MS THESIS Distance Aware Relaying Energy-efficient: (DARE) to Monitor Patients in Multi-hop Body Area Networks

DARE Institute of Space Technology1

MS THESIS

Distance Aware Relaying Energy-efficient: (DARE) to Monitor Patients in Multi-hop Body

Area Networks

Presenter:Anum [email protected]

Supervisors:Principle Supervisor: Dr. Nadeem Javaid (CAST-CIIT) Co-Supervisor: Dr. Aamir Habib (IST)


Outline• Introduction

• Motivation

• Distance Aware Relaying Energy-efficient (DARE) – Implementation, results and conclusion

• Non-Invasive Inductive Link Model for Pacemakers– Implementation, results and conclusion


Introduction• Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

– Network of sensors

• Implement communications on, near, and around the human body

• Applications– Medical field

– Aerospace

– Sports and Entertainment etc.

In-VivoPacemaker: to monitor heart patients.

WearableSensor analyzing motion of a

body.

Types of sensors


Motivation• M-ATTEMPT[1] - Mobility-supporting Adaptive Threshold-

based Thermal-aware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol,

exhibits– Low stability period

– Less network lifetime

– High energy consumption

• Proposition of DARE – Distance Aware Relaying Energy-

efficient Protocol

• Non-invasive induction mechanism to recharge sensors[1] N. Javaid, Z. Abbas, M. Farid, Z. Khan, and N. Alrajeh, “M-attempt: A new energy-efficient routing protocol in wireless body area sensor networks,” 4th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT 2013), 2013, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2013.


Proposed Scheme: DAREBlock Diagram

Different sink

scenarios

Basic schematic diagram of protocol operation.• BSs - Detect physical parameters under low parameters.

• BRs - Act as forwarders of data from BSs to BRs to MS/Sink (Mobile Phone).• Sink – External monitoring system (server, desktop).

• MS - A type of sink device with either unlimited or at least very high energy resources (PDA).

Twothreshold

monitoring sensors

(Glucose, Temperature)

Fivecontinuous monitoring

sensors(ECG, Heart rate, Pulse

rate, Motions, Toxins)

Body Sensors (BSs)

Body Relay(BR)

ExternalNetwork

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

SinkOr

Main Sensor (MS)

Collect Data

Append Data

Transmit

Data


Proposed Scheme: DARE Sensor’s Deployment

Sensors deployment on patient measuring, seven different parameters along with a relay node (BR) placed on chest.

Hospital ward - 40 x 20 ft2

Eight patients Variable sensor types -

standard deployment of sensors (sensing sensors)

Five scenarios (Sinks may be static or mobile)

Distance changes energy consumption

Different energy parameters Mobility in patient


Proposed Scheme: DARE Communication Flow

If EBS > 0

Stops monitoring

For all BSs

If EBR > 0

If BS= th

If lo/h

i

BS=contMeasure Eres,d,tpd

Yes

Yes

No

No Yes

Yes

NoNo

BSs = body sensors EBS = energy of body

sensor EBR = energy of body

relay th = threshold lo = low threshold hi = high threshold cont = continuous Eres = residual energy d = distance between

sensors tpd = propagation delay Temperature threshold

= 350C -- 400C Glucose threshold =

110mg/dL -- 125mg/dL

Protocol Operation for monitoring a patient.

Monitoring a patent


Proposed Scheme: DARE Scenario-1

Deploys single static sink. The communication flow is from BSs to BR to sink.

Continuous data monitoring sensors(BSs)

Event-driven data monitoring sensors(BSs)

Body Relay (BR)

Sink



The BR checks for the nearest sink by calculating it’s distance with each sink. The communication flow is from BSs to BR to nearest Sink1/2/3/4.



Body Relay (BR)

Sink

Sink1

Sink2

Sink3

Sink4



The deployment of MS helps the BR to consume little energy as, BR transmits data over shorter distance. Communication flow is from BSs to BR to MS to Sink.



Body Relay (BR)

SinkMain Sensor (MS)





Body Relay (BR)

Sink

3 1

2

It follows the same communication flow as sceanrio-1 however, now the sink is made mobile which, moves along the center of ward.



Multiple sinks move around the walls of the ward altogether. The BR communicates with the nearest sink. The communication flow is from BSs to BR to the nearest moving Sink1/2/3/4.



Body Relay (BR)

Sink

Sink1

Sink2

Sink3

Sink4

1 3

2

3

1

2

1

3

212

3


ComparisonM-ATTEMPT and DARE

Sensors deployment on proposed DARE protocol and compared M-ATTEMPT protocol.

M-ATTEMPT Patient

DARE Patient


Results for Static PatientsAlive Nodes

DARE’s scenario-5, incorporates multiple moving sinks. BRs reduce the energy consumption of nodes.


Number of Received Packets

The probability for receiving packets with success is set to be 0.7. Sink mobility in scenario-5 let the network to continue operation for more rounds and

let network to receive huge number of packets.


Propagation Delay

DARE exhibits more delay in case of all scenarios. As the communication flow is not direct between transmitter and receiver, delay is high.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 50000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5x 10

-3

Number of Rounds (r)

Prop

agat

ion

Del

ay (s

)

S1S2S3S4S5M-ATTEMPT


Results for Mobile Patient Alive Nodes

Deployment of BRs helps in reducing the degradation of network performance, due to mobility.


Number of Received Packets

In case of DARE’s scenario-5, the network is able to receive more packets as compared to rest scenarios.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 50000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5x 10

4

Number of Rounds (r)

Num

ber o

f Rec

eive

d Pa

cket

s

S1S2S3S4S5M-ATTEMPT


Propagation Delay

DARE exhibits more delay in case of all scenarios as compared to M-ATTEMPT.


DARE vs. M-ATTEMPT

Network Parameter DARE M-ATTEMPT

Stability Period high low

Network Lifetime high low

Energy Consumption minimum maximum

Throughput high low

Propagation Delay high low


Non-Invasive Induction to Recharge Sensors

• Aim is to– Recharge pacemakers sensor’s battery

• Avoid frequent surgical operations and battery failure

• Extend working duration of sensors

– Pacemakers

• Create forced rhythms

– Natural human heart beats in

arrhythmic patients

Schematic view of an inductive linkPrimary side inducing voltage to regulate power at

secondary side (implanted inside human body).


Induction Models

A capacitor is connected in series at primary side, in order to induce

sufficient amount of voltage to the secondary coil.

A capacitor C2p has been connected in parallel at secondary side, making a low pass filter which, allows low frequencies to pass through while,

blocking the higher frequencies, thereby, preventing damages to body tissues.

MHz56.13f,320R,45.0k

LLkM

load

21

Series Tuned Primary Circuit (STPC)

Series Tuned Primary and Parallel Tuned Secondary Circuit

(STPPTSC)

[2] G. B. Hmida, H. Ghariani, and M. Samet. “Design of wireless power and data transmission circuits for implantable biomicrosystem,” Biotechnology, vol. 6, no. 2, 2007, pp. 153–164.

[2]


Link ParametersSTPC STPPTSC

22load

s

load

MwABjwMR

VV

)Mw]BRe[]A](Re[BRe[RMw

22load

22

)Mw]CRe[]A](Re[CRe[]ZRe[Mw

22load

22

222L2load

load

s

load

Mw)RjwLZ(AjwMZ

VV

load2L

2

RRfL2

Q

load

1

RfL2

Q

Voltage Gain

Link Efficiency

Quality Factor

[1]

[3] [4]

[5] [6]

[2]


ResultsVoltage Gain

As, k increases Vload/Vs increases. Vload increases by about 2 times than Vs.

Vload increases by about 3 times than Vs.

STPC STPPTSC

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

1

2

3

4

5

6

Rload (Ohms)V

olta

ge G

ain

( Vlo

ad /

Vs )

k = 0.2k = 0.4k = 0.6k = 0.8

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Rload (Ohms)

Vol

tage

Gai

n ( V

load

/ V

s )

k = 0.2k = 0.4k = 0.6k = 0.8


ResultsLink Efficiency

STPC STPPTSC

As, k increases η increases and is about 75%.

η increases by 15%, i.e. 90% of the input power has been efficiently transferred to

the secondary side.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Rload (Ohms)

Link

Eff

icie

ncy

( P2 /

P1)

k = 0.2k = 0.4k = 0.6k = 0.8

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Rload (Ohms)

Lin

k E

ffic

ienc

y ( P

2 / P

1)

k = 0.2k = 0.4k = 0.6k = 0.8


ResultsQuality Factor

In case of STPPTSC, the Q factor is higher as compared to STPC. Thus, achieves good tuning under

resonant conditions at f= 13.56 MHz.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

x 107

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Frequency (Hz)

Qua

lity

Fact

or

Series CircuitParallel Circuit


STPC vs. STPPTSC

Link Parameter STPC STPPTSC

Voltage Gain 2x 3x

Link Efficiency 75% 90%

Quality Factor 40.5% 53%



Publications[1] Tauqir, A., N. Javaid, S. Akram, A. Rao, and S. N. Mohammad. "Distance Aware Relaying Energy-

efficient: DARE to Monitor Patients in Multi-hop Body Area Sensor Networks." In Broadband and

Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), 2013 Eighth International

Conference on, pp. 206-213. IEEE, 2013.

[2] Tauqir, A., S. Akram, A. H. Khan, N. Javaid, and M. Akbar. "Non-Invasive Induction Link Model for

Implantable Biomedical Microsystems: Pacemaker to Monitor Arrhythmic Patients in Body Area

Networks." In Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA),

2013 Eighth International Conference on, pp. 232-237. IEEE, 2013.

[3] Akram, S., N. Javaid, A. Tauqir, A. Rao, and S. N. Mohammad. "THE-FAME: THreshold Based

Energy-Efficient FAtigue MEasurement for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks Using Multiple

Sinks." In Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), 2013

Eighth International Conference on, pp. 214-220. IEEE, 2013.

Documents

MS THESIS Distance Aware Relaying Energy-efficient: (DARE) to Monitor Patients in Multi-hop Body Area Networks