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MUNA Instruction Booklet 2016

Alfrink College Werflaan 25 2725 DE Zoetermeer The Netherlands www.munalfrink.nl www.facebook.com/MUNAlfrink www.twitter.com/MUNAlfrink

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Introduction to Model United Nations 3 MUNA Committees 4 Issues on the agenda 6 Participation at the Conference 8 Course of the Debate 9 Muna rules of procedure 12 Preparation and Research 18 Sample Policy Statement 21 Resolution Writing 21 Sample Resolution 23 Introductory Phrases 24 General Preparation to MUNs 26 Some suggested activities to prepare students Final Assignment 33 Practical Information 34 MUN Terminology 35

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INTRODUCTION TO MODEL UNITED NATIONS The Model United Nations Programme The Model United Nations Programme is an extra-curricular programme in which students simulate the work of the real United Nations. They represent the member nations of the United Nations represented in the different UN bodies. The students will debate a number of different issues such as the improvement of the environment to the settlement of disputes. There are many Model United Nations conferences in the world, with MUNA being one of them. The MUN-programme is a unique learning programme. It enables you to learn about international affairs and global issues, about different countries and organizations. Apart from that it is a great way for students to practice their English language skills as well as develop debating and lobbying skills. The MUN-programme also enables you to meet different people from all over the globe. Participating in the MUN-programme is a truly unique experience. Alfrink College and the Model United Nations MUNA stands for Model United Nations Alfrink and is the annual three days simulation of the United Nations held at Alfrink College in Zoetermeer. Alfrink College has been involved in the Model United Nations Programme for many years. Starting as a small project for only Alfrink students in 2005, MUNA has grown to become a friendly and international Model United Nations with approximately 300 delegates each year. With grabbing subjects, absorbing questions and fierce debates, MUNA 2016 is a challenge you shouldn’t miss as an experienced debater. Yet, MUNA is proud to be a ‘starters’ conference and gives beginners a chance as well. Consequently, every committee will start with a workshop, which will cover MUN language, terminology and procedures, as described in this handbook. More details about MUNA can be found on our website: www.munalfrink.nl

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MUNA COMMITTEES The MUNA conference will have a number of different committees. The purpose of these different committees is to address issues on certain topics. Most but not all committees at MUNA are based on the committees present at the real United Nations. The committee will be headed by two or three student officers who are responsible for chairing the committee. The committees at this years’ MUNA will be: 1. The Security Council The Security Council is the most powerful body in the United Nations and deals with questions regarding international security. The Security Council at MUNA will have one or two delegates representing each nation. MUNA always selects the countries that were present in the SC of the real UN in the year before the MUNA conference. The permanent members China, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the Russian Federation and France are always present. The permanent five have veto power. 2. The Council of Europe The Council of Europe is a supra governmental organization, located in Strasbourg, that focuses on human rights issues in Europe. The Council of Europe adopt the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and makes sure that these rights are legally binding to all member states that signed the statute of the Council of Europe and that ratified the European Convention on Human Rights. General Assembly Committees Each GA committee will have one delegate per country. These delegates will be representing their country’s policy in those committees. After the sub-committees of the General Assembly have debated and approved a number of resolutions one or two of these approved resolutions will be addressed in the plenary session of the General Assembly on Friday. The General Assembly sub-committees will address 3 or 4 issues per committee. 3. General Assembly 1 - Disarmament and International Security This committee will focus on issues concerning disarmament and international security. This is the equivalent of the First committee of United Nations General Assembly. MUNA will not have another separate disarmament committee. 4. General Assembly 2 - Human Rights At the real UN the Second Committee deals with Economic and Financial issues. Human rights issues at the real UN are discussed in the Human Rights Council. Because we have limited classrooms available at MUNA we have no room for more than ten committees. Therefore we decided to run a GA2 on human rights. The procedures are similar to other GA committees.

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5. General assembly 3 - Environmental, Humanitarian and Health Issues This committee will focus on a number of different issues concerning current Environmental, Humanitarian and Health Issues that affect people all over the world. Because of the pressing issue of the environment, MUNA added environment to its "Third committee", and gave it a slightly different name than the name used at the real UN for its Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural). 6. General assembly 4 - Special Political and Decolonization Committee (SPECPOL) This commission of Special and Political decolonization (SPECPOL) is mainly concerned about the well being of non-self-governing territories, such as ex-colonies. It focuses on resolving the issues concerning the road to independence in a peaceful way. Over the years the focus of GA 4 has changed from dealing with ex colonies to border issues and issues regarding (new) territories in general. For example GA4 is also concerned about protecting natural resources and protecting the rights of indigenous people. 7. Crisis Committee The crisis committee is a committee in which delegates must respond quickly and decisively to sudden dramatic political, social, or environmental events. These events (or 'crises') become more intense and interconnected during the course of the conference, usually culminating in large-scale disasters by the end of the day, unless delegates are able to prevent them. 8. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) The Economic and Social Council is one of the primary organs of the United Nations which is responsible for promoting higher standards of living, economic and social progress. 9. Special Conference about Africa The Special Conference at MUNA this year is linked to the MUNA charity and will focus on Africa. Every year MUNA supports a charity project. Delegates raise money that will be used to sponsor a grassroots development project somewhere in the world. This year MUNA works together with The Hague Peace projects (http://thehaguepeace.org/) in supporting peace initiatives in the Great Lake area in Africa. The Hague Peace projects believes that transparent information about the root causes of the conflict and giving local people a chance to express their opinion are important steps to creating enduring peace in this conflict region. Together with MUNA The Hague Peace projects will create a small documentary in which teenagers in Eastern Congo will have the opportunity to express their opinion. Furthermore, the money will be used to sponsor education projects in Eastern Congo. The issues that will be debated in the Special Conference this year will therefore focus on Africa.

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10. The Global Mayors Forum The Global Mayors Forum is a new committee at MUNA. The idea for this new committee is based on the idea of professor Benjamin Barber in his book: ‘If mayors ruled the world’. In this book Barber states that mayors of the worlds cities are better equiped to deal with the global problems of the 21st century than sovereign nation states. At MUNA 2016 we will put this idea to the test. Delegates will not present nation states but mayors of big cities. Together the mayors will discuss and try to solve major urban issues of the 21st century. The GMF will debate adhoc about issues. Delegates have to prepare plicy statements (position papers ) but no resolutions. ISSUES ON THE AGENDA On the MUNA website www.munalfrink.nl you can view the issues that will be debated in each committee this year. You can also look below, but also look regularly on the MUNA website, because there might be some minor changes.

MUNA 2016 ISSUES GA1

- Measures to prevent an arms race on the seabed and ocean floor. - Disbanding and disarming rebel groups, such as M23 and the FDLR, in the

Great Lake region in Africa. - Combatting worldwide rendition. - Transparency of investments in the arms trade.

GA2

- Protection of journalists, whistle-blowers and human rights defenders in order to defend freedom of speech.

- Protection of privacy in the digital age. - Improving supply chain transparency in order to combat child labour. - Strengthening the coordination, logistics and priorities of humanitarian and in-

kind disaster relief assistance. GA3

- Prevention of corruption in humanitarian assistance programmes in (post) conflict areas.

- Improving the health situation in Gaza and in refugee camps in the Middle East. - Transparency in the fossil fuel industry in LEDCs. - Tackling of illegal immigration, such as the situation in the Mediterranean and

the port at Calais. GA4

- Strengthening guidelines providing territorial integrity of North Africa. - Combatting piracy on the coast of East Africa. - Protection of the rights of indigenous children. - Protecting UNESCO World Heritage monuments situated in warzones.

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ECOSOC - The question of the regulation of virtual currencies (bit-coins). - Supporting the development and spread of vaccines. - Combating (plastic) pollution in oceans. - The development of new hypermodern measures of transport and their influence

on international traffic. Special Conference about Africa

- Evaluating and strengthening the protection of women in Africa under SC resolution 1325.

- Root causes for conflict and opportunities for peace in the Great Lake area. - Prevention of infectious diseases in Africa after the experience of the Ebola

crisis. - Reintegration of child soldiers in civil society.

Global Mayors Forum

- The establishment of Sustainable urbanization for megalopoles. - Protection of citizens against crime and terrorism. - Combatting organizational corruption in cities. - Managing diversity and promoting integration.

COE

- Creating a joined European strategy to deal with the influx of refugees. - Promoting media transparency in Europe - The question of the detention of asylum seekers in Europe. - Protection of Roma children in Europe.

SC

- Reformation of the UN SC. - Creating transparency in IS funding. - The situation in Yemen. - Current issue.

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PARTICIPATION AT THE CONFERENCE The first time at a MUN-conference may be overwhelming. Participating may appear complex, but it basically all hinges on the two following points: • Lobbying & negotiating: building consensus • Debate Lobbying (or: ‘concurring’) & negotiating: building consensus The first point on the agenda at MUNA is lobbying. You come to Model United Nations Alfrink with a resolution on each issue that will be debated in your committee. Lobbying gives you the opportunity to interest other delegates with your solutions to world problems stated in your resolutions. You negotiate with other delegates in your committee and try to influence them with your ideas, and try to convince them of the brilliance of the draft resolution you wrote. If you have almost no points in common it is better to find another delegate to figure out a way to cooperate, and to start merging: you form a group of two or more delegates and you start merging all the resolutions everyone made into a big one, which contains all the good points from the different resolutions. When you’ve finished merging, you again start lobbying with your new resolution (together with the others from your merging-group). You try to find as many supporters of your resolution as possible, who are willing to ‘co-submit’. If you don’t find enough co-submitters, your resolution will not be discussed in your Assembly and that would be a shame after all the hard work you put into creating it. At MUNA co-submitting is only entertained when the delegate wishing to co-submit is in favour of the resolution. This will help to create a distinction between resolutions, so it becomes apparent which resolutions are most likely to create a productive debate. Approval Panel The Approval Panel is a group of chairs, teachers and MUN-Directors whose task it is to assist students in correcting the resolutions after merging. They will ensure that the resolutions are written in “proper” English according to the correct format.

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COURSE OF THE DEBATE Rules of Procedure The debates in the General Assembly committees 1, 2, 3 and 4 all have the same structure. These debates will take place on Wednesday and Thursday. On Thursday afternoon the four above mentioned committees will form the General Assembly. The structure of the debate in the General Assembly is the same as the structure in the committees, but amendments will not be allowed. Structure of the formal debate in a GA committee (moderated caucus) After the official opening by the Chair, the resolutions made by the members of the Assembly will be discussed. 1. The Chairs will decide which resolutions that are approved by the Approval panel will be discussed and in what order. 2. The Chair will cal upon the main submitter of the resolution to read out the operative clauses. 3. After this, the Chair decides whether an open or a closed debate will be entertained and sets a debate time. For example 10 minutes in favour and then 10 minutes against the resolution in a closed debate. Amendments are only allowed in closed debate, in time in favour. 4 Firstly, the main submitter has the floor. He or she will have the time to defend the resolution, for example by explaining why the plans in the resolution are a solution to the issue. After the main submitter has finished his or her speech, the Chair will ask if the speaker is open to ‘Points of Information’. In other words, is the main submitter willing to take questions from other delegates. There are three options: • The speaker can be open to all Points of Information and just answer all questions. • The speaker can be open to a certain number of questions. (You can for instance say “I’m open to two Points of Information.”) • The speaker is not open to Points of Information. This isn’t advisable, because it may look unprofessional. However, when you’ve just made a short statement and you are absolutely sure that everyone understood what you meant, not being open to a Point of Information can look quite effective. After the speaker has finished answering Points of Information,

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5. He or she has to ‘Yield the Floor’ to someone else, either to the Chair or another delegation. • Chair: The Chair can now decide who the next speaker will be. The Chair can ask for the delegates who request the floor, to raise their placards. It is also possible for the Chair to call on a delegate, who doesn’t request the floor, but should speak anyway in the interest of debate. • Delegation: It is also possible for the speaker to Yield the Floor to another delegation. In that case you say: “I yield the floor to <name of the delegation>”. The longest ‘yield-chain’ consists of two links. For instance, the Netherlands can yield the floor to Sweden, but Sweden can then not yield the floor to Spain, but only to the Chair. The whole process of giving a speech, entertaining Points of Information and Yielding the Floor will repeat itself, when another delegate is taking the floor. When debate time has elapsed, the debate will go into a certain number of minutes against and follow the same procedure as debating in favour of the resolution. Informal discussions (unmoderated caucus) During the formal debate the Chairs may give time for small breaks to give delegates time to discuss clauses and amendments and the best way to move forward informally in small groups.

Moderated and unmoderated caucuses. In especially American MUN simulations the MUN procedure makes a distinction between ‘moderated and unmoderated caucuses’. A caucus is ‘a group within a legislative or decision-making body seeking to represent a specific interest or influence a particular area of policy’. So this is the committee discussing an issue. A moderated caucus is the formal debate in a committee, guided by the Chairs. An unmoderated caucus is the informal discussions between delegates in between formal debates.

6. Amendments During the debate delegates have the opportunity to submit amendments in closed debates in time in favour. An amendment is a suggested change of a point (a clause) in the resolution. All amendments must be submitted to the Chair, on a separate amendment sheet, that will be available in each committee. The Chair will give you the floor when you can read out and explain the amendment.

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7. Voting Procedure To vote on the amendments and resolution. You can vote either in favour, against or you can abstain. Don’t try to abstain too often. It is better to show that you really have an opinion on the resolution. You cannot abstain on an amendment. Non Member Delegations (such as NGO’s) do not have the right to vote. Some decision require a simple majority, others a 2/3rd majority, in the SC 9 members should agree (an if the P5 use their veto there is a No Go). The MUNA chairs will make clear what majority is needed for an amendment, clause or resolution to pass. The debates in the ECOSOC, the Special Conference and the Council of Europe have the same structure, only they will not have a certain number of minutes in favour and against, but an ‘open debate’, so you can either speak in favour or against at all times. Three committees follow a different procedure: Security Council Security Council members prepare themselves the same as they would for other committees. However, the Security Council does not follow the same course of debate as other Committees, but it has a so-called ‘ad-hoc debate’. This debate follows the same structure as normal debate, but it does not start with an entire resolution: the resolution is built up clause by clause during the debate. This however does not mean that delegates of this council won’t need a resolution beforehand. It is often useful to have prepared some clauses for each issue, because it is hard to write good clauses while having to pay attention to the debate. The Permanent members (P)5 can entertain a veto. If not a 9 majority is needed for a clause and resolution to pass. Furthermore delegates in the Security Council need to be well informed about the latest pressing global issues and they should know the stance of their country regarding those issues as well as be well informed about who their partners are. Because this is the most powerful committee, schools should select their best students for this committee and the students should be very well prepared. Crisis Committee Delegates of the Crisis Committee don’t have to prepare resolutions about topics for MUNA. The Chairs will not give any information before the conference about the issues that will be debated. The chairs will confront the delegates at MUNA with shocking events. The delegates have to respond to these events and try to solve the issues by writing resolutions on the spot. So called ad hoc resolution writing and ad hoc debating (see procedure Security Council). This doesn’t mean that delegates don’t have to prepare for this committee. They need to know precisely what the foreign policy of their country is and who their country’s partners are. They also need to be informed about the latest pressing global events that most likely will be discussed in the committee at MUNA. The Crisis committee will follow the ad-hoc debate structure as explained above (see Security Council).

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Global Mayors Forum Delegates in the Global Mayors Forum need to prepare issues, but they will not have to write resolutions beforehand. This committee will debate ad-hoc: it does not start with an entire resolution: the resolution is built up clause by clause during the debate. MUNA rules of procedure. The following pages give an explanation of the rules of procedure.

Roll call list

At the beginning of debate after a break or on the start of the day, the chair should entertain a roll call. This is to show which delegates are absent. These lists will be provided to you by the staff daily and will have to be handed in at the end of the day. Please note that all P5 nations should be present in the SC to vote on anything.

Duties of each delegate

1. Speakers are not allowed to address each other directly. Always “honourable speaker” or “fellow delegates”, never “You” or “I”. Furthermore delegates should refer to themselves in plural, as “we” or “the delegation of …”

2. Delegates should stand when speaking and should not sit down until the speaker has finished answering the delegate’s question.

3. Delegates must avoid the use of informal, insulting or abusive language. Cursing is absolutely forbidden.

4. Delegates must yield the floor when required to do so by the Chair. 5. Delegates should address the chair and the house before presenting their

speechExample: “ Dear Chair, fellow/honourable delegates…”

Rising to Points

General: Points during the debate are always a personal matter; hence they never require

a second. Points during debate may NOT interrupt a speaker except for a Point of

Personal Privilege, which refers to audibility. All other points will be dealt with only when

there is a debating pause, i.e. when the speaker having the floor yields to points of

information, to another delegation, or to the Chair.

Point of Personal Privilege This point always refers to the personal comfort and well-being of a delegate and is therefore not debatable nor does it require a second. It may only interrupt a speaker when it refers to audibility. Example: “Could the windows please be closed? It is getting cold in here.”

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Point of Order This point refers to mistakes in the rules of procedure, i.e. the chair making a mistake in

debating time or when a delegate insults another delegate. It is not debatable and may

never interrupt a speaker.

Example: “Is it in order for the delegate to yield the floor to another delegation since the

floor was previously yielded to him by Saudi Arabia?”

Point of Information to the Speaker This point is a question directed to the delegate having the floor, and who has indicated

that he/she is willing to yield to points of information. After a delegate finishes his/her

speech a chair should always ask whether or not the delegate is open to any points of

information, before recognizing delegates to ask such a point. The point must always be

formulated as a question, i.e. ‘Is the speaker aware of the fact…’ A short introductory

statement may precede the question.

When the delegate asking this point feels a more specified answer is needed, the

delegate may want to ask another point, the delegate does this through a ‘request for a

follow up’. This may only be done once consecutively, the chair may decide to grant this

or not.

Example: “Could the honourable delegate, as she is the main submitter of this resolution,

please explain to the house what she intends with clause 3?”

Point of Information to the Chair This point is a question to the chair, which could refer to almost anything, from issues to

personal priorities. It may never interrupt a speaker. Please answer clearly and swiftly in

order to move on with the debate quickly.

Example: “At what time do we adjourn for lunch?” or “Could the Chair inform the house

whether Western Sahara is a sovereign state?”

Point of Parliamentary Inquiry This is a point of information to the chair concerning Rules of Procedures, which may

never interrupt a speaker.

Example: “Could the Chair please explain to the house what is meant by closed debate?”

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Motions General: Different than points, motions involve the committee as a whole, and therefore always need a ‘second’. Similarly, a delegate is also allowed to object to a motion.

Motion to Move the previous question (Motion to move to Voting Procedure) When this motion is called in an open debate, it means that the house will be moving to the voting procedure. When it is called in a closed debate there are two situations: if it is the time in favor, the motion calls for moving to the time against; if it is the time against, the motion calls for moving to the voting procedure. It is also known as the “Motion to Move to Voting Procedure.” Remember that it requires a second and it may not interrupt a speaker. In any case of objections from the house, the final decision is up to the chairs. Do not forget that chairs have the right to overrule the motions.

Motion to adjourn the debate This motion calls for a break in the debate and if passed the debate will come to an

immediate end, but can be restarted by any member of the committee. During the debate

on an issue, any delegate may move the adjournment of the issue debated on. The

proposer of this motion will give a short speech on why the item should be adjourned. The

Chair will then recognise two speakers in favour and two against this motion, the chair

may limit the time of the speakers but please be consistent. For this motion to pass, a

simple majority is needed. Tied results, mean that the motion has failed. Try to prevent

this motion from being used, as it will not ensure an efficient debate.

Motion to table a resolution This motion calls for the temporary disposal of a resolution, could be done if a deadlock

in the debate occurs and more informal lobbying is needed. This mostly means the

resolution can only be re-discussed after all other resolutions have been debated.

Because of the tight schedule at MUNA this will mostly mean the death of a resolution, as

there will quite likely not be enough time left to re-discuss it. Therefore chairs should

strongly discourage tabling. When it does occur a 2/3 majority is needed.

Motion to extend debate time This motion asks for more time to debate. It is at the chairs discretion, thus not debatable.

A second is needed, if proposed from the floor.

Motion for the division of the house This motion calls for the chairs to ask each delegation separately what they vote, when

voting results are very close (abstentions no longer in order). This is very time

consuming and should only be used on very important votes when results are quite

close or the voting procedure was not clear enough.

Yielding the floor to other delegations The floor may be yielded by one delegation to another only ONCE consecutively

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Where delegations consist of more than one member, delegates from the same

delegation may not yield the floor to each other

New Organizations New organizations are costly and tend to increase bureaucracy, which is why the

actual UN limits their creation.

At MUNA we will do the same: chairs will not allow new organizations to be created unless absolutely necessary. Generally creating an organization is just a way to avoid addressing the problem itself. Delegates could always refer to organisations that are already in existence.

Amendments

An amendment is a proposed change in a clause that is presented to the Chair via an amendmentsheet. The delegate can propose a new amendment in closed debate in time in favour, when they are recognised by the Chair and allowed to speak (to ‘move’ the amendment).

Amendment to the First Degree

1. An amendment can only be submitted by a speaker who has the floor.

2. An amendment is only in order if it is submitted to the Chair on the official Amendment Sheet before the delegate takes the floor, and must be easily legible.

3. Amendments will only be entertained if the speaker having the floor moves the amendment. This means that the delegate asks the Chair if it would be in order to ‘move’ (propose) an amendment. The Chair should therefore first recognize the delegate and allow the delegate to take the floor and defend the amendment. Short speeches before the speaker moves the amendment are perfectly in order.

4. Delegate moves proposes and defends the new amendment, but the Chair first reads it out slowly and clearly for all delegates to note down.

5. Closed debate will be the norm for amendments. Chair must use his/her common sense to decide on the limit of debate time on an amendment (max.: 5 min in favour and 5 min against, min: 30 secs in favour and 30 secs against).

6. Only ONE amendment (max: one entire clause) per amendment sheet will be in order.

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7. On an amendment to the first degree, delegations can vote in favour, against or abstain.

8. Amendments to previously amended clauses should only be sustained if the amendment refers to an element in the clause that has not previously been discussed, or if it is necessary to make the clause compatible with later changes to the resolution.

9. All passed amendments should be kept together by the chairs. This is important for updating the resolution when it passes.

Amendment to the Second Degree

1. Same procedure as for amendment to the first degree (set debate time, closed debate, official amendment sheet only, amendment to the amendment must be legible, only speaker who has the floor moves (proposes) amendment to the amendment, chair reads out)

2. Debate on the original amendment will not resume if an amendment of the Second Degree passes that affects the original amendment in its entirety Example: Amendment: to insert the clause: “Endorses the work of organization

A”. Amendment to the Amendment: “Endorses the work of organization B”.

If the amendment to the amendment passes, debate on the original amendment

is not resumed. Passing the amendment to the amendment, after all, means the

forum prefers B above A. If the forum desires a combination of A and B, it should

fail the amendment to the amendment, and submit a new amendment to the

amendment, which proposes: “Endorses the work of organizations A and B”.

3. Debate on the original amendment can be resumed after an amendment to the amendment passes that refers to one element in the original amendment only Example: Amendment: to insert the clause: “Calls upon organization A to support

faction X”. Amendment to the Amendment: “Calls upon organization B to support

faction X”. If the forum passes this amendment to the amendment, it may still

prefer to continue discussing whether to support faction X at all. Hence, debate

on the original amendment can in this case be resumed.

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4. An amendment to the Third Degree is out of order.

5. Chair needs to explain clearly the consequence of the vote on the amendment to the amendment, as it quite often confuses many delegates.

6. On an amendment to the second degree abstentions are not allowed at MUNA.

Voting

1. When voting on resolutions as a whole or amendments to the first degree, delegates can vote in favour, against or abstain from voting. But when voting on amendments to the second degree, abstentions are not in order.

2. Delegations voting on procedural motions, such as a motion to table the resolution or an amendment to the agenda may only vote in favour or against.

3. During voting procedures, all points are out of order, except for points of order connected with the actual conduct of voting; there needs to be silence, and Chair to instruct Administrative Staff clearly to take voting positions and to close the doors

4. A resolution will pass if the number in favour exceeds the number against regardless of the number of abstentions; i.e. abstentions do not count either for or against the adoption of a resolution; the Chair still has to record the number of abstentions(SC, majority of 9 needed and not veto by P5 in order to pass).

5. A resolution or an amendment with a tied vote fails. Close votes should be followed by a re-count (they have to vote the same way) or a roll-call vote (Chair to go through every delegation on the roll-call list and ask for the vote, takes a lot of time).

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PREPARATION AND RESEARCH Research • What is the issue? • What is the background to the issue? • Is the issue related to recent events? • Who is involved in the issue? (For example, NGOs, countries, organizations, government) • What has been done to solve the issue? (For example, agreements, actions taken, previous resolutions) • Has it been effective? Why or why not? Country Policy (on the country you are representing) General information: • Is the country a LEDC (lesser economically developed country) or a MEDC (more economically developed country)? For example, does the country have a low standard of living? Ordoes the country have widespread poverty? • What type of government does the country have? For example, a dictatorship or a democracy. • Which nations are my country’s allies? For example, what are the country’s trading partners? • What are the greatest difficulties or issues my country faces? For example, a civil war, or economic recession. Geological information: Location • Does the country border any other countries? • How big is the country? • Is the country landlocked? Natural resources: • Does your country have a lot of natural resources? • To what extent is your country dependent on the import of energy resources? • What is the overall energy policy of your country? Economic information: • What does the country import or export? • Does the country rely on import? • Is the economy in my country stable? Cultural information: • What religion is most common in my country? * Are there any tensions between different religions? • Which ethnic groups live in my country and are there clashes between them?

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Information Concerning the Issue • Is my country directly involved in the issue? And if so what is my country’s point of view on the issue? • On whose ‘side’ is the government of the country you are representing concerning the issue? • Is my country indirectly involved? Is your country a peacekeeper nation? Does your country’s economy suffer from the issue? Does the problem concern one of your country’s allies? • Has the country signed any treaties concerning the issue, and if not, why hasn’t the country signed it? NGO/UNO Policy What is the purpose of the organization? For example, Amnesty International is working to protect Human Rights. • How does it attempt to achieve this? • How is the NGO/UNO organized? For example, where does it get its funding from? • Where does the NGO/UNO mainly operate? • Is the NGO/UNO affiliated to other organizations? • Is the NGO/UNO directly or indirectly involved in the issue? Policy Statement (also called ‘a Position paper) All delegates have to write a policy statement (also called a ‘position paper’) about each issue on the agenda in their committee before getting started on preparing a resolution. A policy statement is a brief explanation of their country’s view regarding the issues. It can be seen as a sort of summary of your research, and as a base for writing your resolution. Usually, a policy statement includes: • a summary of the main points of the issue; • a summary of recent international action taken related to the question; • reference to key documents and previous UN resolutions relating the issue; and specific suggestions for a solution to the question. • What has been done already and what has been effective and hence should be continued? • Are there new developments regarding the issue that should be considered? • What would be the best possible issue? • How can I combine the solution with my country’s or NGO/UNO policy?

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Research Reports The chairs of each committee or council have made research reports on the issues on the agenda to get you started and to point you in the right direction. You can view the research reports on the MUNA website. Go to issues and click on the issues of your committee. If the research reports have not been uploaded yet don’t be afraid to ask your Chair via the form on the website. The Chairs are looking forward to helping you with your research. Sites Here are some sites that will give you reliable and useful information on your country or NGO/UNO when you are doing research. International newspapers, such as the New York Times often feature articles on a variety of countries from around the world. www.un.org www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/ www.ciafactbook.gov www.guardian.co.uk www.bbc.co.uk www.cnn.com/WORLD www.globalpolicy.org www.countryreports.org www.globalissues.com On the website under main bodies you will find more useful links How to prepare for a MUN conference More tips on how to prepare yourself for the conference: check out the fantastic guide created by Uday Rai Mehra: http://dogamun.com/junior/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/How_to_Help_Mun_Delegates_Become_Prepared.pdf See also the material available under downloads on the MUNA website.

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SAMPLE POLICY STATEMENT DELEGATION: Kenya FORUM: GA 3: Environmental, Humanitarian and Health Issues QUESTION OF: The drought and food crisis in the sub-Saharan countries Africa’s food shortages have reached famine levels. The food shortages are being blamed on unpredictable weather as a result of climate change. Floods and droughts over the last two or three years have badly affected agricultural production, and have pushed up food prices. Most affected are the sub-Saharan countries and farmers on the countryside. About 3 million people are estimated to be facing starvation as a result of the food insecurity. Governments of various sub-Saharan countries have sent food relief to the areas hardest hit. The crisis could have been averted, as potential problems could have been picked up by local authorities and the government before now. New technology could be used to help prevent serious problems, rather than waiting for disaster to strike before acting. The Ugandan government has called for US $79 million to help fight the famine. NGO’s and agencies, such as Amref and Farm-Africa play a key role in collecting information and helping the villagers by getting food aid delivered to them directly. Kenya is asking for financial support from members of the UN to deal with the crisis, and in the long term, to invest in new technologies and in crops that are less reliant on rainfall for example, to help its people cope with future erratic weather conditions. RESOLUTION WRITING What Is A Resolution?

A resolution is a formal statement of a proposal to a UN Council, Committee or Commission. It consists of one long, but coherent, sentence divided into clauses and sub-clauses. A resolution should not represent the position of one country but rather of a majority of the UN member states.

Do I Have to Write a Resolution?

Before the MUNA conference, you will write a resolution about at least two issues on the agenda in your comittee. Exceptions are the CC, SC and the GMF committees; here you only have to write a policy statement, although it it would be a good idea to practice writing resolutions anyway.

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How To Write A Resolution

The language of a UN resolution is very formal. In order to help you, please read the 4 following questions:

A – What is the preamble? The preamble is the introduction of the resolution. It describes the background of

the issue and for example refers to former resolutions, conventions on the issue as a means of introduction.

B – How to write the preambulatory clauses?

You can first state references to former UN resolutions, ratified conventions, and/or declarations. You can also provide official figures, the most recent ones possible, to illustrate the issue. You can furthermore congratulate countries and/or organizations (i.e. UN organizations, NGOs) which have worked on the issue. You can emphasize the difficulties that have been encountered in the past. You will need to begin the preambulatory clauses with a present or a past participle or an adjective. See the list on one of the following pages. C – What are the operative clauses? The operative clauses contain the policy statements of the body making the resolution. The clauses should be clear and unambiguous. They present by order of importance what the UN (memberstates) should do or what attitude it should adopt. D –How to write the operative clauses? This question is the most difficult one. You must ensure that your proposals are actually workable and that they fully reflect the existing policies of the country or agency that you represent. You encourage, and/or invite countries to sign/ratify a convention/declaration. You may propose, welcome or deplore all new situations. You may support, congratulate or refuse new proposals. You may confirm, or regret what already exists. You have to begin the operative clauses with verbs in the third person singular of the Present Tense. See a list on one of the following pages.

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Please realise this while writing a resolution Rather than just borrowing/copying clauses from UN resolutions or resolutions from previous conferences, you will be in a much better position to defend and debate during the conference if you write your own resolution from scratch. How to Present A Resolution

The heading will appear in the upper-left hand corner of the page and it should include the following:

Committee Name (Main)Sponsor(s)/Main Submitter(s): ..... Signatories/Co-Sponsors/Co-submitters: ........ Topic/Issue:

The opening verb of each clause is underlined. There is a line-space between each clause. The lines of the preambulatory clauses are NOT numbered. Each operative clause IS numbered. The sub-clauses begin with a), b), c), etc.; sub-sub-clauses begin with i), ii), iii), etc. Acronyms and abbreviation are written out in full the first time they are used. Each preambulatory clause is followed by a comma. Each operative clause is followed by a semicolon. There is only one full stop, that is, at the END of the resolution.

Sample Resolution Have a look at the sample resolution you can find under downloads on the MUNA website.

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PHRASES FOR INTRODUCING RESOLUTIONS Every clause of your resolution has to start with one of the phrases stated below. There are separate phrases for pre-ambulatory clauses and operative clauses. Some phrases only delegates of the SecurityCouncil are allowed to use (of course they can also use the other phrases). These phrases are listed separately. Pre-Ambulatory Phrases Acknowledging Affirming Alarmed by Approving Aware of Bearing in mind Believing Confident Congratulating Conscious Contemplating Convinced Declaring Deeply concerned Deeply conscious Deeply convinced Deeply disturbed Deeply regretting Desiring Emphasizing Expecting

Expressing its appreciation Expressing its concern Expressing its satisfaction Fully alarmed Fully aware Fully believing Further recalling Guided by Having adopted Having considered Having devoted attention Having examined Having heard Having received Having studied Keeping in mind Noting Noting further Noting with appreciation

Noting with approval Noting with deep concern Noting with regret Noting with satisfaction Observing Pointing out Reaffirming Realizing Recalling Recognizing Referring Reminding Seeking Stressing Taking into account Taking into consideration Taking note Viewing with appreciation Welcoming

Operative Phrases Affirms Approves Asks Authorizes Calls for Calls upon Confirms Congratulates Emphasizes Encourages Endorses Expresses its appreciation

Expresses its hope Further invites Further proclaims Further recommends Further requests Further resolves Hopes Insists Invites Proclaims Proposes Reaffirms Recommends

Regrets Requests Resolves Seeks Stresses Strongly affirms Strongly urges Suggests Supports Trusts Urge

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Security Council Pre-Ambulatory Phrases Declaring Deploring Further deploring Decides Further declaring Security Council Operative Phrases Condemns Decides Declares Declares accordingly Deplores Designates Strongly condemns

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GENERAL PREPARATION TO MUNS Below you will find some suggested activities that might be helpful preparing your students for the conference. Activity 1 Explanation of Certain Phrases for Introducing Resolutions:

Phrases Explanation Function

To acknowledge

To accept or admit that something exists, is true Pre-amb

To affirm To state that something is true and you agree with it Pre+Oper

To recognize To accept that something is true or important Pre-amb

Concern Feeling of Worry -

To recall To make you feel something you have felt or experienced in the past

Pre-amb

To observe To accept and obey something such as a rule or agreement

Pre-amb

To reaffirm To formally state something again, repetition of affirm Pre+Oper

To contemplate

To consider carefully Pre-amb

To approve To give official agreement or permission Pre+Oper

To endorse To express support someone or something in public Operative

To proclaim To state something publicly Operative

To call for To say publicly that something should happen Operative

To call upon To officially ask a person or organization to do something

Operative

To confirm To formally support something and allow it to happen Operative

To urge To advise someone very strongly about their attitude or actions

Operative

To resolve To find a satisfactory way of dealing with a disagreement

Operative

To deplore To condemn (because of immoral grounds) SC

To designate To formally choose someone or something for a particular purpose

SC

To declare To announce officially Pre+SC

To encourage To provide conditions that help something to happen Operative

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Exercise activity 1: Fill in the appropriate word 1. Rebel forces say they will no longer ……………… the peace treaty. 2. Nobody has been……………… as Head of the Peace keeping operation yet. 3. The U.N. has ……………… them to honour the peace treaty. 4. Several newspapers were ……………… his resignation. 5. The year’s budget package has been formally ……………… by parliament. 6. The parliament’s decision still has to be ……………… in a referendum. 7. Saudi Arabia is pressing for a U.N. resolution that would ……………… the alleged Iranian plot to kill the Saudi ambassador to the United States. 8. The school ………………its commitment to its students. 9. The crisis was ……………… by negotiation. 10. Australia ………………its support for the agreement. 11. He never ……………… his mistakes. 12. She ……………… most of her conversation with the President. 13. I haven’t got time to sit around and ……………… the meaning of life. 14. Many people expressed……………… over moves to restore the death penalty. 15. All ……………… the treaty as critically important to achieve peace 16. Poor hygiene ……………… the spread of disease. 17. The human rights group has ……………… the US to end the death penalty. 18. They still ……………… that their policy was successful. 19. Tomorrow the House can ……………… its endorsement of the resolution. 20. Most fishermen……………… the need to limit fishing.

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Activity 2: USEFUL PHRASES FOR DEBATING All phrases mentioned below consist of your delegation name, one of the phrases, followed by your statement. Syntax: [delegation] + [one of the phrases] + [statement] Practice in groups Step one Divide the class in groups of 4 (3-5). Step two Divide the following countries amongst the group members: 1. China 2. France 3. Russian Federation 4. United Kingdom 5. United Stated Step three Use the sentences below to give your country’s opinion (in this case your own opinion) about the following statements

I. High schools should only sell healthy food in the canteen. II. High school students should wear school uniforms. III. Citizens in developed countries should pay a 3% incomes tax to support the

poor in developing countries. IV. All nuclear countries should destroy their nuclear weapons. V. To stop air pollution countries should allow citizens to use their cars only

two times a week. VI. Child labour should be banned under 16 years old.

e.g. The delegation of France strongly objects to the purge of Christians … is absolutely certain that… … is afraid this is unacceptable… … is convinced that… … is of the opinion that… … assumes that… … can imagine why… … cannot take this seriously… … couldn’t agree more… … has (not) decided to … … has no intention to … … intends to …

… strongly objects to … … supposes that … … understands your indignation … … will explain why … … wishes to complain about … To … it is obvious that … To… it seems that … … feels disappointed about … … holds the view that … … resents the implication that..

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Use these frequently used phrases in your discussions about the issues as well: With reference to the previous speaker … According to [your delegation] there is no excuse for … What the delegate of [your delegation] is really saying is that… Is the delegate of [other nation] aware that… Does(n’t) the delegate of [other nation] agree that… In reaction to previous points… Following up what the delegate of [other nation] just said… Regarding the point made by [other delegation] … Having heard the arguments made by [other delegation] … In response to what has just been said … Is the honourable delegate aware of the fact that … I yield the floor back to the chair

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Activity 3: USEFUL LINKING WORDS FOR DEBATING AND SPEECHES All in All Although As As a consequence As a result Because Compared to Consequently Contrary to Equally Even though First For For example For instance Hardly However In brief In comparison with In contrast to In short In spite of Instead Last merely Moreover Nonetheless On the one hand On the other hand Scarcely Similarly Since Still Summing up Therefore Thus explaining To a certain extent To a large degree To conclude Whereas Yet

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Exercise activity 3: Put the phrases mentioned on the previous page into one of the following categories:

Comparing Conclusion Contradiction Explanation Ranking Result

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Activity 4: What do you say? Using the Points and Motions, determine which point or motion is being made under the Description. Then write exactly what you would say to make this point or motion. What do you say? 1. The delegate has a question regarding the rules of procedure. 2. Delegate wishes to tell the chair about of a physical discomfort they are experiencing (the inability to hear another delegate’s speech, that the room is too hot, etc.). 3. A delegate has just finished their speech. Another delegate would like to ask them a question about speech. (Please note, that a speaker must be open to questions.) 4. The delegate has a question if an NGO can vote in a committee? 5. Delegate wishes to close the debate and move to voting. Answers What do you say? 1. The delegate has a question regarding the rules of procedure. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has a point of Inquiry. 2. Delegate wishes to tell the chair about of a physical discomfort the delegate is experience (the inability to hear another delegate’s speech, that the room is too hot, etc.). Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has a point of Personal Privilege, we cannot hear the speaker, the room is too hot, etc... 3. Honorable Chair (Country Name) has a point of Information. 4. Honorable Chair (Country Name) has a point of Inquiry. 5. Delegate wishes to close the debate and move to voting. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) motion to move previous question (motion to move to Voting procedure) . Work in pairs

- Have a look at the points and motions used at MUNA - Now think of five situations yourself. - For each situation ask your partner to tell the correct point or motion to use.

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FINAL ASSIGNMENT In order to prepare more in detail for the conference your teachers can ask you to write a paper (for a mark?). A good outline of a MUNA paper could look like this: Introduction Introduce briefly country and issues, include research questions and work scheme. Use the policy statement you prepared for MUNA! Chapter 1 Overview of your country, focus on a political profile. Chapter 2 Overview of the issues Start every issue with a research question Chapter 3 Your country’s policy on the issues Chapter 4 Your goals and strategy for the MUNA conference • What do you want to achieve (goals/targets)? • How do you want to achieve your goals? Evaluation of the MUNA Conference • Did you achieve your goals? • What went well? • What was hard to achieve? • What would you do differently next time? • What did you learn from participating in MUNA? • Any tips for future participants? Appendix: At least two written resolutions. Marking Grid, based on Dutch marking system (1-10) S= Sufficient: 8*S = mark 6. I= Insufficient (you lose 0.5 point for each insufficient) G =Good (you winn 0.5 point for each sufficient)

Introduction I S G

Overview country, incl. country assessment

Issue 1

Country’s views

Goals and Strategy

Evaluation

Resolutions

Level

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PRACTICAL INFORMATION Modes of Address A MUN debate is a very formal means of discussion. Therefore Delegates and Chairs have to follow certain rules and have to use some formal phrases. The most important rules and phrases for delegates are listed below. • When you give a speech, you have to address the Presidents/Chairs and the other Delegates first, e.g. ‘Distinguished chairs, honourable delegates…’ • You are not allowed to use the word ‘I’, because you are representing the opinion of another country or organization. You would, for example, have to say: ‘France is in favour of this clause, because…’ • When you have finished your speech (and have answered Points of Information), you can say ‘I yield the floor to the chair’ In this case you are allowed to use the word ‘I’, because it is just about you as a speaker. • You are not allowed to address other Delegates by saying ‘you’. So you should begin a Point of Information with ‘Is the honourable delegate (not) aware of the fact that…’ instead of ‘Are you aware’, for example. Notes and official note paper During the meetings you can send notes to Delegates in your Committee. Admins will screen it and pass it on if the content is okay. Messages not related to the meeting and informal messages will not be passed on. For example: a note asking another Delegate what he is doing in the evening will not be passed on. A message such as “What do you think of sub-clause 3?” or “I’m for this Resolution, back me up when I give my speech” is perfectly fine, and will be passed onto the addressee. The notepaper should be official. Therefore your delegation must create its own notepaper, with official letterhead and logo identifying the country your delegation represents, before the conference. Opening Speeches During the opening ceremonies of MUNA a limited number of country’s ambassadors will get the opportunity to give an opening speech of one minute. They will be notified in advance. You may not insult other members of the United Nations or present your own delegation in an unworthy fashion. Dress Code To emphasize the serious and diplomatic nature of the conference, all Delegates must be dressed appropriately. This means that men have to wear a suit and tie, and for girls a skirt or smart trousers and a blouse (preferably with jacket, below the knee). Access may be denied to meetings if you are not dressed appropriately. This year the MUNA staff will be extra strict concerning the dress code, so think before you dress!

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MUN-TERMINOLOGY Ad-hoc debate A debate that does not start with an entire resolution, but in which a resolution is built up clause by clause during the debate. This type of debate is used in the Security Council and Crisis Committee. Administrative Staff The assistants of the Chair. They assist in voting procedures and passing notes Amendment An amendment is an alteration to a specific part of the resolution. The intention of a proposed amendment should be to improve the resolution, thus helping the resolution to pass. Amendments are either of the first or the second degree Amendment of the first degree An amendment made to a resolution. Amendment of the second degree An amendment made to an amendment of the first degree. Chair The person who is in charge of the debate. The Chair decides who may speak, what is and what is not in order. The Chair’s decision is always final. Co-submitter A delegation that supports the resolution before the debate has started. Delegate A member of a delegation. Delegation A group of delegates representing a certain country or organization. Executive Staff Students in charge of the organization of the MUN- conference. General Assembly The General Assembly (GA) is the main deliberative body of the UN. International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the UN. It settles, in accordance with international law, the legal disputes between States and gives advisory opinions on legal questions. Lobbying The negotiating, concerning resolutions, between delegates before The actual debate. Main submitter The delegation submitting the resolution. The main submitter will read out the operative clauses at the start of a debate and will give the first speech. Merging The process where several draft resolutions are put together and become one resolution, which can be discussed in the forum. MUN-director The teachers accompanying the students from a school MUNA-staff These are the people who are responsible for the organization of the MUNA-conference.

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NAC The highest decision-making body of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NGO Non-Governmental Organization. NGOs are not allowed to vote. NMD Non-Member Delegation (NGOs, OOs and UNOs) Non Member Delegations are representatives of organizations or nations which are not members of the UN. These NMD’s have speaking rights but no voting rights. Operative Clause A clause in a resolution, that tells the reader what the resolution proposes to do and what measures need to be taken. Policy Statement A brief but comprehensive definition of the issue, plus the relationship to the country’s national interest. Point of Information A question to gain clarification either to the speaker who has the floor or to the Chair by a member of the house, who has been duly recognized by the Chair. Pre-ambulatory Clause A clause in a resolution, which tells the reader what has gone before, why or on what basis the resolution was written. President The person who is in charge of the debate in the General Assembly. Resolution The proposal made by the delegates on how to deal with a certain issue. Secretary General The ‘leader’ of the conference. Security Council The UN Charter gives the SC primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and the Council alone has the power to back up its declarations with actions to ensure compliance with them. Special Conference The Special Conference, unlike the other Committees/Councils, deals with a different topic every year. At MUNA 2015 the topic will be linked to the MUNA theme: ‘Let there be Light’. United Nations Organization set up after the Second World War, with the aim to achieve peace, justice and social progress. UNO United Nations Organization. UNOs are not allowed to vote.

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