhdk; (Positive Peace)

,J td;Kiw kw;Wk; Aj;jkw;w epiyapy; cUthFk; rkhjhdj;ij tpl gue;jJ.

kf;fSf;fpilapy; me;Nahd;a Gupe;Jzu;T gutyiljy;> rkhjhd fw;if> ru;tNjr

xj;Jiog;Gfs;> gpzf;Ffis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;> rhj;jpakhd Kiwapy; Kuz;ghl;il

Kfhiknra;jy;> r%f mePjpfs; kw;Wk; mrkj;Jtq;fis ,y;yhJ nra;J r%fj;jpd;

fl;likg;Grhu; td;Kiwfs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis ,y;yhJ nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; rkhjhdkhFk;.

,jw;F Nkyhf 1970 fspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w epiyahd rkhjhdk; / epiyj;jpUf;Fk;

rkhjhdk; (Sustainable Peace) vd;w Gjpa vz;zf;fUtpd; Kd;NdhbAk; Nguhrpupau; fy;Lq;Nf

Mthu;. jkJ tha;g;Gfs; Nja;e;Jnry;yh tz;zk; jhq;fNs Nghrpj;Jf;nfhz;L Kd;Ndhf;fp

nry;yf;$baJk; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk; rkhjhdk;” vd;gNj “epiyahd rkhjhdk;” vd;w

gjj;jpd; gad;ghl;L mu;j;jkhFk;.

If;fpa ehLfspd; nghJr; nrayhsuhf ,Ue;j gpuNjh]; gpuNjh]; fy;yp (Boutros

Boutros Ghali) 1992 ,y; Kd;itj;j “rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf epfo;r;rp epuy;” (An Agenda for

Peace) vd;w Mtzj;jpy; “rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;” vd;gij gpd;tUkhW

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

“rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjtjw;F> ehnlhd;W kPz;LnkhUKiw Kuz;ghl;il Nehf;fpr;

nry;Yk; epiyapid Fiwf;Fk; ,yf;NfhL> Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhf Njrpa

kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jpwikfis midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; tYg;gLj;JtJk;> epiyNgz;

rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf mbj;jskpLtijAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l

gy;NtW eilKiwfisf; cs;slf;fpa xd;whFk;. rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;gy;

cghaKiwapid rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; xOq;fike;j kw;Wk; ehl;bd; tpNrl NjitfSf;F

nghUe;jq;$bajhf mika Ntz;Lk;. ,J me;ehl;L Njrpa nghUj;jg;ghLila mbg;gilapy;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;”

Nguhrpupau; N[hd; Nghy; nly;uhf; (John Paul Lederach) ePz;lfhyk; td;KiwAldhd

Kuz;ghL fhzg;gl;l r%fj;jpy; epiyNgz; rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjhapd;> r%fj;jpd;

124124

fPo;epiy kl;lj;jpy;> mjhtJ mbkl;l kf;fspd; kl;lj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk;

nraw;ghL eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj “rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;” vz;zf;fUtpd;

%yk; ntspg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. gpuirfSf;Fk;> rptpy; r%f ,af;fq;fSf;Fk;>

murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk; rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf cs;s rhj;jpag;ghl;bid

Nguhrpupau; nyluhf; mtjhdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjpd; mbg;gil

kf;fspilNa Vw;gLk; “me;Nahd;a ek;gpf;if” kl;LNk vd;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

6.4.2. kPs;fl;likj;jy; (Reconcilition)

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy; epfo;r;rp epuypd; gpujhd re;ju;g;gkhf “kPs;fl;likj;jy;” vd;w

nrad;Kiw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Gupe;Jzu;it Vw;gLj;jy; vd;w gjKk; ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;j

KbAk;. tpNrlkhf ePz;lfhy td;KiwAldhd Kuz;ghL fhzg;gl;l r%fq;fspy; Neu;fzpa

rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;g mj;jpatrpakhdJ vd fUjg;gLk;. Kd;du; Kuz;ghl;NlhL

njhlu;Gila midj;J jug;Gf;fSk; Kuz;ghl;bDs; gpupe;jpUe;j kf;fSk; rkhjhdj;ij

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf xd;wpiztJ vd;gNj kPs;fl;likf;fg;gly; vd;gjd; vspikahd

tpsf;fkhFk;. ,e;j xd;wpizT nraw;ghl;bDs; Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l gifik ituhf;fpak;

kw;Wk; gu];gu re;Njfk; vd;gdtw;iw iftpl;L el;GwT> ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; gu];gu nfsutk;

njhlu;ghd czu;Tfspd; fPo; mike;j rhjfkhd njhlu;Gfis fl;bnaOg;GtJk; ,jd;%yk;

vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

kPs;fl;likj;jy; %d;W kl;lq;fspy; nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

i. cstpay; uPjpahd topKiw :-

td;Kiwf;F ,iuahd kf;fSf;F ,e;j Ntjidahd mDgtj;Jld; rhjfkhd Kiwapy;

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;fhd jpwik kw;Wk; jhahu;gLj;jiy fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

ii. r%f nraw;ghLfs; -

r%f kl;lj;jpy; ,e;j nraw;ghbw;fhf r%fj;ij jahu;g;gLj;jy;> gyp jPu;g;gjw;F

gjpyhf el;GwTk; kd;dpj;jYk;> gpupe;jpUj;jYf;F gjpyhf xd;WNru;jYk; kw;Wk;

ituhf;fpaj;jpw;F gjpyhf jd;Dzu;thjy; vd;gtw;iw fl;bnaOg;GtNj ,e;j r%f

nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

iii. murpay; nrad;Kiw :

jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpy; eilngWk; cstpay; Nghd;Nw r%fj;ij “Rfg;gLj;jy;” (Healing)

nrad;Kiwf;F xj;jjhf “murpay; Rfg;gLj;jy;” (Political healing) nraw;ghLk;

kPs;fl;likj;jYf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ. Kuz;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j nghUshjhu>

murpay; kw;Wk; r%f rhjdq;fSf;F murpay; uPjpahf ftdk; nrYj;Jk; kPs;fl;likj;jy;

nrad;Kiwapd; NjitNa ,jpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

kPs;fl;likj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpjy;> ePjpia ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; Nghd;wd xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;G nfhz;litfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNj rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy; njhlu;ghd njd;dhgpupf;f mDgtjpDs; mtjhdk;

nrYj;jg;gl;l tplaknhd;whFk;.

125

cz;ikia fz;lwpjy; (Truth Seeking) vd;gjd; mu;j;jk; Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;

eilngw;w td;Kiw nraw;ghLfspDs; cz;ikapy; eilngw;wJ vd;dntd;W

midtUk; jpwe;j tifapy; mwpe;Jf; nfhz;L mjd; mbg;gilapy; “Rfg;gLj;jy;

nrad;Kiwia” fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.

Kuz;ghl;L fhyj;jpy; vy;yh jug;Gf;fshYk; Gupag;gl;l kdpj cupik kPwy;fspy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ePjp kw;Wk; epahaj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;fNt “ePjp” (Justice)

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; 1995 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l cz;ikia fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk;

kPs;fl;likj;jYf;fhd Mizf;FO (Truth and Reconcilation Commission) ,J njhlu;gpy;

cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. mjhtJ Fw;wthspfis Njb jz;lid

toq;Fk; rk;gpujha rl;l mZFKiwf;Fg; gjpyhfTk;> “gypjPu;f;Fk; rl;lk;”

mZFKiwf;F (Retriburtive Justice) gjpyhf “Rfg;gLj;Jk; ePjp” (Restorative Justice)

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ePjp njhlu;ghd ,e;j kPs;fl;likj;jy;thj mZFKiwapd; nry;ghij

Fw;wthspfSf;F jz;lid toq;Ftjw;F gjpyhf kdpj cupikfs; kPwy;fis nra;j

egu;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shdtu;fs;> mtu;fSila r%fj;jpd; kf;fisAk; xNu

nghJ nraw;ghl;bDs; nfhz;Lte;J kd;dpg;Gf;NfhUjy; kw;Wk; kd;dpg;gspj;jy; Clhf

e Pj pia e piyehl ;LjyhFk ; . nraw ;ghl ;bid nra ;j egu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ;

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;fpilapy; re;jpg ;Gfs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs;> jd;Dzu;T

fye;Jiuahly;fs; ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; ClfkhFk;.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. tFg;gpid FOthf gpupf;fTk;.

ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gjw;fhd jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff.

Kuz;ghl;il Kd;ndr;rupf;if nra;jy;.

Kuz;ghl;il jLj;jy;.

Kuz;ghl;il Kfhiknra;jy;.

Kuz;ghl;L gupepiykhw;wk;

Aj;jj;jpw;F gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;.

,zf;fg;gLj;jy;.

kj;jpa];jk;.

rkhjhd cld;gbf;if.

Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gjw;fhd tha;g;gpid toq;Ff.

126126

crhj;Jizfs;

1. Coser, L. (1975), The Function of Social Conflict, Glencoe, III, Free Press.

2. Fisher, Simonetal, (2000), Working With Conflict; Constructive and Destructive Processes, New

Haven and London: Yale University Press.

3. Fisher, Roger and William Ury, (1991), Getting to say “Yes”, Negotiating Agreoment without Giving in,

USA: Penguin Books.

4. Ghali, Boutros, (1992), An Agenda for Peace, New York: United Nations.

5. Gultung, John, (1964), “An Editorial” Journal of Peace Research, 1:1, 1-4.

6. Ledarach, John Paul, (1997), Bulding Peace, Washington, D.C., US Institute of Peace.

7. Krisberg, Louis, (1998), Constructive Conflict: From Escalation to Resolution, Lanham, Maryland;

Rowman an Littlefield.

8. Mitchel, Christopher, (1981), The Stucture of International Conflict, London: Macmillan.

9. Simmel, George, (1955), Conflict, NewYork: Free Press.

10. Zartman, William I, (1995), Ripe for Resotution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa, New York: Oxford

University Press.

11. Wallensteen, Peter, (2002), Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System,

London: SAGE.

127

07. ,yq;ifapd; fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wk;

Nju;r;rp 07 : ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wthj Afj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay;

khw;wq;fis mwpe;Jf; nfhs;thu;. (ghlNtisfs; - 50)

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :

7.1. FbNaw;wthjKk; FbNaw;w Ml;rpKiwikAk; ,yq;ifapy; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;

epiykhw;wq;fSf;F VJthd Kiwapid tpgupg;ghu;.

7.2. ,yq;ifapd; fhydpj;Jt khw;wq;fspd; Nghjhd vjpu;tpisTfis tpsq;fp fUj;Jiug;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

FbNaw;wthj epiykhw;wj;jpd; nghUshjhu> r%f> nry;newpapd; Nghf;FfisAk;

tpisTfisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapy; etPd muRf;F mbj;jhskplg;gl;l tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapy; gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpidAk; mJ tsu;r;rpaile;j KiwapidAk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

nlhd%u; murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfisg; gFj;jha;thu;.

mwpKfk; :

fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gl;l ,yq;if kPJ fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiw vt;tifapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ

vd;gij Ma;T nra;tNj ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. “fhydpj;Jt muR” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpid

mwpKfg;gLj;jp> fhydpj;Jt Kiw kw;Wk; mjd; murpay; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk;

murpay; Jiwfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa Kiwg;gw;wp ,q;F njspTg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F ,yq;ifapy;

,f;fy;tp gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jtj;NjhL kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij epidtpy; ,Uj;jpf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.


fhydpj;JtKk; fhydpj;Jt muRk;

NkNy %d;whk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; “fhydpj;Jt muR” vd;w cg jiyg;gpd;fPo; cs;s tplaq;fisAk;

,e;j myFld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

cyf tuyhw;iw MuhAk; NghJ fhydpj;Jtk; cUthfpa ,uz;L Kiwfis milahsk;

fz;Lf;nfhs;syhk;. mitahtd>

(1). VjhtJ munrhd;wpd; kf;fs; Gjpa ehnlhd;iw trg;gLj;jp> FbNawp jk; jha; ehl;bd;

r%f> murpay; kw ;Wk ; nghUshjhu KiwfNshL ,irthd mikg ;Gf ;fis

128128

fl;bnaOg;gpf;nfhz;L> jha; ehl;bd; ,iwikf;F cl;gl;L me;j Gjpa Njrj;jpid nfhz;L

elj;JtjhFk;.

(2). Kd;du; FbNaw;wkhf fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpid gykhd munrhd;wpdhy; cld;gbf;if

my;yJ MAj gyj;jpdhy; <u;j;Jf;nfhz;L> jkJ mjpfhugyj;jpd;fPo; Ml;rp nra;jy;.

,jpy; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwapdhy; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gLk; r%fk; fhydpj;Jtthj murpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F

fPo;g;gLk;. ,yq;if ,jpy; ,uz;lhtJ tifapNyNa fhydpj;JtkhdJ.

%d;whk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; 3.2 mur khjpupfs; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;jy; vd;w tpla cs;slf;fj;jpd; fPo;

fhydpj;Jt muR vd;gJ gw;wpa tplaq;fis ,q;Fk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;

fhydpj;Jt muR

FbNaw;wthj ehL kw;Wk; fhydpj;Jtk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfis

njspTg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Ma;thsu;fshy; gad;gLj;Jk; vz;zf;fUthf

“fhydpj;Jt muir” (Colonial State) milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. fhydpahsu;fspd; Kftuhf nraw;gLk;>

fhydpj;Jt r%fk; kw;Wk; mjd; murpay; epUthfKk; mjd; MAj fl;likg;GNk ,q;F fhydpj;Jt

ehL vd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. murhq;fkhdJ fhydpj;Jt r%fj;jpd; mgpyhirfisad;wp fhydpj;Jtthj

murpd; mgpyhirfisNa gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;. jha;ehl;bd; nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk;

murpay; NjitfSf;F Vw;g topelj;jy; ,jd; gpujhd flikahFk;. ,J fhydpj;Jt r%fj;jpd;

rkhjhd xOq;Ffpid nfhz;Lelj;Jtjw;F Kd;Dupik toq;Fk;. mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fsplkpUe;J

tUk; vjpu;g;Gfis mlf;Fjy;> mr;r%fj;jpd; kPJ jkJ fUj;jpay; Mjpgj;jpaj;ij jpzpg;gjw;F

Kd;Dupik toq;Fk;. fhydpj;Jtthj murpd; NjitfSf;fhf gyhj;fhuj;ij njhlu;e;Jk; gad;gLj;jy;

fhydpj;Jt murpd; tpNrl gz;ghFk;. ,jdhy; fhydpj;Jt ehl;by; Fiwe;jg;gl;l ntspg;gilj;jd;ikNa

fhzg;gLk;. fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fhydpj;Jt murpd; nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu

kw;Wk; murpay; fl;likg;Gfis khw;Wtjw;Fk; gupkhw;wk; nra;tjw;Fk; Kaw;rpf;Fk;.

fhydpj;Jt khw;wKk; mjd; tpisTfSk;

,yq;if 1505 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1948 Mk; Mz;Ltiu Nkiyj;Nja fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ.

Kjypy; Nghu;j;JfPrUk;> ,uz;lhtjhf xy;yhe;jUk;> %d;whtjhf Mq;fpNyaUk; ,jid

cl;gLj;jpf;nfhz;ldu;. ,t;tpdq;fspy; Mq;fpNyaNu ,yq;ifkPJ td;ikahd mOj;jq;fis

gpuNahfpj;jtu;fshtu;. ,tu;fs; 1796 njhlf;fk; 1815 Mk; Mz;Ltiu ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahu

khfhzq;fis Ml;rp nra;jdu;. 1815 Kjy; KO ,yq;ifiaAk; jkJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jdu;.

md;wpypUe;J gpupj;jhdpau; vd;w fhydpj;Jtthjpfshy; (Colonizer) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;iffs;

,yq;if vd;w fhydpj;Jt r%fj;jpd;kPJ ePz;lfhyk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

fhydpj;Jtthj muR fhydpj;Jtq;fspy; fhydpj;Jt muRfis fl;bnaOg;g rpw;rpy r%f> nghUshjhu>

murpay; kw;Wk; epUthf rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

(1). jkJ fhydpj;Jtj;ij nfhz;Lnry;tjw;fhd ghJfhg;Gk; epUthfr; nryTk; mjpfupj;jik

kw;Wk; Neubahf fhydpj;Jtj;ij epUtfpf;f Kbahky; Nghdik.

(2). jkf;F vjpNuAs;s Gjpa r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tho;f;if Kiw> mgpyhirfs;

fhydpj;Jtthjpfspd; fyhrhuj;NjhL xj;Jg;Nghfikapdhy; mtw;iw khw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.

129

(3). jkf;F fPo;g;gl;l r%fj;jpid jkJ jha;ehl;bd; cr;rkl;l tsu;r;rpf;fhf gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;

Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhFk;.

Muk;gfhy fhydpj;Jt ,yq;if r%fj;jpd; gpujhd cw;gj;jp %ykhd epyq;fs; murDf;F

nrhe;jkhdJ. ,uhrfhupa Kiw ,jd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;. nghJkf;fs; jkf;F rkPgkkhd

gpuGtpd; Clhf ngw;Wf;nfhz;l epyj;jpy; rpy Nritfis toq;Fk; epge;jidf;F fl;Lg;gl;L

gapu;r;nra;jdu;. ,e;j gbepiyapy; fPo;kl;l cWg;gpdu; Nky;kl;l cWg;gpdUf;F Nritnra;Ak;

KiwapdhYk;> jkJ FLk;gj;jpd; Njitf;fUjpAk; epyq;fspy; gapu; nra;jdu;.

Fwpg;gpl;l Nritfis toq;fNtz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidapdhy; jdpahs; Kaw;rp jilg;gl;lNjhL

cw;gj;jpahdJ mbg;gilapy; jq;Fepiy kl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;f fhuzkhfpaJ.

,yhgk; <l;Lk; Kjyhspj;Jt Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;l gpupj;jhdpa

FbNaw;wthjpfSf;F> eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ,k;Kiw jilahf mike;jJ. mtu;fshy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;l ifj;njhopYf;F Njitahd njhopyhsu;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F>

njhopyhsu;fs; / tptrhapfs; epyq;fNshL fl;Le;jpUe;j r%f Kiwik (,uh[fhupa

Kiw) jilahf mike;jJ.

tpidj;jpwdhd tupfis mwtpl;Lf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; fhydpj;Jtthj murpd; nghUshjhu

mgpyhirfis jpUg;jpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf epyk; njhlu;ghd jdpahs; cupikapid

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Nfhy;GWf; - fkud; Mizahsupd; Nahridfspy; Kf;fpakhd Nahridahf

,J fhzg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzk; :- jupR epyr; rl;lk;

,uh[fhupa Kiwapid ,y;yhnjhopj;J epyk; njhlu;ghd Nghl;bj; jd;ik tha;e;j

re;ijnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

Mq;fpNyauhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Nghl;b uPjpahd epy re;ijapy; Nfhg;gp> rpq;Nfhdh> Njapiy>

,wg;gu; kw;Wk; njd;id Nghd;w tu;j;jfg; gapupfspy; KjyPL nra;jdu;. ,jw;F njhopy;El;gq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lg;NghJk; vjpu;g;ghu;j;jJ Nghd;Nw Njapiy ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopypd;ghy;

,e;ehl;L ghuk;gupa kf;fs; me;jsTf;F tpUg;gk; fhl;ltpy;iy. mtu;fs; jhq;fs; gof;fg;gl;l

jq;Fepiy tptrhaj;jpNyNa <Lgl;ldu;. fhydpj;Jt muR tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd gad;ghL>

,ae;jpukag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis tpUj;jpr; nra;tjd; %yk; ngUe;Njhl;l

cw;gj;jpia Cf;fg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuk; ,ul;il

nghUshjhukhf Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. xd;W jq;Fepiyg; nghUshjhuk;. kw;iwaJ re;ijg;

nghUshjhukhFk;.

tu;j;jf ifj;njhopy;fspdhy; ,e;ehl;L r%fj;NjhL rpwe;jKiwapy; xj;jpire;J nry;yh

,e;jpa jkpou; vd;w gpuptpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;. Muk;gj;jpy; fiuehl;L rpq;fstu;fs; ,jw;F

Njitahd ciog;gpid toq;fpdhYk;> tsu;r;rpaile;j njhopyhsu; gilapd; Nfs;tp fhuzkhf

ntspehl;L njhopyhsu;fis nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd Njit cUthdJ vd epGzu;fs;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F Kjypy; cl;gl;l fiuehl;L rpq;fstu;fs; ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhu;e;j

ifj;njhopy;fSf;F Njitahd Nritfis toq;fpAk;> kJghdj; jtuizfs; Nghd;w

Gjpa nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfis gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;f %yjdj;jpid

cioj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. gpd;du; mtu;fs; Njrpa cw;gj;jpahsu; tFg;gpduhf khwpdu;. ,jd;NghJ

130130

fiuehl;L rpq;fs r%fj;jpd; Mjpgj;jpakw;w Fyq;fis rhu;e;NjhNu Kd;dpiyg; ngw;wdu;.

,tu;fNs Njrpa Kjyhspj;Jt tFg;gpd; Muk;gf;fUj;jhf;fs; Mtu;.

,e;ehl ;L Kjyhspj ;Jtk ; e Pz ;lfhy tuyhw ;w pd ; tpisty;y vd ;gJ ,q;F

Qhgfg;gLj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplakhFk;. ,J fhydpj;Jt murpdhy; jkJ

nfhs;iffs; %yk; tsu;f;fg;gl;l xd;whFk;. jdpahs; tsu;r;rpia kjpf;Fk; r%f ngau;r;rpapid

tpUk;Gk; kf;fs; gpuptpdUk; kw;Wk; gioa ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; fw;gpjq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;

kf;fs; gpuptpdu; vDk; ,Utifahd r%fg; gpuptpdu; xUkpj;J thOk; r%f Kiwik xd;W

Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

INuhg;gpa FbNaw;wthjpfspd; ntspg;ghLfspd; tpisthf ,uz;L fUj;njhFjpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W

re;jpj;jd. INuhg;gpa r%fj;jpy; jdpahs;thjj;jpid nkr;rpa r%f ngau;r;rpapid kjpf;Fk;

xOf;fk; nfhz;l xd;whFk;. ,tu;fs; re;jpj;j ,yq;if r%fk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l xOf;fj;ij

(Ascribed) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%fg; ngau;r;rpapid Gwf;fzpf;Fk; kw;nwhd;whFk;. ,jdhy;

guPl;rakw;w r%fj;ij khw;Wtjw;F Njitahd gy eltbf;iffs; ,tu;fshy; vLf;fg;gl;ld.

fl;lha ,uh[fhupa Nrit Kiwia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.

jpwe;j re;ijnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fSf;fhd Rq;ftupapid Fiwj;jy;.

MSeuplk; fhzg;gl;l tiuaiwaw;w mjpfhuq;fs; jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij jilnra;tjhy;

tu;j;jf r%fj;jpw;F Vw;wtifapy; mtupd; mjpfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

epy tup Kiwapy; jd;dpr;irahf tup Nru;f;Fk; cupikia Vyj;jpy; tpw;gij epWj;jpaik.

nghUl;fs; %yk; tup nrYj;Jtjw;F gjpyhf gzj;jpd; %yk; tup nrYj;Jk; Kiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

gjpdhwhf fhzg;gl;l khfhz vz;zpf;ifia Ie;jhf Fiwj;jy;.

Neub tup Kiwf;F gjpyhf Neupy; tupKiwapid mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

murpd; tu;j;jf VfNghf cupikia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.

INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu;fSf;F ,yq;ifapy; tjptjw;F ,Ue;j jilfis ePf;fpaik.

rptpy; Nritapid rPuikj;jy;.

murpayikg;G cUthf;fj;jpw;fhf MSeUf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;f muRf;fofk; xd;iw

jhgpj;jy;.

epUthfr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf epiwNtw;Wf;fofk; xd;iw jhgpj;jy;.

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapid gutyhf;Fjy;.

ePjpkd;w fl;likg;gpid Kiwahf xOq;fikj;jy;.

131

7.1 nghUshjhu> r%f khw;wq;fs;

fhydpj;Jt murpdhy; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;iffspd; jhf;fq;fs;

,UtifapdjhFk;. mitahtd>

1. vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;l tpisTfs;

2. vjpu;ghuh tpisTfs;. ,it rhjfkhfNth> rhjfkw;wjhfNth ,Ug;gjw;F

tha;g;gpUe;jJ.

nghUshjhu> r%f epiykhw;wq;fs; ,uz;L jsq;fspy; eilngw;wd.

I. fhydpj;Jt Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Muk;gk; kw;Wk; guty;

II. fhydpj;Jt r%f epiykhw;wk;

nghUshjhu jsj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilahf> ,yq;ifapd; FbNaw;wthj Kjyhspj;Jt

nghUshuj;jpd; Muk;gj;ij Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. fhydpj;Jtthj muR fhydpahsu;fis jkf;FNaw;wthW

khw;wpaikg;gjd; %yk; jha;ehl;bd; ifj;njhopy;fSf;F Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;bw;F

Njitahd ,uz;lhk; epiy tptrhag; nghUl;fis toq;Fgtu;fshf itj;Jf;nfhs;tNjhL> jha;

ehl;bd; ifj;njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;fhd re;ijahf gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tNj vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

,jw;fhf jpwe;j njhopy; re;ijnahd;iwAk;> epy re;ij xd;iwAk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

,uh[fhupa Kiwapid ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; jupR epy> mur epy fl;lisr; rl;lq;fshy; Kjypy;

Nfhg;gpAk;> ,uz;lhtjhf Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id Nghd;w tu;j;jf gapu;fSf;fhd epy re;ijnahd;iw

mur jiyaPl;Lld; cUthf;fpaikiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;l KbAk;.

,jd;gb ,yq;if Kjy;epiy tptrha cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;gtuhf cyf

Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu KiwAld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ. tu;j;jf ngUe;Njhl;l gapu;r;nra;iff;F

Njitahd cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jy; (G+q;fh> ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapujk;) kw;Wk;

mJ njhlu;ghd tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfis nra;tjpy; kl;LNk muR mtjhdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

re;ijapy; tpw;gidf;fhf nra;ag;gLfpd;w ghupa tptrha nghUshjhuj;Jld;$ba re;ijnahd;W

cUthfpaJ.

fhydpj;Jt nfhs;isahsu;fspdhy; vjpu;ghf;fhj rhjfkhd tpisTfSk; cs;sd. mitahtd>

Kjyhtjhf rhuhaj; jtuizfis nfhs;tdT nra;jtu;fSk; gpd;du; Njhl;l njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;

kw;Wk; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;Fk; Njitahd mbg;gil Nritfis toq;fp (tz;bfis

toq;Fgtu;fshf> rpW fil cupikahsu;fshf) Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT %yjdj;ij Njbf;nfhz;l

Njrpa Kjyhspj;Jt tFg;gpd; Njhw;wk;.

,t;thwhd Nritfspy; Muk;gfhy rpq;fs r%fj;jpdhy; jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fshf fhl;lg;gl;l

Fyj;jpdNu <Lgl;ldu;. ,jd;%yk; r%ff; FOf;fspilapy; cau;kl;l r%fg; ngau;r;rpnahd;W

Vw;gl;lJ. ,J ,yq;ifapd; rkj;Jt r%fj;ij> xOf;fj;ij Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpa [dehaf

r%fk; xd;W Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F Njitahd gpd;Gyj;ij Nehf;fp efu;j;jpaJ.

,t;thW %yjdj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhz;ltu;fs; cau; r%f me;j];ij mile;jJk;> r%f Nritfspy;

<Lgl;lNjhL> fy;tp> fyhrhu kw;Wk; r%f jsj;jpd; tpUj;jpf;fhf nraw;gl;ldu;.

132132

r%f epiykhw;wkhf ,uh[fhupa Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lik> Rje;jpu tu;j;jfr; re;ij xd;iw

cUthf;fpaik> FOthjj;jpw;F gjpyhf jdpahs; thjk; jiyj;Njhq;fpa murpd; rl;lj; njhlu;Gfs;

(Kf;fpa mstPl;L fUtpahf) Kd;Ndhf;fp tUjy;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tp Nghd;w ,itfs; r%f

fyhrhu jsq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT kWrPuikg;Gfs; Vw;gl mbg;gilahf mike;jd. ,t;thwhd

khw;wq;fspdhy; Gjpa r%f tFg;G Kiwnahd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. Nfhy;GWf; - fkud; Kd;itj;j

Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu nfhs;iffspd; ngWNgnwhd;whfNt ,yq;ifapy; Kjyhspj;Jt

tFg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

Mq;fpy fy;tp kw;Wk; FbNaw;wthj Afj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Vida r%f fyhrhu

kWrPuikg;GfSld; ,ize;jtifapy; ,Jtiuf; fhzg;gl;l ,uh[fhupa Kiwf;F gjpyhf etPd

r%f Kiwf;fhd mbj;jsk; ,lg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ngWNgwhf xUGwk; etPd rptpy; r%fk; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wNjhL FbNaw;wthj kWrPuikg;Gfshy; my;yJ Neubahf Nkiyehl;L fy;tp kWrPuikg;Gfshy;

gyd;ngwhj Njrpa fy;tpNahL kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;nghd;Wk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

Nkiyehl;L r%f Kiwf;F cl;gl;l mjd; murpay; xOf;fj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpd;wtu;fisNa

Nkiyehl;L r%f Kiw Ntz;b epd;wJ. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapidg; ngw;w Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT %yjdj;ij

ngw;Wf;nfhz;ltu;fNs ,jpy; ,yFthf xOq;fike;jdu;. Njrpa fy;tpapidg; ngw;wtu;fshy;

,t;thW xOq;fika Kbatpy;iy. ,tu;fs; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; fUJNfhy;fspd; mbg;gilAld;

$ba Kiwnahd;iw gpd;gw;wp GJtifahd rptpy; r%fk; xd;wpid fl;bnaOg;gpdu;. ,jid

Kd;khjpup rptpy; r%fkhNt (Prototype of a Civil Society) milahsg;gLj;Jtu;. gpuNjrthjk;> ,dthjk;>

kjthjk; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahf;nfhz;l r%f xOq;fikg;Gfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik ,jd;

gz;ghf fhzg;gll;lJ.

7.2 murpay; tpisTfs;

Muk;gfhy FbNaw;wthj murpd; murpayhdJ murd; vd;w epyTilikahsiu mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Nl xOq;fike;jpUe;jJ. murd; rk;gpujha rl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g Ml;rpnra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w

fUj;njhd;W fhzg;gl;lhYk;> ,e;j fUj;jpd; nry;Ygbahdjd;ik epyTilikahsupd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F

fPo;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy; Muk;gfhy fhydpj;Jt murhl;rp vNjl;irajpfhuj; jd;ikpf;fjhftpUe;jJ.

gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Nfhy;GWf; - fkud; Nahridfshy; ,e;epiy khw;wj;jpw;F

cs;shdNjhL> gpw;gl;lfhy kWrPuikg;Gfspd; %yk; ,e;j khw;wq;fs; nkd;NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nrd;wJ.

Nfhy;GWf; rPu;j;jpUj;jpdhy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l ,ul;il epUthf Kiw ,y;yhJ nra;ag;gl;L

KO ehLk; xNu nghJ rl;l Kiwapd;fPo; nfhz;Lte;J ehl;il Ie;J khfhzq;fshf gpupj;J

Ml;rp eltbf;iffis kj;jpakag;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j nraw;ghLfs; gpd;dhspy; mjpfhuj;ij

Xuplg;gLj;Jk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l xw;iwahl;rp muRf;F Njitahd mbg;gilia toq;fpaJ.

kWGwk; ,yq;ifia murpayikg;Grhu; Ml;rpf;F cl;gLj;jp> fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp kWrPuikg;Gfshy;

MSeupd; vy;iyaw;w Ml;rp Mjpfhuj;ij tiuaWj;J> jdpahs; mgpyhirfis mile;Jf;nfhs;Sk;

tifapyhd fl;likg;nghd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F Njitahd rl;l kw;Wk; murpay; mbj;jsj;jpid

Nfhy;GWf; - fkud; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; %yk; ,lg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; MSeu; kd;dUf;F nghWg;Gr;

nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpj;jhe;jj;ij nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mj;NjhL MSeud; jd;dpr;irahd Ml;rpf;F gjpyhf epiwNtw;Wr; rigapd; mDkjpAld;

tuT nryT jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w epge;jid Clhf nghWg;Gld; $ba

Ml;rpKiwnahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Kaw;rpahdJ gpd;dhspy; murpay; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwnahd;W

Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd Muk;g tpj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.

133

MSeUf;F rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjpy; fhzg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij tiuaWj;J rl;lf;fofj;jpw;F

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jjd; %yk; vjpu;fhy ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpf;fhd mbg;gil ,lg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gpd;du;

Vw;gl;l mrpayikg;G kWrPuikg;GfSf;F ,JNt topfhl;baJ. NkYk; ,yq;iff;F Kjd;Kiwahf

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUTk; ,jd;%yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

rl;lk; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhf rl;lf;fofk; cUthf;fg;gl;lNjhL> MSeu; rigapd; nraw;ghLfspy;

njhlu;G gltpy;iy. ,jd;%yk; nghWg;Gld; $ba Ml;rp xd;iw cUthf;FtNj vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wj;jpd; kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa mq;fkhf ,yq;ifapd; rl;lKiwfspd;

kWrPuikg;GfisAk;> epUthfk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;likiaAk; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. KO ,yq;ifAk;

xNutifahd Fw;wtpay; rl;lKiwikf;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lNjhL gpuNjr rl;lkhd fz;ba

rl;lj;ij jdpahs; rl;lkhf;fpaJ. ,J rptpy; nraw;ghLfspD}lhfthFk;.

,yq;ifia epUthf gpupTfis Ie;jhf tFj;J fr;Nrup epUthf Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,jd;gb gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fNs ,yq;ifia xw;iwahl;rp fl;likg;Gf;Fs;

nfhz;Lte;jdu;. murpayikg;Grhu; Ml;rp njhlu;ghd mbj;jsk; ,lg;gl;ljd;%yk; gpujpepjpj;Jt

[dehafk; njhlu;ghd tpj;J tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

1910 Mk; Mz;L kf;fyk; murpayikg;gpy; Kjd;Kiwahf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fupikapid

mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; fy;tp kw;Wk; nrhj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

FOTf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jJ.

,J 1920 MFk; NghJ NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L khfhz uPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F

topNfhypaJ.

1924 Mk; Mz;L rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; khfhz thf;FKiw NkYk;

tpupthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;ij Kd;Ndhf;fpf; nfhz;Lnry;y fhuzkhfpaJ.

1931 nlhd%u; rPu ;j ;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; nghWg;Gld;$ba murpayikg;nghd;iw

mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mbj;jsk; ,lg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb 21 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l Mz; ngz;

,UghyhUf;Fk; ru;trd thf;Fupik fpilj;jJ.

eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j rl;lthf;ff; fofj;ij ,y;yhJ nra;J Gjpa rl;lrig xd;W

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J muRf; fofk; vd miof;fg;gl;lNjhL 61 cWg;gpdu;fis cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.

eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ,dthup gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ,y;yhJ nra;J khfhz gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;fPo; muRf;fofj;jpw;F ru;trd thf;fpdhy; gpujpepjpfs; 50 NgUk;>

MSeupd; epakdj;jpd; Clhf vl;L NgUk;> murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; %tUk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

,tu;fspilNa rghehafu; xUtiu njupT nra;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.

RNjrpfshy; Ntz;lg;gl;l ke;jpuprigf;F gjpyhf epUthf FO Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. muRf;

fofj;jpd; 61 gpujpepjpfspy; murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; rghehafu; jtpu;e;j Vida 57

gpujpepjpfSk; VO epiwNtw;Wf;FOf;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;ldu;. mt;NtO epiwNtw;Wf;FOf;fspdJk;

jiytu;fs; vOtu; kw;Wk; murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; %tiu ,izj;J mikr;ruit

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

1931 Mk; Mz;L rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ru;trd thf;Fupikahy; gpujpepjpj;Jt

[dehafj;jpw;F kf;fs; gof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; Nju;jy;%yk; jq;fsJ Ml;rpahsu;fis

Nju;e;njLf;fTk;> khw;wpaikaf;fTk; ,yq;if kf;fs; gofpf; nfhz;ldu;.

134134

ru;trd thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf murpay; mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpg;gtu;fs;

kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gr; nrhy;y gofpf;nfhz;ldu;. murpay;thjpfs; jhkspj;j thf;FWjpfis

nghWg;Gld; epiwNtw;whtpby; kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G jdf;F fpilf;fhky;NghFk; vd;w fUj;jpd;

mbg;gilapNyNa nghWg;Gld;$ba murhq;fj;jpw;F gof;fg;gl;ldu;.

nlhd%u; murpayikg;ig eilKiwg;gLj;j murpay; fl;rpfs; Njitg;gltpy;iy. mj;NjhL

,t;turpayikg;gpdhy; murpay; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wk; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; ru;trd

thf;Fupikapid ikakhff; nfhz;L thf;fhsu;fis xOq;Fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fs;s Njitapid

ikag;gLj;jp murpay; fl;rpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

,e;j murpayikg;gpd; %yk; murpay; uPjpahf kf;fs; tYg;ngw;wdu;.

nlhd%u; Kiwapdhy; r%fkag;gLj;jy; jd;ik Ntfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW

mOj;jq;fSf;Fl;gl;bUe;j r%ff; FOf;fs; ru;trd thf;Fupikapdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rf;jpapdhy;

jiyj;J}f;f njhlq;fpdu;.

murpay;thjpfspd; ,Ug;G kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpy; jq;fpapUg;gjhy; kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;gpid

nkd;NkYk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf murpay;thjpfs; xt;nthUtUk; Nghl;b Kiwapy; eyd;Gup

nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s njhlq;fpaikia nlhd%u; murpayikg;gpd;fPo; fz;Lf;nfhs;s

KbAk;.

,t;turpayikg;gpd; fPo; nghWg;Gf;fis topelj;Jtjw;F mikr;ruit xd;W jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jd;gb MSeu; gpd;dhspy; ngausT epUthfpahdhu;. ,r;rigf;F jdJ gjtp

kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f cupik fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikr;ruit

Muk;gj;jpy; ,U FOf;fshfNt nraw;gl;lJ. ,jd;NghJ mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshd mur nrayhsu;>

rl;lr; nrayhsu; kw;Wk; epjpr; nrayhsu;fSf;F kpifahd mjpfhuq;fs; fpilj;jNjhL> RNjrpa

mikr;ru;fSf;F fpilj;j mjpfhuq;fisf;$l fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wYk; fhzg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy;

$l;Lg;nghWg;Gld; ,r;rig nraw;glhjNghJk; nlhd%upd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; If;fpag;gl;l FOthf

nraw;gl;lJ.

epiwNtw;W FOKiwapd; %yk; rpWghd;ik ,dq;fSf;Fk; epUthf nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Ff;

nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ. kWGwk; epUthf nraw;ghLfspy; jdpg;gl;l mikr;rUf;F

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT ,lk; fpilj;jJ. nghJtpy; vy;yh cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; rl;lkhf;fy; nraw;ghLfis

Nghd;Nw epUthfr; nraw;ghLfspYk; gapw;rp kw;Wk; mDgtk; vd;gd fpilj;jd.

nlhd%u; murpayikg;G nraw;gl;lf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l [dehaf murpay; epiykhw;wj;jpd;

kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa mq;fkhf rptpy; r%f nraw;ghLfs; gutyile;jikia Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,lJrhup

,af;fq;fs;> Njrpa ,af;fq;fs;> njhopw;rq;f ,af;fq;fs;> kj mikg;Gfs;> ngz; ,af;fq;fs;

Nghd;w ,t;thwhd ,af;fq;fspd; guty; ,f;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lik r%f epiykhw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpa

gq;fhw;wpa xd;whFk;.

,jd;gb nlhd%u; murpayikg;G rPu;j;jpUj;jk; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; Jiwfspd;

epiykhw;wq;fspd; Nfe;jpukhFk;. ,J Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;duhd fhyj;jpy; Ntfkile;j murpay;

epiykhw;wj;jpd; cz;ikahd Muk;g fl;lkhFk;.

135

cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

1. tpdh tpku;rd Ntiyj;jpl;lk; xd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

tFg;G khztu;fis A,B vd ,U FOthf gpupf;fTk;.

xU FOTf;F 1833 njhlf;fk; - 1924 tiuAk;> mLj;j FOTf;F 1931 njhlf;fk; 1948

tiuahd fhydpj;Jt gupkhw;wj;jpd; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; tpisTfs; vd;w jiyg;gpid

toq;Ff.

jkJ FOTf;F fpilj;j jiyg;gpD}L Nfs;tpfis tpku;rduPjpahd Fwpg;nghd;iw jahupf;fr;

nra;f.

Gs;spfis toq;fp Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;Lnry;f.

crhj;Jizfs;

01. [atu;jd> Fkhup> (2004)> nrhf;fd; nyhf;fd; Md tpjk;> nfhOk;G> r%f tpQ;Qhdpfs;

rq;fk;.

02. etul;d gz;lhu> (2007)> gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,af;fq;fs;>

nfhOk;G> gh];l; gg;sprpd; (jdpahu;) epWtdk;>

03. gpudhe;J> yf;rpwp> (1974)> Njrpa ,af;fk;> murpayikg;G tsu;r;rpAk; ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fSk;>

jPghdp ntspaPl;lhsu;> ENfnfhl.

04. gz;lhuNf> mNrhfh> (2005)> ,yq;ifapd; fhydpj;Jtthjk;> nfhOk;G> ];nug;gu;l; nyf;.

05. tpjhdtrk;> mJy> (2007)> ,yq;ifapd; murpay; mikg;Gk; murpaYk;> k ufk> jud;[p

gpupd;lu;];.

06. Ceylon Government Press, (1969), Ceylon, Report of the Commission on Constitution Reform, Colombo,

Ceylon Government Press.

07. Jennings, Ivor and H.W.Tambiah, (1952), The Domonion of Ceylon:The Development of it’s Laws and

Constitution, London: Stevens and Sons limited.

08. Kannangara, A.P., (2011), A Survey of Social Change in an Imprial Regime, Colombo: Vijithayapa

Publications.

136136

08. nt];kpd;];lu; murpayikg;G khjpupfSk; mjd; khw;wq;fSk;

Nju;r;rp 08 :- Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;G tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

(ghlNtisfs; - 62)

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

8.1 :- Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd murpayikg;G cUthf;fj;jpw;F gpd;dzpahf mike;j fhuzpfis

tpgupg;ghu;.

8.2. Nkw;gb murpayikg;Gfspd; gz;Gfis jdpj;jdpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

8.3. Nkw;gb murpayikg;Gfspd; Nghf;FfisAk; gpur;rpidfisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

fw;ww;NgW :-

1947 - 1972 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l murpayikg;G tsu;r;rpiaAk; mjd;

Nghf;FfisAk; gFj;jha;thu;.

1947 - 1972 tiuapyhd murpayikg;gpd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l rl;lj;Jiwapd; mikg;igAk;

,iwahd;ikAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf njspTg;gLj;Jthu;.

1947 - 1972 tiuapyhd murpayikg;gpd; fPo; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; ,ay;igAk; mjd;

mjpfhuq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf tpsf;Fthu;.

rpWghd;ikNahu; cupikfspd; jd;ikAk;> tiuaiwfisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ePjpj;Jiwapd; RahjPdj;jd;ikAk; mjd; tiuaiwfisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ePjp kw;Wk; mur Nritj; Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis guPl;rpg;ghu;.

kpfr; rpwe;j murpayikg;nghd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfis tprhuid nra;thu;.

mwpKfk; :-

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G nt];kpd;];lu; khjpupf;F Vw;g cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. nt];kpd;];lu; khjpup

murpayikg;G vd;gJ gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l murpayikg;ghFk;. mitahtd>

murpayikg;G fl;likg;gpDs; Kf;fpa ,lk; ghuhSkd;Wf;F fpilj;jy;.

ghuhSkd;Wf;F nghWg;Gf;$Wk; mikr;ruit xd;W fhzg;gly;.

ghuhSkd;wk; rl;luPjpahf cau;epiyapid miljy;.

murhq;fkhdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epUtfpf;fg;gly;.

137

ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fshy; murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gly;.

murhq;fk; ghuhSkd;Wf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy; (ghuhSkd;wkhdJ mikr;ru;fis jdpj;jdpahfNth

my;yJ $l;lhfNth mfw;w KbAk;)

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F cz;ikahf rthy; tpLf;f Kbahj tifapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

tfpgq;F tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.

jdp mq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; (vspa ngUk;ghd;ik) njhFjp Kiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

,U fl;rp Kiw.

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G 1944 mikr;ruit gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;j Nahridfs; kw;Wk;

Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nahridfspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nfgpdl;

(ghuhSkd;w) murhq;f khjpupahFk;. mikr;ruitia cUthf;Fk;NghJk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fl;likg;ig

cUthf;Fk;NghJk;> ehkepUthfpia cUthf;Fk;NghJk; nt];kpd;];lu; murpayikg;G khjpupia

nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> rpy gpupTfspy; Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpy; ,Ue;J

khWgl;bUe;jJ. mitahtd>

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;ghf ,Ue;jik.

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; nefpoh murpayikg;ghf ,Ue;jik.

murpayikg;G tptuz mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; vOjg;glhj tifapy; ePjpkd;Wf;F

cupj;jhf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G ,yq;if gy;ypd kw;Wk; gd;kj r%fk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. RahjPd

ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; RahjPd mur Nritapid cUthf;Ftjw;F murpayikg;gpy; eltbf;if

vLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j murpayikg;G epytpa fhyj;jpy; (1947 – 1972) murpayikg;gpy; vl;L

jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.


8.1. Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpw;F gjpyhf Gjpa murpayikg;nghd;wpid cUthf;Ftjpy;

gpd;dzpahf mike;j fhuzpfs;

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;if njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpa Kbf;Fupa murhf ,Uf;ff;

$lhJ vd;w gykhd thjk; xd;W fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik.

,yq;ifia Fbaurhf khw;wNtz;ba Njit.

murNrit Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO njhlu;ghf fhzg;gl;l Kuz;ghLfs;

(,e;j Kuz;ghLfs; ahJ vd Mrpupauhy; RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;)

,t;tplaq;fis fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ahg;G kWrPuikg;G xd;wpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,U Kaw;rpfs;

vLf;fg;gl;lNghJk; mit ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy.

138138

I. If;fpa Kd;dzp murhq;fj;jpd; gpujku; v];.lg;s;A.Mu;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; 1957

Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; khjk; 02 Me; jpfjp murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpw;fhf xd;wpize;j

ghuhSkd;w nraw;FO xd;wpid epakpj;jhu;. 1959 Mk; Mz;L ngg;gputup 06 Me; jpfjp

,f;FO nghJ cld;ghnlhd;Wf;F te;jJ. tpNrlkhf ,yq;ifia Fbaurhf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;Wk; Gjpa murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil cupikfs; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpak;

njhlu;ghfTk; ,e;j FOtpid gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;j midj;J murpay; fl;rpfspilNaAk;

nghJ cld;ghL xd;W fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 1959 Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gu; khjk;

gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; gLnfhiyia njhlu;e;J murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G eltbf;iffs;

jilg;gl;ld.

II. 1965 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; Ml;rpf;F te;j If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp murhq;fk; ,yq;ifia

Fbaurhf khw;Wtjw;fhf murpayikg;gpw;F rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fpy;

ghuhSkd;wpy; xd;wpize;j nraw;FO FO xd;wpid jhgpj;jNghJk; vjpu;f;fl;rp Gjpa murpay;

mikg;nghd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; njhlu;e;jpUe;jikahy; Nrhy;gup

murpayikg;ig khw;w If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp murhq;fj;jhYk; Kbahky; NghdJ.

,jdhy; Gjpa murpay; mikg;gpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Kiwahd eltbf;iffs; 1970 fspd;

gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j If;fpa Kd;dzp murhq;fj;jhy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa murpayikg;gpid

cUthf;Ftjw;fhd murpay; epu;za rigapdhy; KjyhtJ FbauR murpayikg;G jahupf;fg;gl;lNjhL

,e;j ahg;G 1972 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; njhlf;fk; 1978 Mk; Mz;L tiu eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.

1972 Kjyhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW>

ghuhSkd;w (fgpdl;) murhq;f Kiwahf ,Ue;jik.

nt];kpd;];lu; Kbahl;rp Kiwikia ePf;fp nra;J Kjd; Kiwahf FbauR Kiwnahd;iw

jhgpj;jik.

kf;fs; ,iwik vz;zf;fUTf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; nfhLj;jik.

Njrpa muRg; Nguit nghJkf;fspd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; xNu

gpujpepjpahf;fg;gl;lik.

kf;fs; ,iwikahy; mjpfhuj;jpw;F tUk; gpujkuhy; ehk epUthfp epakpf;fg;gly;. (FbauR

Ml;rpapd; gz;nghd;whFk;)

Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpy; ,Ue;j rpy rkepiy jiyaPLfs; nraw;ghLfis ePf;fpaik.

cjhuzkhf : ePjpkd;Wf;F fhzg;gl;l murpayikg;G nghUs; tpsf;fy; mjpfhuj;ij ,y;yhJ

nra;jik.

rl;lj;Jiwapid Xuit thjj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf;fpaik.

nghJr; Nritapid mikr;ruitapd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jik.

,yq;ifia xw;iwahl;rp murhf murpayikg;gpy; cs;thq;fpaik.

muRf;Fk; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;nghd;wpid murpayikg;gpd; %yk;

Vw;gLj;jpaik.

rpq;fs nkhopia khj;jpuk; mur fUk nkhopahf;fpaik.

139

murpay; epUthfj;jpw;F mur Nrit kw;Wk; ePjpr; Nritfis kpfTk; neUf;fg;gLj;jpaik.

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpy; fz;Lf;nfhs;sg;glhkypUe;j mur nfhs;if topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfis 1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpy;

cs;thq;fpaik.

8.2. rl;lj;Jiwapd; mikTr; Nru;f;ifAk; ,iwahd;ikAk;:-

Nrhy;gup Kiwapd; fPo; rl;lj;JiwahdJ %d;W epWtdq;fis xd;wpizj;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

I. Kb (kfhNjrhjpgjp)

II. gpujpepjpfs; rig

III. nrdw; rig

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpujhd epWtdk; gpujpepjpfs; rigahFk;. ,e;j rigapd; cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if

njhlu;gpy; murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. xt;nthU rdj;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gpd;dUk;

Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; vy;iy epu;za Mizf;FOthy; Nju;jy; njhFjpfshf gpupf;fg;gLtjd; %yk;

Mrd vz;zpf;ifia jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpay; mikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Nrhy;gup

murpayikg;G eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; gpujpepjpfs; rig cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if xNu

tifapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

1947 – 1959 fhyk; tiu cWg;gpdu; njhif 101 MFk;. ,jpy; 95 Ngu; Nju;jy; njhFjpfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Neubahf kf;fs; thf;fpdhYk; vQ;rpa 06 NgUk; rpWghd;ik kf;fis

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

1960 fspd; gpd;du; murpayikg;G eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j vQ;rpa fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;jtu; njhif

157 Mf ,Ue;jJ. mjpy; 151 Ngu; Nju;jy; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kf;fspd;

Neub thf;fpdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl;lNjhL vQ;rpa mWtUk; rpWghd;ik kf;fis

gpujpepj;Jtg;gLj;j epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

,uz;lhk; kd;wkhd nrdw; rig 30 cWg;gpdu;fshy; MdJ. ,jpy; 15 cWg;gpdu;fs; gpujkupd;

MNyhridapd;gb kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;lNjhL> vQ;rpa 15 cWg;gpdu;fSk;

ghuhSkd;wj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.

ehq;fs; Kd;du; fz;lJNghy> Njrpa muRg; Nguitapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba cWg;gpdu; njhifg;

gw;wp murpayikg;gpy; rupahf Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. mJ murpayikg;gpd; 77 cWg;Giuapd;

fPohd vy;iy epu;za Mizf;FOtpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ghuhSkd;Wf;F G+uz rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mitahtd>

29 (2) cWg;Giuia jpUj;jNth my;yJ ePf;fNth ghuhSkd;Wf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

VNjDk; rl;l%yk; murpayikg;NghL xj;JNghftpy;iyahapd; me;j rl;lj;ij typjw;wjhf;Fk;

mjpfhuk; Neubahf Fwpg;gplhky; ePjpkd;Wf;F ,Ue;jik (cau; ePjpkd;Wf;F)

1947 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if Rje;jpu rl;lj;jpd; gb ,yq;ifapd; Ntz;LNfhy; kw;Wk;

tpUg;gj;jpd;Ngupy; ,yq;if rhu;ghf rl;lj;ij Mf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;Wf;F

fpilj;jik.

140140

1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; Njrpa muRg; Nguit rl;l Mf;f mjpfhuk; kpf;f xNu

epWtdkhfpaJ. mitahtd>

murpayikg;gpd; Ie;jhk; cWg;Giuf;F Vw;g> Fbaurpd; mur mjpfhuj;jpid nraw;gLj;Jk;

kPAau; fUtp Njrpa muRg; NguitahFk;.

44 Mk; cWg;Giuf;F Vw;g Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; kPAau; jd;ik

nfhz;ljhFk;.

Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpd;gb murpayikg;ig Kw;whf my;yJ mjd;

VNjDk; gFjpia khw;Wjy;> jpUj;Jjy;> Gjpa murpayikg;nghd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;

mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

45 Mk; cWg;Giuf;F Vw;g Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;F cupj;jhf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij

iftpLtjw;Nfh> xg;gilg;gjw;Nfh md;Nwy; vt;tifapYk; NtnwhUtUf;F cupj;jhf;Ftjw;Nfh

KbahJ.

39 Mk; cWg;Giuf;F mika> Njrpa muRg; Nguitapdhy gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; ve;jnthU rl;lj;ijAk;

nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;Ftjw;Nfh> mJ njhlu;gpy; fUj;J njuptpg;gjw;Nfh ePjpkd;Wf;Nfh md;Nwy;

NtW epWtdq;fSf;Nfh mjpfhukpy;iy.

,t;tplaq;fSf;F Vw;g Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l rl;lj;Jiw Nghyy;yhky; 1972 Mk;

Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lj;Jiw G+uz ,iwahd;ik nfhz;l epWtdkhFk;.

8.3. epUthfj;jpd; ,ay;Gk; mjd; mjpfuhKk;

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l epiwNtw;Wj;JiwahdJ mikr;ruit epUthfkhFk;.

ehl;bd; gpujhd epUthf ikak; mikr;ruitahFk;. mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; gpujkuhthu;. gpujpepjpfs;

rigapd; ngUk;ghd;ik ek;gpf;ifia ntd;w egiu gpujkuhf epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghyd

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU fl;rpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;jpid gpujpepjpfs; rigapy;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpujkiu njupT nra;tjpy; kfhNjrhjpgjp jkJ RatpUg;gpw;F

Vw;g nraw;gl re;ju;g;gk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mikr;ru;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ vd;gJ gw;wp murpayikg;gpy;

Fwpg;gplg;glhikahy; mjid jPu;khdpf;Fk; cupik KOikahf gpujkupd; tpUg;gj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jJ.

gpujkUf;F ,Ue;j gzpfSf;F Nkyhf mtu; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ntsptptfhuk; njhlu;gpy; nghWg;ghsuhf

nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ePjp mikr;ruhapd; mtu; nrdw; rigapd;

cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;wpUe;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if uPjpahd jPu;khdq;fis

mikr;ruit vLf;Fk; mNjNtis gpd;du; mj;jPu;khdq;fis cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; %yk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 46 Mk; cWg;Giuapd; fPo; ehl;bd; epUthfk; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W epUthfj;ij

topelj;jy; vd;gd mikr;ruitf;F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy; kw;Wk;

fiyj;jy; njhlu;gpy; kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpujkUf;F ,Ue;jJ.

mikr;ruit $l;lhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;GilaJ.

1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; murpay; epiwNtw;W epUthfkhf gpujku; cs;spl;l mikr;ruit

fhzg;gl;lJ. gpujku; Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; ngUk;ghd;ik ek;gpf;ifia ntd;w cWg;gpduhthu;.

141

mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; mikr;Rf;fis jPu;khdpj;jy;> mikr;ru;fSf;Fupj;jhd Jiwfs; kw;Wk; gzpfis

jPu;khdpf;Fk; nghWg;G gpujkUilajhFk;. mikr;ru;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Jiwfs; kw;Wk; gzpfis

khw;WjYk; mikr;Rg; gjtpfspy; ,Ue;J tpyf;Ftjw;Fk; gpujkUf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. Nky;

ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpfs;> mikr;ruitapd; nrayhsu;> mikr;Rf;fspd;

nrayhsu;fis epakpj;jy; mjpfhuq;fs; gpujkuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,Jtiu fhzg;gl;l RahjPd mur Nrit Mizf;FO ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;L mur Nrit

Mizf;FOTf;Fupa nghWg;Gfs; mikr;ruitf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

8.4. rpWghd;ikNahu; cupikfs;

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpy; rpWghd;ik ,df;FOf;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; gy

tpjpKiwfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd>

29 (2) Mk; cWg;Giu

rpWghd;ik kf;fs; FOf;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cs;slf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd

tpjpahf ,J fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpjpf;F Vw;g>

m. kjr; Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jNth> jilnra;aNth Kbahik.

M. ,dj;Jt> kjj;Jt FOnthd;W Vida FOnthd;wpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jNth>

fl;Lg;gLj;jNth> jiltpjpf;fNth KbahJ.

,. ,df;FOTf;Nfh> kjf;FOTf;Nfh toq;fg;glhj rYiffs; mt;thwhd NtnwhU

FOTf;F toq;ff; $lhJ.

<. ahNjDk; kj epWtd mikg;gpid mjd; epUthfpapd; mDkjpapd;wp khw;w KbahJ.

ahjhapDk; kj epWtdk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mjd; epUthff;

FOtpd; mDkjpAld; md;wp Ntnwe;j KiwapYk; khw;w KbahJ.

gy;yq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjp

rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf fhzg;gl;l kw;WNkhu; tpjpahf gy;yq;fj;jtu;

Nju;jy; njhFjp fhzg;gl;lJ. ehl;by; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;NjhL

Nru;e;JthOk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ ,jd; %yk;

vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. 1946 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l Nju;jy; njhFjp vy;iy epu;za Mizf;FOtpdhy;

gJis> gyhq;nfhil> fLfd;dht> mk;gyhq;nfhil> gygpl;ba kw;Wk; kj;jpa nfhOk;G

Mfpatw;wpy; gy;yq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. vdpDk; Nrhy;gup

Mizf;FOtpdhy; gy;yq;fj;jtu; njhFjp cUthf;fj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;l Nehf;fk;

KOikahf epiwNtwtpy;iy.

epakd mq;fj;jtu; mWtu; (6) gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F njupT nra;ag;gl;lik:-

,jd;%yk; INuhg;gpa> gwq;fpau; kw;Wk; K];ypk; Mfpa ,df;FOf;fspypUe;J gpujpepjpfs;

rigf;F cWg;gpdu;fis njupT nra;ag;gLtJ vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ahg;gpy; 4 (2) cWg;Giuapd;gb

gpujkupd; MNyhridapd;gb kfhNjrhjpgjp ,t;TWg;gpdu;fis epakpg;ghu;. vdpDk; ,jdhy;

rpWghd;ik ,dq;fspd; cupikfSf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; %yk; rpWghd;ikapdupd;

cupikfs; KOikahf ghJfhf;fg;gltpy;iy.

142142

nrdl;rig

rpWghd;ikapdupd; fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd tpjpahf nrdl;rig vdg;gLk; ,uz;lhk; kd;wk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrdl; rig cWg;gpdu;fspy; Ik;gJ tPjkhNdhiu kfhNjrhjpgjp jd; RatpUg;gpw;Nfw;g epakpf;f

KbAk; vd;w tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;jpajd; %yk; rpWghd;ik ,df;FOf;fSf;F jhq;fs;

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; rpWghd;ikNahupd; cupikfSf;fhf nraw;gl tha;g;G toq;f

vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. gpujku; nrdl; rigf;fhd rpWghd;ikNahiu epakpf;Fk;NghJ rpWghd;ik

kf;fs; gw;wp ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lhYk;> ,jNdhL gpujku; kw;Wk; mtupd; murpay; fl;rp njhlu;gpy;

fhzg;gl;l murpay; mbg;gilapd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sik njspthd njupe;jpUe;jJ.

,jd; ngWNgW gpujkuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l rpWghd;ik ,dq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fs; gpujkupd;

murpay; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ue;jikahFk;. ,t;thwhd epiyikfshy;

rpWghd;ikNahupd; NghJkhd fhg;gPl;L nghwpKiwahf fUj Kbatpy;iy.

,itj; jtpu RahjPd mur Nrit Mizf;FOtpid jhgpj;jikapd; %yk; mur Nrit njhlu;gpy;

ek;gpf;ifapid Vw;gLj;jy; ahg;gpid tiue;jtu;fspd; vjpu;g;ghu;g;ghf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; ePjpr; Nritapd;

RahjPdj;jpw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwfSk; rpWghd;ikNahupd; cupikfis ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s

cjtpaJ.

8.5. mur Nrit kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpdhy; mur Nrit njhlu;ghd nghWg;G mikr;ruitf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

xt;nthU mikr;rUf;F fPOk; fhzg;gl;l midj;J jpizf;fsq;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd

KO nghWg;Gk; Fwpj;j mikr;rUf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. jpizf;fsq;fis ,izj;J epUtfpf;Fk;NghJ

mikr;rUf;F cjTtjw;fhf epue;ju nrayhsu; xUtiu gpujkupd; MNyhridapd;gb khfhNjrhjpgjp

epakpj;jhu;. mtu; Fwpj;j mikr;rupd; epUthfj;jpd; fPo; topelj;jg;gl;lhu;. mikr;rUf;Fk; mikr;Rf;Ff;Fk;

,ilapYk;> mikr;rUf;Fk; jpizf;fsq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYkhd njhlu;Gfs; epue;ju nrayhsupdhy;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.

mur Nritapd; RahjPdj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Kiwahd tpjpKiwfs; mjd;%yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L

,Ue;jik ,e;j murpayikg;gpd; tpNrl gz;ghf ,Ue;jJ.

mur Nritahsu;fis epakpj;jy;> ,lk; khw;Wjy;> ePf;Fjy; kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gd RahjPd mur Nrit Mizf;FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;thW mur Nrit Mizf;FO xd;iw jhgpg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;lhFk;.

I. murpay; jiyaPl;by; ,Ue;J mur Nritia tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

II. mur Nritfs; njhlu;ghf rpWghd;ik FOf;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifia fl;bnaOg;gy;.

Ie;J tUlq;fSf;F gpujkupd; MNyhridf;F Vw;g kfhNjrhjpahy; mur Nrit Mizf;FOTf;F

%d;W cWg;gpdu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mur Nritapid murpay; jiyaPl;by; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf murpayikg;gpy; rpy tpjpKiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mitahtd>

1. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ve;j cWg;gpdUk; mur Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl

KbahJ.

2. VNjDk; cWg;gpdiu Mizf;FOTf;F epakpf;fg;gLk;NghJ murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;juhf VNjDk;

nfhLg;gdTfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw tpl;L tpyf Ntz;Lk;.

143

3. Nritf;fhyk; epiwtile;jJk; kPz;Lk; Nritf;F epakpf;fg;gl KbahJ.

4. Nritapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;FjyhdJ> rupahd fhuzq;fis fhl;ba gpd; kfhNjrhjpgjpahy;

kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

5. Mizf;FOtpd; jPu;khq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; egu; 1000 &ghTf;F Nkw;glhj

jz;lg;gzj;ijNah my;yJ xU tUlj;jpw;F Nkw;glhj rpiwj; jz;lidf;Nfh my;yJ ,it

,uz;Lf;FNkh cs;shf Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thwhd tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lNghJk; Mizf;FOtpd;

RahjPdj;jd;ikia KOikahf ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. mikr;ru;fspd; mOj;jq;fSf;F

cl;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; Mizf;FO njhlu;e;Jk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.

1972 KjyhtJ Fbaurpd; %yk; RahjPd mur Nrit vz;zf;fU ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;L mur

Nritia kpfTk; njspthd tifapy; mikr;ruitapd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jJ. ,jd;gb>

mur Nritahsu;fis epakpj;jy;> ,lkhw;Wjy;> ePf;Fjy;> xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vd;gd

mikr;ruitf;F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; gb [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; cau; kl;l mur mjpfhupfs;

jtpu Vida mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpf;Fk; KOikahd mjpfhuk; mikr;ruitf;F

,Ue;jJ. ,jw;fhf mur Nrit MNyhrid rigapd; MNyhridfis ngw Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

(,jd;NghJ mur Nrit MNyhrid rig kw;Wk; mur Nrit xOf;fhw;W rigfspd; gzpfs;

kw;Wk; mikr;ruitf;F mur Nrit njhlu;gpy; ,Ue;j mjpfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;

tpupthf fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;)

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; gpujk ePjpauru; kw;Wk; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Vida ePjpauru;fs;

kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w Mizahsu;fs; vd;Nghu; gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy;

kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpauru; xUtu; 62 taJtiu Nritapy;

,Uf;f KbAk;. xU tUlj;jhy; Nritia ePbf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpujkUf;F ,Ue;jJ. gjtpapy;

,Ue;J ePf;Fjy; nrdw; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpfs; rigfspd; Ntz;LNfhypd; Ngupy; kfhNjrhjpgjpahy;

ePf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp NtWtifapy; ePjpgjpfis ePf;f KbahJ. mtu;fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; kw;Wk;

RahjPdj; jd;ik vd;gd cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd.

Vida ePjpgjpfs; ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOthy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

(ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO njhlu;ghf Mrpupau; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;)

midj;J ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspdJk; RahjPdj;jd;ik kw;Wk; gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;

njhlu;gpy; nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifapid Vw;gLj;j tpjpKiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

1972 murpayikg;gpd;gb ePjpkd;wj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; rpy Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,uhzpahu; ePjpkd;Wf;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra;a fhzg;gl;l cupikapid ,y;yhJ nra;J 1971

,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;Wf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

cau; ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; vd;gdtw;wpd; gjtpfhyj;jpd;

njhlu;e;Njl;irahd jd;ikia ghJfhj;jy;.

144144

ePjpkd;w Kiwfspy; khw;wq;fis Njrpa muRg; Nguitahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpdhy;

nra;a KbAk; vd murpayikg;gpd; 121 Mk; cWg;Giuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. (1973 Mk;

Mz;L 44 Mk; ,yf;f ePjpia epiyepWj;Jk; rl;lk;)

vdpDk; fhzg;gl;l ePjpkd;wq;fis ,y;yhJ nra;J fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ePjp kd;wq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

1. Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;

2. cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

3. cau; ePjpkd;wk;

4. khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;

5. kN[];l;uhj; ePjpkd;wk;

1973 Mk; Mz;L 44 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpdhy; ,yq;ifia 16 tyaq;fshf gpupj;J xt;nthU

tyaj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU cau; ePjpkd;wq;fs; tPjk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

me;j tyaq;fis khtl;lq;fshf gpupj;J xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

xt;nthU tyaj;ijAk; njhFjpfshf (Nfhl;lq;fshf) gpupj;J xt;nthU njhFjpf;Fk;

(Nfhl;lj;Jf;Fk;) kN[];l;uhj; ePjpkd;wq;fs; xt;nthd;W vd cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;T ngWk; taJ 63 vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.

ePjpr; Nrit MNyhrid rig kw;Wk; ePjp Nrit xOf;fhw;W rig vd;gd cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

(,e;j rigfs; ,uz;ilAk; gw;wp Mrpupau; tpupthf fye;Jiuahly; Ntz;Lk;)

8.6. mbg;gil cupikfs;

kdpj cupikfis ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghd kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;ij murpayikg;gpw;Fs;

cs;thq;Fjy; vd;gJ jhuhz;ikthj murpayikg;Gfspd; gz;ghFk; vd;gjhy; ,yq;ifapd;

murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpy; Kjd; Kiwahf mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahak; xd;W cyf ehLfspd;

mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghd cWg;Giufisg; gpd;gw;wp cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; ru;t rkkhdtu;fs;

jd;dpr;irahf capiu kha;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahik.

Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; jdpahs; ghJfhg;G

rpe;jid nra;Ak; Rje;jpuk;

kdrhl;rpia gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; kjr; Rje;jpuk;

jdpahd fyhrhuj;ij mDgtpj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

Ngr;Rupik kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk;

145

Nghd;w cupikfs; murpayikg;gpy; cs;thq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 1972 cupikfSf;F Vw;Gilik xd;iw

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jpUe;jhYk; ,e;j cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpy; FiwghLfs; rpyTk; ,Ue;jd.

1. me;j murpayikg;gpdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cupikfs; mDkjpaspf;Fk; tiuaiwfSf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jik.

2. mur payikg ; g py ; cu pikfSf ;F cj ;j p Nahfg ; G + u ;t Vw ; Gilik xd ;W

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; cupikfs; kPwg;gLk;NghJ ,J njhlu;ghd rl;l Vw;ghLfs;

fhzg;gltpy;iy.

3. murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;j ngUk;ghyhd cupikfs; ,e;ehl;L gpui[fSf;F kl;LNk

fhzg;gl;lJ.

4. murpayikg;gpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l cupikfs; rpwpastpyhdjhf ,Ue;jik.

5. ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;l cupikfs; goikahd ,aw;if cupikfspd; rk;gpujhakhd rptpy;

kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs; vd;w tiuaiwf;Fs; ,Ue;jik.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwfs;

1. gf;fg; Gul;b xd;iw jahupj;jy; / gtu; nghapd;l; Kd;itg;G

1947 – 1972 ahg;Gfspid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murpayikg;Gfspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;

Nghf;F vd;w jiyg;gpid fPo;tUk; tplaq;fspd; JizNahL Rl;b vOJf.

murpayikg;gpd; ngau; / murpayikg;gpd; mikTr; Nru;f;if

epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;

rpWghd;ikapdu; cupikfs;

ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; nghJr; Nrit

mbg;gil cupikfs;

cupa jpfjpapy; Kd;itg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;f.

146146

crhj;Jizfs;

01. Coomarasamy, Radhika (1984) Srilanka: The Crisis of the Anglo – American Constitutional Traditions in

a Developing Society, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House ltd.

02. Cooray, L.J.M (1984) Constitutional Governtment in Srilanka, Colombo: Lake House Invesments Ltd.

03. Goonesekare, R.K.W. (1998) “Change in Constitutional Government, in A.D.V de S indraratna (ed) Fifty

years of Srilanka’s Independence: A Socio Economic Review, Colombo: Sri Lanka institute of Social and

Econoic Studies.

04. Jennings, Iver (1948) Comments on the Constitution, London: The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon

Limited.

05. Wilson, A. Jayaratnam (1979) Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947 – 1979, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.

06. Wilson, A.J. (1958) “Minority Safeguards in the Ceylon constitution’ In Ceylon Journal of Historical and

Social Studies.

07. tpy;rd;. V.N[. (1968) ,yq;if murpay; mikg;G gw;wpa epge;jidfs;> nfhOk;G> ,yq;if

ntspaPl;L fk;gdp

08. tpj;jhdtrk;> mJy (2007) ,yq;ifapd; murpay; mikg;Gk; murpaYk;> k ufk juQ;rp gpupd;lu;];.

Documents

murwptpay; - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tGr12TG Political.pdf-V-gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk; vspikg;gLj;jTk;