Mr. Benagh ESSM – Summer FISH

2014-2015

ESSM – Summer FISH Biology Agenda’s

Monday, Aug. 11th 2014Macromoluecles - Power Lecture 10-15”

- Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) - Homework

Tuesday, Aug. 12th 2014Enzymes

- Power Lecture 10-15”

- Toothpickase Enzyme Lab - Homework

Wednesday, Aug. 13th 2014Nucleic Acid - Power Lecture 10-15”

- Strawberries DNA Extractions - Homework

Thursday, Aug. 14th 2014Photosynthesis - Power Lecture 10-15”

- Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab - Homework

The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrate Types

• Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk

• Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA

1. SIMPLE SUGARSMonosaccharides - one sugar molecule

Linear and ring forms of glucose

Sucrose (sugar)Glucose + Fructose

Lactose (milk)Glucose + Galactose

Maltose (grains)Glucose + Glucose

Carbohydrate Types

2. SIMPLE SUGARSDisaccharides - two sugar molecule

How are disaccharides made?

Dehydration synthesis:

Examples of disaccharide synthesis

POLYSACCHARIDES:Long chains of monosaccharides

EXAMPLESStarch (amylose)GlycogenFiber (cellulose)Chitin

Carbohydrate Types

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

Starch

• Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds)

• < 500,000 glucoses

Glycogen

Short term storagepolysaccharide for animals

• ~300g stored carbo in body• 72g liver (glycogen)• 245g muscle (glycogen)• 10g blood (glucose)

ChitinString of modified glucose

Structural component of:Insects, Arthropods, fungi

Cellulose•Polymer of glucose•Structural material in plants - Fiber

•Cellulose

•Starch

•Monomers linked together differently than in starch•Why indigestible?

Starch verses Cellulose

• Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and

termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose

LIPIDS

Three Major Groups of Lipids

• Oils, Fats, and Waxes

• Phospholipids

• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)

Similarities of Fats and Oils• All contain C, H, and O

• Usually no ring structures

• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)

Triglycerides

• Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)

Unsaturated

Polyunsaturated

Saturated

Types of Fatty acids

Phospholipids

Steroids

• Four fused rings of carbon

• steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone

• cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes

Cholesterol

•Body will make if not enough in diet•Part of lipid membrane around cells•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane

The structure of a phospholipid

Protein

Types of Proteins

Structural

Enzymes

Hormones

Antibodies

Contractile

Receptor

Transport

Storage

See Table 5.1

ProteinsSubunit = amino acid

1. Amino group 3. Carboxyl group2. R group

Amino acids have three parts:

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

Linking Amino AcidsDehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond

Creates a polypeptide

Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

How are proteins able to do so many things?

20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups

Non-polar Polar Charged

O-

Proteins Fold into Active ShapeProtein function depends on shape

Four Levels of Structure:

Primary 1°Secondary 2°Tertiary 3°Quaternary 4°

Primary (1°) StructureSequence of amino acids in polypeptide

Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

Secondary (2°) StructureFolds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds

b- pleated sheet a-helix

Tertiary (3°) Structure3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds

Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

Interactions between 2+ polypeptides

Quaternary (4°) Structure

Shape is critical for protein interactions

EXAMPLE:

Hemoglobin•4 Polypeptides•Binds Iron•Oxygen transport

Nucleic Acid

• Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA

• Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

• 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose

• Phosphate Group

• Nitrogen-containing base

NUCLEOTIDES3 Main Components:

Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities.

RNA and DNA

SIMILARITIES:• 5-carbon sugar• Phosphate group

DIFFERENCES:• Nucleotides

– DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine– RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

• Sugar– DNA: Deoxyribose– RNA: Ribose

Nucleic Acid Synthesis

• Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis

• Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR

Structure of DNA

Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication

Figure 5.28 DNA RNA protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

Enzymes

The structure and hydrolysis of ATP

The ATP cycle

Energy changes in exergonic and endergonic reactions

Enzymes and Shape

Active Site

Induced fit: “Handshake” between substrate and enzyme

Activation Energy

Activation Energy

Net Energy Released

Enzymes•Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)•Lower activation energy for a reaction

• S = Substrates (reactants) enter reaction.• P = Product (what you get at the end) result• E = Enzymes mediate specific steps

sucrasesucrose + H2O glucose + fructose

E + S ES E + P

Enzyme reactions can be simplified as:

The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

4 Things that Affect Enzyme Activity

1. Substrate concentration

2. Enzyme concentration

3. pH

4. TemperatureShape of enzyme(Protein denatured)

Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

Enzyme Regulation

• Enzymes can be turned on and off

• Regulated by other molecules in the cell

• Examples: – Allosteric regulation– Feedback inhibition– Inhibitors

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis happens in the Chloroplast

• Parts of a Chloroplast

– Thylakoid

– Grana• Stack of Thylakoids

– Stroma• Liquid inside Chloroplast

The electromagnetic spectrum

Why are leaves green?

Determining an absorption spectrum