MSE 125: Introduction to Materials Science & General …mse125.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/file/MSE 125_Course 1_Chapter... · ... J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill Foundations of Mat. Sci

Chapter 1-

1

COURSE GRADING

Midterm I 20 Midterm II 20 Quiz 20 Final Examination 35 Attendance 5 TOTAL 100 % Attendance: Minimum of 70 % attendance in class is mandatory.

LECTURE NOTES PPTs, handouts, homework assignments, and etc. Check course website (http://mse125.cankaya.edu.tr/) frequently!!!

MSE 125: Introduction to Materials Science

& General Chemistry

Chapter 1-

Course Objective: Introduce fundamental concepts in MSE

You will learn about: • material structure

• how structure dictates properties

• how processing can change structure

This course will help you to: • use materials properly

• realize new design opportunities

with materials

a

STRUCTURE

PERFORMANCE

PROCESSING

PROPERTIES


& General Chemistry

Chapter 1- 3

TEXT BOOK Materials Science and Engineering: An

Introduction, 8th edition, 2000.

By W.D. Callister, Jr., D. G. Rethwisch


& General Chemistry

Chapter 1- 4

REFERENCE BOOK The Science and Engineering of

Materials, SI edition, 2011.

By Donal R. Askeland, Pradeep P.

Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright


& General Chemistry

Chapter 1- 5

WHAT ARE MATERIALS?

Chapter 1-

MATERIALS

are the stuff that we see everywhere

By a dictionary meaning;

material is anything made of a matter,

constituted of one or more substances.

6

Chapter 1-

What are Materials?

- Materials can be anything: a finished product or an

unprocessed raw material.

- natural - wood, bone, straw, wool, cotton

- man-made stuff - steel, pottery, plastic,

semiconductors, concrete, textiles, paper.

• We obtain materials from earth crust and atmosphere.

• Examples :

Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and 5.00

percentage of weight of earths crust respectively.

Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 and 20.95

percentage of dry air by volume respectively.

Foundations of Mat. Sci. and Eng.

W.Smith, J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill

Foundations of Mat. Sci. and Eng. W.Smith,

J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072953586/information_center_view0/

Chapter 1-

Courtesy of L E Hummel

History of Mankind and Materials

Chapter 1-

Why the Study of Materials is Important?

• Production and processing of materials constitute a large part of our economy.

• Engineers choose materials to suite design.

• New materials might be needed for some new applications.

• Modification of properties might be needed for some applications.

1-3





Chapter 1-

Materials Science and Engineering

• Materials science deals with basic knowledge about the internal

structure, properties and processing of materials.

• Materials engineering deals with the application of knowledge

gained by materials science to convert materials to products.

Basic Knowledge

of

Materials

Resultant

Knowledge

of Structure and

Properties

Applied

Knowledge

of Materials

Materials Science Materials Science and

Engineering Materials Engineering

1-4





Chapter 1-

Four Elements of Materials Science

OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

Processing Structure Properties

Chemical Synthesis

Melting

Casting

Annealing

Sintering

Diffusion

....

Atomic/Molecular St.

Bond structure

Crystal Structure

Defect Structures

Microstructure

Energy Band Structure

Performance

Mechanical

Electrical

Optical

Thermal

Magnetic

Cost

Reliability

Efficiency

Service Life

...

1

2 3

4

5

7

6

8

/


Chapter 1-

Fundamentals of Materials Science

Processing

/

Structure

Properties

Performance

single crystal polycrystal:

low porosity

polycrystal:

high porosity

Three disk specimens of aluminum oxide


Chapter 1- 13

ex: hardness vs structure of steel • Properties depend on structure

Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)

and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,

and from Fig. 11.14 and associated

discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.

10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;

and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister & Rethwisch

8e.

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel • Processing can change structure

Structure, Processing, & Properties

Hard

nes

s (B

HN

)

Cooling Rate (ºC/s)

100

2 00

3 00

4 00

5 00

6 00

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

(d)

30 mm (c)

4 mm

(b)

30 mm

(a)

30 mm

Chapter 1- 14

Classification of Materials • Metals:

– Strong, ductile

– High thermal & electrical conductivity

– Opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density

– Thermal & electrical insulators

– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic &

non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)

– Brittle, glassy, elastic

– Non-conducting (insulators)

Chapter 1-

Metals: • Composed of one or more metallic elements (e.g., iron, aluminum, copper,

titanium, gold and nickel) and often also nonmetallic elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.

• They are groupped as ferrous (steels) and non-ferrous (copper, magnesium, titanium and so on) metals Cu, Al, Ni, Fe, Au, bronze (Cu-Sn), etc

• Metallic bonding; Properties: strong, ductile, resistant to fracture, high density, good conductors of heat and electricity, not transparent o visible light (free valance electrons)

Aluminum cup

Classification of Materials

Copper electric wires

Car body panel: low carbon steel

Engine composed of steel and cast iron parts

Drawback:

Corrosion of

some metals,

i.e. Steel,iron

Jet engine containing

mainly titanium alloys

Chapter 1-

METALS IN PERIODIC TABLE

Chapter 1-

Structural: bioceramics, cutting tools, engine components, armour.

Electrical: Capacitors, insulators, magnets and superconductors

2-ADVANCED CERAMICS

1-TRADITIONAL CERAMICS

Pottery, porcelain, brick, glass

Ceramics:

Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements (combinations of metals

with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon or boron) (oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides)

CaO, Al2O3, BN, SiC, TiB2

Properties: hard but very brittle, highly susceptible to fracture. Insulators of heat

and electricity, resistant to high temperature and harsh environments,

Brake disc SiC engine

components SiC body armour Cutting tools

Whiteware

Chapter 1-

C N Metal

+

B O

CERAMIC (metal + commonly B, C, N or O)

CERAMICS IN PERIODIC TABLE

Chapter 1-

Polymers:

Organic compounds based on C, H and other nonmetallic elements.

Large molecular structures

(e.g. Epoxy, Nylon, PVC, Polystyrene, Plastics and rubber)

Properties: weak, low density, ductile, extremely flexible,insulators.

Natural Polymers

Rubber, cotton, wool, leather, silk

Synthetic Polymers

PP, PS, PVC, PE

Chapter 1-

THE TRASHCAN I: THE CAN

– Metal

– Inorganic

– Crystalline

– Synthetic

Metal

Chapter 1-

THE TRASHCAN II: THE RUST

– Non-Metal

– Inorganic

– Crystalline

– Naturally Occurring

– Mineral

Crystalline Ceramic

Chapter 1-

THE TRASHCAN III: THE LINER

– Non-Metal

– Organic

– Amorphous

– Synthetic

– Polymer

Polymer

Chapter 1-


Composite Materials

– Mixture of two or more materials.

– Consists of a filler material and a binding material.

– Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.

– Mainly two types :-

• Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix

• Particulate: Particles in a matrix

– Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer

– Examples :

• Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix)

• Concrete ( Gravels or steel rods reinforced in cement and sand)

– Applications:- Aircraft wings and engine, construction.

Chapter 1-


Electronic Materials

• Not Major by volume but very important.

• Silicon is a common electronic material.

• Its electrical characteristics are changed by adding impurities.

• Examples:- Silicon chips, transistors

• Applications :- Computers, Integrated Circuits, Satellites etc.

1-9





Chapter 1-

Smaller and thinner than a

dime, this tiny silicon chip

contains millions of

transistors that work

together

Chapter 1-

Growth From a Melt

Cleaning, sectioning...

Chapter 1-

SEMICONDUCTORS

OLED

Technology

Solar Cells

Chapter 1- 28

Example – Hip Implant • With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate. Particularly

those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

BIOMATERIALS

Chapter 1- 29

Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements

– mechanical

strength (many

cycles)

– good lubricity

– biocompatibility


Chapter 1- 30

Example – Hip Implant


Chapter 1- 31

Hip Implant

• Key problems to overcome

– fixation agent to hold

acetabular cup

– cup lubrication material

– femoral stem – fixing agent (“glue”)

– must avoid any debris in cup

Femoral

Stem

Ball

Acetabular

Cup and Liner

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1-

Competition Among Materials

• Materials compete with each

other to exist in new market

• Over a period of time usage

of different materials

changes depending on cost

and performance.

• New, cheaper or better

materials replace the old

materials when there is a

breakthrough in technology

Example:-

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

lb/C

ar

1985 1992 1997

Model Year

Aluminum

Iron

Plastic

Steel

Predictions and use of

materials in US automobiles.

Figure 1.14

After J.G. Simon, Adv. Mat. & Proc., 133:63(1988) and new data

Chapter 1-

New Trends

• Smart Materials : Change their properties by sensing

external stimulus.

Shape memory alloys: Strained material reverts back to

its original shape above a critical temperature.

Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.

Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric field when

exposed to force and vice versa.

Used in actuators and vibration reducers.

Chapter 1-

BIOMIMETICS

Lotus leaf surface

Some paints and roof tiles have

been engineered to be self-cleaning

by copying the mechanism from the

lotus

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Lotus3.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Nelumbo_nucifera_(Indian_Lotus)-_water_drops_W_IMG_8657.jpg

Chapter 1-

MEMS and Nanomaterials

• MEMS: Microelectromechanical systems. Miniature devices

Micro-pumps, sensors

• Nanomaterials: Characteristic length < 100 nm

Examples: ceramics powder and grain size < 100 nm

Nanomaterials are harder and stronger than bulk materials.

Have biocompatible characteristics ( as in Zirconia)

Transistors and diodes are developed on a nanowire.

Chapter 1-

Size

Comparisons

•The diameter of your hair is

approximately 50,000-

100,000 nanometers

•Your finger nail grows 1

nanometer in 1 second

•A line of ten hydrogen atoms

lined up side by side is 1

nanometer long

Chapter 1-

SOME CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Chapter 1-

SOLAR CELLS

Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Improved efficiencies: novel

nanomaterials can harness

more of the sun’s energy

Lower costs: some novel

nanomaterials can be made

cheaper than alternatives

Flexibility: thin film flexible

polymers can be manipulated

to generate electricity from

the sun’s energy

Chapter 1-

COMPUTING

Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Faster processing speeds:

miniaturization allows more

transistors to be packed on a

computer chip

More memory: nanosized features

on memory chips allow more

information to be stored

Thermal management solutions for

electronics: novel carbon-based

nanomaterials carry away heat

generated by sensitive electronics

Chapter 1-

CLOTHING

Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Anti-odor properties: silver

nanoparticles embedded in textiles kill

odor causing bacteria

Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings on

textiles stop liquids from penetrating

Moisture control: novel nanomaterials

on fabrics absorb perspiration and

wick it away

UV protection: titanium nanoparticles

embedded in textiles inhibit UV rays

from penetrating through fabric

Chapter 1-

Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

Higher energy storage capacity and

quicker recharge: nanoparticles or

nanotubes on electrodes provide high

surface area and allow more current to

flow

Longer life: nanoparticles on electrodes

prevent electrolytes from degrading so

batteries can be recharged over and over

A safer alternative: novel nano-enhanced

electrodes can be less flammable, costly

and toxic than conventional electrodes

BATTERIES

Chapter 1-


Increased strength of materials:

novel carbon nanofiber or

nanotube-based

nanocomposites give the player

a stronger swing

Lighter weight materials:

nanocomposites are typically

lighter weight than their

macroscale counterparts

SPORTING GOODS AND EQUIPMENT

Chapter 1-

CARS Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

Increased strength of materials:

novel carbon nanofiber or

nanotube nanocomposites are

used in car bumpers, cargo liners

and as step-assists for vans

Lighter weight materials:

lightweight nanocomposites mean

less fuel is used to make the car go

Control of surface characteristics: nanoscale thin films can

be applied for optical control of glass, water repellency of

windshields and to repair of nicks/scratches

Chapter 1-

FOOD AND BEVERAGE


Better, more

environmentally friendly

adhesives for fast food

containers

Anti-bacterial properties:

Nano silver coatings on

kitchen tools and counter-

tops kill

bacteria/microbes

Improved barrier properties for carbonated beverages or packaged foods: nanocomposites slow down the flow of gas or water vapor across the container, increasing shelf life

Chapter 1-

THE ENVIRONMENT


Improved ability to capture

groundwater contaminants:

nanoparticles with high surface area

are injected into groundwater to

bond with contaminants

Replacements for toxic materials

Chapter 1-

SOME FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Chapter 1-

BODY ARMOR

Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

Stronger materials for better protection:

nanocomposites that provide unparalleled

strength and impact resistance

Flexible materials for more form-fitting

wearability: nanoparticle-based materials that

act like “liquid armor”

Lighter weight materials: nanomaterials

typically weigh less than their macroscale

counterparts

Dynamic control: nanofibers that can be

flexed as necessary to provide CPR to soldiers

or stiffen to furnish additional protection in

the face of danger

Chapter 1-

DRUG DELIVERY


New vehicles for delivery:

nanoparticles such as buckyballs or

other cage-like structures that

carry drugs through the body

Targeted delivery: nano vehicles

that deliver drugs to specific

locations in body

Time release: nanostructured

material that store medicine in

nanosized pockets that release

small amounts of drugs over time

Chapter 1-


Earlier detection: specialized

nanoparticles that target cancer

cells only – these nanoparticles can

be easily imaged to find small

tumors

Improved treatments: infrared

light that shines on the body is

absorbed by the specialized

nanoparticles in the cancer cells

only, leading to an increased

localized temperature that

selectively kills the cancer cells but

leaves normal cells unharmed

CANCER

Chapter 1-

SENSORS


Higher sensitivity: high surface

area of nanostructures that

allows for easier detection of

chemicals, biological toxins,

radiation, disease, etc.

Miniaturization: nanoscale

fabrication methods that can be

used to make smaller sensors

that can be hidden and

integrated into various objects

Chapter 1-

NEXT GENERATION COMPUTING


The ability to control atomic

scale phenomena: quantum or

molecular phenomena that can

be used to represent data

Faster processing speeds

Lighter weight and

miniaturized computers

Increased memory

Lower energy consumption

Chapter 1-

NANOROBOTICS Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

Miniaturized fabrication of

complex nanoscale systems:

nanorobots that propel through

the body and detect/ cure

disease or clandestinely enter

enemy territory for a specific

task

Manipulation of tools at very

small scales: nanorobots that

help doctors perform sensitive

surgeries

Chapter 1-

WATER PURIFICATION


Easier contamination removal:

filters made of nanofibers that can

remove small contaminants

Improved desalination methods:

nanoparticle or nanotube

membranes that allow only pure

water to pass through

Lower costs

Lower energy use

Chapter 1-

MORE ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT

APPLICATIONS…


Improvements to solar cells

Improvements to batteries

Improvements to fuel cells

Improvements to hydrogen storage

CO2 emission reduction: nanomaterials that do a

better job removing CO2 from power plant exhaust

Stronger, more efficient power transmission cables:

synthesized with nanomaterials

Chapter 1-

To sum up...

Chapter 1-

Materials

• Metals

• Ceramics

• Polymers

• Composites : SPORTS, DEFENSE

• Semiconductors : ELECTRONICS

• Bio-materials : BIO-MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

• Nanomaterials: FUTURE

– Fullerenes, Nanotubes, etc

– NEMS

– NANOMACHINES

Chapter 1-

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping

forming, joining, annealing.

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

Material: structure, composition.

3

The Materials Selection Process

Chapter 1-

Case Study – Material Selection

Problem: Select suitable material for bicycle frame and fork.

Steel

alloys Wood

Carbon fiber

Reinforced

plastic

Aluminum

alloys

Ti and Mg

alloys

Low cost but

Heavy. Less

Corrosion

resistance

Light and

strong. But

Cannot be

shaped

Very light and

strong. No

corrosion.

Very expensive

Light, moderately

Strong. Corrosion

Resistance.

expensive

Slightly better

Than Al

alloys. But much

expensive

Cost important? Select steel

Properties important? Select CFRP

Chapter 1-

HW

• Read Chapter 1 and 2

Documents

MSE 125: Introduction to Materials Science & General …mse125.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/file/MSE 125_Course 1_Chapter... · ... J. Hashemi, McGraw Hill Foundations of Mat. Sci