SS 10 Final Reference

UNIT 1: Geography Unit

Mental Map Info:

Paths:

These can include streets, paths, transit routes, or any other defined path of movement.

Paths consists of the "channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or po tentially moves" These can include streets, paths, transit routes, or any other defined path of movement. It is important to note that the paths an individual identifies may not correspond to a traditional street network. These are often the most predominant items in an individual's mental map as this is main mechanism for how they experience their city.

Edges:

Edges provide the linear boundaries that separate one region from another, the seams that join two regions together, or the barriers that close one region from another.

They can be physical edges such as shorelines, walls, railroad lines, or edges of development, or they can be less well-defined edges that the individual perceives as a barrier (i.e. “good” vs “bad” areas).

Districts:

Are “pre-defined” areas of your place that you might enter, travel through and exit. Think of some of the districts in Boston; The Theater District, the Waterfront District, the Financial District, or something smaller like the area around a school is a “school zone”.

Districts are "medium-to-large sections of the city" (Lynch, p. 47). They are typically two-dimensional features, often held together by some commonality. The individual often enters into or passes through these districts. According to Lynch, most people use the concept of districts to define the broader structure of their city.

Nodes:

Nodes are special points, often acting as a junction (such as a major street intersections, or where the street meets the subway entrance). Nodes are points within the city, strategically located, into which the individual enters and often chooses a new path from that point.

Nodes are points within the city, strategically located, into which the individual enters (and which is often the main focal point to which she or he is traveling to or from). There are often junctions – a crossing or converging of paths. They often have a physical element such as a popular hangout for the individual or a plaza area. In many cases, the nodes are the centers of the district that they are in.

Landmarks:

Landmarks are also a point-reference (similar to nodes). However in this case the landmark is a special point or destination, and not simply a place where we change direction.

However, unlike nodes, which the individual enters during his or her travels, landmarks remain external features to the individual. They are often physical structures such as a building, sign, or geographic features (e.g. mountain). The range of landmarks is extensive, but the commonality is that there are used by the individual to better understand and navigate the built environment

5 Organizing Principles (Hint: Think about Summerland)

5 Themes of Geography.

Location

· Location of a place is defined according to its latitude and longitude. Latitude lines measure distances north and south of the Equator. Longitude lines measure distances east and west of the Prime Meridian. A place's absolute location is defined with latitude and longitude lines. This is its exact location.

For example, the latitude and longitude of London, England is 51.5072° N; 0.1275° W

· The geography theme of location can also deal with relative location. Relative location means how a place is related or connected to other places through water, land, or technology.

Place

· Geographers study this geography theme by looking at the characteristics that distinguish one place from another place on Earth. These physical and human characteristics can include landforms, waterways, people, climate, languages, communication, and transportation.

For example, a well-known place is Antarctica and the South Pole. What are some of the characteristics that distinguish this place from another cold place? These are the types of questions this theme of geography deals with.

Human/Environment Interaction

· Geographers study the way humans interact positively and negatively with their environments. They also study the lasting affects these interactions may have on a place. Some examples of this geography theme are damming a river, polluting the air, building highways or railroads, and even watering lawns and gardens. Human behavior such as planting trees is a positive interaction with the environment where creating landfills is a negative interaction.

Movement

· People are always on the move, but this theme of geography is not just about people moving from one place to another in cars and airplanes. Movement also deals with how and why people travel from one place to another. Some people travel for career, others to be close to family, and some move to escape war or religious persecution. One example of movement was settlers heading west from Ontario in hopes of finding cheap, fertile land.

· Geographers also study how products and resources are transported from one region or place to another. This includes manufactured products, crops, and oil. For example, a tractor-trailer delivering oranges from California to BC, or a boat delivering a shipment of coffee from Africa to Europe.

· In addition, movement of ideas is also studied. With the advent of technology such as the phone and internet, ideas such as fashion, fads, music and philosophical ideologies are exchanged rapidly from all areas of the globe. Languages also evolve and change based on influence from outside ideas and other languages.

Regions

· A region is a unit on the earth's surface that has unifying characteristics such as climate or industry. These characteristics may be human, physical, or cultural. Not only do geographers study characteristics, but they also study how regions around the world may change over time.

· Different types of physical regions are deserts, mountains, grasslands, and rain forests. In a city or town, there may be commercial or business regions and then residential regions.

For example, in Canada, we commonly identify the Prairies as a region. Those provinces that are located in the Prairie region have similar climates and grow similar crops. These are characteristics that help unify this area of land that is considered a region.

Canadian Biomes

What is a “biome”?

· A biome is a collection of ecosystems that are similar, or related to one another, based on the types of plants they support.

· It is important to note that the plant-life that is found in a biome is the direct result of the climate that the region experiences – so a biome will also have the same climatic features.

· Canada has four biomes within its borders.

1. The Boreal Forest

· The Boreal forest is located just south of the Tundra and is the largest biome in Canada.

· It has a very temperate climate – hot summers and quite cold winters, but, no permafrost.

· It receives a fair amount of precipitation.

· Matter cycling is quick in hot but slows in cold.

· Dominant plant life are coniferous trees – evergreens such as pine, fir and spruce. Their conical shape and needles allow them to cope very well in the boreal forest climate. (Cold, snow, acidic conditioning)

· Animals = moose, bears, squirrels, rabbits, deer and birds. Higher biodiversity than the Tundra.

THE LAND:

Ridge after low ridge of granite or gneiss, innumerable interlocking lakes and tumbling rivers, endless spruce forests - the edge of the Canadian Shield marks the western boundary of this region. Here the region abuts onto the Great Shield-edge lakes - Great Bear, Great Slave, Athabasca, Wollaston, Reindeer, South Indian - famous for their interlocking convolutions of islands and bays.

The continental ice sheets have left their footprints on the entire region in the form of glacier-scoured lake-filled basins and large expanses of exposed bedrock smoothed and scoured by the passing glaciers.

Erratics, boulders left behind by the melting of the glaciers, are sprinkled liberally over the land, and massive eskers, up to 75 metres high, slither indiscriminately across lakes and over the land for tens of kilometres. Glacial erosion and deposition have left an intricate maze of labyrinthine lakes connected by short sections of rapid-strewn rivers.

Hoarfrost River

Hoarfrost River

© Parks Canada

VEGETATION:

This is a region of spruce forests. In the more temperate parts of the region, the shores of the lakes and rivers are heavily treed with dense forests of black spruce, white spruce and white birch. A closed-canopy forest of spruce and jack pine, with an understory of feather moss, lichens, blueberries and cranberries, covers the southern part of the region. Toward the north are open woodlands of black spruce spaced 5-10 metres apart and rarely reaching 15 metres in height. A mat of lichens up to 15 centimetres thick carpets the ground between the trees. On the northern fringe of the region, even more open stands of stunted black spruce and tamarack with a ground cover of dwarf tundra vegetation form a transition to the barrenlands.

WILDLIFE:

This is a region rich in wildlife. Vast herds of caribou winter here in the spruce forests, some staying all year round. In late October, after the rutting season, the great bands of caribou mass up on the edge of the woods and spend the harshest winter months in the spruce and pine forests. The females start to work their way north again in February or March, bearing their young on the barren-grounds in June. By July, they are on the move again toward the forests.

The region has long been famous as a source of furs - beaver, muskrat, lynx, wolf, red fox, wolverine, martin, mink, otter. Moose and black bear are also abundant. Lake trout, whitefish and huge northern pike thrive in the cold, nutrient-poor lakes and rivers.

Southern Boreal Plains & Plateaux

THE LAND:

The topography of this region is a gentle blend of plains and plateaux, with a few widely scattered groups of low hills and wide river valleys. To the north is the Alberta Plateau, with hills reaching heights of about 200 metres. To the south are smooth plains.

Riding Mountain National Park

Riding Mountain National Park

© Parks Canada

The underlying soft sedimentary bedrock has influenced the regular relief found in this region. Subsequent glaciation has modified the landscape, leaving rolling moraines on the uplands and fine-grained lacustrine deposits in lowland areas.

VEGETATION:

Although this region is one of continuous transition from prairie through deciduous forest to boreal forest, three distinctive vegetation zones are recognized. In the south, aspen parkland, a mosaic of trembling aspen groves and rough fescue grasslands, is the prevalent vegetation. This combination of communities forms a distinctive Canadian habitat that is unique in the world. Bordering the aspen parkland is a zone of mixed wood forest containing various combinations of coniferous species (white spruce and balsam fir) and deciduous species (white birch, trembling aspen, balsam poplar). At the extreme north end of this natural region, seemingly endless stretches of black spruce muskeg dominate much of the flat, poorly drained land

WILDLIFE

The aspen parkland is extremely productive wildlife habitat. White-tailed deer, coyotes, snowshoe hares and ground squirrels are conspicuous mammals. The numerous potholes in this zone provide for the highest density of breeding dabbling ducks in North America, particularly mallards, shovellers and pintails. In the past, vast herds of bison ranged into this zone.

Beaver, re-introduced to Elk Island National Park

Beaver, re-introduced to Elk Island National Park

© Parks Canada

The northern forest zones, though not as rich in wildlife as the aspen parkland, are characterized by moose, black bear, muskrat, beaver, lynx, wolverine and wolf.

Wood bison are resident in the extreme northern portions of this region. Some of the more notable migrants to the northernmost reaches of this region include the whooping crane, white pelican and sandhill crane.

2. The Prairie

· The prairies form a triangular area from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba

· As you move from east to west, the rainfall in the prairies decreases. Precipitation in the prairies can reach from about 12.6 inches in the shortgrass prairie to 21.7 inches in the tallgrass prairies.

· The climate of the prairies is influenced by its mid-continental location, and the sheltering effect of the Rocky Mountains. Being located far from the moderating effects of oceans causes a wide range of temperatures, with hot summers and cold winters. Strong winds blow across the endless plains during both summer and winter.

· The soil under a prairie is a dense mat of tangled roots, rhizomes, bulbs, and rootstock.

· Before settlers moved west, the prairies were covered with herds of grazing animals, such as buffalo, elk, deer, and rabbits. These animals increased the growth in prairies by adding nitrogen to the soil through urine and feces, and creating open areas for plants that like to have the soil dug up. Prairie dogs dug huge underground tunnel systems which aerated the soil and allowed water to reach several feet below the surface.

· Today very little of the original prairies survive, only one to two percent. Much of the land has been turned into agricultural uses, urban areas are moving in, and fires are being suppressed. The genetic and biological diversity of the plants are disappearing. The herds of thousands of buffalo were all but wiped out.

Prairie Grasslands

THE LAND:

A vast tilted plain, the land rises gently until it ends abruptly at the foothills of the Rockies. The monotonous flatness is interrupted by weirdly eroded badlands, sand dunes, coulees, rocky canyons, potholes, hills and sweeping river valleys. This region rests on a thick mantle of rich, black soil that is cool and moist to the touch - some of the most fertile soils in the country. Within the fertile grasslands is "Palliser's Triangle", semi arid country considered unsuitable for agriculture or stock raising in the opinion of John Palliser, leader of a scientific expedition along the American boundary in 1857-1860.

VEGETATION:

Speargrass, wheatgrass, blue grama, rough fescue, bluebunch fescue, red fescue, nee-dlegrass, little blue-stem - grass is the single characteristic common to the mosaic of habitats making up this region.

Mixed prairie, dominated by speargrasses and wheatgrasses, is the most extensive grassland type in this region. Mixed Prairie, as its name implies, includes both tall and short grasses. Blue grama, a drought-resistent short grass, is important in dry sites.

Pairie Crocus

Prairie Crocus

© Parks Canada

River valleys and old drainage channels, important routes for the invasion of plant species that survived the last glaciation beyond the edge of the ice sheet, harbour a rich variety of trees and shrubs: oaks, American elm, cottonwood, Manitoba maple, and green ash, among others. Shallow depressions, some of which are periodically flooded, harbour communities of salt-resistent species, such as alkali grass and wild barley. The thousands of sloughs that characterize this region, ranging in area from a few square metres to several hectares, are dominated by tall sedges and grasses.

WILDLIFE:

Burrowing Owl

Burrowing Owl

© Parks Canada

It is difficult to imagine the richness of the wildlife of this natural region in pre-settlement days. Herds of bison so vast that they took days to pass, along with untold numbers of pronghorn antelope, mule deer, white-tailed deer and elk, roamed this wilderness of grass stalked by the prairie grizzly, prairie wolf, cougar and other predators.

Today only remnants of this rich fauna remain in the most remote and driest corners of the region. Here, species endemic to the prairies, such as the pronghorn antelope, black-tailed prairie dog and plains pocket gopher, can still be found.

The black-footed ferret and greater prairie chicken once lived here, but are believed to have been extirpated.

Waterfowl nest in the potholes that dimple this region, earning it the title "The Duck Factory of North America". The open grasslands still provide habitat for such unique prairie species as the sage grouse and sharp-tailed grouse, along with introduced species such as the ring-necked pheasant and the gray partridge.

Several interesting species of reptiles and amphibians are restricted in Canada to this region: the prairie rattlesnake, the eastern short-horned lizard, the plains spa-defoot toad, and the great plains toad, among others.

Manitoba Lowlands

THE LAND:

This region is more than one-half covered by water - huge, shallow lakes, potholes, ponds and vast cattail marshes. These are the legacy of an immense glacial lake, Lake Agasiz, that once covered most of the area. Today, ridges of sand and gravel marking ancient beaches and shorelines separate the lakes and meander gracefully across the land. Underlain by flat beds of sedimentary rock, the uniform topography of this region is a product of the last glaciation - scoured by ice and smoothed by the deposition of sediments from ancient glacial meltwater lakes.

VEGETATION:

This region supports a diversity of vegetation, from spruce forest to prairie. The northern two-thirds of the region is a wilderness of spruce: white spruce mixed with birch and aspen on the better drained sites; black spruce mixed with tamarack on the wetter sites. A groveland dominated by burr-oak and aspen mixed with open prairie forms a broad transition to the true tall-grass prairie of the southern extremities of the region. A small remnant of tall-grass prairie, one of the few left in existence, is located in the city of Winnipeg and managed as the Living Prairie Museum. Vast areas of the region are covered by cattail marshes.

WILDLIFE:

The spruce forests are inhabited by moose, black bear and sharp-tailed grouse, while the burr-oak groves and prairies are frequented by wildlife more typical of the prairies - white-tailed deer, coyote, and Franklin's and thirteen-lined ground squirrels. Bison, mule deer, pronghorn antelope, elk and wolf thrived here in the recent past.

Coyote

Coyote

© Parks Canada

Eared Grebe

Eared Greb

© Parks Canada

The extensive marshes of this region are critical nesting and staging areas for a myriad of birds, especially waterfowl. Delta Marsh, North America's largest fresh-water marsh, remains in a relatively undisturbed state. Winter denning sites for thousands of garter snakes are found along the limestone outcrops on the west side of Lake Winnipeg.

The shallow lakes covering much of this region support an abundance and diversity of fish species, as well as a thriving commercial and sport fishing industry. Over 70 species have been recorded, with pike, whitefish, sauger and walleye the most important commercial species.

3. The Interior Mountain Region

4. Coastal Forest

· The biggest trees, the most rainfall, the longest and deepest fiords...this region is known for Canadian superlatives. A distinctive climate and lofty mountains make this natural region stand alone, like an island, with unique plant and animal communities and living conditions.

· In few other natural regions of Canada can one swim or walk through such a diversity of habitats, or experience such a variety of life, in so short a distance - from undersea kelp forests through lush rain forests to arctic conditions on mountain-top glaciers.

· The Coast Mountains cover most of the region, rising steeply from the fiords and channels. Mount Waddington, the highest mountain in British Columbia, is over 4,000 metres.Glaciers and snowfields cap the tallest ranges. The mountains of Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlottes, although not high, make up in ruggedness what they lack in elevation. The Estevan Coastal Plain, a long narrow strip of rocky coastline, indented, wave-battered and wind-scoured, separates the mountains from the sea along the west coast of Vancouver Island.

· The region lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of high volcanic and earthquake activity caused by the movement of crustal plates. Hot springs that beckon backcountry explorers bear testimony to crustal "hot spots" found throughout this region.

VEGETATION:

· The combination of heavy rainfall and year-round mild temperatures have resulted in some of the most spectacular old-growth temperate rain forests in the world. Here are the most productive forests, the biggest trees and some of the oldest trees in Canada - the Red Creek fir, a massive Douglas fir with a circumference of over 14 metres and a height of 80 metres, possibly Canada's biggest tree; the largest western red cedar, 20 metres in circumference, found on Meares Island; Carmanah Creek, site of the world's tallest sitka spruce (95 metres); Cathedral Grove, dominated by Douglas fir as tall in feet as they are old in years - up to 250 feet (85 metres) and 250 years. Yet these are mere babes compared to many western red cedars, which can be over two millennia old.

· Three main types of vegetation occur in Natural Region 1. The Coastal Western Hemlock zone occurs only to about 600 metres above sea level. Douglas fir, sitka spruce, western red cedar and western hemlock are the dominant species in this zone. Between 600 metres and 900 metres above sea level is the sub-alpine mountain hemlock zone dominated by mountain hemlock and yellow cedar. As the elevation increases, the green cloak forest begins to break krummholz - stunted . Above 900 metres is the third vegetation zone - treeless alpine tundra.

WILDLIFE:

· The mainland coast of Natural Region 1 is a stronghold for which feed heavi-migrating to their streams. Cougar, wolf, martin, black-tailed deer (a sub-species of mule deer), wapiti (elk), mountain goat, wolverine and fisher are some of the larger denizens of this region.

· Bald Eagle Several endemic sub-species and species of wildlife have evolved on the islands of this region: the Vancouver Island marmot, found only in alpine meadows on Vancouver Island; the "blond" or "kermodei" bear, a pale subspecies of black bear found on a few north coastal islands; the Roosevelt elk, among others. Some of these endemics are rare or endangered; others, such as the Dawson caribou, once confined to Graham Island in the Queen Charlotte Islands, are now extinct.

· The marine environment of this region supports an abundance of life unrivalled in Canada. Many large seabird colonies, some with populations of global significance, are found on islands along the coast of this region. Bald eagles are a common sight along the coast. The region's estuaries, rocky shorelines and beaches provide critical habitat for countless migrating shorebirds and waterfowl, including the trumpeter swan and sandhill crane.

Climograph

Canada Political Map

Human Impact Assignments

WNS & Bats (human Impact)

Burrowing Owl Assignment (Geoography 12 WorkBook)

Cartoon Analysis

Terms

Region

Tectonics

Relative Location

Epicentre

District

Geography

Edges

Paths

Absolute Location

Richter Scale

Natural Regions of Western Canada

Cartoon Analysis

YouTube video: https://youtu.be/vyrMlkKTB3Y

North Korea Political Cartoon Assignment

Unit 2: Towards Dominion

Life in Upper Canada

Rebellion and Reform

1815 - 18

A Viewing Guide for Canada: A People’s History

Introduction

1.What was the most important resource in Canada in the 1820s?Timber.

2.What problems faced settlers in Upper Canada who were moving inland?

Poor roads; lack of services such as schools; a sense that the hinterland was unimportant to those who governed.

3.Why were tenant farmers in Lower Canada upset over ownership of the farm land by absentee landlords?

Wealthy landlords were demanding higher rents; ordinary people did not have enough access to new lands for their children to farm.

Three Angry Men

4.Name a major advocate of political reform from each of the following colonies: Upper Canada: William Lyon Mackenzie.

Lower Canada: Joseph Papineau.

Nova Scotia: Joseph Howe.

A Horrible Year

5.Why did Papineau lodge a protest with Governor Aylmer during the elections of 1834?

His supporters were harassed during the election and when riots broke out three were killed by troops sent to restore calm.

6.What did the ship Carrick bring to Lower Canada?

Cholera – over 9000 would die from it.

A Seething Anger

7.What did the Patriotes of Lower Canada demand of the British government in 1834?

Wanted an assembly controlled by elected members to have authority over the government;

they sent 92 demands to the British government. Papineau wanted an independent republic.

8.What did William Lyon Mackenzie of Upper Canada demand of the English government?

Also wanted the elected Assembly to control the government.

9.What did Joseph Howe of Nova Scotia want from England?

The same rights recently obtained by an English citizens in Britain – responsible government.

10.What was Britain’s response?

All the demands were rejected on the grounds they might weaken the government.

On the Eve of Rebellion

11.What happened at the Six Counties Assembly in Lower Canada?

5000 people met; Papineau called on them to elect their own local officials; some called for armed rebellion.

12.What was Mackenzie’s response to the English refusal to grant his demands and events in

Lower Canada?

He gave up hope for reforms and calls for rebellion.

13.What did the governor do about the troubles in Lower Canada?

Sent all his troops to Lower Canada.

The Die Is Cast

14.What happened when General Colborne sent troops to St. Denis in the Richelieu Valley?

Patriote skirmishers started arriving at St. Denis at dawn. 800 Patriotes faced 300 soldiers; a 6 hour battle ensued with few casualties; surprised by the opposition and running out of ammunition, the troops withdrew.

15.What followed at St. Charles?

It was another major confrontation; the Royal Scots made a bayonet charge and routed the

Patriotes; there were 150 Patriote dead and 7 British.

16.What did Mackenzie do when he heard of the events in Lower Canada?

Decided to attack Toronto with his supporters.

17.What did Mackenzie do after his supporters were routed at Montgomery’s Tavern?

Fled to the US.

The Last Stand

18.What happened in Two Mountains County west of Montreal in Lower Canada?

1500 British troops marched into the area; most Patriotes retreated; some resisted in a Church; the British bombarded the church with cannon fire for two hours and then sent the Royal Scots in; 70 Patriote and 3 British died.

19.What did Papineau do after the Patriots defeat at Two Mountains?

Fled to the US.

The Calm Between Storms

20.What was the Hunter’s Lodge?

A secret society that tried to keep the rebellion going.

21.What did Lord Durham do when he became Governor?

Freed some prisoners; exiled others to Bermuda; the leaders in the US were banished for life.

22.Did the English colonists support Durham’s actions?

No – they thought he was much too easy on the rebels.

23.Who replaced Durham?General John Gordon.

24.What was the response to the second round of rebellions led by the Hunter’s Lodge?

Reprisals were taken against the French south of Montreal – 1000 Glengarry Highlanders burned and pillaged houses along their march; 100s of rebels were convicted of treason – 17 hanged in Upper Canada and 12 in Lower Canada; 140 were exiled to Australia.

The Union of the Canadas

25.What did Lord Durham propose in his report to the Colonial Office?

He accepted that the governor’s advisers had to have the support of the legislature – responsible government; proposed the union of Upper and Lower Canada so that the French would become a minority and be more easily assimilated.

26.What action did London take on these recommendations?

Rejected self-government; accepted the union of Upper and Lower Canada.

27.What happened to Joseph Howe due to his stand on people’s rights to vote?

He was challenged to a duel; didn’t try to kill his opponent even though he had the opportunity.

28.What was the 1841 Act of Union?

An act of the British Parliament that combined the two Canadas into one colony with one governor and one assembly with one language, English.

29.What alliance did Robert Baldwin propose between Upper Canada’s reformers and

LaFontaine’s Patriotes in response to Lord Durham’s Report?

They would form an English-French coalition seeking political reforms within the new colony.

30.Give an example of the partnership between Baldwin and LaFontaine.

LaFontaine had withdrawn from the election fearing violence towards his supporters by the English majority; Baldwin offered him a safe seat in Ontario. Baldwin would later be elected in Quebec. They would work together to restore the use of the French language in the Assembly.

Vindication

31.How did England’s view of colonies, such as Canada and Nova Scotia, change in the late

1840s?

Britain scrapped the protected trade status of the colonies (in order that its manufactures could buy supplies as cheaply as possible) and wanted to reduce the costs of holding the colonies. This would lead to a relaxing of British control.

32.What was unique about Joseph Howe’s 1847 election win?

He would head the first responsible government elected in a British colony.

33.Baldwin and LaFontaine introduced the Rebellion Losses Bill to compensate Canadians for financial losses suffered in the Rebellions of 1837. How did this cause a dilemma for Governor Lord Elgin?

If Elgin vetoed the Bill he would undermine the concept of self-government; if he allowed it to pass he would lose the support of the colony’s establishment who wanted to maintain control and to suppress the reformers. He let it pass and riots broke out and the Legislature was burned. Canadians took their politics seriously!

An End and a Beginning

34.What was the tone of Canada 10 years later?

Peace and prosperity returned.

35.How many people were living in Canada?2,500,000.

36.How was the economy?

Harvests were good; sawmills were shipping to the US; new canals were being built to facilitate the movement of goods to the Great Lakes and into the US.

37.What was happening with:

Robert Baldwin and LaFontaine: both retired and died at relatively young ages.

Mackenzie: he was elected to the legislature but was generally bitter about how things turned out.

Papineau: he was no longer of any political significance.

Joseph Howe: he would continue in politics and support railway construction. He would be actively involved in the debate about whether Nova Scotia should join Confederation.

Immigration Assignment

SS 10The Rebellions of 1837 Part 1

Name: _________________________________

Lead Up to Rebellion

1) Who led the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada?

Louis Joseph Papineau (Lower Canada)

William Lyon Mackenzie (Upper Canada)

Political Faultlines

2) What conflict was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791? Why was it aggravated in Lower Canada?

Created an elected assembly under the control of an appointed council. In Lower Canada the assembly was made of mainly French Canadians, while the governor’s appointed council was made up of Anglo merchants.

3) What does it mean for both colonies the elected assemblies could only act in a “negative” manner?

They could only block government plans but needed the appointed council’s approval for government spending or pass any new laws.

Government by Clique

4) What two groups of immigrant arrived from Britain?

One group was poor trying to escape economic hardships, and the other group was upper-middle class hoping to become important.

5) What did immigrant Susanna Moodie write about in her Journal “Roughing It in The Bush”?

She wrote a journal about an English Woman’s experience in Upper Canada. She expressed dismay at the rough frontier life as a proper English woman.

6) What does “Oligarchy mean” in regards to British North American colonies? Name and describe two such groups in Lower & Upper Canada.

Oligarchy or rule by small group reflected the Upper middle class leadership in the colonies often made up of wealthy landowners, merchants, and government officers.

Lower Canada: Chateau Clique

Upper Canada: Family Compact

7) Why was Nova Scotia the most successful and stable colony at this time? Was it happy with Britain? Why?

It’s capital, Halifax, with 15000 people was a bustling international seaport and was refined compared to Upper Canada with “elegance and fashion”. Nova Scotia also had a more stable merchant based ruling class. Despite this stability it was still upset with a “distant and unresponsive government in London, and an arrogant and often corrupt ruling class at home.

The Rebellion in Lower Canada

8) By 1830 who owned more than ½ of the seigneurial estates in Lower Canada? What group did they dominate? Who opposed them? What party did they create? Why were they barred from any real power?

English speaking Lords. Chateau Clique. A young, professional French-Canadian elite who had gained control of the elected assembly. Parti Patriote.Their language and religion barred them from real power.

Papineau the Patriote

9) What did the Parti Patriote create in 1834 to express their political concern to Britain? Who was it’s main architect? Why is he called a “divided soul”?

92 Resolutions. Louis-Joseph Papineau. He was a land owning aristocrat who sought radical reforms while preserving traditional French-Canadian values.

10) Why was Lower Canada’s economy suffering?

Crops had failed and a cholera epidemic was spreading through the cities.

11) What was Britain’s response to the 92 Resolutions? How long did it take them to reply? What was the leading Patriote paper’s response?

No. 3 years. “The British Ministry has set the seal of degradation and slavery upon us!”

12) How did Papineau respond to Britain’s negative response? What prominent English Canadian joined the cause?

He spoke at angry public gatherings whipping crowds into frenzy. Dr. Wolfred nelson, a veteran of the War of 1812.

SS 10The Rebellions of 1837 Part 2

Name: _________________________________

The Battle of St. Denis

1) How did the government respond to the unrest in the Richelieu Valley?

Governor sent British Troops and Canadian volunteers in to arrest Patriote leaders and disperse rabble.

2) What happened to Papineau after he found out the British were coming?

He fled the scene eventually escaping to the US.

3) What was the outcome of the battle/skirmish?

The patriotes set up behind a barricade blocking the road. After the British showed up a fierce gun battle followed and the British were forced to flee with six dead.

4) What happened two days later at St. Charles?

A second British force attacked the Patriotes killing 60 of them and arresting dozens more.

The Battle of St. Eustache

5) What did the Patriotes do to the Mohawk people?

Invaded their community at Oka and stole weapons and supplies.

6) What happened at the Battle of St. Eustache?

1400 British Redcoats and English-Canadian volunteers fought the Patriotes back into the village church. They then set the church on fire and shot the Patriotes as they ran out of the burning building. Almost 100 Patriotes died.

7) What were the English-Canadian volunteers allowed to do after the battle?

The British left leaving the nearby town of St-Benoit to the mercy of the volunteers, who confiscated the habitant’s weapons and then burned their farms and homes, and looted the church.

Les freres chasseurs

8) What did Wolfred Nelson’s brother say of Papineau after Papineau refused to continue fighting?

“Papineau has abandoned us [He is] a man fit for words, but not for action.”

9) What did Nelson do in the early months of 1838?

From his American base he gathered 300 Patriotes and crossed back into Candian territory reading a proclamation declaring a new republic with himself as President. When he crossed to the US side he was arrested, for stealing weapons from an American militia base, and thrown in jail.

10) What is the “Hunter’s Lodge?” What happened to them?

With solid backing from Vermont & New York the Patriotes created a secret society called “The Hunter’s Lodge” whose aim was to topple the Canadian government and create a second republic on the continent. The rebel alliance of French and English failed miserably as troops from the Maritimes and Upper Canada were called in and a second uprising was put down

“Lord Satan”

11) Who was John Colbone and what did he do to gain the name “Lord Satan’?

John Colborne was a former lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada who led the fight against the Patriotes. He was pushed out of office by English reformers and now could exact his revenge. In response to the rebellions in Lower Canada he and his men burned hundreds of habitant homes, arrested thousands of people (hanging a dozen of them), and sent almost 60 more to the penal colonies of Australia. For his decisiveness the British knighted him with the name Lord Seaton, though the habitants whose homes he burned preferred to pronounce it “Lord Satan.”

SS 10The Rebellions of 1837 Part 3

Name: _________________________________

The Rebellion in Upper Canada

1) What three issues strengthened the anti-American attitudes, British Customs, and conservative beliefs of the colony?

The American Revolution, The Loyalist Exodus, & The War of 1812.

2) What was the ruling oligarchy in Upper Canada called? Name two members of this group and their positions in the colony.

Family Compact. Dr. John Strachan (Anglican Archdeacon of York); John Beverley Robinson (Attorney General and Tory Member of the Assembly)

Mackenzie the muckraker

3) Who was William Lyon Mackenzie (include 3 facts)?

Fiery little newspaper man, Immigrated poor from Scotland; outspoken critic of the Family Compact. Elected and then kicked out of the assembly four times, Mayor of Toronto

4) What did Mackenzie create after roaming the countryside collecting complaints? What is it comparable to?

His “Report on Grievances” which was a 500 page document demanding for responsible government.

“Galloping Head”

5) Who was Francis Bond Head? What he do in response to the blocking of funds by the reformers in the assembly?

He was an eccentric upper crust Brit who was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada in 1836. He knew little about Canada and did not trust reformers. He dissolved the assembly when they blocked funds to government and campaigned for the Conservatives using bribery and scare tactics to win over voters. As only land owners could vote he gave land to known supporters guaranteeing a Tory victory.

Apartheid, Canadian-Style: The Bond Head treaties

6) What role did Francis Bond Head play in shaping Native policy? Was he sincere in his attempts? Why? What were the results of his policy?

Even though he was enlightened to the fact the assimilation of Natives was wrong he was able to take 1.5 million hectares away from the Ojibwa by promising a vaguely defined future “Native Homelands.” Unfortunately that land was barren granite island of Manitoulin where the natives would be relocated. This surrender of land was heralded by the Imperial government but Native Rights groups were outraged.

Montgomery’s Tavern

7) What did Mackenzie call for as he rode through the countryside making speeches? How many men gathered with him at the tavern? Where did they march? What were they armed with?

He called for a rebellion to topple the government and declare a new Glorious Republic. 600 men. Down Yonge street. Pitchforks, rifles, clubs and pikes.

8) Who confronted Mackenzie? What was the result? What happened two days later? Where did Mackenzie flee to?

A small band of nervous volunteers led by Sheriff Jarvis confronted Mackenzie’s men. After a single volley of shots from muskets the rebels and volunteers fled in opposite directions. Bond Head led an army of volunteers out of Toronto and converged on the tavern. In a half hour it was all over with Mackenzie fleeing to the US.

“Remember the Caroline!”

9) Where did Mackenzie cross back into Canada? What did he declare? What did Canadian supporters do to his supply ship? Why did this infuriate Americans?

He landed on Navy Island in the Niagara River. He raised a flag and declared himself President of a new Canadian republic. The British began bombarding the rebel base and during the night a handful of Canadians attacked Mackenzie’s supply ship the “Caroline.” During this skirmish an American was killed which infuriated the Americans. Mackenzie pushed Canada and America to the brink of war.

So What Was the Point?

10) Who did the British pardon? What happened to them?

Mackenzie, Papineau, & Wolfred Nelson were all pardoned and eventually re-elected to their respective assemblies.

11) In a paragraph please outline the two opposing perspectives on “The Rebellions”

One side argued that the rebellions were a legitimate “struggle for democracy, with Separatists calling the Patriotes the first separatists. Others have been less kind seeing the rebellions as “little more than a series of armed riots, unplanned, purposeless, and hopeless.”

SS 10The Rebellions of 1837 Part 4

Name: _________________________________

The Fight for Responsible Government

1) What was Britain’s response to the rebellions?

Lord Durham: Mission Impossible

2) Who was Radical Jack, and what official title was he given?

Radical Jack tours the colonies

3) What did Lord Durham do first? How did he ease American angst towards Canada?

The Durham Report

4) Why did Lord Durham’s mission end abruptly in 1838?

5) What were the 3 key points to his report? How did Durham feel about French Canadians?

“Defeats as glorious as victories”

6) What “three pillars” of French culture did historian Francois-Xavier Garneau identify for French Canadian survival?

The Act of Union

7) What was Britain’s response to Lord Durham’s Report? Include 5 key point (check-marks) of how Britain set up its colonies’ government.

Triumph of Moderates

8) How did the Union of the Canadas encourage reformers and not the old ruling cliques? What education system did Egerton Ryerson set up? How did it strengthen French culture?

LaFontaine and Baldwin

9) Who is James Bruce? What was his role? How did he “create “the birth of democracy in Canada on March 10th, 1848?

The Montreal Riots

10) Why did the riots occur? What did the Montreal Gazette call for? What was the most significant thing that came out of the riots?

Joseph Howe and the bloodless coup

11)Who was Joseph Howe and how was he different than the other radicals?

UNIT 3: Building A Nation

Dances with Wolves