MSW policy and WTE in Thailand

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MSW policy and WTE in Thailand

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirintornthep Towprayoon

Dr. Komsilp Wangyao Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment

Global situation

Source: Arunprasad, Swati. (2009) “Waste Management as a Sector of Green Economy,” Presentation at International Forum on Green Economy, Beijing, China, November 2009

•Approx. 2.5-4 Billion tonnes of waste generated per year ( data in 2006) •MSW is accounted more than half

Evolution of Waste

Technology concept

Mcdougall et al. (2009) Integrated solid waste management: A life cycle inventory

Revolution of waste management concept

Derived from M. Yamada NIES Japan

Current waste generation trend in Thailand

30,000

31,000

32,000

33,000

34,000

35,000

36,000

37,000

38,000

39,000

40,000

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Ton

s/d

ay

Year

~5% / year

~1% / year

Waste generation rate = 0.64 kg/cap/d in 2005

ONEP, 2010

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2005 2008

ton

ne

s o

f M

SW

Bangkok Municipality and Pattaya Non municipality

Percent of change per

year 1993-2002 2003-2008

Total MSW 3.1 0.8

Bangkok 4.0 -1.5

Municipality and Pattaya 6.5 3.9

Non municipality 1.1 -0.1

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2

21%

40%

39%

2010 Waste recycling (26%) 10798 tpd Waste disposal (74%) - Sanitary landfill 38% 15782 tpd - Open dumping 36% 14951 tpd

Thai Environmental Report 2010

Waste Recycle and Utilization 82 % valuable waste (to market) 15% organic waste( to compost and biogas) 3% other waste (to electricity)

Flow of waste management in 2008

Waste generated 15.03

M tons

Collected 12.62 M tons

Sanitary LF 5.71 M tons(38%)

Open dumping 9.32 M

tons(62%)

Waste utilization 3.45 Mtons

Recycle 3.30 M tons (89%)

Compost and biogas 0.249 M

tons (7%)

Heat and electricity 0.126

M tons (4%)

Current MSW management

Waste generate from sources

Waste stream 1

Waste stream 2

Waste stream 3

Rec

ycle

Sh

op

Waste reduction

Waste recycle collected by

tricycle

Waste collected by collector

Waste collected by scavengers

Landfill

Incineration

Composting

Anaerobic digestion

Open dumping

40-60% of solid waste

generated can be recycled

and reused.

The 3 top recycled waste

categories are

Paper 57%

Glass 19%

Plastic 15%

The recycling rate has

increased approximately 9%

per year

Waste Recycle

Source: Surveys of Waste and hazardous Substances Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, Nov 10, 2010

Integrated Systems

Wieng Fang (Chiang Mai) – 150 tons/day

Rayong Municipality – 80 tons/day

Mae Sai (Chiang Rai) – 60 tons/day

Incineration Phuket – 250 tons/day

Samui Island* – 150 tons/day

Lamphun** – 20 tons/day

Sanitary Landfill

Working – 97 sites

Never Run (due to NIMBY) – 6 sites

Stop Operating – 8 sites

Under Construction – 16 sites

MSW Disposal Facilities

* System Stop due to Maintenance

**Currently Dysfunction

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Waste Composition of Bangkok (2007)

Source: BMA, 2009

9

Most waste in Thailand has high organic composition, similar to other Asian countries.

Problems encounter

1. Limited allocated budget for solid waste

management

2. Lack of co-operation between local authorities

3. Lack of skill personnel in waste management

practice

4. Ineffective waste recycling program/regulations

5. Opposition against waste disposal facilities

from public/communities

6. Lack of public awareness/participation

Source: Chart Chiemchaisri, KU

Current technology

• Landfill

• Open Dump

• Composting

• Incineration

• Anaerobic Digestion

• Mechanical Biological Treatment

• Sorting Plant

Landfill

12

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OPEN DUMPS

13

70-80 T/d

Gas Collection

Tank

Power generated

of 625 kW Gas Digestor

Sorting Organic waste

Organic Waste Compost and Energy Production Plant, Rayong

Anaerobic Digestion

Biogas at SamChuk Supanburi Province

Local Implementation of Anaerobic Digestion

Waste from market and restaurant 23 household use biogas

Composting

BMA and some market waste treatment

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Static Pile Composting System for Market Wastes (5 tpd) Organic Fertilized Plant in Nonthaburi

Production rate 20 ton/day

Composting at Nonthaburi Municipality

Incineration 3 incineration plants

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Solid Waste Management Programme for Phitsanulok by GTZ

Mechanical Biological Waste Treatment MBT Process

The National Environmental Quality Management Plan (2007-2011)

• Reducing municipal sol id waste generation rate to not more than 1kg/person/day; • Utilizing municipal solid waste by at least 30%; • Increasing coverage of sanitary disposal of municipal solid waste by at least 40%; • Separating municipal hazardous waste and safely disposing of it by at least 30%; • Establishing a center for municipal hazardous waste management in each region.

To achieve these targets, integrated waste management is included in the national agenda.

National Integrated Waste Management Policy

• Applying 3Rs for achieving waste reduction & utilization;

• Promoting the integrated waste management system to reduce the landfill areas and generate the renewable energy;

• Encouraging the cooperation of adjacent Local Governments for establishment of waste management facility;

• Endorsing public and private sectors to participate in waste management project.

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The draft of the National 3Rs Strategy

i) Production and distribution – enhance proper designing of goods and packages, promote manufacturing and distribution of eco-friendly products, etc.; ii) Consumption - increase public participation in using reusable, recyclable, and eco-friendly products, etc.; iii) Reuse , recycling , treatment ,and disposal - promote waste separation at source, enhance the use of biodegradable waste for soil amendment and energy use, encourage the use of non-recyclable waste for thermal recovery, etc.

Targets for reduction, reuse, and recycling

Strategies Reduction targets (%)

2012-2016 2017-2021 2022-2026

1. Waste reduction 1 3 5

2. Utilization of solid waste and recycling materials

2.1 Material recycling 20 22 25

2.2 Waste to energy (thermal recovery) 5 10 15

2.3 Biodegradable recovery (composting, anaerobic digestion)

5 30 50

3. Total recovery 30 62 90

4. Total achievements (targets 1, 2) 31 65 95

Source: Draft of National 3Rs Strategy, PCD, 2011

National Climate Change Strategies GHG emission from the solid waste treatment in 2000 was 4.89 MtCO2 equivalents which were approximately 2.1% of total GHG emissions

The National Climate Change Strategies include reducing organic waste composition in waste for disposal, upgrading waste disposal technology from open dumping to sanitary landfill, and promoting the 5Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle, refill, repair) for waste management. Waste separation is promoted to enhance waste utilization and resource recovery. Waste to energy and composting are recommended.

National Waste Management Targets within 2011

Waste Reductions: - Applying 3Rs

- Promoting Green Procurement

Waste Utilization Rate more

than 30%

Waste Disposal at Engineered Practices more than 40% Integrated Waste

Management System

HHW properly managed at least 30%

Household Hazardous Waste Management

System

Source: Pinthong, 2010

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Policy Frameworks

6

15

16

5

13

14

1210

117

2

3

8

4

9

1 1

9

4

8

3

2

711

10 12

14

13

5

16

15

6

Supporting Local Government Clusters to obtain long-term effectiveness of waste management

Source: PCD

Clusters of Local Governments

CLUSTER SIZES Numbers MOU

agreement

LARGE

> 500 tons/day 3 3

MEDIUM 250 – 500 tons/day

100 – 250 tons/day

50 - 100 tons/day

206

26

88

92

140

18

65

57

SMALL

50 tons/day 92 64

Total 301 207

Source: PCD

Policy Frameworks

Endorse the Partnership between Governments and Private Sectors for Implementing Integrated Waste

Management

Heat/Electricity

Source: PCD

WTE Strategic Approaches

Heat/Electricity

Landfill

Non-Combustible

Wastewater Treatment Plant

WASTE

Incineration

RDF

Compost

Digestion

Recycled Waste

3Rs

Waste Reductions:

Applying 3Rs, Promoting

Green Procurement

Integrated Waste Management System Specifically for Generating Renewable Energy

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Alternative Energy Development Plan : AEDP (2012-2021)

Source: DEDE

The 2021 target for WTE is 160 MW

Source: DEDE

Energy from waste: MSW

1. Promoting community to collaborate in broaden production and consumption of renewable energy

– Promote and support producing energy from MSW in the medium and small sizing Local Admin Organizations.

– Promote and support producing energy from MSW in small communities, for instances: schools, temples, communities, local organizations.

Source: AEDP (2012-2021)

2. Amending laws and regulations which do not benefit to renewable energy development

– Speed up the amendment of Joint Venture (Allowing the Private Sector for Co-working or Implementing the Government Enterprises) Act B.E 2535 to benefit for private sector to co-invest with Local Admin Organization in producing energy from MSW by all types, especially RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) type, then to co-generate heat and power in factory, includes promote producing oil derived from plastic waste.



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3. Public Relations and building up comprehensive knowledge of people

–Build up the collaboration in targeted area for establishment of waste to energy system, conduct campaign to educate children and juveniles in the detailed waste management for energy and environment at local level.



4. Promoting research work as mechanism in development of integrated renewable energy industry

– Study the RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) management

– Research, develop the domestic production of incinerator and the small waste to energy system at capacity not over 50 t/day.

– Develop the standards and appliances for producing oil from plastic waste



Renewable Cogeneration

Cogeneration

Promotion • Fixed Adder cost

1,600 MW

Quotation 1,030 MW 500 MW 530 MW

SPP (> 10 MW-< 90 MW

Fuel ฿ /kWh Special* Biomass 0.30 – 0.50 1.00 + 1.00

Biogas 0.30 – 0.50 1.00 + 1.00

Mini-Hydro (50-200 kW) 0.80 1.00 + 1.00

Micro-Hydro (< 50 kW) 1.50 1.00 + 1.00

MSW 2.50 – 3.50 1.00 + 1.00

Wind 3.50 - 4.50 1.50 + 1.50

Solar 8.0 1.50 + 1.50

VSPP (< 10 MW)

• Adder cost for Renewable power producers by term of support 7 years and 10 years for power generation from wind and solar;

SPP

115 3.50 Wind

15 8.00 Solar

0.30

2.50

Adder (Baht/kWh)

300 Other Renewable

100 MSW

530 Total

Capacity

(MW)

Type

Fixed

Bidding

*special cost in 3 provinces in Southern of Thailand

1. BOI Privilege: waive import duty on equipment and income corporate taxes;

2. Adder cost of power generation from RE.

Renewable

Measures for RE promotion

Project feature: set up fund to joint capital promote investment in energy conservation and renewable energy development projects

3. Revolving Fund with 4% interest rate & 7 years of payment term; 4. Encourage RE project to be CDM project;

5. ESCO Venture Capital

Investor

Technical Assistance

ESCO Venture Capital Equipment Leasing

Carbon Market

Equity Investment

Credit Guarantee Facility

Energy Conservation Promotion Fund

Investor

Investor Investor

ESCO Fund Investment Committee

Results 1. Stimulate investment energy conservation & renewable energy development with

total value > 2,500 million ฿ /year 2. Provide energy conservation & renewable energy development with total value >

500 million ฿ /year

Budget year 2008-09

500 million Baht

Financial support

Status: Be in action Fund manager

EFE ECFT

Measures for RE promotion

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Fuel Types / Size Adder

(Baht/kwh)

Extra Adder1

(Baht/kwh)

Extra Adder2

(Baht/kwh)

Period

(Years)

1. Biomass

Capacity ≤ 1 MW 0.50 1.00 1.00 7

Capacity > 1 MW 0.30 1.00 1.00 7

2. Biogas

Capacity ≤ 1 MW 0.50 1.00 1.00 7

Capacity > 1 MW 0.30 1.00 1.00 7

3. MSW

AD / Land Fill Gas 2.50 1.00 1.00 7

Thermal Process 3.50 1.00 1.00 7

4. Wind Energy

Capacity ≤ 50 kW 4.50 1.50 1.50 10

Capacity > 50 kW 3.50 1.50 1.50 10

5. Mini Hydro

Capacity 50 kW - < 200 kW 0.80 1.00 1.00 7

Capacity < 50 kW 1.50 1.00 1.00 7

6. Solar PV 8.00 1.50 1.50 10

Notes 1 = Electricity from Renewable Energy for diesel oil replacing 2 = For 3 Southern Provinces

1 USD = 35 THB

Adder Cost approved by the Cabinet on 24th March, 2009

Source: DEDE

Electricity generation from waste (MW)

Technology Number of

projects Capacity

(MW) Incinerator/Gasifier 3 4.22

Landfill gas to energy 7 21.23

Anaerobic digestion 5 2.034 27.484

Source: DEDE – March 2012

Heat generation from waste (ktoe)

Municipality Hotel and canteen

School Market Total

0.82 0.64 0.23 0.02 1.71

Source: DEDE Source: DEDE – March 2012

Small scale AD in schools

Source: DEDE – March 2012

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Community scale AD and RDF production

AD 0.8 tpd MBT 4.2 tpd

Place: Nong Muang, Lopburi Source: DEDE – March 2012 Source: TGO, 2012

Waste related projects which approved and received LoA

Project Title Project Detail Project lifetime

(yrs) Generated

Electricity(MW) Project Status

Jaroensompong Corporation Rachathewa Landfill Gas to Energy Project

Generate electricity from municipal waste

20 1 MW Registered to CDM EB

Bionersis Project Thailand 1 Generate electricity from landfill gas

10 2 MW Issuance of CERs

Jaroensompong Corporation Panomsarakham Landfill Gas to Energy Project

Generate electricity from landfill gas

10 1.02 MW X 2 Units Under validation process by DOE

Chiang Mai Landfill Gas to Electricity Project


21 1.26 MW x 3 Units Under validation process by DOE

Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen East: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project


21 1.063 MW x 9 Units Registered to CDM EB

Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen West: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project



Active Synergy Landfill Gas Power Generation Project Nakhon Pathom



Rak Baan Rao (RBR) Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management and Utilization Facility

Generate electricity from domestic waste biogas (AD)

30 500 kW* 12 Units Under validation process by DOE

Source: TGO, 2012 Source: TGO, 2012

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Projects that received CERs

• Bionersis Project Thailand 1- CERs issued is 21,594 tCO2e (1 Apr 2010 – 31 Dec 2010)

• Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen West: Landfill Gas to Electricity Project - CERs issued is 87,868 tCO2e (20 Jan 2011 – 2 May 2011)

• Active Synergy Landfill Gas Power Generation Project Nakhon Pathom : CERs issued is 75,192 tCO2e (18 Nov 2010 – 31 May 2011)

• Bangkok Kamphenng Saen East : Landfill Gas to Electricity Project - CERs issued is 85,138 tCO2e (21 Jan 2011 – 31 May 2011) and 2nd CERs issued is 123,736 tCO2e. (1 Jun 2011 – 31 Oct 2011)

S = 269,792 tCO2e Source: TGO, 2012

Bionersis Project Thailand 1

Bangkok Kamphaeng Saen Active Synergy Landfill Gas Power Generation Project

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Conclusion

• Waste to energy has been promoted in Thailand due to its composition and the need of renewables to replace fossil according to national policy

• Policy support both upstream ( waste recycle and waste separation) and downstream ( CDM, adder) process

• High opportunity for WtE in tropical country

Khobkun and Sawasdee ka

Documents

MSW policy and WTE in Thailand