Mother of democracy dassk

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31 - 7 - 2011

"In honour of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Mother of Democracy)

And I honour all political prisonersThose who stand for political integrity in

Burma."

Than Win HlaingJuly 31st 2011



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oef;0if;vIdif16

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oef;0if;vIdif20

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tdrfonf =uD;rm;I tvGefcrf;em;wifhw,faom yef;O,smOfysKd;xm;




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pmzwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfEdk;r_udk tm;ay;cJhaom

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atmifqef;pk=unfu tpOfav;pm; cspfcifaus;Zl;wifa=umif; r=um

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awmhay? wuUodkvfoydwftjyD;wGif ynmawmfoiftjzpf ta&G;cH&jyD;

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a&;twGuf ta&;qdk&efvma&muf=uaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyK

aom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@tm; tultnDrsm;pGmay;cJhonf?

1948 wGif jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdjyD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;

ESifh or0g,r0ef=uD;tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1949 wGif jrefrmEdkifiH.

yxrqkH; jAdwdefEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmEdkifiHoHtrwf=uD;tjzpf wm0efay;jcif;

cH&onf? 1955 ckESpfwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkqdkif&m jrefrmEdkifiH txl;

tm%mukefvJ$tyfjcif;cH&aom oHtrwf=uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$Œwm0ef

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OD;tkef;onf pmay0goemxkHolvnf;jzpf&m atmifqef;pk=unftm;



oef;0if;vIdif22

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ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? atmifqef;pk=unf. tody

nm tawG;tac:ydkif; zG@HjzdK;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdjyKrdjyD; pdwf0ifpm;cJh

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t,f'DwmtzGJ@0ifESifh atmifqef;pk=unf.zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh

twl wuUodkvfausmif;aezwf OD;ndKjr (1914-1985) yif jzpfonf?

aemufydkif;wGif OD;ndKjronf pme,fZif;avmuwGif tvGefemrnf=uD;

cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;cJhonfh pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfvmygonf?

olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydkjyD; atmifqef;pk=unfzwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh

jrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJhonf? OD;ndKjrvufaqmifay;

cJhaom tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Awf*E0ifpmtkyfwGJwpkHvkH; (Harvart

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atmifqef;pk=unfonf pmayavmuwHcg;udk zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf? atmif

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jzpfygonf?

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jzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr

onf tdENd,EdkifiHtay: xm;

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rsm;tjyif 4if;wdk@zdwf=um;{nfhcHaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sd

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oef;0if;vIdif24

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[kwfygavm?

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,m;jrdK@ (Algiers) odk@vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD ukvor*~

jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f*sD&D;,m;EdkifiH/ t,f*sm&D;,m; (Algeria) jrdKŒawmf

odk@ajymif;a&$Œum tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf?

t,f*sD;&D,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;vf'Da*gvf (Charles de Gaulle)

tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwfxdk;jyD; vGwfvyf

a&;&cJhonfrSm r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&ef &SpfESpf=um

±kef;uefr_aemufydkif; wajz;ajz;emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh

t,f*sD;&D;,m;jrdKŒwGif ae&mxdkifcif; tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,dk,Gif;

aeaom&yfuGufrsm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom[dkw,f

rsm; enf;yg;aejcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vGefpGmrS uef@owfxm;jcif;

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vkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm; jzpf=uygonf?

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Boumedirre) u tmrufbifbJvm; (Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;

avmufatmif aoG;xGufoH,kdr_uif;rJhaom tm%modrf;yGJjyKvkyfum

jzKwfcsjyD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif;jzpfygonf? zdwf=um;cH&aom {nfhcH




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rsm;ESifh awG@qkHum 4if;wdk@wdkif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaeor#udkavhvm&ef

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&ef pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyf

a&;±kef;uefr_.'%fudk cHcJh&olrsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHh&ef pDrHudef;rsm;udk

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&yf. wm0ef cHjzpfol vli,fwOD;vma&mufI 4if;wdk@vkyfief;ta=umif;

&Sif;jyygonf? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif usqkH;cJhaom&Jabmfrsm;. usef&pf

olZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrfrsm;aqmufvkyfae=u&m t,f*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;

rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef zdwfac:=udK

qdka=umif; ajymjyygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfvnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;

pcef;wGif &ufowWywf tawmf=um oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;

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rsm;rSm t,f*sD;&D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGef/ e,fomvefESifh *smreDpaom

wdkif;jynfrsm;rS vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif;

ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?

atmifqef;pk=unf. rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle)

awmifwef;rsm;odk@ vufxufr*FvmwyGJ wufa&muf=unfh±_&ef ac:oGm;

zl;onf? usrwdk@ESpfOD;twlwl qm[m&oJuE Wm&tpyf&Sd jrdKŒav;wjrdKŒ

wdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;

vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI roGm;EdkifcJhyg? aemuftvnftywf c&D;w&yf

taeeJ@ a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfcJhaom jrdKŒysuf=uD;&Sd&modk@ oGm;cJh.?

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csrdonfqdkoavmuf a&mufcJhygonf? xdk@aemuf ausmif;pmjyefusufjyD;

ausmif;ydwf&uftqkH;wGif atmufpzdk@'fodk@ jyefoGm;EdkifcJhygonf?”[lI



oef;0if;vIdif26

a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf?

1962-63 ckESpfrsm;wGif a':

atmifqef;pk=unfonf a'vDwuU

odkvfY EdkifiHa&;odyHbmom&yfudk avh

vmqnf;yl;cJhonf? 1964 ckESpfrS

1967 ckESpftwGif; atmufpzdk@'f wuU

odkvf&Sd [l;pfaumvdyfY '\eaA'/

EdkifiHa&;ody`HESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf

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&&Sd jyD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf

onf vydkif;r# [l;pfaumvdyfwGif pm

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wGif vef'efwuUodkvf ta&SŒydkif;ESifh tmz&du avhvma&;Xme/ EdkifiHa&;

odyHXmeY okawoe vufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;&GufcJhonf?

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onf? bdvyfjyefoef; ac: 'dk&moef;at;onf t,f*sD;&D;,m;wGif (4)

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a&muf&Sdaecsdefjzpfonf? bdvyfjyefoef;ESifh rdom;pkyrm&if;ESD;aeaom

z&ef@xa&*g (Frank Trager) u 4if; EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;bmom&yf

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a':atmifqef;pkMunf

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oef;0if;vIdif28

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aetdrfY rnfolrqkd vGwfvyfyGifh

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cJh&m xdkpOftjzpftysufudk bdvyfjyefoef;u Todk@jyefajymif; ajymjy

cJhonf?

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bdvyfjyefoef;

ac: 'dk&moef;at;



oef;0if;vIdif30

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=um;wGif xdkifapygonf? usrudkrl udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@OD;aqmifvmcJh

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wif. ZeD;u opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm;/ tmvl;a=umfrsm;udk pm;yGJ ay:odk@csjyD;

aemuf csufjyKwfa&;udpPrsm;udk tjyD;owfpDrH&ef uyfvsuftcef;xJodk@

0ifoGm;ygonf? tm;vHk; wa,mufwayguf tv†my/ ov†my pum;

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or*~Y tvkyfvkyfygoenf;? rnfonfhEdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk udkifaqmif

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tvGefrSenf;vrf;rusaomudpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk; jyifqif&efvdka=umif;

Z,fqufovdkajymum OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf?

jrefrmoHwrefavmurS yk*~dKvfrsm;u OD;vGifajymor# rsufESmvdk

rsufESm&toGifjzifh axmufcHoHrsm;jyKum ‘pk’ udk rvdkonfhrsufESmrsm;

jzifh 0dkif;=unfhae=uygawmhonf? ‘pk’u [efrysuf wnfjidrfpGm&Sdaejcif;

rSm usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? xdkaemuf ‘pk’

u Áa¹EN&Sd&Sd vef'ef&SdjrefrmoH±Hk;Y olrav#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeft

awmf=umaejyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tusKd;ta=umif; bmwckrS rod

ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodk@aomta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh Tr#txd xl;

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a,mufodk@ olrynmoif&efvmcJh&mY vuf&SdEdkifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkif

aqmifae&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tvkyf&SmcJh&m uHaumif;

axmufrpGmjzifh ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom; jzpf

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vef'efoH±Hk;rSydk@ay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EdkifiHul;vufrSwf t




opfa&mufvmonfESifh ta[mif;udk =unfjzLpGm jyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/

EdkifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfudkifEdkif&ef EdkifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqdkif&myJjzpf

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tm;vHk;em;vnfvdrfhrnf[k ol,lqa=umif; ‘pk’ u ,Ofaus;odrfarG@pGm

tcsufusus ajymoGm;ygonf?

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ul;vufrSwftopf&&ef av#mufxm;cJhonfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &SdjyDjzpf

a=umif;udk twnfjyKum xHk;pHtwdkif; av#mufv$mudk &efukefodk@ydk@xm;

jyD;jzpfa=umif;ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm=umjyDjzpf

aomfvnf; ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&Sdyga=umif; xyfavmif;

ajym=um;cJhonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todk@ xHk;pHtwdkif; aESmifh

aES;=uef@=umr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfh AsL±dku&uf

,E W&m;ESifh =udK;eDpepftqifhqifha=umifh tvkyfrwGifus,faer_rsm; t

a=umif;udk tcef;wGif;&Sd usrwdk@tm;vHk; od&SdjyD;jzpfygonf? xdktcgrS

tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; ‘pk’ taeESifh TuJhodk@vkyf±kHr#vGJI tjcm;

a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJ ha=umif; em;vnfoabmaygufcJhygawmhonf?

udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@t=uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; jrwfav;ajymovdk

“idkI &DIr&aomrsufESmxm;” jzifh wdk;v#Kdawmif;yefaomavoHESifh tp

utajctaeudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/ &efukefa&mufaom

tcg EdkifiHul;vufrSwf±Hk;u vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef ol

udk,fwdkifn$ef=um;vdkufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf? Tyk*~dKvf

rsm;rSm ‘ pk’ xuf touftm;jzifh =uD;=uolrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; aumif;

aomt&nftcsif;jzifh tcsdefpD;onfh ‘vl=uD;’ rsm;r[kwf[k usr xifjrif

rdygonf? usrvnf; tcGifh=uHKaeonfESifh csufaumif;,lum “EdkifiHul;

vufrSwfawG vHk;vHk;rudkifwJhae@ jrefjrefa&mufygapvdk@ usrwdk@ ar#mfvifh

&rSmyJ”[k ajymvdkufrdygonf? xdk@aemuf usrwdk@ ae@v,fpm twlwuG

pm;aomuf=uygonf?

tjrJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@xJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaeudk usr



oef;0if;vIdif32

wdk@ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;aomrdwfaqGwOD;vnf; ygonf? xdk

rdwfaqGu “pk” . a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k ajymaomtcg/

‘pk’ u “,Hk=unfcsuft& owœd&Sd±kHru tquftEG,ft&vnf; owœd&Sd

wmudk;” [k jyefvnfacsycJhygonf? olrqdkvdkonfrSm ‘pk’ onf AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;ESifha':cif=unfwdk@. &ifaoG;jzpfojzifh ol@udkawmf±Hkwef±Hk ESdyf

vdk@&rnfr[kwf[k qdkvdk[efwlaeygonf? usrtxifawmh ‘pk’ onf

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;rdk@ aoG;om;t&awmfpyfaeonfomru pdwf

"gwfuvnf; atmifqef;pdwf"gwftjynfh&Sdonfh zatwlorD;yDoonf

[k xifjrifaerdygawmhonf?”

a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukvor*~±kH;Y wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfrSm

yif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wuUodkvfY pwifzl;pmqkHcJhaom a'guf

wmrdkufu,ftJ&pf (Dr.Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESifh 1971 ckESpf/

Edk0ifbmv 31 &ufae@wGif vufxufxdrf;jrm;cJhonf? rdkufu,ftJ&pf

onf jAdwdo#vlrsKd;wOD;jzpf+yD; atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkvfY ajrmufydkif; Ak'<

bmom r [m,me. vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mordkif;a=umif;udk

txl;jyKavhvmaeaom okawoDwOD;jzpfonf? olonf ,if;ynm

a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifh olYcifyGef; a'gufwm rdkufu,ftJ&pf




&yfqdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;trsm;tjym;udkvnf; a&;om;jyKpkxkwfa0cJhonf?

ukvor*~±kH;Y 3 ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD;aemuf a':atmifqef;

pk=unfonf qufvuftr_rxrf;awmhbJ om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf

0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufygonf?

odk@ESifh b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm

trsm;od+yD;jzpfonf? cifyGef;jzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=um

uyif [dr0E WmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefEdkifiHY bk&ifhom;awmf/ orD;

awmfrsm; pmjyq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXmet=uD;

tuJtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk

=unfonf blwefY wESpfcef@aecJhonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzGJ@=uD;

.tzGJ@0iftjzpf r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf

csufjcif;yif blwefEdkifiHjcm;a&;±kH;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qdkif&m t=uHay;

t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&cJhonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; jrifhqef;atmif

ac: tvufZENm; (Alexander John Chirstopher Aris) udk rsufESmjrif

&ef t*Fvefodk@jyefvmonf? om;t=uD; jrifhqef;atmifudk 1973 ckESpf

{jyDv 12 &uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? rdkufu,fu vef'ef

wuUodkvfY yg&*lbGJ@oifwef;pwifjyD; rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk@'fwuU

odkvf ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ 0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd, om;i,f xdefvif;

ac: uifrf (Dannaian Kim Arundel Aris) udk 1977 ckESpf/ pufwifbm

24 &uf pae@aewGif zGm;jrifonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf uav;

rsm;tm;jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&SdrdcifxHodk@tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdk@

jzifh rdrdb0udk at;csrf;pGm jzwfoef;vmcJhonf?

tdrfaxmifhwm0efudkxdrf;odrf;&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pm

ayrsm; pIa&;om;vmcJhonf? pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olr

onf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmom pmtkyftajrmuftrsm; pkaqmif;cJh

onf? rdkufu,f. wdbufqdkif&mpmtkyfrsm;ESifh okawoeqdkif&m pm

tkyfpmwrf;rsm;uvnf; wae@xufwae@rsm;jym;vmcJh&m tdrfY xm;p



oef;0if;vIdif34

&myifr&Sdatmif jynfhv#Haeygawmhonf? uav;rsm;uvnf; pmzwf

0goemygolrsm;tjzpf =uD;jyif;vmcJh=uygonf?

1975 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpftxd (2) ESpfcef@ atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkvf

abm'vD,efpm=unfhwdkuf (Bolein Library) Y jrefrmpmtkyfESifh ay/

yk&ydk'f uwfwavmufjyKpkol pm=unfhwdkufvufaxmuftjzpf wm0ef

xrf;&GufcJhonf?

xdk@aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf olr.zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmif

qef; txWKy`wWdudka&;om;&ef pwifpOf;pm;vmcJhonf? odk@jzifh *syefbm

ompum;udk ZGJ=uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmif

qef;. b0wpdwfwydkif;ESifh *syefEdkifiH qufpyfaeaoma=umifh *syefESifh

qufoG,fykH/ *syefEdkifiHodk@ &JabmfokH;usdyfrsm;ac:aqmifoGm;cJhykHtp/ *syefY

ppfynmoif=um;cJhykHtv,f/ *syefwdk@ESifhtwl jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;=udK;

yrf;cJhykHtqkH; *syefqdkif&mtaxmuftxm;rsm;avhvm&efjzpfonf? xdk@

jyif jrefrmjynfta=umif; a&;om;xm;aom t*Fvdyfjrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/

*syefjynfta=umif;a&;om;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefbmompmtkyf

a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifh olr\ *syefpm q&mr rDcsDudkwm&D




rsm;udkyg wajz;ajz;pkaqmif;vmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. txWKywWd

udk taxmuftxm;cdkifcdkifvkHvkHjzifh jyKpk&ef&nfoefxm;&m pepfwus

okawoejyKygawmhonf?

wzufrSvnf; 1985-86 ESpfrsm;wGif *syeftpdk;&. ynmoifqk

udkvufcHum *syefEdkifiHusKdwdkwuUodkvf/ ta&SŒawmiftm&Sqdkif&m avh

vma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Siftjzpf oGm;a&mufokawoejyKcJhyg

onf? *syefEdkifiHY okawoejyKpk&if; *syef-jrefrmcspf=unfa&;toif;

tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhawG@qkHum 4if;wdk@rSwqifh olrzcifESifhodu|rf;cJhaom t

ouf&SifqJ *syefppfzufqdkif&m t&m&Sd/ t&mcHrsm;ESifh tqufoG,f&cJh

onf? xdktcsdefu rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;+rdKŒ&Sd

tdENd,EdkifiH tqifhjrifh pmayavhvma&;Xme okawoeynm&Siftjzpf

a&muf&Sdaeonf?

xdkodk@okawoejyK&if; 1987 ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqif;rvm;jrdKŒ&Sd

txl;okawoejyKa&; tdENd,odyHXme (Indian Institute of AdvancedStudy) wGif okawoeynm&Sif (Resarch Fellow) tjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf?

,if;odk@vkyfudkif&if; vef'efjrdKŒ&Sd vef'efwuUodkvf ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh

tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&*lbGJ@,l&efvnf; bGJ@,lpmwrf;wapmif

udk jyKpk&efpDpOfcJhonf? xkdtcsdefu olr. vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf

vkH@v}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdÏmef cdkifcdkifrmrmcsxm;jcif;udk jyoaeonf[k qdk&

ayrnf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. bGJ@,l&ef wifoGif;cJhonfhpmwrf;trnfrSm

“jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif pme,fZif;rsm;u taxmuftuljyKcJhykH

(1910-1945)” jzpfonf?

xdkESpfwGifyif rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf rsufpdrSwdrfudk cGJpdwfuko&ef

twGuf vef'efjrdKŒodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? cGJpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrif

jrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unf

twGuf pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf?

vef'efjrdKŒwGif ESpfv=umr#aexdkifjyD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf 1987



oef;0if;vIdif36

ZGefvwGif rsufpd tawmf tajctaeaumif;vmojzifh jrefrmjynfodk@

pdwf&$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;cJhonf? vef'efudk tvnftywfa&muf&SdpOfu

rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ 4if;wdk@ESifhawG@qkHcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&

a=umif; ponfjzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;cJhonf?

odk@aomf &efukefjyefa&mufI 10 vrjynfhrD 1988 ckESpf/ rwfvukef

ydkif;wGif jyif;xefaomavjzwfjcif;'%fudkcH&ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk

onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk&yfxm;cJhum rdcifudkjyKpk&ef a&muf

vmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexdkiftvkyfvkyfaeaom olr

tpfudk atmifqef;OD;vnf; 10 &ufcef@ vma&mufvnfywfcJhonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrfaxmifruscifuvnf;aumif;/ tdrf

axmifjyKjyD;aomtcgYvnf;aumif; rdcif=uD;xHrSefrSef vma&muf vnf

ywfaexdkifcJhonf? rdcifa':cif=unfonf ajr;rsm;udk olrrsufpdrcGJrD wESpf

tvdku &efukefaetdrfwGif &SifjyKr*FvmyGJudk rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifhtwl udk,f

wdkif=uD;=uyfjyD; usif;ycJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ rdkufu,fESifh om;

ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS vef'efjrdK@odk@ 1987 pufwifbmvtwGif;

a':cifMunf ½kyftavmif;udk jyifxm;pOf




jyefa&mufvm=ujyD; wuUodkvfynm&SifavmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;w

ustcsdefY rdcif=uD;a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif; owif;a&mufvmyg

awmhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf a=u;eef;&&Sdjcif; csufcsif;yif

&onfhav,mOfjzifh rdcif =uD;tm;jyKpk&ef &efukefodk@ vdkufygcJhonf?

1988 ckESpfwGif rdcif=uD; a':cif

=unf emrusef;r_a=umifh jyefvnf

a&muf&Sdvmaom a':atmifqef;pk

=unfonf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tvSnfh

tajymif; wqpfcsKd;auG@wGif rar#mf

vifhyJ xdawG@cJh&ayonf? Tae&m

Y ociftkef;jrifh/ OD;axG;jrifh/ ocif

wifjrwdk@udkvnf; &if;ESD;awG@qkHcJh&

onfudk azmfjy&efvdkayonf?

ociftkef;jrifhonf AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;ESifhyk*~dKvfa&;t& &if;ESD;oljzpfonf? wdk;wufa&;ESifh *sme,f

ausmf*sme,fwdk@wGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhaom wdk@Armtpnf;

t±kH;0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ociftkef;jrifhudk 1918/ {jyD 28 &ufae@wGif

yJcl;wdkif;a'o=uD;/ vufyHwef;jrdKŒY tzOD;zdk;aumif;/ trda':at;wifwdk@rS

zGm;jrifonf? 1933 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvwGif vufyHwef;jrdKŒ tpdk;&txuf

wef;ausmif;Y wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH; aºuG;a=umfoHpm&Gufrsm; jzef@a0jcif;

jzifh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf? *se,f

ausmfOD;cspfarmifrSm xdkpOfu ol. ausmif;q&mjzpfonf? 1934 ck/ rwf

vwGif vufyHwef;jrdKŒ tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifcJh&m

aq;wuUodkvfodk@rwufa&mufbJ &efukefowif;pmavmuodk@ 0if

a&mufvkyfudkifcJhjyD; a&ausmf&yfwGif *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmifESifh twlae

xdkifonf?

1938 ckESpf/ {jyDvwGif ykodrfwGifusif;yaom wwd,t=udrf jrefrm

EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifhodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? 1938

wdk;wufa&;

ociftkef;jrifh



oef;0if;vIdif38

ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif wdk;wufa&;owif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyf

udkifcJhonf? 1938 u olwnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJhaom‘axmift&om’ pm

tkyf xif&Sm;ausmf=um;cJhonf? *sme,fausmfwGifvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;

a&;om;onf? 1939 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif qDrD;cGuf uavmiftrnfjzifh

a&;om;cJhaomaqmif;yg;wyk'fa=umifh wdk;wufa&;owif;pm tmrcH t

awmif;cH&onf? xdkESpfrSmyif wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH;XmecsKyf tr_aqmif

tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf?

1947 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;cJhjyD;aemufydkif;Y usef&pfol

a':cif=unfrdom;pkESifh taea0;vmcJhjyD; wESpfwcgcef@om oGm;vm

qufoG,fr_&SdcJhavonf? 1967 ckESpf a':cif=unf tdENd,oHtrwf=uD;

tjzpfrS tjidrf;pm;,lI jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmjyD;aemufydkif;

wGif r=umc%qdkovdk qkHjzpfcJholjzpfonf? xdkpOfu a':atmifqef;pk

=unf t*FvefjynfwGif ynmoif=um;aeqJjzpfonf?

1984 ckESpf a':atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@acwWjyefa&mufcJhpOf

OD;tkef;jrifhESifhjyefvnfawG@qkHcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf yg&*lbGJ@,l&ef

pmwrf;jyKpkaepOftwGif; vdktyfaomordkif;taxmuftxm; tcsuf

tvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;&ef OD;tkef;jrifhudk tultnDawmif;cJhonf?

OD;tkef;jrifhuvnf; vdktyfaomordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pm=unfh

wdkufrsm;pGmrS rdwWLul;weful;/ pmtkyfta[mif;qdkifrsm;rS 0,fwef0,fI

pkaqmif;ay;cJhonf?

4if;aemufydkif;wGif a':cif=unf. usef;rma&;tajctae wpwp

csKdŒwJhvmaomtcg OD;tkef;jrifhonf a':cif=unftdrfodk@ ae@pOfvdkvdk 0if

xGufI vdktyfor#udk ulnDay;cJhonf? 1986 ckESpf a':atmifqef;pk

=unf yg&*lbGJ@&jyD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@acwWjyefvmpOf ol.om;ESpf

a,muftm; rdcif=uD;a':cif=unfu &SifjyKay;cJhonf? &SifjyKyGJtjyD; rdom;

pk pkHpkHvifvif&SdaepOftwGif; OD;tkef;jrifhu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;

wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;twGuf wckckudk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;apcsifa=umif;

aqG;aEG;ajym=um;cJhonf?




xdk@aemuf 1987 ckESpf/ arvwGif a':cif=unfonf t*Fvefodk@

rsufpdcGJ&efoGm;a&mufcJhjyD; ZGefvqef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefa&muf&Sdvm

cJhonf? 1988 ckESpf/ rwfvtukefwGif a':cif=unfavjzwfjyD;aemuf

{jyDvqef;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf &efukefodk@vdkufygcJhonf? OD;tkef;

jrifhu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; a':cif=unf. usef;rma&;tajctae

ESifhrD;pmukefqDcrf;t&G,fa&mufaeonfrdk@ rnfodk@r#jyefvnf usef;rmvm

vdrfhrnf ol rxifa=umif; zGifh[ajym=um;cJhonf? xdkpOfu a':cif=unf

onf touf 75 ESpf&SdjyDjzpfonf?

tu,fI rdcif=uD;wdrf;yg;cJhaomf t*Fvefodk@rjyefbJ jrefrmjynfrSm

aexdkifI wdkif;jynftwGuf wckckudk wm0ef,lvkyfay;apcsifa=umif;

xyfrHajym=um;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf 1988 ck/

'DZifbm 27 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf?

odk@uvdk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpOftjrJtajccsaexdkifI wdkif;jynfESifh

vlrsKd;twGuf apwemoef@oef@/ &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd/ cH,lcsufjyif;jyif;jzifh

EdkifiHa&;vkyfaqmifygu ol.udk,fa&;udk,fwmpGef@v$wfr_rsm;/ &ifqdkif=uKH

awG@&rnfhtcuftcJrsm;udk ay;qyf&rnfudk =udKwifwGufqxm;jyD;jzpf

onf? xdkpOf rwfvausmif;om;ta&;tcif;. aemufqufwGJ 'Drdku

a&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay:aygufaejyDjzpfonf?



oef;0if;vIdif40

jynfaxmifpktzGJ@csKyf(yxp)tpdk;&udk vufeufjzifhjzKwfcs tm%m

odrf;cJhaom AkdvfcsKyf=uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifonfh ppfwyftm%modrf; awmf

vSefa&;aumifpDu 1962 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 4 &ufae@wGif jrefrmh qdk&S,f

vpfvrf;pOfygwD ac: rqvygwDudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhonf?

rqv ygwDonf 26 ESpfwmumvtwGif; jynfolvlxk=uD; w&yf

vkH;tm; rpm;&0cref; pdwful;,Ofqdk&S,fvpf0g'rsm; r_dif;wdkufum jrefrmh

qdk&S,fvpf0g'vrf;pOfudk twif;t=uyftaumiftxnfazmfcJhr_a=umifh

ta&SŒawmiftm&SwGif o,HZmwrsm;aygºuG,fI pD;yGm;a&;zHG@jzdK;wdk;wuf

aejyDjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm; =uKHawG@

vmum urBmhrdom;pkY zGH@jzdK;r_tenf;qkH;EdkifiHtjzpf pm&if;0ifoGm;cJh&

ayonf?

Todk@tajctaersm; jynfolvlxktwGif;jzpfay:aepOf pufr_wuU

odkvfausmif;om;tcsKd@ESifh tif;pdef=udKŒukef;taemuf&yfuGufrS vli,f

tcsKdŒwdk@. rar#mfvifhbJ cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJh&onfh omref&efyGJav;wckudk

ta=umif;jyKI 1988 ta&;awmfykH pwifjzpfay:cJhavonf?

1988 ck/ rwfv 12 &uf/ paeae@n 9 em&D 15 rdepftcsdefcef@wGif

tif;pdefjrdK@e,f/ =udK@ukef;blwmteD; pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqdkifY pufr_

wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpfausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom armifausmfqef;0if;/

armif0if;jrifhtygt0if ausmif;om; 4 OD;ESifh t&ufrl;aeonfh &yfuGuf

aumifpDOuUX.om; aZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGiftygt0if taygif;tyg

5 OD;wdk@u pdkif;xD;qdkifoDcsif;zGifhcdkif;&mrS pum;rsm;cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJhonf?

,if;odk@ausmif;om;udk0if;jrifht±dkufcH&ojzifh OD;acgif;/ ausmESifh vuf

armif;wdk@wGif aygufjyJzl;a&mifaom '%f&mrsm;&&SdcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh

ausmif;om; 3 OD;vnf; &Jpcef;odk@oGm;a&mufwdkif=um;cJhonf? tif;pdef&J

pcef;rSvnf; vufzuf&nfqdkifwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaomtr_ESifhywfowfI O

tcef;(2)

aemufcHordkif;




ya'yk'fr (325/ 114) t& tr_zGifhta&;,ljyD; jypfr_usL;vGef&mwGif yg0ifcJh

onfh aZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGifESifh vli,f 5 OD;wdk@tm; zrf;qD;cJhonf?

oufqdkif&mausmif;tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u ta&;,l

aqmif&GufcJhjcif;a=umifh xdkudpPrSm xdkntwGuf jyD;pD;cJhavonf?

1988 ckESpf/ rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefjynfol@&Jpcef;rS zrf;qD;

xm;aomaZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGifonf &yfuGufaumifpD OuUX.om;

jzpfaeaoma=umifh jyefvnfv$wfay;cJhonf? ,if;odk@ aZmfaZmfqdkoltm;

jyefvnfv$wfay;vdkufonfudk ausmif;om;rsm;od&Sd=uaomtcg pufr_

wuUodkvfausmif;om; 20 cef@ jynfol@aumifpD±kH;odk@ oGm;a&muf uef@

uGufcJh=uonf? &yfuGufaumifpDOuUXu *±krpdkuf/ em;raxmifvdk

a=umif; jiif;y,fvdkufI ausmif;om;rsm; a'goolykefxum aumifpD±kH;

udk cJrsm;jzifhypfcwfcJh=uonf? pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh

&yfuGufaumifpDOuUXom;ESifh =udKŒukef;taemufydkif;om;vli,frsm; xyf

rH cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJh=u&m ausmif;om;tcsKdŒxyfrH'%f&m&&SdcJh=ujyefonf?

xdktajctae xdkowif;udkod&Sd=uonfESifhwjydKifeuf ausmif;om;rsm;

pkpnf;jyD; pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqdkifESifh =udKŒukef;taemuf&yfuGufjynfol@

aumifpD±kH;wdk@tm; cJrsm;/ ckHrsm;jzifhypfaygufjcif;/ atmf[pfqJqdkjcif;rsm;

jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? xdktajctaewGif &yfuGufor0g,rtoif;qdkif rD;

avmifr_jzpfyGm;&m &yfuGufvlxku rD;jidrf;owfjyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk

0dkif;vdkuf&efjyK=uonf? wif;rmjyif;xefaeaom tajctae wpwp

=uD;xGm;vmum aemufqkH;Y tif;pdefvrf;r=uD;ay:wGif wzufESifhwzuf

&efapmifcJh=uonftxd jzpfcJh=uonf?

Todk@ qdk;&GmpGmjzpfysufaeonfudk oufqdkif&mtm%mydkifwdk@u

jidrf;csrf;ajyvnfpGmrajz&Sif;bJ vkHjcKHr_xdef;odrf;a&;wy f(vkHxdef;) rsm;udk

apv$wfI t=urf;zufjzdKcGif;cdkif;cJhojzifh rwfv 14 &ufae@eHeuf 3 em&D

tcsdefcef@wGif acwWvlpkuGJoGm;cJhonf? ,if;odk@aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwf

vlpkcGJr_a=umifh ausmif;om; 5 OD;'%f&m&&SdcJhjyD; 4if;wdk@teuf pufr_

wuUodkvf ae@ausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom armifzkef;armf 23 ESpfESifh



oef;0if;vIdif42

armifpdk;Edkifwdk@ aoqkH;cJh=uonf? armifzkef;armfonf ,refESpfrSpI pufr_

wuUodkvfabmvkH;toif; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJh&mrS vuf&Sd twGif;

a&;rSL;xH aiGpm&if;rsm;oGm;a&mufv$Jtyf&ef oGm;a&mufpOf qlylr_jzpfyGm;

pOfESifh=uKHawG@um vkHjcKHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ypfcwfr_a=umifh aoewfusnf

xdrSefcJhjcif;jzpfonf? q&mESifhausmif;om;rsm;u aoewfxdrSefaom

armifzkef;armftm;ayG@,ljyD; pufr_wuUodkvftwGif;wGif 0Sufxm;cJh=u

onf? armifpdk;Edkifonf aq;±kHa&mufjyD;aemufr=umrDyif aoqkH;oGm;cJh

onf?

xdk@a=umifh rwfv 14 &ufae@wGif pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;

onf aoqkH;'%f&m&ol ausmif;om;rsm;udk ta=umif;jyI qufvuf

qlylqENjycJh=uonf? xdk@jyif ausmif;omrsm;ta&;ESifh ywfowfaom

awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&tm;awmif;qdkcJh=uonf?

(u) ausmif;rydwfa&;/

(c) ausmif;ywf0ef;usifvkHjcKHa&;csxm;aom &Jrsm;±kyfodrf;ay;a&;/

(*) awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tjrefqkH;ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrnfh wm0ef&Sdol

wOD;OD;ESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifig;OD;u

&efukefpufrIwuúodkvf




awG@qkHvufcHnd‡E_dif;ay;&efESifh ajz&Sif;ray;Edkifygu wm0ef&Sdol

rsm; teD;odk@rvma&muf&ef/

xdk@jyif xdkae@rGef;vGJ 2 em&Dcef@wGif ausmif;0if;tkwfeH&H/ uGrf;,mqdkif

wdk@wGif atmufygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; xyfrHuyfcJh=uonf?

(u) 13/ 3/ 88 ae@jzpf&yfudk owif;pmrsm;xJY trSeftwdkif; a&;

om;&ef/

(c) aoqkH;olausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif oj*FK[f

cGifhjyK&ef/

(*) tjypfrJhaomaoqkH;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 0rf;enf;a=umif;

rSwfwrf;wifay;&ef/

(C) rsuf&nf,kdAkH;/ usnfjzifhypfolwdk@udk ta&;,lay;&ef/

(i) ausmif;om;rsm;vdkvm;csufudk w&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&yfrS

wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;&ef/

aemufwae@jzpfaom rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif ynma&; 'kwd,0ef

=uD; a'gufwmarmif'Donf ausmifom;rsm;udk csufcsif;oGm;a&mufnd‡

E_dif;cJhaomfvnf; tqifrajybJ qufvufwif;rmaecJhonf? xdkpOfrSmyif

vkHxdef; 500 cef@onf &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfudk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJhjyD;

ausmif;om;rsm;udk 0ifa&muf±dkufESufcJh&m ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; zrf;

qD;cH&jyD; '%f&m&&SdcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh pufr_wuUodkvf0if;twGif;Y

xdef;r&avmufatmif qlyltkHºuGvmcJhonf? xdkpOftwGif; oufqdkif&m

tm%mydkifwdk@u ae&yfjyefvdkolausmif;om;rsm; jyefEdkifa=umif;jzifh xkwf

jyefa=unmum ausmif;rsm;udk acwWydwfvkdufavonf? &efukefpufr_

wuUodkvfta&;tcif;onf &efukefwuUodkvfyifrodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;um

tkHºuGr_rsm; ydkrdk=uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;

onf rwfv 16 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUodkvf (yifr) y&0k%f&Sd ausmif;

om;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um xdkrSwqifh &efukefwuUodkvf (vSKdife,fajr) odk@

ul;vl;&ef pdkif;jyif;vm=uonf? ,if;odk@ ausmif;om;rsm; &efukefwuU

odkvf (v_dife,fajr) odk@tul; wHwm;jzLteD;odk@ta&mufwGif &JwyfzGJ@0if



oef;0if;vIdif44

rsm;u ypfcwf±dkufESufvlpkcGJ=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;udk tifvsm;uef

abmifwGif acsmifydwf±dkufESufcJhr_ESifhywfowfI AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmif

=uD;u (8/ 6/ 88) &ufpGJjzifh a&;om;xm;aomtdwfzGifhay;pmwGif T

odk@azmfjyxm;onf?

“acgif;udk±dkufcGJ/ emem±dkuf”[k pufxJrSmtrdef@ay;cJha=umif;/ rdef;

uav;rsm;udkqHyifqGJ±dkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onfh rdef;u

av;udk qHyifqGJI±dkufa=umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpfavmif; a&xJrS

ay:vma=umif;”ponfjzifhazmfjyxm;onf? 4if;tjyif tif;vsm;uef

abmifay: Yjzpfonfhnu vlrsm;pGmaoqkH;cJha=umif;/ tavmif;rsm;udk

nwGif;csif;rD;±_dŒcJha=umif;/ aoqkH;olrsm;ESifhywfowfI wvcef@=umrS

rdbrsm;xH pmjzifhta=umif;=um;a=umif;/ axmifxJwGifvnf; vkHxdef;

ykvdyfrsm;u 0if±kdufa=umif;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk t"rRusifha=umif;/ axmif

xJwGif rsm;pGmn‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpuf=ua=umif;/ vlaygif; 283 a,mufaoqkH;cJh

a=umif; tp&Sdonfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?

tvm;wl rwfv 17 &ufae@wGifvnf; &efukefwuUodkvftwGif;

pka0;a&muf&Sdaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk vlpkcGJ twif;t"rR t=urf;

zufjzdKcGif;cJhonf? rqvtpdk;&xkwfowif;pmrsm;Yrl qENjyausmif;om;

ausmif;ol 154 a,mufudkom pDppfxdef;odrf;cJhonf? aoqkH;ol/ '%f

&m&olvkH;0r&Sd[k a&;om;azmfjy=uonf?

rqvtpdk;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;. ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;ESifh

ywfowfI awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vkH;0vspfvsL±_Ir&awmhojzifh rwfv

17 &ufae@wGif pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifudk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJh&onf? xdkaumfr&Sif

onf 12/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;rsm; jzpf

yGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;udk pkHprf;wifjy&rnfjzpfayonf? xdkaumfr&Sift

zGJ@udk jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpforRwjrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHawmfaumifpDrS 1988

ckESpf/ rwfv 17 &ufpGJyg trdef@a=ujimpmtrSwf (45§88)jzifh xkwfjyef

a=unmcJh&m xdktrdef@a=umfjimpmt& xdkaumfr&SifwGif-

(u) OD;barmf (jynfol@w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@0if)-OuUX




(c) OD;vSwifh - jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmif-tzGJ@0if

(*) a'gufwmarmif&Sdef -jynfol@vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@0if

xdk@tjyif ,if;trdef@a=umfjimpmwGif aumfr&Sif. twGif;a&;rSL;

tjzpf OuUXu wm0efay;tyfolu aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfjyD; pkHprf;a&;

aumfr&Sifonf ta&;cif;rnfuJhodk@pwifay:aygufcJhonf? ta&;cif;wGif

ausmif;om; 2 OD; aoewf'%f&mjzifhaoqkH;cJh&jcif;rSm rnfonfh ao

ewfjzifh rnfol.vufcsufa=umifhjzpfonfudk tcsuftvufrsm; trSef

&&Sdatmif pkHprf;ppfaq;I tpD&ifcHpmudk (17/ 4/ 88) &ufae@ta&muf

EdkifiHawmfaumifpDodk@ wifjy&efyg&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif ta&;cif;ESifh ywfowf

onfh aumfr&Sif.okH;oyfcsuf/ t=uHjyKcsuf/ tvm;wlta&;tcif;rsKD;

ray:aygufap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonfhtcsufrsm; vdkygu xnfhoGif;azmfjy

&rnfjzpfonf?

tpdk;&rS pkHprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;jyKvkyfaepOftwGif;rSmyif ausmif;om;

rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkyl;aygif;um qENjyr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;cJhonf?

rwfvta&;tcif;twGif;Y tpkd;&. t=urf;zufjzdKcGif;r_a=umifh ausmif;

om;rsm;ESifh &[ef;&Sifvlajrmufrsm;pGm aoG;ajruscJhovdk/ vlaygif;rsm;pGm

xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdum zrf;qD;cHcJh&avonf?

rwfv 18 &ufae@wGif odrfjzLvrf;Y at;csrf;pGm qENjyaeolrsm;

emrnfqdk;jzifh ausmfMum;&m tif;pdeftusOf;axmif



oef;0if;vIdif46

tm; zrf;qD;I xdkae@n oef;acgifausmftcsdefwGif tcsKyfum;jzifh tif;pdef

tusOf;axmifodk@ydk@aqmifcJh&m tif;pdefaxmifa&muf&Sd vmaomtcg

(71) OD;wifaqmifvmaom tcsKyfum;wpD;wGif (41) OD;aoqkH;aeonf

udk awG@&SdcJh&onf? tpdk;&xkwfjyefcsufrsm;wGifrl tcsKyfarmfawmf,mOf

rsm; rvkHavmufr_a=umifh ,mOfwpD;wGif wifaqmif&rnfh tcsKyfom;OD;

a&xuf ydkIwifaqmifcJh&jcif;/ 45 rdepfom armif;ESif&rnfhc&D;udk vrf;

ydwfqdk@r_tajctaersm;t& 2 em&Dcef@=umatmif armif;ESif&r_rsm;

a=umifh jzpf&onf[lI azmfjycJhonf?

aoqkH;olrsm;udk AdkvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fjynfol@&JwyfzGJ@rSL;u

19/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif AdkvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fw&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@odk@

aor_ aocif;zGifhjyD; ppfaq;ay;yg&ef wifjycJhonf? Adkvfwaxmif w&m;

ol=uD;tzGJ@onf xdkae@wGifyif jrdK@e,fwm0efcHq&m0ef/ oufqdkif&m jynf

ol@&Jt&m&Sdrsm;ESifhtwl tif;pdeftusOf;axmifodk@ oGm;a&mufppfaq;cJh

onf? aor_aocif;zGifhvSpfppfaq;csuft& 4if;wdk@onf rsuf&nf,kdAkH;

"gwfaiG@ ±_±_dufrdIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyf,mOftwGif; wifaqmif&

rnfhOD;a&xuf ydkrdkwifaqmifcJhojzifh touf±_rGef;usyfIvnf;aumif;

aoqkH;cJh&jcif;jzpfa=umif; awG@&SdcJh&onf? tqdkygudpPESifhpyfvsOf;I 19/

7/ 88 ae@wGifrS xkwfjyefa=unmcJhjyD; xdkowif;xkwfjyef&ef =uef@=umae

&jcif;rSm jidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk axmuf±_I qlylr_r=uD;xGm;ap&eftwGuf

jzpfa=umif; xkwfjyefcJhonf?

,if;odk@aoqkH;cJhr_a=umifh jynfxJa&;ESifh/ omoema&;0ef=uD;Xme

0ef=uD; OD;rif;a*gif EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&onf? xdk@jyif 1988 rwfvtwGif;

jzpfyGm;cJhaomta&;tcif;wGif jzpfay:vmcJhaomudpPrsm;twGuf wm0ef

ruif;=uonfh 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;armifarmifcESifh jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmif

tzGJ@OuUX OD;jrifharmiftm; 1988 Zlvdkif 26 &ufae@wGif &mxl;rS Ekwf

yg,fcJhonf?

1988 rwfvtwGif;jzpfyGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;ESifhygwfowfI

arv 9 &ufae@ ae@pGJyg AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif=uD;. (41) rsufESm




yg&Sdaompmrsm;onf vlxktwGif; ysHŒESH@cJhonf? xdk@jyif OD;atmif=uD;onf

(1) “udkif;-tckawmhaumif;Edkif=uao;&JŒvm;” [laom pmw

apmifudk 12/ 5/ 88 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/

(2) “tif;vsm;uefabmifjy\em”[laom pmwapmifudk 8/ 6

88 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/

(3) “prf;acsmif;/ ajreDukef; &wemykH±kyf&Sif±kHudpPrsm;”[laompmudk

22/ 7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;/

(4) “u|efawmfwdk@ESpfOD;xJtwGufomjzpfonf”[laompmudk 9/

7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;

(5) “vl@tcGifhta&;tjynfht0&&Sda&;udpP”[laompmudk 19/ 7/

88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif; jzef@a0cJhonf?

rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl xdktcsdefujzef@a0cJhaom OD;atmif=uD;. pm

wef;rsm;onf jynfolvlxkudk EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;apcJhonf? 4if;a&;om;xm;

aompmwrf;udk wckcsif;avhvm=unfhygu atmufygtwdkif; awG@&Sd&

onf?

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wdkif;jynfqefjy\emjzpfawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ pufr_vkyfief;tm;vkH; vdk

vdkydwfxm;&jyDjzpfa=umif;/ 'kuQa&mufrnfhta&;udk owday;&a=umif;

azmfjyxm;onf?

(c) 8/ 6/ 88 &ufpGJjzifh a&;om;xm;aompmwrf;wGif ausmif;om;



oef;0if;vIdif48

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rSm 4if;r[kwfa=umif; &Sif;vif;a&;om;xm;ygonf? 1988 rwfv

ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;ESifhywfowfI ygwDOuUX=uD;taejzifh wm0efr

,l&ef/ 4if;udpP.w&m;cHrSm ygwDOuUX=uD;r[kwfa=umif;/ =udKŒukef;&yf

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rsm;udk qHyifqGJ±dkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onfh rdef;uav;udk

yif qHyifqGJI ±dkufa=umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpfavmif; a&xJuay:

vma=umif; ponfjzifha&;om;xm;&m trSefwu,faoqkH;cJhjcif;/ jyif;

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=uD;.pmwrf;Y tif;vsm;uefabmifay:wGifjzpfonfhnu vltrsm;t

jym;aoqkH;cJha=umif;/ tavmif;rsm;udk nwGif;csif;rD;±_d@cJha=umif;/ aoqkH;

olrsm;ESifhywfowfI wvcef@=umrS rdbrsm;xH pmjzifhta=umif;=um;

a=umif;/ axmifxJwGifvnf; vkHxdef;ykvdyfrsm;u 0if±dkufa=umif;/ ausmif;

olrsm;udk t"rRusifha=umif;/ axmifxJwGifrsm;pGm n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpuf=u

a=umif;/ vlaygif; 283 a,muf aoqkH;cJha=umif;ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;

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jynftusKd;aus;Zl;&SdrnfhudpP&yfrsm;udk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJha=umif;/ vuf&Sd

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twGif;rSmyif 1988 arv 13 &ufae@wGif (17/ 3/ 88 ) &ufae@u zGJ@




pnf;ay;cJhonfh &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;wcsKdŒESifh =udKŒukef;

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pepfonf a&maESmaecJhjyD; txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf? &efukef

wdkif;Yvnf; a'oygwDOuUX/ wdkif;aumifpDOuUXESifh &efukefwdkif;ppfXme

csKyfwdkif;rSL;[lI trdef@ay;Edkifonfh tm%mydkif (3) OD;&Sdonf? &efukefjrdKŒ

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awmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf csufcsif;rodvdkuf&bJ t"du±k%f; ESdrfESif;&mY

vnf; vkHxdef;rsm;ESifh ppfwyf a&maxG;aeonfudk wyfrSL;rsm;u r=udKuf

ESpfouf=uacs?

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tusOf;axmifujyefvGwfvmonfh ausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;wdk@ tawG@

t=uKHrsm;udk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;=u&m ZGef 15 &ufae@rS 20 &ufae@txd

&efukefwuUodkvf tyef;ajz&dyfomwGif qENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkufjzpfyGm;

cJ hjyefonf? &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ txufwef;

ausmif;om;rsm;ygrusef jynfolvlxkyg tajrmuftrsm;yg0ifvm=u

onf?

ZGefv 21 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;udk jyefydwfa=umif; a=unmcJh

aomfvnf; oydwfarSmufr_rsm; wjynfvkH;odk@ ysHŒESHoGm;cJhonf? ,if;ae@Y



oef;0if;vIdif50

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wuUodkvf0ef;twGif;rS jyifyodk@xGufvmjyD; vlxkESifhyl;aygif;um v_dif/

prf;acsmif;/ urm&Gwf/ r&rf;ukef;/ tif;pdefjrdKŒe,frsm;wGif qENjycJh=u

onf? prf;acsmif;jrdKŒe,fwGif &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u at;csrf;pGm vufeufrJhjzifh

qENjyaeolrsm;udk ypfcwfESdrfESif;&m aoa=uxdcdkufr_rsm;&SdcJhonf? xdkae@

rSmyif &efukefjrdKŒxJ&Sdaq;wuUodkvfudk ausmif;om;xkonf jynfvrf;

twdkif;qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0dkif;tausmf ajreDukef;

ta&mufY vkHxdef;wyfzGJ@rsm;.wm;qD;r_a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vkH

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xk. ylaygif;wdkufcdkufr_a=umifh vkHxdef; 20 ESifh jynfolw&mausmf aoqkH;

cJh&onf?

tpdk;&owif;pmrsm;Y qlylt=urf;zuform;rsm; vufeufrsKd;pkHjzifh

xdk;ckwfwdkufcdkufr_a=umifh jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@0if 6 OD; usqkH;jyD;/ 25 OD; jyif;

xefpGm '%f&m&&SdcJhonf[k vdrfnma&;om;xm;cJhaomfvnf; jynfolvl

xkaoa=uxdcdkufr_udkrl zkH;zdxm;cJhonf?

xdktawmtwGif; awmif=uD;jrdKŒESifhjynfjrdKŒrsm;Yvnf; vlxkqENjyr_

rsm;jzpfyGm;cJh&m yk'fr 144 xkwfjyefcJhonf?odkaomf jynfjrdKŒY jzpfyGm;vsuf

&Sdaom tkHºuGqENjyr_rsm; vkH;0xdef;r&awmhojzifh 1988 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv

22 &ufae@wGif tpdk;&u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmum ppfwyfrS vufeuf

jzifh jzdKcGif;cJhonf?

,if;uJhodk@ EdkifiHtESH@&Sd jrdKŒ=uD;rsm;wGif qlyltkHºuGr_rsm;jzpfyGm;aepOfrSm

1988 Zlvdkif 23 &ufae@wGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ta&;ay:

nDvmcH usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;Y ygwDOuUX OD;ae0if;onf

,if;Y tjypf&Sdr_a=umifh EkwfxGuf&aomfvnf; “ppfwyfqdkwm rdk;ay:

axmifjyD;awm hypfwmr[kwfbl;? ypf&ifrSefatmifypfw,f” [k vlxkESifh

ausmif;om;rsm;udkpdefac: jyD; ordkif;wGif trnf;puf=uD;xifatmif ajym

=um;oGm;cJhonf? Zlvdkif 24 &ufae@wGif qufvufusif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom

rqvygwD ta&;ay:nDvmcH'kwd,ae@tpnf;ta0;Y wyfrawmf pnf;




±kH;a&;aumfrwDrS nDvmcH &J

abmfarmifoifhu OD;atmif=uD;

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pmwrf;rsm;udka&;om;I jynfolESifhausmif;om;rsm;udk jzef@a0cJha=umif;/

wcsdefwnf;wGif acgif;aqmifydkif;ESifhwyfrawmftwGif; aoG;uGJatmifjyK

vkyfjyD; OuUX=uD;tay: opPmapmifhod cspfcifav;pm;oa,mif csOf;uyf

um 4if;tm%m&&Sd&ef =udK;yrf;cJha=umif;/ olonfOuUX=uD;tay: opPm&Sd

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om;r_udk rjyKvkyfoifha=umif;/ OuUX=uD;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl

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xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJh&a=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh OuUX=uD;taejzifh ygwDEkwf

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odk@aomf Zlvdkif 25 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom nDvmcH wwd,ae@

ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJh&m vrf;pOfygwDOuUX=uD; OD;

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vkyf&efwdk@twGuf qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf?

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odrf;vdkufonf?

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vdkif 28 &ufae@rSpI &efukefjrdK@awmfpnfyifom,ma&;e,fedrdwf t

wGif;&Sd jrdK@e,frsm;Yynmoif=um;aeaom ausmif;rsm;odk@ysHŒESH@a&muf&Sd

vmonf? qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;ae@rS =o*kwfv 2 &ufae@

txd a&$wd*kH&ifjyifawmfay:wGif oydwfpcef;rsm; zGifhvSpfcJh=uonf? qENjy

ausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;&ifjyifay:wGif pkpnf;um vma&muf=u

aom vlxky&dwfowftm; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a0iSjcif;/ tpdk;&qef@

usifa&;a[majymjcif;/ pmuyfjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?

ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh jynfolwdk@ pk±kH;rdaomtcg bk&m;ay:rS

wqifh &efukefjrdKŒtwGif;&Sd jrdKŒe,ftcsKdŒwGif vSnfhvnfqENjycJh=uonf?

xdk@a=umifh rqv tpdk;&onf 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 3 &ufae@wGif

EdkifiHawmfaumifpD. a=unmcsuftrSwf 5§88jzifh &efukefwdkif; ppftkyf

csKyfa&;Oya'udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmf. pDrHcef@cGJr_tm%m

ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mrsm;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf=uD; apm

armiftm; tyfESif;cJhonf? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfonf EdkifiHawmfaumifpD

a=unmcsuf 5§88 yg vkyfydkifcGifht& xdkae@rSmyif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

±kH;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmcsuftrSwf (2)udk xkwfjyefI &efukefwdkif;

ppfXmecsKyf/ wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfrsKd;nGef@tm; rdrdudk,fpm;



oef;0if;vIdif54

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk aqmif&Guf&ef tm%mv$Jtyfay;cJhonf?

odk@jzifh 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 3 &uf n 7 em&DrSpI 1988 =o*kwf

v 24 &ufae@txd &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@rsm;udk

atmufygtwdkif;xkwfjyefcJhonf?

(u) &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@ trSwf (1§88)

jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oowfrSwfjcif;ESifh ppfa'orSL;rsm;cef@tyfjcif;?

(c) &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@trSwf(2§88)jzifh

pDrHcef@cGJr_ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_wdk@ESifhywfowfI n$ef=um;csufxkwfjyefjcif;?

(*) &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@trSwf(3§88)jzifh

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'owGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;?

(C) &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@trSwf (4§88)jzifh

jynfol@vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@tqifhqifhwdk@udk pDrHcef@cGJa&;udpPrsm; quf

vufaqmif&Gufapjcif;?

(i) &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@trSwf(6§88)jzifh

nrxGuf&/ vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlig;a,mufESifh ig;a,mufESifhtxuf oGm;

vmv_yf&Sm;jcif;rjyK&trdef@rsm; xkwfjyefjcif;?

(p) &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@trSwf(9§88)jzifh

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@trSwf(6§88)jzifh xkwfjyefwm;jrpfcsufrsm;tm;

±kyfodrf;jcif;?

1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 5 &ufae@twGif; ppftkyfcsKyfa&; t=uH

ay;tzGJ@tm; wyfrawmfrSt&m&Sd=uD;wOD;ESifh jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmif

tzGJ@rS wOD;tygt0if ckESpfOD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdk@jyif um

uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf=uD;apmarmifonf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;

rSL;tm; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf±kH;. a=unmcsuftrSwf(2) t& v$Jtyf

xm;aomtm%mt&yf&yfudkusifhokH;apvsuf atmufygtwdkif;ppftkyf

csKyfa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?

(u) AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;n$ef@ - OuUX (wdkif;rSL;/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf)

(c) OD;&J0if; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efukefwdkif;a'oygwDaumfrwD)




(*) OD;ausmfodef; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efukefwdkif;jynfol@aumifpD)

(C) AdkvfrSL;=uD; atmifcif - tzGJ@0if (jrdKŒawmf0ef/ &efukefjrdKŒawmf

pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJ@)

(i) AdkvfrSL;=uD; oef@Zif - tzGJ@0if ('kwd,wdkif;rSL;/ &efukefwdkif;

ppfXmecsKyf)

(p) AdkvfrSL;=uD; cifjrifh - tzGJ@0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (1) ppfa'o)

(q) AdkvfrSL;=uD; odef;xGef; - tzGJ@0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (2)

ppfa'o)

(Z) AdkvfrSL;=uD; omaX; - tzGJ@0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (3) ppf

a'o)

(ps) AdkvfrSL;=uD; rsKd;aqG - tzGJ@0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (4) ppfa'o)

(n) 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;=uD; odef;jrifh - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ wdkif;w&m;ol=uD;

tzGJ@)

(É) OD;rsKd;n$ef@ - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ wdkif;vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@)

(X) OD;qef;jrifh - tzGJ@0if (&JaxmufcsKyf/ jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@XmecsKyf)

(È) AdkvfrSL;=uD; aZmfrif;- tzGJ@0if (n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ rD;owf

OD;pD;Xme)

(Ê) a'gufwm OD;pdef&D - tzGJ@0if (&efukefwdkif;usef;rma&;OD;pD;Xme)

(%) 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;=uD; atmifoef; - twGif;a&;rSL; (ppfOD;pD;rSL;-

yxrwef;)

(w) 'kwd,AdkfvfrSL;=uD; wiftkef;- wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (vuf

axmufppfOya'csKyf/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf)

,if;uJhodk@ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; a=unmusifhokH;jcif;udk rqv tpdk;&u

EdkifiHawmfvkHjcKHa&;ESifh jynfol@tdk;tdrfwdk@udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef t

vdk@iSm urBmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhokH;vsuf&Sdaom usifhxkH;rsm;ESifhtnD jynf

axmifpk qdk&S,fvpforRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'yk'fr

(76) t& tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk okH;pGJvsuf xkwfjyefcJhaom

EdkifiHawmfaumifpD. a=unmcsuftrSwf(5§88)t&jzpfonf[kqdkonf?



oef;0if;vIdif56

,if;odk@ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; a=unmcJhjyD;aemuf ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m

ausmif;om;rsm;or*~u ppfOya'xkwfjyefcsufudk zDqefum &Spfav;vkH;

taxGaxGoydwf=uD;twGuf v_H@aqmfa&;pmapmifrsm; pwifjzef@a0cJho

vdk vlaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmuvnf; qENjycJhonf?

Todk@jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pwifonfh 1988 =o*kwfv 3 &ufrS 8

&ufae@txd &efukefjrdK@tygt0if jrdKŒ=uD; 19 +rdKŒY jidrf;csrf;pGm qENjy

awmif;qkdaeaom vlxk=uD;tm; vkHjcKHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u ypfcwf&Sif;

vif;r_a=umifh &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;rsm; axmifcsDaoqkH;cJh&onf?

1988 =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ ordkif;wGifrnfh taxGaxGoydwf=uD;udk jynf

olvlxkodef;csDqifE$JcJh=uonf? xdkae@nae 5 em&DwGif jrdKŒawmfcef;ra&SŒ&Sd

ajruGufvyfY qENjyolrsm; pka0;a&muf&SdvmjyD; awmif;qkdr_rsm;udk

awmif;qdkjcif;/ tpdk;&qef@usifa&; ajymqdkjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfum a&muf&Sdvm

aom vlxk=uD;tm; qENjyacgif;aqmifrsm;u tvSnfhusw&m;a[m

ajymae&m &efukefwdkif; wdkif;rSL;u tjrefqkH;vlpkcGJ&ef toHcsJŒpufrS a=u

jimcJhonf? vlxk=uD;u rdrdtpDpOfwdkif; ra=umufr&GHŒ/ rwkefrv_yf quf

vufjyKvkyfcJh&m n 11 em&DwGif enf;AsL[mwckESifh ajcjrefwyf&if; (2)

&if;wdk@onf jrdK@awmfcef;rrSaeI armif;jyefaoewfrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwf




r_a=umifh vlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm xyfrHaoG;ajruscJh&jyefonf? =o*kwf

v 11 &ufae@wGif tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pkH/ or*~/ toif;tzGJ@rsm; at;csrf;

pGm qENjyaeonfhvlxktm; ppfwyfu xyfrHypfcwf&m vlxkaxmifaygif;

rsm;pGm aoa=u'%f&m &&SdcJhonf?

,if;odk@ &ufpufpGmypfrdef@ay;cJhaom EdkifiHawmforRw OD;pdefvGiftm;

jynfyowif;pmapmifwckjzpfonfh wdkif;rf (Time) r*~Zif;=uD;u (8/ 8/

88) xkwfwGif om;owform;odk@r[kwf vlowform; (The Butcheer)

tjzpf a&;om;cJhavonf?

xdkae@rSmyif emusnf;a'gojzpfaeaom vlxk=uD;u &efukefwdkif;

twGif; jrdKŒe,f&Jpcef;rsm;udk pD;eif;0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufum rD;±_d@zsufqD;

cJh=uonf? xdk@twl 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10 &ufae@wGif jrefrmjynfjrdKŒ

=uD;rsm;Y qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; qufwdkufjzpfyGm;cJhonf?

xdkodk@aom tajctaet&yf&yfa=umifh =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif

OD;pdefvGifonf rqvygwDOuUXtjzpfrSvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD

OuUXtjzpfrSvnf;aumif; EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&onf?

jynfwGif;jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;cJhaom OD;

pdefvGifonf rGefjynfe,f/ aygifjrdKŒe,f/ aumhu&if&GmwGif tzOD;a&$&if/

trda':rm=uD;wdk@rS 1924/ Zefe0g&Dv 22 &ufae@wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? y

nmt&nftcsif;edrfhyg;I ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf wyf&if; (1) wyf

cGJ (3) Y wyfom;tjzpf 0ifa&mufppfr_xrf;&if; *syefacwf r*Fvm'kH ppf

wuUodkvfAdkvfoifwef;wwd,odk@ wufa&mufcJholjzpfonf? xdk@aemuf

ajcvsifwyf&if;(3)/ csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if;/ trSwf (4) aoewfudkif

wyf&if;wdk@Y toD;oD;xrf;&GufcJholjzpfonf?

,if;aemuf taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf 'kwdkif;rSL;/ taemuf

ajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf? xdkrSwqifh

or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme/ ydk@aqmifqufoG,fa&;0ef=uD;Xme/ jynfxJa&;ESifh

omoema&;0ef=uD;Xmewdk@Y 0ef=uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;&GufcJholvnf;

jzpfonf?



oef;0if;vIdif58

xdk@aemuf EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf

aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ rqvygwD wGJzuftaxGaxG

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; tqifhqifhxrf;aqmifcJholjzpfonf?

rqvygwD OuUXESifh EdkifiHawmforRwtjzpf EkwfxGufoGm;cJhjyD;aemuf

2004 ckESpf/ {jyDv 9 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

rqvtpdk;&u =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@rS =o*kwfv 14 &ufae@txd

&Spfq,fh&Spf'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH=uD;tm; t=urf;zufjzdKcGif;cJhr_a=umifh

aoqkH;ol/ '%f&m&ol/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&olrsm;udk xdefcsefI atmuf

ygtwdkif; xkwfjyefcJhonf?

(u) aoqkH;olrsm;? ? trsKd;om; (106) OD;/ trsKd;orD; (8) OD;/

pkpkaygif; (114) OD;?

(c) '%f&m&olrsm;? /? oHCm (6) yg;/ trsKd;om; (304) OD;/

trsKd;orD; (26)OD;/ pkpkaygif; (336)OD;?

(*) zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh&olrsm;? ? oHCm (27) yg;/ trsKd;om;

(2557) OD;/ trsKd;orD; (381) OD;/ pkpkaygif; (2965) OD;wdk@ jzpf

onf?

xdkumvwGif vkHjcKHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm; xdcdkufaoqkH; '%f&m&&Sdr_ t

ajctaersm;udkvnf; -

(u) wyfrawmf

(1) aoqkH;ol (2) OD;

(2) '%f&m&ol (10) OD;

(3) vufeufwvuf qkH;±_H;?

(c) jynfol@&J

(1) aoqkH; (16) OD;

(2) '%f&m& (4) OD;

(3) vufeuf (27) vuf qkH;±_H;wdk@jzpfonf?




xdkumvtwGif; t=urf;zufr_rsm;a=umifh ysufqD;qkH;±_H;r_pm&if;rsm;

udkvnf; oufqdkif&m0ef=uD;Xmetvdkuf atmufygtwdkif; azmfjycJhonf?

(u) aqmufvkyfa&;0ef=uD;Xme usyf (1827260)

(c) jyef=um;a&;0ef=uD;Xme usyf (802255)

(*) pGrf;tif0ef=uD;Xme usyf (2843983)

(C) v,f,mESifhopfawm0ef=uD;Xme usyf (141550)

(i) trSwf (1) pufr_0ef=uD;Xme usyf (725346)

(p) or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme usyf (10373778)

1988 =o*kwfvwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom &Spfq,fh&Spf 'Drdkua&pDta&;

awmfykHonf &efukefjrdK@wckwnf;wGifomr[kwfbJ EdkifiHtESH@/ +rdKŒe,ft

rsm;tjym;wGifjzpfyGm;cJh&m qkH;±_H;ysufpD;r_rsm;/ aoa=u'%f&m&ol trsm;

tjym;&SdcJhonf?

TuJhodk@ tajctaersm;±_yfaxG;aepOfumvtwGif;rSmyif rqv

ygwD ygwDA[dkaumfrwD (11) =udrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;udk 1988 =o*kwf

v 19 &ufae@wGif &efukefjrdKŒ jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rY

usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf? xdktpnf;ta0;rS vpfvyfoGm;aomygwDOuUX

ae&mtm; ygwDA[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0if a'gufwmarmifarmif

tm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJh=uonf? xdkae@ ae@vnfydkif;wGif qufvuf

usif;yaom pwkwÎt=udrf jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rS EdkifiHawmf

aumifpDOuUXESifh EdkifiHawmforRwtjzpf a'gufwmarmifarmifudkyif a&G;

cs,fvdkufa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?

a'gufwmarmifarmifonf EdkifiHawmforRwjzpfvmjyD;aemuf EdkifiH

awmfaumifpD. a=unmcsuftrSwf (7§88) jzifh EdkifiHawmfwGif vuf&Sd

jzpfysufaeaom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ jynfol@a&;&mpDrHcef@cGJa&; tajc

taet&yf&yfESifhpyfvsOf;I jynfolwdk@. ppfrSefaomoabmxm;rsm;udk

&,lEdkif&eftwGuf jynfol@w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@OuUX OD;wifatmif[def; OuU

Xtjzpfaqmif&Gufrnfh jynfol@qENavhvmpkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifudk tzGJ@0if

11 OD;jzifh 1988 =o*kwfv 19 &ufae@rS tpjyKI atmufygtwdkif; zGJ@



oef;0if;vIdif60

pnf;cJhonf?

(u) OD;wifatmif[def; - OuUX (OuUX/ jynfol@w&m;ol=uD; tzGJ@)

(c) OD;pef;armif - tzGJ@0if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if)

(*) OD;pdkif;atmifxGef; - tzJG@0if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if)

(*) a'gufwm ref;oufpH - tzJG@0if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if)

(i) OD;bjidrf; - ('kwd,OuUX/ tvkyform;tpnf;t±kH;/ A[dkOD;pD;

tzGJ@XmecsKyf)

(p) OD;cspfaqG - ('kwd,OuUX/ awmifolv,form;tpnf;t±kH;

A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@XmecsKyf)

(q) a'gufwmxGef;oif - (ygarmuQcsKyf/ aq;wuUodkvfrE Wav;)

(Z) OD;vSxGef; - (jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f/ ausmufwef;-

2)

(ps) OD;apmv_dif - (ausmif;tkyf=uD;/ [oFmwaumvdyf)

(n) OD;atmifwdk; - twGif;a&;rSL; (tzGJ@0if/ 0efxrf;a&G;cs,favhusifh

a&;tzGJ@)

(É) OD;cifarmifat; - wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/

A[dkw&m;±kH;/ jynfol@w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@)

xdkpOftwGif; ociftkef;jrifhonf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocif

wifjrESifhrdwfqufay;cJhonf?

ocifwifjronf ociftkef;jrifh.urf;vSrf;csuft& a':atmifqef;

pk=unfodk@ tultnDay;&eftwGuf oabmwlnDcsufESpfcsufudk awmif;

qkdcJhonf?

(1) a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh OD;axG;;jrifhwdk@ESpfOD; a&;om;xkwfjyef

xm;aom tpdk;&ESifhjynfolwdk@tm; arwWm&yfcHcsufpmwrf;wGif jrefrmhqdk

&S,fvpfygwD0ifrsm;tm; *dk%f;*%&Sdoabmxm;&Sdjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;ae

onf? xdkoabmxm;udk ±kyfodrf;&ef?

(2) aemif ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pD tajctaersm;ay:xGef;vmjyD; EdkifiHa&;




ygwDrsm;ay:aygufvmygu ol@ (ocifwifjr) tm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;wGif

ryg0ifr_udk cGifhjyK&ef?

xdkoabmwlnDcsufESpfcsufudk a':atmifqef;pk=unfu oabmwl

vufcHcJha=umif; jyef=um;cJhojzifh ocifwifjru a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk

ulnD&ef qufoG,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@aemufwGif ocifwifjr t=uHay;cJh

onfhtwdkif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom “jynfol@

twdkifyifcHuGefz&ifhusif;yI jy\emrsm; nd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;a&;” pmwrf;

wGifyg&Sdonfh rqvygwD0ifrsm;tay: *kd%f;*%oabmxm;jzifh a&;

om;xm;csufudk jzKwfy,f&efpmwrf;udk xyfrH±dkufESdyfjzef@jzL;cJhonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdkarwWm&yfcHcsufpmwrf;udk xdkpOfu

EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL; ol&OD;ausmfxiftm;qufoG,fjyD; ay;ydk@

cJhonf? vlcsif;awG@qkH&efvnf; =udK;pm;cJhonf? odk@aomf awG@qkHcGifhr&cJh

ay? xdk@aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol.oabmxm;udk a'guf

wmarmifarmifxHwifjy&ef ocifwifjrtm;wifjyI =udK;pm;cJhao;onf?

ocifwifjru a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tultnDawmif;cHr_rsm;ESifh ywf

owfI yxrOD;pGm olESifh&if;ESD;aom w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@OuUX OD;wifatmif

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tjzpftrSL;jyKaom “'Drdkua&pDESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (,m,D)”udk 1988



oef;0if;vIdif74

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twGif;a&;rSL;

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a=umif;ESifh 1962 ckESpfZlvdkifv 8 &ufae@ azmufcGJjzdKcscH&aom ausmif;

om;or*~taqmufttHkudk jyefvnfwnfaqmufay;rnfjzpfa=umif;/

jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk; vkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufI jynfol@

tusKd;udk o,fydk;=uapvkda=umif;” ponfjzifh rdef@cGef;ajym=um;oGm;

onf?

1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (2) &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;tzGJ@csKyf n$ef

=um;csuf (3§88) udk xkwfjyefI jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk; tvkyf

odk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf&ef E_d;aqmfcJhonf? odk@aomf 0efxrf;rsm;u xdk

nGef=um;csufrsm;ESifh trdef@rsm;onf 4if;wdk@ESifh rywfoufovdkaecJh=u

jyD; ,if;wdk@. rlvEdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk qufvufaumftxnf

azmfcJh=uonf?

tvm;wl pufwifbm (3) &ufae@wGif ynma&;0ef}uD;ESifh wuU

odkvf/ aumvdyfq&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;tcrf;tem;udk wuU

odkvfrsm; A[dkaumifpDcef;rwGif jyKvkyfcJhjyD; pufwifbm(2) &ufae@u

xkwfjyefcJhonfh Ed kifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmif. rdef@cGef;yg

ausmif;om;or*~zGJ@pnf; a&;/ ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttHkaqmuf

vkyfa&;udpPwdk@ESifh pyfvsOf;I ausmif;om;or*~,m,Dtr_aqmiftzGJ@ESifh

q&m/ q&mrrsm; ,m,Dtr_aqmiftzGJ@wdk@. oabmxm;rsm;udk

awmif;cHcJhonf? ,if;wdk@. oabmxm;xkwfjyefcsufwGif -

“ausmif;om;ESifhjynfolonf wom;wnf;jzpfI jynfolrsm;.

awmif;qdkcsufjzpfonfh wygwDpepfzsufodrf;a&;ESifh =um;jzwftpdk;& csuf

csif;zGJ@pnf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;wdk@udk vdkufavsmjcif;r&Sdor# umvywf

vHk; u|Ekfyfwdkhonf ausmif;om;or*~zGJhpnf;jcif;udkvnf; vufcHvdrfhrnf

r[kwf” [lI yg&Sdonf?

xdk@twl ,if;ae@ (2 ² 9 ² 88) wGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@

(,m,D) A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;ta0;udk trSwf (10) 0uF

bmvrf;Y jyKvkyfcJh=ujyD; a=unmcsuftrSwf (2) udk xkwfjyefcJh=uonf?

,if;a=unmcsufwGif -




“ jynfwGif;ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtjrefqHk; ay:xGef;vma&;twGuf jynf

olwdk@. wcJeufqENjy taxGaxGoydwfjuD;udk 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm

8 &ufae@wGif qifE$Jrnfjzpfa=umif;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;(,m,D)

. oabmxm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfudk axmufcHaom &[ef;&Sifvljynfolrsm;

onf tqdkygtaxGaxGoydwf}uD;wGif tvHk;t&if;jzifh tpGrf;ukefyg0if

qifEJ$=u&efESifh vlxktwGif; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;r_r&dS/ txl;aoG;pnf;nDnGwf

=u&ef/ tzsuform;rsm;u trsKd;rsKd;zsufqD;&ef vkyf=uHvdrfhrnf? 4if;udk

&ifqdkifEdkif&eftwGuf txl;pnf;urf;ao0yf=u&ef/ TwdkufyGJ}uD;onf

ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJjzpf&m rnfodk@yif &efpv_H@aqmfonfjzpfap/ t=urf;rzuf

rd=u&ef” wdk@yg&Sdonf? Ta=unmcsufonf rqvppftpdk;&jzKwfcs&ef

twGuf jynfolvlxktm;v_H@aqmfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf?

pufwifbm 5 &ufaeh or0g,rtoif; 0efxrf;rsm;or*~tzGJ@

(,m,D)/ wmarGjrdKŒe,fusL&Sifq&m§rrsm; or*~tzGJ@ (,m,D)/ ajrmuf

OuUvmyjrdKŒe,f a&SŒaersm;or*~tzGJ@ (,m,D)/ usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm;

or*~tzGJ@ (,m,D)/ rlqviftcrJhaq;±Hktvkyform;or*~tzGJ@ (,m,D)/

omauw+rdKŒe,fpmayv_yf&Sm;r_tiftm;pk (,m,D)/ jrefrmhtmrcHvkyf

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ta&;qdkif&m trsKd;om;aumfrwDtzGJ@wdk@udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=ujyD; wygwD tm

%m&Sifzsufodrf;a&;ESifh =um;jzwftpdk;& tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;a&;udk

awmif;qdkcJh=uonf?

xdkae@rSmyif tpdk;&u oydwfpcef;rsm;ESifh qENjyaeolrsm;tm; wef

jyeftzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif&ef &efukef+rdKŒ ppfr_xrf;a[mif;

rsm;trsm;pkaexdkif&m awmifOuUvmy+rdKŒe,fpDrHudef; (1) &yfuGuf t

wGif;odk@ uyprS xkwfvkyfcJhaom wkwf/ "g;vufeufrsm;ESifh *sif*vdao

wœmrsm; vma&mufcsay;r_a=umifh owif;jyef@um &yfuGufvlxkESifh xdyf

wdkuf&ifqdkifawG@+yD; tjyeftvSeft=urf;zufwdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? ,if;

wdkufcdkufr_a=umifh ppfwyfrSpdwfºuGaq;rsm;ESifh xHkaq;rsm;xdk;ay;xm;



oef;0if;vIdif78

aomvlaygif; (23) OD; acgif;jzwfrD;±_dŒowfjcif;cH&onf? pDrHudef;&yfuGuf&Sd

tdrfajc(46) vHk;vnf; rD;±_dŒzsufqD;cHcJh&onf? tvm;wlyif &efukef+rdKŒ

uav;aq;±Hk}uD;odk@ jzefhjzL;ay;a0aeaom a&wdkifuDudk tqdyfcwfcJhonfh

ppfwyfrS apcdkif;cJholig;OD;vnf; towfcHcJh&onf?

tqdkygowif;onf vGwfvyfaom yk*~vdupmapmif/ owif;pm/

*sme,fwdk@wGif "gwfyHkrsm;ESifhwuG azmfjyyg&Sd&m &efukef/ rE Wav;tygt0if

+rdKŒ}uD;rsm;txd *,uf±dkufoGm;cJhavonf?

4if;jzpf&yfa=umifh jynfolESifhwyfrawmf=um;wGifvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH

awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um;wGifvnf;aumif; ,Hk=unf

r_uif;rJhvmum tpdk;&tm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifqef@usifr_rsm;udk wdk;yGm;

vmcJhonf?

tvm;wlyif axufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh OD;ae0if;.orD; r*F

vm'Hkppfaq;±HkrS aq;0efxrf;t&m&Sd AdkvfrSL;cifpENm0if;yg0ifaomtkyfpk

u trsm;pm;oHk;aeaom tpm;tpmESifh a&wdk@wGif tqdyfcwfr_a=umifh

vnf;aumif;/ &yfuGufrsm;odk@vdkufvHrD;uGif;ypfolrsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;

jynfolvlxktaygif; txdwftvef@usD;vef@pmpm; jzpfapcJh&onf?

,if;uJhodk@ ae&mtES@HqlyltHkºuGqENjyaepOftwGif; pufwifbmv

9 &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdKŒ/ 0uFbmvrf;/ jcHtrSwf(10) Y 'Drdkua&pDESifh

jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (,m,D) em,uOD;EkESifh jynfwGif;jynfyowif;pmq&m

rsm;awG@qHkI oif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJjyKvkyfcJhonf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif

OD;Eku -

“ 1947 ckESpfwdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfu twnfjyKcJhaom zGJ@pnf;

tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& usaemfomv#if w&m;0if 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf

a=umif;ESifh pif+ydKiftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a=umif;” a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf?

4if;.pif+ydKiftpdk;&wGif orRwref;0if;armif/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ um

uG,f a&;0ef}uD; OD;wifOD; ponfwdk@jzifhzGJ@pnf;a=umif;a=unmcJhonf?

,if;udpPESifh ywfoufI pufwifbmv 9 &uf nae 8 em&D 25

rdepftcsdefwGif bDbDpDtoHv$ifhXmewGif OD;Ekonf taxGaxGa&G;aumuf




yGJrsm;udk wvt=umwGif usif;yay;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ 4if;wOD;wnf;om

w&m;0if0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfa=umif;/ urBmhEdkifiHrsm;u 4if;udkom todtrSwf

jyK&efawmif;qdka=umif; xkwfv$ifhoGm;cJhonf? OD;atmif}uD;url OD;Ek.

vkyfaqmifcsufonf tvGeftE W&m,f}uD;a=umif;/ a':atmifqef;pk

=unfuvnf; OD;Ek.vkyfaqmifcsufrSm ravsmfuefa=umif;/ vli,f

trsm;pkuvnf; 4if;wdkh.}udK;yrf;xm;aomatmifyGJudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf

tjrwfxkwfoGm;onf[k xifjrifa=umif; xkwfazmfajym=um;oGm;cJh=u

onf?

pif+ydKiftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI at&S0dpf (Asia Weeks)pmapmifrS owif;axmufwOD;u OD;EkESifh awG@qHkar;jref;onhftcg OD;Eku

“ usaemfwdk@ [dkoHk;a,mufeJ@ nDnGwfzdk@ vltcsKdŒu odyfvdkvm;cJh=u

ygw,f/ [dkoHk;a,mufqdkwm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh OD;

atmif}uD;wdk@jzpf=uygw,f? olwdk@oHk;OD; usaemfwdk@tzGJ@eJ@aygif;r,fqdk&if

aygif;Edkifygw,f? usaemfuawmh tzGJ@xJ0ifvm&if usaemfhvrf;pOfrdk@ us

aemfyJ acgif;aqmif&rSmyJ?

usaemfwckckvkyfcsifjyDqdk&if wcgwav usaemfh&JabmfawGeJ@awmif

rwdkifyifbJ csufcsif;vkyfwwfygw,f? 'gayr,hf olwdk@u usaemfvkyfwm

r}udKufbl;qdk&if usaemfacgif;aqmifr_u qif;ay;r,f? usaemfvkyfwm

[m olwdk@vufcHw,fqdk&if usaemfhudk axmufcH=u&rSmyJ? tJ'g[m 'Drdk

ua&pDygyJ? 'gayr,hf usaemf[m y&d,m,fr&SdwJhvl/ tavmoHk;q,f

jrefjrefqefqefvkyfwwfwJhvlqdkjyD; ajym=uw,f? y&d,m,fr&SdwJhol[m

wcgwavraumif;wmjzpfwwfayr,fh wcgwavusawmh aumif;

wwfygw,f?

OD;ae0if;u usaemfhqDu tm%mudk vk,lvdk@ rjzpfEdkifygbl;? 'gay

r,hf usaemf[m tajccHOya't& w&m;0if0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfw,fqdkwm

ArmjynfolawGa&m/ ArmjynftjyifbufuvlawGyg odatmif usaemf

vkyfcsifw,f? [dkvluawmh tajccHOya't& w&m;0ifxm;wJh acgif;

aqmifr[kwfygbl;? usaemfom tajccHOya't& acgif;aqmifjzpf±Hkwif



oef;0if;vIdif80

rubl;/ jynfolawG&JŒ wcJeufaxmufcHr_udk &xm;oljzpfygw,f” [lI

&Sif;vif;ajym=um;oGm;onf?

xdk@aemuf pufwifbmv 10 &ufae@wGif rqvygwD ta&;ay:ygwD

nDvmcHudk &efukef+rdKŒjynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rY usif;y jyK

vkyfcJhonf? xdknDvmcHu ygwDpHkpepfjzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;y

&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcJhonf? xdknDvmcHwGif ygwDpHkOuUX a'gufwm

armifarmifu -

“ ygwDnDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfvdkufonfhtwdkif; jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif

ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf v$Jajymif;usifhoHk;Edkif&ef v$wfawmf. tqHk;tjzwf

cH,lrnfjzpfa=umif;/ ygwDpHk0if,SOf+ydKifEdkif=urnfh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ

}uD;udk tjrefqHk;ESifh tr#wqHk;/ tvGwfvyfqHk;jzpfatmif usif;yay;&ef

pDpOfxm;a=umif;” ajym=um;oGm;onf?

1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 11 &ufae@wGif pwkwÎt}udrf jynfol@

v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;udk qufvufusif;ycJhonf? xdk tpnf;ta0;

wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. t=uHjyKwifjycsufrsm;tay:

jynfol@v$wfawmfu vufcHoabmwlum EdkifiHawmfaumifpDOuUX

a'gufwmarmifarmifu -

(u) ygwDpHkpepfjzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;y&ef/

(c) ygwDpHkpepfjzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yEdkifa&;t

wGuft[efhtwm; jzpfaeaom tajccHOya'yg oufqdkifjyÏmef;csuf

rsm;ESifh tjcm;Oya'/ enf;Oya'rsm; y,fzsufay;Edkifa&;twGuf jynfol@

v$wfawmfu EdkifiHawmfaumifpDodk@v$Jtyf&ef?

(*) tajccHOya'yk'fr 43 (u) t& pwkwÎt}udrf jynfol@v$wf

awmf. ykHrSefoufwrf;onf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;yjyD;I jynfol@

v$wfawmftopf pwifpnf;a0;onfhae@txdom jzpfa=umif; av#mhayhg

owfrSwf&ef?

(C) pwkwÎt}udrf jynfol@v$wfawmfyÌrtpnf;ta0;u zGJ@pnf;

ay;xm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&Sifudk zsufodrf;ay;




&ef?

(i) w&m;r#waom taxGaxGa&GaumufyGJ atmifjrifpGm usif;y

Edkifa&;twGuf atmufygazmfjyyg yk*~dKvfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyf&ef?

(1) OD;baX; (tjidrf;pm; b¾mawmfrif;}uD;)

(2) OD;ausmfnGef@ (tjidrf;pm;uae'gqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;)

(3) OD;pef;armif (tjidrf;pm;ac|wmpkaqmif;a&;ESifh tmrcHpmcsKyf

rif;}uD;)

(4) OD;apm=um'dk; (tjidrf;pm;AdkvfrSL;csKyf)

(5) q&mcs,f (,cifygvDreftrwfESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;

vS,f)

(p) a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifwGif tzGJ@0ifOD;a&wdk;jcif;/ vpfvyfonfh

ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;jcif;udpPrsm; aqmif&GufydkifcGifhudk jynfol@v$wfawmfu

EdkifiHawmfaumifpDodk@ v$Jtyf&ef?

(q) ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rSwfyHkwifjcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJ pnf;rsOf;

pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm; a&;qGJjyÏmef;ay;jcif;wdk@udk aumfr&Sif

ESifh nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufay;a&;twGuf jynfol@v$wfawmfu EdkifiHawmf

aumifpDodk@v$Jtyf&ef?

(Z) taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk jynfol@ v$wfawmftwGufom

usif;y&ef?

(ps) taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfhae@onf ,ae@rSpI oHk;v

jynfhaomaeh[k owfrSwfay;&ef/ odk@aomf ay:aygufvmrnfh ygwDtzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;u a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@ t=uHjyKcsuft& ,ae@rSpI

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ap jyifqifowfrSwfusif;yEdkifonfh vkyfydkifcGifhudk jynfol@v$wfawmf

aumifpDodk@v$Jtyf&efwdk@jzpf=uonf?

xdk@aemuf a&G;aumfyGJaumfr&Sifonf rdrdwdk@aumfr&Sif. oabm

xm;udk wdkif;jynfodk@wifjy&ef ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ

usif;ya&;aumfr&Sif.a=unmcsuf trSwf(1) udk atmufygtwdkif; xkwf



oef;0if;vIdif82

jyefvdkufonf?

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tem;,lae=uaom yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfI rnfonfhygwDEdkifiHa&;udkr# quf

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udk,fwmtwGufvnf; wpHkw&m ar#mfrSef;xm;jcif;&Sd=uolrsm; r[kwf

=uyg? odk@&mwGif ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom wdkif;jynf.tajctaet& EdkifiH

awmfaumifpD aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk

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aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfaumifpDu wpHkw&mpGufzufr_ rjyK

&Hkomr aumfr&Sif. vdktyfaom tultnDrsm;udkay;rnf[k tmrcHcsuf

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vnf;aumif;/ aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf apwemtjynhft0ESifh wwf

pGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef aumfr&SifwGif yg0ifcJh=ujcif;jzpfygonf?

2? odk@ygI ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk r=umrD

usif;y&eftwGuf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDudk awmif;qdkae=uaom &[ef;&Sifvl/

ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;/ jynfolrsm;tygt0if wm0ef&Sdaom acgif;

aqmifrsm;onf Taumfr&SifESifh yl;aygif;ulnDaqmif&Guf=ujyD; vdk

tyfaom t=uHOm%frsm;ay;=uyg&ef av;pm;pGm zdwfac:tyfygonf?”

odk@aomf jynfolvlxkESifh 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;u tpdk;& usif;y

rnfha&G;aumufyGJudk t,Hkt=unfr&SdbJ =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@pnf;ay;&efudk

om awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? tpdk;&u oHk;vjynhfaeaomae@wGif taxG

axGa&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;rnfqdkaomtcsufudkvnf; jiif;

qdkcJh=uonf?

1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 13 &ufae@wGif A[ef;+rdKŒe,f/ trSwf




(94) ewfarmufvrf;&Sd ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;y

a&;aumfr&Sif±Hk; tpnf;ta0;cef;rY jyKvkyfcJhaoma&G;aumufyGJ aumf

r&SifESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;awG@qHkyGJodk@ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':

atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ &efukefjrdK@vHk;qdkif&m &[ef;ysKdor*~tzGJ@

csKyf/ jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tvkyform;or*~tzGJ@csKyf(&efukef)/ Oya'±Hk;

rsm;qdkif&m tvkyform;or*~(&efukef)/ wuUodkvfbGJ@& ausmif;om;

a[mif;rsm;tzGJ@/ 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyGJ0ifausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@/ wuUodkvf

rsm; (&efukef) wdk@rS OuUXESifh twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wuf

a&mufcJh=uonf?

xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;

ESifh wufa&mufvm=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;u ygwDpHk'Drdk

ua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifwGif yg0ifonfhyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;udk

rdrdwdk@taejzifh av;pm;,Hk=unfyga=umif;/ *g&0vnf;jyKyga=umif;/ okd@&m

wGif Taumfr&Sifudk vuf&Sdtpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;jzpfI wdkif;jynfESifh

jynfolvlxku tpdk;&tay: vHk;0t,Hkt=unfr&Sd=uawmhojzifh tpdk;

&u a&G;cs,fcef@xm;onfh aumfr&Sifudk vHk;0vufrcHEdkifa=umif;/ ,Hk=unf

r_vnf;r&Sd=ua=umif;/ vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGif oHk;vtwGif; a&G;

aumufyGJrsm;usif;yygu 26 ESpfwmr# zGJ@pnf;xm;jyD; EdkifiHawmfb¾

jzifh pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;aeonfh tm%m&ygwDudk ,cktxd ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;

rsm;/ rzGJ@&ao;aom/ b¾maiGvnf;r&SmazG&ao;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKif&ygu rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# w&m;

r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;vHk;eSifh

tpdk;&0efxrf;trsm;pkrSm vuf&Sdtm%m&ygwD. ygwD0ifrsm;jzpfaeao;

&m wyfrawmfESifh0efxrf;rsm;tm; rnfr#yif =um;aeyg[k nGef=um;csuf

xkwfaeapumrl jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfr_r&Sd=ua=umif;/ ,ck t+rdKŒ+rdKŒ

te,fe,fwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ&m;vnf;r&Sd/ vHkjcHKr_vnf;r&Sdojzifh a&G;

aumufyGJjyKvkyf&efrjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ odk@jzpfI jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unf=u

onhf yk*~dKvfrsm;yg0ifaom “ =um;jzwftpdk;&” tjrefqHk; zGJ@pnf;ay;oifh



oef;0if;vIdif84

a=umif; aqG;a@G;cJh=uonf?

xdk@tjyif 15 ² 9 ² 88 &ufae@xkwf a=u;rHkowif;pmwGifvnf;

“OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol&OD;wifOD;wdk@. jynfolw&yf

vHk;odk@yef=um;csuf” acgif;pOfyg pmwapmifudkvnf; (14 ² 9 ² 88) &ufpGJ

jzifh ‚if;wdk@oHk;OD;udkwdkif vufrSwfa&;xdk; xkwfa0xm;onfhtwdkif; azmf

jyxm;onfudk awG@&onf? xdkyef=um;csufrSm -

1? wae@xufwae@ =uHKawG@vm&onfh pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJ t

usyftwnf;=um;rSyif jynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJt&Sdefonf jrihfrm;

vmcJhonf? wEdkifiHvHk; r=uHKpzl; jyif;xefvSonfh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf

jynfolw&yfvHk;u qENjyKaeygvsuf tpdk;&u yxraomf rodusKd;u|H

jyKum tcsdefqJGonfhenf;y&d,m,fudkom usifhoHk;cJh&mrS ,cktcg wxpf

avsmhjyD; ygwDpHkpepfjzifh a&G;aumufyGJudk oHk;vtwGif; usif;yay;&ef a&G;

aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk yk*~dKvfig;OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhygonf?

2? jynfolwdk@u tpdk;&udk r,Hk=unfyg? xdk@a=umifhvnf; a&G;aumuf

yGJaumfr&Sifudk r,Hk=unfyg? tvGefwdkawmif;vSaom oHk;vqdkonfh t

csdeftwGif;Y tm%m&tpdk;&. taxmuftyHhcHygwDESifh bmwckrS t

oifhrjzpfao;aom tjcm;ygwDwdk@. ,SOfjydKifta&G;cH&rnfh a&G;aumufyGJ

qdkonfrSmvnf; rnfodk@r# w&m;r#wr_r&SdEdkif[lonfhtcsufudkvnf;

jynfolwdk@u aumif;pGmodae=uygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udkvnf; ,ae@

qENjyae=uonfh jynfol@tiftm;pkrsm;u tpdk;&uzGJ@ay;onfh a&G;

aumufyGJaumfr&Sifa&SŒarSmufY jywfom;pGm wifjycJhjyD;jzpfygonf?

3? qENjytiftm;pk}uD;xJY a&SŒwef;rS aoG;ajrus wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=u

onfh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf twufºuGqHk; yg0ifolrsm;jzpf=u

onf? ,cktcgwGif jynfolwdk@eSifh vufwGJjyD; jidrf;csrf;pGm qENjyonfh

ausmif;om;rsm;&Sdovdk tpdk;&. tcsdefqGJr_enf;y&d,m,fudk repf+rdKŒo

jzifh jyif;jyaompdwf"gwfa=umifh tpmiwfcHqENjyausmif;om;rsm;udk

vnf;aumif; awG@jrifvm&onf? trsm;jynfolxJY tm;rvkdtm;r&

jzpfjcif;/ ,ckxuf jyif;xefvSaomajcvSrf;udkyif vSrf;vdkaomolrsm; &Sd




vmonfudkyif awG@vmygonf?

4? odk@aomf T'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGonf ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJjzpfygonf?

pnf;urf;aooyfpGmqENjy&if; &J&ifhaomESvHk;&nfowœdjzihf atmifyGJcH,l

&rnfhwdkufyGJjzpfonf? tpdk;&onf jynfolawGtvdk&Sdonfh =um;jzwf t

pdk;&w&yf tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;&efrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdyg/ ausmif;om;

xktygt0if jynfolw&yfvHk;uvnf; xufjrufonfhESvHk;&nf owœd

udkom ppfrSefonfhvufeuftjzpf ravsmhaomZGJ/ rqkwfrepfaom pdwf

"gwfjzifh jidrf;csrf;pGmqENjyr_udk raoGz,fvJpdwfr&Snfr_/ qENjyif;jyr_wdk@jzifh

t=urf;zufr_/ aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh tjcm;tedÏm±Hkjzpfay:r_rsKd;rsm; rjzpf

ay:apzdk@ txl;a&Smif&Sm;&ef vdktyfygonf?

“ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ rkcsatmifjrif&rnf?”

(yHk) ····· ( OD;atmif}uD;)

(yHk) ····· ( a':atmifqef;pk=unf)

(yHk) ····· (ol&OD;wifOD;)

[lI jzpfonf?

xdk@tjyif (13 ² 9 ² 88) &ufae@xkwf Adkvfwaxmif owif;pmwGif

vnf; “vuf&Sd tpdk;&udk jynfol,Hk=unfr_vHk0uif;rJhum =um;jzwf tpdk;

&zGJ@v#if oydwfrsm;&yfpJrnf? OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifOD;ESifh a':atmif

qef;pk=unfwdk@ awGhqHkaqG;aEG;jyD; oabmxm;udk EdkifiHawmf orRwxH

ay;ydk@” [laomacgif;pOfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?

“ ygwDpHkpepfjzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfhudpPeSifh ywfouf

I u|ekfyfwdk@. oabmxm;udk wifjyvkdygonf? vuf&SdtajctaerSm

wwdkif;jynfvHk;wGif tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ&m; &yfqdkif;aejyD; jynfolvlxk

w&yfvHk;r=uHKpzl; pm;0wfaea&;/ vHkjcHKa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&yg

onf?

ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; w&dyf&dyf}uD;jrifhvmjcif;/ tvkyftudkifysufI qif;

&J'kuQa&mufjcif;/ &efukef+rdKŒwGif;Yyif vHkjcHKr_udk tpdk;&u wm0efr,lEdkifI

rdrdwdk@bmomvHkjcHKa&;udk wm0ef,lae&aom jynfolvlxkrSm pdwfqif;&J



oef;0if;vIdif86

udk,fqif;&JESifh ylyefaomua&mufae&ygonf?

tajctaerSm ae@pOfESifhtr# qdk;&Gm;vsuf&Sdygonf? Tjzpfay:ae

aom tajctaewGif tpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;Edkifrnfh tajct

aer&Sdyg? wae@xufwae@/ wem&Dxufwem&D ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aeaom pD;yGm;

a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ vHkjcHKa&;tajctaersm;udk wm;qD;Edkif&efrSm wdkif;

jynfu vufcHEdkifrnhf=um;jzwftpdk;& tjrefzGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;rSty tjcm;

enf;vrf;r&Sdawmhyg?

vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:wGif jynfolvlxk ,Hk=unfr_vkH;0uif;aejyD;jzpfI

tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;ay;aomaumfr&Sifu OD;pD;usif;yay;rnfha&G;aumufyGJudk

wdkif;jynfu ,Hk=unfvufcH=urnfr[kwfyg?

jynfolvlxkvufcHrnfh =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@onfESifhwjydKifeuf qENjy

r_rsm;/ oydwfarSmufr_rsm;&yfpJjyD; tpdk;&,Eœ&m;rsm; jyefvnf vnfywf

jcif;/ a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvmrnf[k u|Ekfyf

wdk@ ,Hk=unfygonf?

xdk@a=umihf pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf

wnfaqmufI taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;&ef =um;jzwftpdk;&

tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&efom &Sdygawmhonf?

tajctaerSm tcsdef&Sdoa&GŒ qdk;&Gm;aombufodk@ ul;ajymif;aeyg

ojzifh tcsdefrqdkif;bJ =um;jzwftpdk;& tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef awmif;qdk

ygonf” [lI azmfjyxm;onf?

xdk@odk@yef=um;csufrsm;/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm; xkwfjyefcJhjyD; r=umrDrSm

yif jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; vrf;ray:xGufI “wygwDtm%m&Sif pepf

zsufodrf;a&;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;” aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; ydkrdkus,f

avmifcJhygawmhonf?

xdkpOftwGif; tpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm; awG@qHk

aqG;aEG;aecsdefrSmyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD; vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;

aom udk,fwdkifvufa&;jzifhpmudk rdwWLul;pufjzifh trsm;jynfolt=um;

jzefha0vmonfudk awG@&./ xdkpmwGif OD;atmif}uD;u “a&G;aumufyGJ




aumfr&SifzGJ@ay;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfhtpdk;&. a=unmcsufudk

rdrd,Hk=unfa=umif;/ odk@jzpf&m oydwfrsm;vnf; anmif;vmjyDjzpfI o

ydwfvSef=u&efwdkufwGef;a=umif;/ tu,fI rdrdwifjyonfhtwdkif; a&G;

aumufyGJvkyfray;v#if rdrdudk,fwdkifaq;±Hka&SŒrSm tpmiwfcHum rdrd

udk,fwdkif "gwfqDavmif;rD;±_dŒjyD; qENjyrnfjzpfonf” [k a&;om;xm;

onf? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu OD;atmif}uD;. ay;pmonf tjyKo

abmaqmifonf[k ,lqum auseyf0rf;omcJh=uonf[k od&onf?

xdkpOftwGif; 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif jrefrm

EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~odk@ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;

pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;wdk@u tdwfzGifhay;pmwapmifukd ay;ydk@cJhonf? xdk

pmtjynfhtpHkrSm

(1) 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif tpdk;& a&G;cs,f

cef@tyfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJaumfr&Sifu ,ae@EdkifiHwGif 'Drdku

a&pDwdkufyGJ0ifae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;udk OD;aqmifr_ay;ae=uaom OD;

Ek/ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;

tzGJ@ESifh &[ef;tzGJ@rsm;tm; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJhygonf?

(2) xdkodkhawGhqHkaqG;aEG;tjyD;Y vl}uD;rif;rsm;or*~rS tqdkyg tzGJ@

toD;oD;rS vl }uD;rsm;udk aq;wuUodkvf (1) ausmif;cef;rodk@ zdwfac:I

aqG;aEG;cJhygonf? tqdkygaumfr&SifY rdrdwdk@. cdkifrmaom&yfwnfcsuf

t& =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;[lonfhtajccHrludkom qGJudkifI ajym

=um;cJha=umif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &Sif;vif;ajym=um;cJhygonf?

(3) ausmif;om;rsm;u vl}uD;rsm;. &yfwnfcsufudk vufcH}udK

qdkygonf? odk@&mwGif ,ckwdkif tpdk;&. tcsdefqGJr_udk pdwfr&Snfr_/ pdwf

"gwfjyif;xefwufºuGr_wdk@jzifh TaqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfonfhae&mYyif vl}uD;

rsm;u =um;jzwftpdk;&w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef wifjyawmif;qdkcJhygonf?

vl}uD;toD;oD;uvnf; TudpPudk [email protected]@ wifjy&efvdkonfjzpf

I qdkif;iHh&ef jyefvnfaqG;aEG;ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; tpdk;

&zGJhr_udk tcsdef=um=umrqdkif;vdkojzifh (48) em&DtwGif; jzpfatmif jyef



oef;0if;vIdif88

=um;ay;yg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?

(4) ,ae@ tajctaew&yfwGif =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;&efrSm trSef

wu,f vdktyfcsufqdkonfudkk tzGJ@tm;vHk;a&m/ jynfolw&yfvHk;uyg

vdkvm;awmif;wonfhtcsuf jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif vuf&Sdtpdk;& r

jyKwfao;bJ tpdk;&opfw&yfudk rdrdwdk@qENt&zGJ@pnf;ygu =um;jzwftpdk;

&r[kwfbJ pifjydKiftpdk;&w&yfjzpfvmEdkifygonf? Todk@jzpfygu awmfvSef

a&;wGif tcsdeftcgroifhbJ ajcvSrf;rdygu rvdkvm;tyfaom [ef@wm;

aESmifh,Sufr_ESifh tjcm;tEœ&m,frsm; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? xdk@a=umifh vuf&Sd

tpdk;&tm; z,f&Sm;jyD; jynfolwdk@vdkvm;aom =um;jzwftpdk;& jzpfay:

vmrSom jynfolwdk@tyfESif;onfhtm%m&yfjzifh ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom

tajctae tcuftcJtm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhtjyif jynf

oltm;vHk;vdkvm;aom ppfrSefonhf'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yf jzpfay:vm

atmif w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyGJjyKvkyfay;Edkif&ef vdktyfonfh tpD

trHtm;vHk;udk jynfolwdk@tvdkus jyKvkyfay;Edkif=uygrnf?

(5) Todk@jzpfygI ausmif;om;rsm;vdktifqENudk usaemfwdk@ oabm

aygufpmemygonf? vdkvm;aom&nfrSef;csufjcif;vnf; wlnDygonf?

odk@&mwGif azmfjyjyD;cJhonfhtcsuftvufrsm;tay: av;eufpGm pOf;pm;

&rnfjzpfygaoma=umifh ,cktcsdefwGif qENrapmrdzdkh av;pm;pGm arwœm

&yfcHygonf”[lI azmfjyxm;onf?

xdk@aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm;onf

EdkifiHawmforRwa'gufwmarmifarmiftrSL;jyKaom EdkifiHawmf aumifpD

0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qHkcJh=uonf? tqdkygyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh awG@qHkcJhpOf aumfr&Sif

tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;u rqvygwDwGif wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&JESifh 0efxrf;rsm;

yg0ifaeonfhudpPudkpHkprf;&m EdkifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmifu

aumfr&Siftaejzifh rnfhodk@aqmif&Gufapvdka=umif; t=uHay;yg/ t=uHay;

onhftwdkif; aqmif&Gufygrnf[k ajym=um;cJhonf?

xdkhaemuf aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm;t=uHjyKonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmf

aumifpDOuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifonf a=unmcsuf 14§88 udk xkwf




jyefum “jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftay:opPmxm;I jynfol@

0efudkom xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfojzifh ygwDpHkpepfwGif usifhoHk;cJhonfh tpOf

tvmESifhtnD jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@ paom umuG,fa&;

wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ jynfhol@0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;/ EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;/

bkwfaumfydka&;&Sif;tzGJhtpnf;toD;oD;rS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmf

b¾mrS vpmcHpm;=uaom tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;onf ,ae@rSpI rqv

ygwDtygt0if rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;0ifr# rjzpfap&” [lI

xkwfjyefcJhonf?

xdk@ae@rSmyif rqvygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;at;udkonf

jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&JESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; vrf;pOfygwD ygwD0if

tjzpfrS EkwfxGufcGifhjyKcJhonf?

ÙÙÙ



oef;0if;vIdif90

tcef; (3)

ppfwyftmPmodrf;ydkufjcif;

xdk@aemuf jynfolvlxk. qENjyr_rsm;onf vHk;0&yfwef@jcif;r&SdbJ

qufvufI =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdkaeojzifh rqv

ygwDOuUXESifh EdkifiHawmfaumifpDOuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifonf EdkifiH

awmftm%mudk vHk;0xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;r&SdonfhtwGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;

csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (aemifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;) tm; ppfwyfrS tm%m

odrf;ydkuf&ef tcsufjyvdkufawmhonf?

Todk@jzifh jynfolw&yfvHk;awmif;qdkaeonfh =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@

pnf;ay;a&;udk rsufuGufjyKum 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@

wGif EdkifiHtm%mudk vufeuftm;udk;jzifh odrf;ydkufvdkufawmhonf? jref

rmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ oHk;}udrf&SdcJhonf? 1958 ckESpf

wGifw}udrf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif w}udrfESifh ,ck 1988 ckESpfwGifw}udrf jzpf

onf?

,if;odk@ tm%modrf;ydkufcJhjyD;aemuf ,if;ae@rSmyif trdef@trSwf

1§88 jzifh EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ac: e0wudk zGJ@

pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJhonf? e0wtzGJ@wGif -

(1) AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif - OuUX

(2) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ - tzGJ@0if

(3) AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifcif - tzGJ@0if

(4) AdkvfcsKyfwifxGef; - tzGJ@0if

(5) AdkvfrSL;csKyf atmif&Jausmf - tzGJ@0if

(6) AdkvfcsKyf bkef;jrifh - tzGJ@0if

(7) AdkvfcsKyf pdefatmif - tzGJ@0if

(8) AdkvfcsKyf cspfaqG - tzGJ@0if

(9) AdkvfrSL;csKyf ausmfb - tzGJ@0if

(10)AdkvfrSL;}uD; armifoifh - tzGJ@0if

(11) AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifat; - tzGJ@0if




(12)AdkvfrSL;csKyf Om%fvif; - tzGJ@0if

(13) AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhatmif - tzGJ@0if

(14) AdkvfrSL;csKyf jroif; - tzGJ@0if

(15)AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;=unf - tzGJ@0if

(16)AdkvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif - tzGJ@0if

(17)AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;nGef@ - tzGJ@0if

(18)AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifnGef@ - twGif;a&;rSL; (1)

(19)AdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD; - twGif;a&;rSL; (2)

ponf yg0ifcJhonf?

1988 pufwifbmv 18 wGif e0wtzGJ@}uD;onf a=unmcsuf

trSwf 2§88 jzifh jynfol@v$wfawmf/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD/ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/

jynfol@w&m;ol}uD;tzJG@/ jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzGJ@/ jynfol@vkyfief;

ppfaq;a&;tzJG@/ jynfol@aumifpDtqifhqifhrsm;udk zsufodrf;vdkufa=umif;

a=unmvdkufjyD; 'k0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkyJ wm0efrS&yfpJa=umif; a=unmcJh

onf?

,if;aemuf xdkae@rSmyif a=unmcsuftrSwf 3§88 jzihf jrefrmEdkifiH

onf vGwfvyfIwufºuGaomEdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'udk qufvufusifhoHk;rnf

[k a=unmcJhonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif trdef@trSwf 2§88 jzifh jynfol

vlxkw&yfvHk; vdkufem&efESifh Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;udk quf

vufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef trdef@trSwf 3§88 wdk@udk xkwfjyefcJhonf?

trdef@ 3§88 t& 0efxrf;tm;vHk;onf 1988 pufwifbmv 19 &uf

ae@rSpI vkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf=u&efESifh pufwifbmv 26

&ufae@txd vkyfief;cGifr0ifygu wm0efrS&yfpJrnfqdkonfhtrdef@rsm;udk

quf wdkufxkwfjyefcJhonf?

pufwifbmv 18 &uf wae@wnf;rSmyif a=unmcsuf (1§88)/

(2§88)/ (3§88) ESihf trdef@trSwf (1§88)/ (2§88)/ (3§88) wdk@udk

qufwdkufxkwfcJhjyD; e0wppftpdk;&tjzpf pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmcJh

onf?



oef;0if;vIdif92

e0wOuUXAdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfvnf;

aumif;/ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ESifh

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; ,lxm;onhftjyif EdkifiHjcm;a&;

0ef}uD;tjzpfyg ,lxm;vdkufao;onf?

e0wppftpdk;&onf tm%modrf;ydkufjyD;jyD;csif; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk

rif;rJhp±dkufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf ±_jriftykyfcs uifyGef;wyfum enf;vrf;

aygif;pHkjzifh+zdKcGif;um zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_rsm;udk qufwdkufvkyfaqmifcJh

onf? tm%modrf;tpdk;&jzpfaomfvnf; rqvESifh rqvacgif;aqmif

rsm;tm;vHk; pm&if;0ifrsm;jzpfcJhaoma=umifh rqvzufrS t}uD;tus,f

ckcHumuG,fay;I &yfwnfcJh=uonf? ,if;odk@ rqvygwDtm; ckcHum

uG,fay;&yfwnfcJhaomajumifh e0wtm; ‘ae0if;wyf’ [kyif jynfolwdkh

u avSmifajymifac:a0:cJh=uonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnf

aqmufa&;tzGJ@}uD;udk vlxku ‘jidrfyd’ tzGJ@[k uifyGef;wyfcJh=uovdk

,if;wdk@csrSwfvkyfudkifaeonfh vrf;pOfay:vpDESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrSefor#

udkvnf; ‘uvdefaphjirf;qif jidrfydvrf;pOf’ [kyif avSmifajymif ac:a0:cJh

=uonf?

xdk@aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 19 &ufae@ rGef;vGJ 1 em&DwGif

umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme '*Hk&dyfomY e0wtzGJ@u aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;

tm; zdwf=um;I tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;odk@ e0

w OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (aemifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;/ ,ckuG,fvGef)

trSL;jyKonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfjuD;oef;a&$ (,ck

etzOuUXAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;)/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifcif(a&) / AdkvfcsKyfwifxGef;

(av)/ AdkvfcsKyf pdefatmif (,ckuG,fvGef)/ AdkvfcsKyf cspfaqG/ twGif;a&;

rSL; (1) AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifnGefh/ twGif;a&;rSL; (2) AdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD; (vkyf=uHcH&)

wdkhESifh aumfr&SifOuUX OD;baX;trSL;jyKonfh aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=u

aom OD;apm=um'dk;/ OD;pef;armif/ OD;ausmfnGef@ESifh aumfr&SiftwGif;a&;rSL;

OD;at;armifwdk@ wufa&mufcJh=uonf? tzGJ@0if q&mcs,fonf tpnf;

ta0;odk@wufa&muf&ef vrf;ydwfaeonfhtwGuf cGifhyefcJhonf? tpnf;




ta0;wGif e0w OuUXu rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfESifh 0efxrf;rsm;onf rnf

onhfEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;r[kwfawmha=umif;/ rdrdwdk@onf

=um;aetzGJhtpnf;rsm;jzpfjyD; jynfolrsm;udk tvkyftau|;jyK&rnfh tzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ ,ckjynfolrsm; vdkvm;awmifhwaeonhf ygwDpHk

'Drdkua&pDudk tjrefqHk;taumiftxnfazmfay;Edkifa&;twGuf ygwDpHk 'Drdk

ua&pDt axGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk tvGwfvyfqHk;/ tr#wqHk;ESifh t

jrefqHk;jyKvkyfay;&ef aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;udk arwœm&yfcHa=umif;/

aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;jyD; aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;u

rnfol.rsufESmudkr# raxmufxm;bJ ormorwfusus "rR"dÏmefusus

w&m;tr#wqHk;aqmif&Gufay;apvdkyga=umif;/ aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;rsm;

ESifh pyfvsOf;I rdrdwdk@onf tzGJ@tpnf;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ wOD;

csif;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ }udK;udkifr_/ vrf;nGefr_vkH;0jyKvkyfrnf

r[kwfa=umif;/ a&G;aumufyGJOya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGif aumf

r&SiftzGJ@0ifvl}uD;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vdkaom tzGJ@tpnf;udkjzpfap vl}uD;

rsm;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vdkaom tzGJhtpnf;udkjzpfap/ yk*~dKvfwOD;csif;udk

jzpfap awG@qHkaqG;aEG;t=uHOm%frsm;&,ljyD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa&;qGJEdkif

a=umif;/ aumfr&Sifu a&;qGJaxmufcHay;ydk@onfhOya'rsm;udk tjrefqHk;

jyÏmef;ay;rnfjzpfyga=umif;/ ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;

atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifrnfh vdktyfonfhtultnDrsm;udkvnf; tjynfh

t0ay;oGm;rnfjzpfyga=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf?

Todkhjzifh e0wtzGJ@onf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufpJGyg

a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§88 jzifh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumuf

yGJ}uD;ukd }uD;rSL;usif;yay;&ef a'gufwmarmifarmif vufxufu zGJ@pnf;cJh

aom a&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&Sifudk qufvufwm0efay;tyfcJh&m

aumfr&Sifonf rdrd.vkyfief;rsmudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf

e0wtzGJ@u 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 21 &ufae@wGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD

taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;r&SifOya' (e0wtzGJ@ Oya'trSwf

1§80) udk jyÏmef;ay;cJhonf?



oef;0if;vIdif94

xdk@aemuf aumfr&Sifonf jynfolrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. t=uHjyK

csufrsm;udkt ao;pdwfavhvmjyD; jynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJOya'

onf usif;y&ef&Sdonfh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf

w}udrfomtoHk;jyK&ef &nf&G,fIvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGif usif;yrnfh

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufudkrl xdktcsdef

wGifrS pOf;pm;a&;qGJ=uap&ef &nf&G,fIvnfaumif;/ jynfol@v$wfawmf

a&G;aumufyGJOya'udk jyKjyifa&;qGJjyD;aemuf epwtzGJ@odk@ wifjycJhonf?

e0wtzGJ@onf ,if;Oya'=urf;udk 1989 arv 25 &ufae@wGif

aumfr&SifESifh n‡dE_dif;pdppfjyD;aemuf 1989 ar 31 &ufae@Y jynfol@v$wf

awmfa&G;aumufyGJOya' (e0wOya' trSwf14§89) udk jyÏmef;ay;cJh

onf? ,if;Oya'wGif tcef;aygif;(15)cef;ESifh yk'fraygif; (82) ck yg0ifonf?

enf;Oya'jyÏmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif aqmif

&Guf&rnfh tao;pdwfenf;pepfOya'rsm;udk 1989 ZGef 30 wGif jyÏmef;

ay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;Oya'/ enf; Oya'

rsm;udk jyÏmef;jyD;aemuf aumfr&Sifonf a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif

vdkaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 30

&ufae@rSpI rSwfyHkwifcGifhjyKcJhjyD;aemuf aemufqHk;&ufrS 1989 azazmf

0g&D 28 &ufae@udk aumfr&SifrS owfrSwfa=unmay;cJhonf?

odkhuvdk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zGJ@pnf;cGifhjyKvdkufjyD;

aemuf “ atmif - pk - wif” tjzpf txl;yl;wGJv_yf&Sm;ae&mrS OD;atmif

}uD;bufrS (4) OD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;/ OD;wifOD;bufrS

(4) OD; pkpkaygif; (12) OD;yg0ifonfh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyf

tr_aqmiftzGJ@udk 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm27 &ufae@wGif pwifzGJ@pnf;

vdkufjyD; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcJh&m a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu 1988 atmuf

wdkbm 3 ae@pGJyg a=unmcsuftrSwf (3) jzifh w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf

twnfjyK xkwfjyefa=unmay;cJhonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;

0if;wif/ a': jrifhjrifhcifESifh OD;atmifvGif (±kyf&Sifo±kyfaqmif/ 'g±dkufwm)




wdk@ jzpfonf? yxrqHk; pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

(NLD) . A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm -

(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX

(2) OD;wifOD; - 'kOuUX

(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGwGif;a&;rSL;

(4) OD;=unf[ef - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if

(5) OD;cspfcdkif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if

(6) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if

(7) a': jrifhjrifhcif - vlxkvlwef;pm;XmerSL;

(8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL;

(9) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL;

(10)OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±Hk;a&;XmerSL;

(11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL;

(12) OD;ba&$ - tkyfcsKyfa&;XmerSL;

wdk@ jzpf=uonf?

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf pwifzGJ@pnf;prSmyif vlxkt=um; a&

yef;tpm;qHk; EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfvmcJhonf? wdkawmif;vSonfh um

vtwGif;rSmyif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftwGif; ygwDtzGJ@0ifOD;a&

wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmonf?

xdk@aemuf tzGJ@0ifOD;a& (30) yg0ifaom A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@udk xyfrHzGJ@pnf;

onf? A[kdtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJh pwifzJG@pnf;pOfuJhodk@ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@udk

vnf; “atmif-pk-wif” wOD;csif;pDrS wzufv#if (10) OD;uspD E_ef;xm;

jzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?

A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifopfrsm;rSm

(1) OD;cifndK

(2) OD;aZmf0if;OD;

(3) OD;rif;'if

(4) OD;ausmfjrifhav;



oef;0if;vIdif96

(5) OD;omxdk

(6) OD;odef;Edkif (*k%fxl;)

(7) OD;cifarmifarmifjrifh

(8) OD;armifarmif

(9) OD;eef;EG,f

(10) OD;bdk;atmif

(11) OD;aomif;'ef

(12) OD;vSarmif

(13) OD;apmjrifh

(14) OD;a&$

(15) OD;at;armif

(16) OD;wifat;

(17) Adkvf&JxGËf (&JabmfoHk;usdyf)

(18) OD;oef;xGef;

(19) OD;csdefydk;

(20) OD;vSarmif

(21) OD;xGef;wif

(22) OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)

(23) OD;ukd,k (armifudk,k)

(24) OD;rdk;ol (armifrdk;ol)

(25) OD;csrf;at;(armifpl;prf;)

(26) a'gufwmwifrsKd;0if;

(27) a'gufwmoufrif;

(28) OD;0if;cuf

(29) OD;wifa&$

(30) OD;cifarmifaqG

wdk@jzpfonf?

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf zGJ@pnf;jyD;pumvrSmyif &efukef




tygt0if wEdkifiHvHk;a'otoD;oD;u wufa&mufvm=uonhfygwD0if

olrsm;ESifh qufvufpnf;±Hk; v_yf&Sm;vdkolrsm;udk ygwD0if (tzGJ@csKyf0if)

av#mufv$myHkpH (25) apmifE_ef;pDxkwfay;jyD; ,m,Dpnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;

tjzpftodtrSwfjyKay;cJhonf? odk@jzifh tzGJ@csKyf0ifOD;a&onf tcsdefwdk

twGif;rSmyif tqrwefwdk;yGm;vmcJhayonf? tjcm;aomEdkifiHa&;ygwD

tzJG@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;u tHh=o,l&avmufatmif tcsdefwdktwGif;

a&yef;pm;vmr_onf tzGJ@csKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;

pk=unftay: vlxk. ar#mfvifhtm;xm;,kH=unfr_ESifh av;pm;r_yifjzpf

onf?

,if;odk@ vlxkaxmufcHr_}uD;rm;vmaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzJG@

csKyf}uD;twGif; yxrqkH;ay:xGufcJhonfh jy\emrSm tzJG@csKyf. OuUX

OD;atmif}uD;udk,fwdkifu pwifzefwD; azmfxkwfcJhonf? “tzJG@csKyftwGif;

uGefjrLepfrsm; a&muf&Sdaeyg+yD? ,if;udk tjrefqkH;z,f&Sm;ypfa&;” qdkonfh

jy\emyif jzpfonf? xdkpOfu OD;atmif}uD;. 1988 Edk0ifbm 29 &ufpGJ

yg ta&;ay:oHk;oyfcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;az: jyxm;onf?

ta&;ay:okH;oyfcsuf

(1) ,ckvuf&Sdtajctaet& trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwGif

uGefjrLepfESifh uGefjrLepfvdkvm;oltkyfpk }uD;xGm;vmonf?

(3) xdk@a=umifh (1) tdk*sD§,l*sDESifh uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_udk ta=umif;

jyKI teD;tem; (a&G;aumufyGJa&G;csdef) wGif a'gufjzKwfI y,fEdkifonf?

(2) tjcm; y,fEdkifaomtcsufrSm aiGa&;aju;a&;jzpfonf? wdkif;ESifhjynf

e,frsm; wGif aiGpm&if;ppfjyD; jzpfae&efvdkonf?

(4) xdk@a=umifh ‘atmif-pk-wif’ruGJ&ef vdkonf? txl;*±kpdkufI

}udK;pm;&efvdkonf?

(5) xdkhajumifh ‘atmif-pk-wif’ tzGJ@twGif;rS uGefjrLepfrsm;/ uGef

jrLepfvdkvm;olrsm;udk tem;,l&ef arwœm&yfcHoifhonf?

(6) ajcurjrJ vufujrJ/ vufurjrJajcujrJ&ef/ tu,fI trsKd;



oef;0if;vIdif98

om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftm;y,fv#if t&eftzGJ@&Sd&efvdkonf?

(7) jynfaxmifpktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD (Union National Democracy

Party – UNDP ) onf t&eftzGJ@omjzpfI trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf.

tvHawmfatmufwGif&Sdonf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk rnfonfh

ta=umif;a=umifhrS ruGJatmif tbufbufrS }udK;pm;&rnf? tjcm;tzGJ@

rsm;u txifrSm;/ tjrifrSm;jzpfatmif aoG;xdk;jcif;udk tjrefqHk; &Sif;jy

&efvdkonf?

(8) jynfaxmifpktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwDonf vGwfvyfa&;umv

(zqyv) tzGJ@csKyftvHawmfatmufwGif jynfol@&Jabmf/ qdk&S,fvpf

woD;yk*~vrsm; v_yf&Sm;r_yHkpH/ ,ckrsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzJG@ v_yf&Sm;

r_yHkpHtwdkif; trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pktzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpfjzifh v_yf&Sm;=u

&rnfjzpfonf?

(yHk) atmif}uD;

9 - 11 - 88

,if;odk@ OD;atmif}uD;u uGefjrLepfwHqdyfcyfESdyfjyD; z,f&Sm;ypfvdkonfh

yk*~dKvf (8) OD;rSm OD;0if;wif/ a': jrifhjrifhcif/ OD;atmifvGif(rif;om;)/ OD;xGef;

wif/ OD;udk,k(armifudk,k)/ OD;csrf;at; (armifpl;prf;)/ OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) ESifh

OD;0if;cufwdk@ jzpfonf?

A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@0iftrsm;pk}uD;u

,if;udpPESifh ywfoufjyD; ,if;odk@rjzpfoifha=umif; azsmifhzsem;cscJhaomf

vnf; jy\emajyvnfr_r&&SdbJ ouFm&Sif;yGJ}uD;udk rJcGJtqHk;tjzwf jyK

vkyf&onftxd jyKvkyfcJh&onf? rJcGJ&mY OD;atmif}uD;bufrS ±_H;edrfhygu

EkwfxGufay;a&;ESifh (8) OD;bufu ±_H;edrfhv#if (8) OD;pvHk; E_wfxGufay;

a&;udk oabmwlnDr_jzifh A[dktvkyftr_aqmif (12) OD;/ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@0if

(30) tygt0if pkpkaygif; (42) OD;jzifh rJcGJ&m OD;atmif}uD;.vkyf&yftay:

OD;atmif}uD;. tpkzufrS yg0ifaomyk*~dKvfrsm;yif uef@uGufcJhojzifh OD;




atmif}uD; ±_H;edrfhoGm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh OD;atmif}uD;onf tzGJ@csKyf

OuUXtjzpfrS EkwfxGufay;vdkuf&onf? OD;atmif}uD;ESifhtwl OD;atmif

}uD;bufrS OD;=unf[ef/ OD;ba&$/ OD;eef;EG,f/ OD;cifarmifarmif/ OD;om

xdk/ OD;odef;Edkif/ OD;rif;'if/ OD;cifndK/ OD;ausmfjrifhav;/ OD;bdk;atmif/ OD;

armifarmif/ OD;aZmf0if;OD;wdk@ (12) OD;vnf; EkwfxGufoGm;cJh=uonf?

,if;aemuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZif

bmvtwGif;rSmyif A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;

cJh&m A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDopfrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

(1) OD;wifOD; - OuUX

(2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

(3) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;

(4) OD;cspfcdkif - twGif;a&;rSL;


(6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;

(7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL;

(8) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;rSL;

(9) a': jrifhjrifhcif - vlxlvlwef;pm;XmerSL;

wdk@jzpfonf?

OD;atmif}uD;ESifh (12) OD;wdk@u tzGJhcsKyfrS EkwfxGufa=umif; a=unm

cJhjyD; tzGJ@csKyfurl OD;atmif}uD;ESifh (12) OD;wdk@udk tzGJ@csKyfrS xkwfy,fvdkuf

a=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;ESifhtzGJ@0ifrsm;onf “jynfaxmif

pk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD” tjzpf oD;jcm;cGJaxmifcJh=uonf?

OD;atmif}uD;ESifhtzGJh EkwfxGufoGm;jyD;aemuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD

tzGJ@csKyfonf tiftm;avsmhenf;roGm;onfhtjyif ydkIyif tiftm;}uD;

xGm;vmcJhonf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@vm=u

onfhygwDaygif;rSm (46) ygwDtxd wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? rsKd;cspf&Jabmfrsm;

tzGJ@ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwDwdk@onf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@cskyf

. b,fawmifyHESifh nmawmifyHozG,f jzpfay:vmcJhonf?



oef;0if;vIdif100

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. jyef=um;a&;vkyfief;wcktjzpf ‘rSwf

wrf;v$m’ pmpOfudk yHkrSefxkwfa0cJhonf? ,if;rSwfwrf;v$mwGif wjynf

vHk; a'otoD;oD;u rawmfrw&m;tzrf;tqD;cH&r_rsm;/ tjypfay; t

a&;,lcH&r_rsm;ESifh w&m;r#wr_r&Sdonfh tjzpftysufudpPrsm;tay: uef@

uGufjcif;/ &_HŒcsjcif;udk azmfjycJhonf?

xdk@a=umifh e0w tpdk;&. jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmeu

“yHkESdyfolrsm;ESifh xkwfa0olrsm; A[kdrSwfyHkwiftzGJ@nGef=um;csuf(38)”

udk xkwfjyefI 1962 ckESpf yHkESdyfol/ xkwfa0olrsm; rSwfyHkwifolrsm; rSwf

yHkwifOya'udk vdkufemjcif;r&Sdygu xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpfajumif;

xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufaomtcg e0w tpdk;&tay: ydkI tjrif r=unf

vifjzpfcJhonf?

xdkumvtwGif; 1989 ckESpf/ arv 12 &ufae@wGif ausmufwH

wm;+rdKŒe,f/ 37 vrf; trSwf 145 &Sd r[meENmykHESdyfwdkuftm; ppftpdk;&

u w&m;r0ifpmapmifrsm;±dkufeSdyfr_jzifh ta&;,laqmif&GufcJh&mwGif trskd;

om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. ±dkufESdyfq Jpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; yg&dSoGm;cJhonf?

xdktjzpftysufwdk@onf NLD tm; tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@

wGef;wifvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;cJh&onf?

xdkhaemuf 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv 6 &ufae@ wGif jynfxJa&;ESifh omoem

a&;0ef}uD;Xme. a=unmcsuftrSwf 38 tay: rvdkufemEdkifa=umif;

NLD u ta=umif;=um;cJhonf?

xdkpOftwGif; ZGefv yxrywftwGif;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfeSifh

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. wwfodynm&Sifrsm;jzpf=uonfh armif

aomfu/ a': jrifhjrihfcif/ om,m0wDprf;prf;EJG@/ armifudk,k/ armif0Ho/

armifcufyef/ OD;wifrdk;wdk@tzGJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif

wwfodynm&SiftzGJ@u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk [ife&Da';zpf aomf

±dk;.pmydk'fudk pma&;q&marmifaomfu &GwfjycJhonf? tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;u

oabmusI NLD jrefrmvdkudkufnDrnfhpmom;udk 0dkif;I t=uHjyKay;

=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ‚if;[email protected]=uHjyKcsufudk oabmusI




NLD tpnf;ta0;wGif tm%mzDqefa&;vdkif;udk aqG;aEG;&ef OD;0if;wif

tm;wm0efay;tyfcJhonf? OD;0if;wifu tvkyftr_aqmif tpnf;ta0;

wGif “trsm;oabmrwlwJh trdef@tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef=u”

qdkonfhaºuG;a=umfoHudk wifjycJh&m tm;vHk;uoabmwlI NLD .

aqmifyk'ftjzpf pmwrf;rsm;±dkufESdyf&mwGif “Tpmapmifonf e0w t

pdk;& jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom trdef@tm%mudk zDqefI

xkwfa0aompmapmifjzpfonf” [k &J&J0Hh0Hh azmfxkwfjyocJhonf?

,if;udpPESifhywfoufI a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -

“tm%mzDqefa&;qdkwmvnf; usrwdk@a=unmcJhjyD;jyD? rw&m;wJh

trdef@tm%mzDqefa&;/ 'gudkvnf; ‘e0w’ todtrSwfjyKygw,f? usr

wdk@[m rw&m;wJhtrdef@tm%m zDqefr_pDpOfw,fqdkwm ta&;}uD;wm

u bmvJ/ vGwfvyfpGmyHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifhyJ/ t&iftywf owif;pm&Sif;

vif;yGJwkef;u 'DudpPeJ@ywfoufvdk@ usrwdk@ ajymjyD;oGm;jyD;ygjyD? 1962

ckESpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm;ESifh rSwfyHkwifOya't&qdkvdk@&Sd&if usrwdk@ tzGJ@t

pnf;[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifh&r,fh tzGJ@tpnf;yg? 'gayr,hf

'DtcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifjyD;awmh usrwdk@udk trdef@tm%meJ@ ydwfyifjyD;

awmh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfyHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhr&Sdygbl;/ yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; rvkyf

&bl;vdk@ajymwJhtcgusawmh usrwdk@taeeJ@ wajz;ajz;&oifh&xdkufwJh

tcGifhta&;awG[m r&wJhtjyif avsmhvmygvm;qdkwm uGufuGuf uGif;

uGif;jrifvmygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ 'Dtrdef@tm%mudkawmh zDqef&r,f/

usrwdk@ xkwfoifhxkwfxdkufwJhpm&Gufpmwrf;awG qufjyD; xkwf&r,f?

tck oHk;/ av;&uftwGif;rSmjzpfwJhudpPawGukd =unfhjcif;tm;jzihf

usrwdk@taeeJ@ pm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfzdk@qdkwm b,favmufvdkvJqdkwm

xif&Sm;ygw,f? e0wtaeeJ@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyfvdkufw,f/ jrefrmh

toHuae a=unmvdkufw,f? vkyfom;jynfol@ ae@pOfxJrSm xnfhvdkuf

w,f/ ESpf&ufqufjyD;xnfhvdk@ rauseyfao;bl;/ 'Dae@qdkvdk@&Sd&if tydk pm

&Gufuav;taeeJhawmifrS xnfhvdkufao;w,f/ 'g[m usrwdk@tay:rSm

apwem&Sdvdk 0g'jzef@csda&; vkyfay;csifwmvm;qdkwm tcsKd@uawmh xif



oef;0if;vIdif102

rSmayghav/ a&;xm;wm=unfhvdkufvdkh&Sd&ifawmh apwemeJ@vkyfwm r

[kwfygbl;qdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f?

'Dawmh vkyfom;jynfol@aehpOfowif;pmeJ@ jrefrmhtoHudk wzuf

owf usrwdk@udk wdkufcdkufzdk@oHk;pGJae&if usrwdk@rSm vGwfvyfpGmyHkESdyf

xkwfa0ydkifcGifhvdkaew,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? ‘e0w’ taeeJ@ wu,f

yJ rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifw,fqdk&if usr tck owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm

ajymoGm;wJhtcsufawGudk rSefrSefuefuef jynfhjynfhpHkpHk owif;pmxJrSm

ygvmr,f? jrefrmhtoHrSm ygvmr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&ifawmh usrwdk@taeeJh

a=omf usrwdk@uawmh rSm;jyDyJ/ ‘e0w’[m wu,fyJ apwemrSefrSefeJ@

vkyf aewmyJvdk@ajymzdk@ usrtqifoifhygyJ? 'Dawmh 'DrSm vkyfom;jynfol@

ae@pOfu vl}uD;rsm;vnf;&Sdygw,f/ usrajymwJhtcsuftvufrsm;udk rSef

rSefuefuef jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xnfhay;vdk@&dS&if usr e0wudk xyfjyD;awmh

awmifrS awmif;yefvdkufOD;r,f/ usrtxifrSm;oGm;ygjyD/ txifvGJoGm;

ygjyD/ e0w[m apwemrSefrSefeJ@ vkyfoGm;ygvm;qdkjyD; usrajym&Jygw,f”

[lI tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;Y 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefvtwGif;jyKvkyfcJhaom owif;pm&Sif;

vif;yGJY ajym=um;oGm;onf?

,if;aemuf r=umrDrSmyif e0wtpdk;&u a=unmcsuf (2§89)

jzifh tmZmenfae@ usif;yrnfhudpPESifh ywfoufI xkwfjyefa=unmvm

cJhonf?

a=unmcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm -

(1) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD

taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfajrmufatmifjrifa&;udk rjzpfrae &nf

rSef;csuf csrSwfaqmif&Gufaeygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf Edkif

iHawmfESifhywfoufonfh ae@}uD;&uf}uD;rsm;udk tcrf;tem;jzifh usif;y

vsuf&Sd&m 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@wGif usa&mufrnfh (42)

ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;udkvnf; ,cifESpfrsm;uJhodk@ EdkifiH

awmfrS }uD;rSL;usif;yrnfjzpfygonf?

(2) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@rS pI EdkifiHawmf




tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒvufyg;apwdk@. vkyf=uHcH&ojzifh usqHk;cJhaom

tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.r dom;pkrsm;/ oHwreftzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;

ESifh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&SifwGif rSwf

yHkwifcJhonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u ,if;tcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&muft

av;jyK=urnf jzpfygonf?

(3) (42) ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@ tcrf;tem;odk@ wuf

a&muf&ef tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.rdom;pk udk;pktm; usif;ya&;

aumfrwDu zdwf=um;cJh&m atmufyg tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.

rdom;pk&Spfpku tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&muf&ef pmjzifh jyef=um;cJhjyD; jzpfyg

onf?

(u) 0ef}uD;ocifjr. rdom;pk

(c) 0ef}uD; OD;bcsKd. rdom;pk

(*) 0ef}uD; OD;&mZwf .rdom;pk

(C) 0ef}uD; OD;b0if; .rdom;pk

(i) 0ef}uD; ref;bcdkif .rdom;pk

(p) 0ef}uD; rdkif;yGefapmfbGm; p0fpHxGef;. rdom;pk

(q) twGif;0ef OD;tkef;armif. rdom;pk

(Z) &JabmfudkaxG;. rdom;pk

(4) 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 16 &ufae@wGif usif;yonfh (42) eSpf

ajrmuf tmZmenfae@ 0wfpHkjynfh tcrf;tem;avhusifhonfh tcrf; t

em;odkh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. txufazmfjyyg rdom;pk&Spfpku

wufa&mufcJh=uaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. rdom;pkonf 0wfpHk

jynfhavhusifhr_tcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&mufcJhjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif (42) eSpf

ajrmuftmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&mufrnf[kvnf; ,ckcsdef

txd ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;rjyKao;a=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf?

(5) ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sif

wGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aomEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; usif;ya&;aumfrwDu

zdwf=um;cJh&m/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD (70) u 42 ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;



oef;0if;vIdif104

tem;odk@ wufa&muf&ef pm&if;ay;xm;jyD;jzpfygonf? tcrf;tem;odk@

wufa&mufrnfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. trnfpm&if;udk ae@pOfxkwf owif;

pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;jyD;jzpfygonf?

(6) EdkifiHawmfrS }uD;rSL;usif;yonfh tcrf;tem;jyD;pD;aomtcg t

pOftvm&SdonfESifhtnD jynfolvlxkrSvnf; rdrdqENtavsmuf tm

ZmenfAdrmefwGif tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; tav;jyKEdkif&ef

pDpOfxm;&SdjyD;jzpfygonf? odk@ygI at;csrf;pGm*g&0jyKvdkaom jynfolvlxk

taejzifh rdrdwdk@qENt& wOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;qHk; ig;OD; pk

aygif;Iaomfvnf;aumif; tmZmenfAdrmefodk@vma&mufI *g&0jyKEdkifyg

onf?

(7) tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; jynfolvlxkrS at;csrf;pGm

*g&0jyKEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfvdkaom

ta=umif;jzifh pDwef;vSnfhvnfcsDwufjcif;/ aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfjcif;/ ql

yl&efv_H@aqmfjcif;/ qlylv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ jynfolvlxktm; t"rRpnf;±Hk; ac:iif

jcif;/ pk±Hk;jcif;rsm;rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfvdkufonf? Twm;jrpfcsufudk

azmuf zsufusL;vGefygu w&m;Oya't& xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpf

a=umif; a=unmvdkufonf?

trdef@t&

(armifudk)

twGif;a&;rSL;

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzJG@

xdk@tjyif (19-7-89) &ufaehwGif vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf owif;

pmYvnf; “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;pOfrSm e,fcsJŒ

t*Fvdyfacwfu csay;cJhaomvrf;pOfjzpf/ wyfrawmfonf e,fcsJŒudk qefh

usifjyD; vGwfvyfa&;udkumuG,faeaomtzGJŒjzpf/ tmZmenfAdrmefodk@

jynfolrsm; vma&muftav;jyK&mwGif [email protected]&;tpDtpOf t




wGif;rSjzpf&rnf” [laom acgif;pOfjzifh azmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&jyef

onf?

xdk@aemuf 1989 Zlvdkif 19 &ufae@ eHeufwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf

u jynfolvlxk rvdktyfaom xdcdkufepfemr_rsm; ray:ap&eftwGuf

tmZmenfae@ csDwufrnfhtpDtpOfudk zsufodrf;vdkufonf? tmZmenf

ae@tcrf;tem;udk tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;Yom usif;yjyKvkyfoGm;&ef nGef=um;cJh

onf?

ÙÙÙ



oef;0if;vIdif106

tcef; (4)

yxrqkH;aetdrftus,fcsKyfumv

xdk@aemuf ae@wae@ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif 20 &ufae@wGif a':atmif

qef;pk=unfESifh OD;wifOD;wdk@tm; EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vdk

olrsm;. ab;teœ&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya'yk'fr 10 (c)

t& aetdrfwGif wm;qD;rdef@xkwfI wm;qD;xm;jcif; cHcJh&onf?

xdkodk@ ta&;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufI Zlvdkifv 21 &ufae@wGif e0w.

t}udrf 50 ajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY -

“ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif 20 &ufae@ eHeufrSpI a':atmifqef;pk=unf

ESifh ol&OD;wifOD;wdk@tm; EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;.

ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&Smufonfh Oya't& ta&;,lvdkuf

&a=umif;/ TOya'onf EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh EdkifiHawmf

vHkjcHKa&;udkjzpfap/ trsm;jynfolwdk@. at;csrf;om,ma&;udkjzpfap xd

yg;rnfhteœ&m,frS }udKwifumuG,fEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHom;rsm;.

rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rxdcdkufapbJ EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;

vdkolrsm;.ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,f&efvnf;aumif;/ jyÏmef;xm;aom

Oya'jzpfa=umif;?

,if;yk*~dKvfESpfOD;tm; tqdkyg Oya'yk'fr 10 (c) t& vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;

udk usihfoHk;jyD; wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfxm;a=umif;/ Tyk'fr 10 (c) t& ta&;,l

jcif;cH&oltm; wESpftxd wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfEdkifonf[k jyÏmef;xm;

a=umif;” Todk@wm;qD;r_rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;qdk&mY -

(u) rnfonfhae&ma'owGif raexdkif&[k owfrSwfjcif;/

(c) rnfonfhae&ma'owGifom aexdkif&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif;/

(*) oGm;vmr_udk vdktyfovdk wm;qD;jcif;/

(C) owfrSwfonfht&m0wˆKrsm;udk vuf0,fxm;&Sdjcif; (odk@r

[kwf) toHk;jyKjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfEdkifa=umif;?

azmfjyygOya't& ‚if;wdk@tm; ta&;,l&mwGif um,uH&Sifrsm;

onf vuf&Sdaexdkifvsuf&Sdaom tdrftoD;oD;wGifom aexdkifI tdrfjcH




jyifyodk@xGufcGmoGm;vmcGifhrjyKyga=umif;/ ‚if;. tdrfaxmifpkxJwGif yg&Sd

aom w&m;0ifrdom;pkrsm;om jyifyodk@ tapmifhta&Smufjzihf oGm;

a&mufEdkifa=umif;/ odk@aomfvnf; ,if;wdk@tm; EdkifiHjcm;oH±Hk;rsm;/ EdkifiH

a&;ygwDrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh qufoG,folrsm;xHodk@ oGm;a&mufcGifh

rjyKyga=umif;/ jyifyyk*~dKvfrsm;udkvnf; vludk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;/

w,fvDzkef;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; vma&mufqufoG,fjcif;rjyK&ef uef@

owfwm;jrpfxm;a=umif;/ um,uH&Sifrsm;tm; vdktyfonfh aq;0g;

ukor_ESifh usef;rma&;udpPrsm;udk aqmuf&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmfu wm

0ef,lxm;a=umif;?

TuJhodk@ ta&;,laqmif&GufcJh&jcif;onf azmfjyygyk*~dKvfESpfOD;. O

ya'csKd;azgufvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ txl;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfudk

tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfhtajctaersm;jzpfay:atmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif;

a=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;tjyif wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;ESifh wyfrawmf

udk aoG;cGJjyD; wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;u wyfrawmftay: rkef;wD;atmif

aqmif&GufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh jzpfa=umif;/

1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@ nae 6 em&DwGif VOA jrefrm

ydkif;tpDtpOfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf.a=unmcsufY -

“'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ jynfolvlxk toufaysmufatmifvdk@ usrwdk@

b,fawmhrS rvkyfygbl;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒtoufudk trsm;}uD; wefzdk;xm;

ygw,f? e0wvdk wefzdk;rxm;wJh tkyfpkr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ usr

wdk@EdkifiHrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if ppftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_qdkjyD; a=unmcsuf[m zufqpf

0g'awGpdk;rdk;aejyDqdkwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk@ jynfol jynf

om;awG[m zufqpf0g'atmufrSm ±kef;uef&rSmyJ? 'Drdkua&pD&zdk@twGuf

'Dzufqpf0g'atmufrSmowœd&Sd&SdeJ@ qufjyD;±kef;uefoGm;zdk@jzpfygw,f” [k

yg&Sda=umif;/

Todk@ r[kwfrrSefpGyfpGJcsufrSm jynfol@wyfrawmfudk zufqpfESifh

Ed_if;,SOfxm;ojzifh tvGefem=unf;p&maumif;a=umif;/ jynfolESifhwyfr

awmfonf zufqpfudk rsm;pGm&GH&Sm rkef;wD;a=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh jynfol



oef;0if;vIdif108

ESifhwyfrawmf vufwGJjyD; zufqpfudkqef@usifwdkufcdkufcJh=ua=umif;/ ‚if;

.ajymqdkr_rsm;onf zufqpfe,fcsJŒudk aoG;pnf;nDnGwfpGm wdkufcdkufcJh

=uaom jynfolESifh wyfrawmfudk aoG;uGJatmif wrifzefwD;ajymqdkr_

rsm;jzpfa=umif;?

Todk@aom wyfrawmfudk zufqpfwyfrawmf[k ac:a0:orkwf

vdkufjcif;onf wyfrawmfESifhjynfoltm; &efwdkufay;jcif;/ rormaom

&nf&G,fcsufjzifh vdrfnmpGyfpGJykwfcwfjcif;yifjzpfajumif;/ EdkifiHawmftm;

tEœ&m,fodk@usa&mufap&ef =uHaqmifzefwD;jcif;jzpfa=umif;?

a':atmifqef;pkjunfonf 1989 Zlvdkif 10 &ufae@wGif yef;bJwef;

jrdKŒe,f trSwf 163/ taemf&xmvrf;&Sd vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpf yg

wD±Hk;cef;wGif rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mYvnf; -

“EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;udk aemufxyfvufeufESifh ESdrfESif;r,fqdk&if

awmh usrwdk@u zufqpftpdk;&vdk@ a=unm&rSmyJ” [k ajymqdkcJha=umif;/

Todk@ajymqdkjcif;onf e0wtzGJ@ tpdk;&onf wyfrawmftpdk;&yifjzpfI

wyfrawmftm; jynfolu trkef;yGm;ap&ef ajymqdkjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif

&Sm;yga=umif;?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -

“ 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlwa,muftwGufr[kwfbl;/ tzGJ@tpnf;

twGuf r[kwfbl;qdkwmvJ xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f/ wyfrawmf vrf;

rSm;oGm;rSmudkvJ azaztifrwefrS pdk;&drfoGm;w,f/ 'DavmufawmifrS

pdk;&drfae&ufeJ@ bmjzpfvdk@ vrf;rSm;oGm;&wmvJ? OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmf

udk vrf;rSm;ay:rSm wifay;vdkufw,f? tJ'Dawmh ,ck wyfrawmfxJrSm

&SdwJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒzcifqdkwm

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdkjyD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;jyD;/ AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;[m wyfrawmfudk b,fvdktaetxm;rSm b,fvdkjzpfapcsif

ovJqdkwm jyefjyD;oHk;oyfyg? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrawmfvm;/ Adkvf

ae0if;wyfrawmfvm;qdkwm qHk;jzwf&awmhr,f” [kvnf; txufyg

rdef@cGef;wGif ajymqdkcJha=umif;/




a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv 8 &ufae@ wGif ‚if;.

aetdrfY xdkif;EdkifiHrS ae;&Sif; (Nation) owif;pm owif;axmuf uGefem

a*gpuD;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&mYvnf; OD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmftm; }udK;

udkifvsuf&Sdonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf OD;ae0if;. vdkvm;csuf

twdkif; vdkufIvkyfudkifae&onfrSm xif&Sm;aeonf? wyfrawmfonf

vlrdkuftvkyfudk vkyfudkifae&onf? vltdkwpk tm%mwnfjrJa&; t

wGuf vkyfudkifae&onf[k ajymqdkcJha=umif;/ ‚if;ajymqdkcsuftm; 1989

Zlvdkif 15 &ufxkwf ae;&Sif;owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wyfrawmf. *k%foduQmusqif;atmif

ESifh wyfrawmfudk jynfolrsm;u qef@usifv_yf&Sm;um v_H@aqmfaoG;xdk;

ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJha=umif;/ TuJhodk@ wdkif;jynf z±dk

z&Jjzpfap&ef =uHaqmifr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI wyfrawmfu t}udrf}udrf

onf;nnf;cHcsKyfwnf;cJha=umif;/ OD;wifOD;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@

OD;aqmifaomtzGJ@u Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@wGif jynfolrsm;tm; tmZm

enfrsm;tm; *k%fjyKrnfhtpDtpOfudk ppf0g'Dwdk@u vufeuftm;udk;jzifh

acsr_ef;&ef}udK;yrf;aea=umif;/ tmZmenfae@udk xyfrHaoG;pGef;ap&ef ywf

pufpGm=uHaeonf[kv_H@aqmfjyD; wyfrawmfudk jynfolESifh &efwdkufay;

cJha=umif;?

“ OD;wifOD;onf ucsifjynfe,fodk@ vSnfhvnfpOfu awG@&SdcJh&aom

udpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI wyfrawmfESifh wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; aoG;uGJ

atmifESifh wyfrawmftay:wGif jynfolvlxku em=unf;rkef;wD;atmif

‚if; wdk@tzGJ@. 5 }udrfajrmufowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY ajymqdkoGm;cJhonfudk

awG@&yga=umif;/ xdkowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh

OD;wifOD;wdk@onf a&SŒwef;vkyftm;&Sifrsm;toHk;jyKaomudpPESifh ywfouf

I wyfrawmftm; vlrqefaom/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom/ pD;yGm;a&;

aomif;usef;aomtzGJ@tpnf;wckozG,f±kyfvkH;ay:aygufap&ef ajymqdkcJh

a=umif;/ xdk@tjyif OD;wifOD;onf r_cif;wyfzGJ@rS w&m;pGJqdkxm;aom

pdk;odrf;yg ajcmufOD;tr_udk ppfaq;aeonfh tif;pdeftusOf;axmifteD;&Sd



oef;0if;vIdif110

txl;w&m;&Hk;odk@ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 4 &ufae@wGif vma&mufjyD; OD;

aiGv_diftm; csufcsif;tmrcHray;r_ESifh ywfoufI “vufeuftm;udk;jzifh

tEdkifusifhaejcif;jzpfonf” [k wyfrawmfESifh jynfoludk aoG;uGJatmif

ajymqdkcJha=umif;/ OD;wifOD;onf wdkif;jynftwGif; wnfjidrfr_ysufjym;ap

&ef/ qlylr_rsm;jzpfyGm;ap&ef ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdcJha=umif;/

xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHawmfESifh [email protected];pD;yGm;/ touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrf

vHkjcHkwnfwHha&;twGuf ,ckuJhodk@ ‚if;wdk@ESpfOD;tm; wm;qD;ta&;,l

vdkuf&jcif;jzpfa=umif;” ajym=um;oGm;onf?

aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzifh xdef;odrf;jcif;cHae&pOf a':atmifqef;pk=unf

onf 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxG

axGa&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf jydKifrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?

a=unmcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

“EdkifiHa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umifh 1989 Zlvdkif 20 &ufae@rSpI xdef;

odrf;cHcJ h&ygonf? txdef;odrf;cHae&vsufESifhyif rdrdtzGJ@csKyf. 'Drdku

a&pDenf;vrf;t& qHk;jzwfcsufudk av;pm;aomtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;?

wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. trSefw&m;ESifh udkufnDaomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk

wwfpGrf;oa&GŒulnDjznfhpGufvdkaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD

udkvdkvm;aom jynfolvlxk.ZGJowœdudk *k%fjyKaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/

1989 ck 'DZifbmvwGif A[ef;jrdKŒe,f trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf jynf

ol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif; pdppfa&G;cs,fa&;[email protected];jzwfcsuf

udkvdkufemI a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if ,SOfjydKifvdkolwOD;tjzpf trnfpm

&if; wifoGif;vdkufygonf?” [lI xkwfjyefcJhonf?

odk@aomf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; (wpn) ygwDtm; udk,f

pm;jyKI &efukefwdkif;/ A[ef;jrdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) wGif a':atmif

qef;pk=unfESifh ,SOfjydKif&eftqdkjyKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;vbef*a&mifrS uef@

uGufv$mwifoGif;cJh&m/ yef;qdk;wef;trSwf (1) wGif zGifhvSpfppfaq;cJhonfh

&efukefwdkif; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS vufcHppfaq;I

a&G;aumufyGJOya'yk'fr 10(i) jzifhjidpGef;onf[kqdkum a':atmifqef;




pk=unf. trnfpm&if;wifoGif;v$mudk y,fcscJhojzifh 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif

cGifhr&&SdbJ jzpfcJh&onf?

aemufqHk;rSwfyHkwifcGifhjyK&ufjzpfonfh 1989 azazmf0g&D 28 txd

(5)v cef@twGif; rSwfyHkwifcGifhjyKcJhonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;aygif;rSm

236 zGJ@jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf rSwfyHkwifxm;onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;

rsm;onf ygwDwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;wdk@udk aqmif&GufcJh=u&mY ygwDtcsKdŒonf

ygwDwGif;tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/ tjcm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;

rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;vdkI rdrdwdk@ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrSwfyHkwifxm;jcif;udk y,f

zsufcGifhjyK&ef aumfr&Sifodk@av#mufxm;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;

aygif; (102) zGJ@udk y,fzsufay;cJhonf?

xdk@jyif v$wfawmfrJqENe,f 3 e,ftxd 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif

Edkifjcif;r&Sdonfh (6) ygwDESifh EdkifiHawmftm; vufeufpJGudkifI awmfvSefykef

uefaeaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tzGJ@tpnf;. ajray:tzGJ@ tpnf;

rsm;jzpfonf[kxkwfjyefI trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk (rew) rEœav;

jrdKŒ/ jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwD &efukefjrdKŒ/ tjrJpdrf;vli,frsm;tzGJ@ rHk&GmjrdKŒ

ponfh (3) ygwDtm;vnf; e0wtzGJ@u y,fzsufcJhonf?

,if;aemuf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk 1990 jynfh

eSpf arv 27 &uf we*FaEGae@Y wjynfvHk;wGif w+ydKifeuf eHeuf 6 em

&DrS nae 4 em&DtwGif; usif;ycJhonf?

e0wppftpdk;&onf 1990 jynfhESpf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG

a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk usif;yjyKvkyfonftxd EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonfh rw&m;csKyfcs,fuef@owfrdef@rsm;jzpfaom (2§

88)/ (8§88) wdk@udk vHk;0±kwfodrf;ay;jcif;r&SdbJ usif;ycJhovdk wpnygwD

udk bufvdkufrsufESmomay;cJh&ef trsKdom;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@. pnf;±Hk;v_yf

&Sm;r_rsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jyD;rS (t"dujydKifjrif;udk

}udK;wkyfxm;jyD; wjcm;+ydKifjrif;awGudk v$wfay;jyD; t+ydKifcdkif;ovdk) wzuf

owfpDrHcef@cGJ usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;u

rJrsm;ruGJoGm;apa&;twGuf tzrf;qD;cHxm;&onfh a':atmifqef;pk



oef;0if;vIdif112

=unfacgif;aqmifonfh NLD tzGJ@rS wpn tay: pD;csif;xdk;tEdkif,l

atmifyGJcHedkifa&;twGuf rdrdwdk@. tonf;=um;u rJwjym;udk rSefrSef

uefueftoHk;csjyD; toHwdwfqENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfyrm jywfjywfom;om;

azmfjycJh=uonf? odk@uvdk jynfolvlxk}uD;. wcJeuf axmufcHtm;ay;

r_a=umifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf jrefrmEdkifiH a&G;aumufyJG

aumfr&Sifordkif;Y rnfonfhtcgrS &&SdcJhzl;aom atmifjrifr_rsKd;jzifh a&G;

aumufyGJ}uD;wGif tjywftowf atmifyGJcHEdkifcJhayonf?

ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJY 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifonfh

EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf; 93 zGJ@teuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfonf

0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJhonfh 447 rJqENe,fY 392 OD; tEdkif&&SdcJhonf? wjynf

vkH;wGif rJqENe,f 485 ae&m&Sdonfhteuf NLD ygwDonf 392 OD; tEdkif

&&SdonfhtwGuf wjynfvHk;wGif 82 &mcdkifE_ef;tEdkif&&Sdum armfuGef;

xlEdkifcJhonf?

1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f t

enf;qHk;wOD;ESihftxufa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD tzGJh

tpnf;aygif; (27) zGJ@ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onf? a&G;aumufyGJ wif

ajr‡mufcH&onfh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

(1) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 392 OD;

(2) &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 23 OD;

(3) &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 11 OD;

(4) wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD - 10 OD;

(5) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ - 5 OD;

(6) trsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta&;'Drdku&ufwpfygwD - 4 OD;

(7) csif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 3 OD;

(8) ucsifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDuGef*&uf - 3 OD;

(9) jynfaxmifpkytdk0fh trsKd;om;tzGJ@csKyf - 3 OD;

(10)trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD - 3 OD;

(11) ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf - 2 OD;




(12)em*awmifwef;a'owdk;wufa&;ygwD - 2 OD;

(13)u,m;jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 2 OD;

(14)watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 2 OD;

(15)u,ef;trsKd;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@

- 2 OD;

(16)'Drdkua&pDygwD - 1 OD;

(17) 'Drdku&ufwpfwuUodkvfbGJ@&ESifh ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; tzGJ@

- 1 OD;

(18)rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@ - 1 OD;

(19)u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD;

(20)&Srf;jynfudk;uef@'Drdku&ufwpfygwD - 1 OD;

(21) jynfaxmifpk"EktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD;

(22)ureftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD;

(23)r&mjynfol@ygwD (ryy) - 1 OD;

(24) jynfaxmifpktrsKd;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDygwD - 1 OD;

(25) jrdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@(rcrnz) - 1 OD;

(26)vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD - 1 OD;

(27) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

- 1 OD;

xdk@aemuf a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifjyD; v$wfawmf udk,f

pm;vS,fwOD;r# a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcsif;rcH&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (63)

ygwDtm; e0wrS 1992 Zefe0g &D 22 &ufae@&ufpGJyg trdef@trSwf 2§92

jzifh zsufodrf;cJhonf? xdk@jyif a&G;aumufyGJwGif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f

tenf;qHk;wOD;ESifhtxuf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD

(20) tm; e0wtzGJ@rS 1992 rwf11 &ufae@ &ufpGJyg trdef@trSwf

7§92 jzifh zsufodrf;cJhjyefonf?

odk@aomf a&G;aumufyGJwGif wOD;r#ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; e0wtpdk;

&u w&m;0if &yfwnfcGifhay;cJhaomygwD (3) ckrSm udk;uef@'Drdkua&pDESifh



oef;0if;vIdif114

nDnGwfa&;ygwD (Kokang Democracy and Unity Party)/ ‘0’ trsKd;om; zGH@

+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (Wa National Development Party)/ jynfaxmifpk u&if

trsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Union Karen League) wdk@jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh w

&m;0if&yfwnfvsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (10) ygwDrSm atmufygtwdkif;

jzpfonf?

(1) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

(2) wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD

(3) &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

(4) jynfaxmifpkytdk0fhtrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf

(5) &Srf;jynfudk;uef@'Drdku&ufwpfygwD

(6) +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@

(7) vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD

(8) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf

(9) udk;uef@'Drdkua&pDESifh nDnGwfa&;ygwD

(10) ‘0’ trsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD

ponfwdk@ jzpfonf?

1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif woD;yk*~vtrwfavmif; ajcmufOD;

ta&G;cH&onf? ,if;wdk@rSm -

(1) a'gufwmr_xef / xef;wvef+rdKŒe,f jynfol@v$wfawmfrJqEN

e,f/ csif;jynfe,f?

(2) OD;0if;&Sdef / ajrmif+rdKŒe,f/ jynfol@v$wfawmf rJqENe,f trSwf

(1) ppfudkif;wdkif;?

(3) OD;yDwmvif;yif/ jyifOD;vGif+rdKŒe,f jynfol@v$wfawmfrJqENe,f

trSwf(2) rEœav;wdkif;?

(4) a'gufwmpef;atmif/ t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f jynfol@v$wfawmfrJqEN

e,ftrSwf (2) {&m0wDwdkif;?

(5) OD;vseftkyf/ [m;cg;+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,f/ csif;jynfe,f?

(6) OD;odef;az/ uef@bvl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf(1) ppfudkif;wdkif;




wdk@ jzpf=uonf?

e0wppftpdk;&onf rnfodk@rS ar#mfvifhrxm;rdonfh &v'frsKd;

jzifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu tjywftowftEdkif&&SdoGm;r_tay:

tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;cJh&jyD;aemuf tzGJ@csKyftay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh zdESdyfa&;udk

apmif;ay;vkyfaqmifvmcJhayonf?

e0wppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJtjyD;Y a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&

&SdcJhaom EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf -

(1) aiGa=u;tiftm;jzifh trwfae&mrsm; 0,f,lxm;Edkifonfh bm

oma&;tpGef;a&mufrsm;u bmoma&;e,fajr cGJxGufa&;udk jyifqifvm

=uonf? ratmifjrifv#if vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?

(2) vlrsKd;a&;tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfhygwDrsm;uvnf; e,fajrrsm;

udk cGJxGuf&efjyifqifvm=uonf? cGifhrjyKv#if aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh

aygif;rnf/ vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?

(3) tm%m&vmrnf[k ar#mfvifhaeaomEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf

taemuftkyfpkoH±kH;rsm;/ jynfyrS taemuftkyfpk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh

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udk;&ef jyifqifvm=uonf?

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rsm; v$rf;rdk;aeaomfygwDrsm;onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif&ef }udK;

pm;ae=uonf?

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tjyifbuf tif;wdkifodk@a&$Œ&ef =unf;/ a&/ av/ wyfrawmfudk =unf;wyf/

a&wyf/ avwyf oD;jcm;pD cGJxkwfzGJ@pnf;&ef/ 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD;ESifh txuf

tqifhrsm;udk wyfrawmfrSxkwfy,fypfjyD; tcsKdŒudk cHk±Hk;wifI ta&;,l&ef

wdk@udk aqG;aEG;=uum wyfrawmfudk +zdKcGJypf&ef/ zsufodrf;ypf&eftxd

=uHpnfvm=uonf[lI tajctjrpfr&Sd pGyfpGJjyD; zGwfv#mo¿mef

ESpfcGOm%fjzifh uvdrfaphjirf;pifum tEdkif& trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

tm; tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;a&;udk cg;cg;wl;wl; jiif;qefcJhonf? xdk@aemuf



oef;0if;vIdif116

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aumufcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH

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tu,fI wpn ac: wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwDom

tEdkif&&Sdrnfqdk v#if 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' odk@r[kwf 1974

zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'udkvdktyfovdk ,m,Djyifqifr_jyKvkyfjyD; tm%mudk jrefjref

qefqefvG,fvG,fulul v$Jajymif;tyfvdkufI ay:aygufvmonfh v$wf

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Edkif&&Sdonfonfhtay: e0w ppftpdk;&onf ay:ay:xifxif npfywf

vmjcif; jzpfonf?

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pk=unfu -

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aumiftxnfrazmfwm[m xrif;pm;zdwf/ xrif;yGJjyif/ pm;yGJrSm xdkifcdkif

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udk apmfum;wJhvkyf&yfyg? 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk t aumiftxnf

razmfay;wm[m jynfolw&yfvHk;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm; apmfum;&m

a&mufygw,f?”

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a=umifh 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnfrazmfbJ aemuf




a&G;aumufyGJtopfusif;ya&;udk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu vHk;0

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ajym=um;cJhonf?

NLD tm; rJxnfhay;cJhaomjynfolvlxktm;vnf; a':atmifqef;

pk=unfu -

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tifrwefrS &ifhusufw,fvdk@ usrwdk@ owfrSwf&rSmyg? bmjzpfvdk@ usr

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[m 'Drdkua&pDudk &,lay;EdkifwJhtzGJ@wckudk axmufcHr,f/ yHhydk;r,f/ 'Dvdk

vkyfrS usrwdk@&JŒ'Drdkua&pD[m wdk;wufEdkifr,fqdkwmudk jrifw,f/ [kd

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vdkrS urBmudkrsufvSnfhjyjyD;awmh tzGJ@csKyfudk jynfolvlxka&G;aumufyGJ

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oef;0if;vIdif118

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om usrwdk@om jywfjywfowfowfrEdkifcJhvdk@&Sd&if trsKd;rsKd; wcgwnf;

rsufvSnfh uGufawGeJ@vkyftHk;r,f? urBmudkvnf; vSnfhpm;zdk@/ usrwdk@

jynfolvlxktaeeJ@ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJrSm 'Drdkua&pDudk &,lay;Edkifw,f

vdk@ jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfwJhtzGJ@tpnff;udk EdkifiHa&;&ifhusufwJhtjrifeJ@

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vdk@ usrajymcsifygw,f” [lI ajym=um;cJhonf?

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onhftwGuf ,m,DOuUXtjzpf wm0ef,lxm;aom OD;=unfarmif OD;

aqmifonfh NLD A[dktvkyfr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;u 90 jynfhESpf a&G;

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v$wfawmfudk ac:,lray;onfhtwGuf tzGJ@csKyfonf a&G;aumufyGJ usif;

ycJhonfh ar27 &ufrS &ufaygif; 60 t=um; 1990 jynfhESpf Zlvdkif28/

29 &ufae@rsm;wGif NLD A[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@ESifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;

yxrt}udrf nd‡E_dif;tpnf;ta0;udk usif;y&ef ac:,lcJhonf?

ppftpdk;&onf NLD . tpnf;ta0;rwdkifcif w&uftvdk (Zlvdkif

v 27 &uf) wGif e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcifnGef@ (aemifAdkvfcsKyf

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(1§90) udk uref;uwef;xkwfjyefjyD; [email protected];ta0;}uD;udk }udK

wifuef@owfcsKyfcs,f[ef@wm;r_udk jyKvkyfcJhonf?

e0wtpdk;&. a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§90 tjynfhtpHkrSm atmufyg

twdkif;jzpfonf?

(1) jrefrmEdkifiHonf 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (4) &ufae@wGif vHk;0

vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHjzpfonf?

(2) 1988 ckESpftwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJhojzifh EdkifiHw0Srf;

mailto:[email protected]




vHk;wGif tajctaet&yf&yf,dk,Gif;ysufjym;cJhonf? xdkodk@ ,kd,Gif;ysuf

jym;cJhonfh tajctaet&yf&yfudk tcsdefrDxdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfol

jynfom;tm;vHk;tusKd;iSm wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmftm%mt&yf&yfudk

vHk;0wm0ef,lcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmftygt0if EdkifiHawmf tm%m

ydkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk zsufodrf;vsuf EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;

tzGJ@udk zGJhpnf;um wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfudk aqmif&Gufrnfjzpfa=umif; a=u

nmjyD; EdkfifiHawmf. ta&;udpPt00udk wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf?

(3) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf EdkifiHawmftwGif;

jidrf0yfydjym;a&;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;wdk@udk

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a'uJhodk@tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf?

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aqmifvsuf&Sdonf?

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vrf;yef;qufoG,fr_vHkjcHKacsmarG@ap&efESifh wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef t

wGuf aqmif&Gufoifhonfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf?

(6) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf rnfonfhzGJ@pnf;yHk

tajccHOya'udkr# vdkufemusifhoHk;aomtzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfbJ EdkifiHawmf

udk rm&S,favm (Martial Law) jzifh tkyfcsKyfaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfa=umif;/

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oef;0if;vIdif120

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vsuf&Sdonf? EdkifiHtcsif;csif; oHwrefqufqHa&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefap

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aom EdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif oH±Hk;topfw±Hk; wdk;csJŒzGifhvSpfcJhonf?

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&Sdonf?

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(10)EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf EdkifiHawmf. wm

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taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yEdkif&ef ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;

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axG xGa&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJ0ifvdk

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oef;0if;vIdif122

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aemufykdif;wGif v$wfawmfac:,la&;/ tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udpPrsm;ESifh

pyfvsOf;I pmapmifrsm;xkwfa0aejcif;/aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkjcif;/ jynfytoHv$ifh

Xmersm;rS a&SŒaqmifvrf;jyvkyfjcif;/ aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfjcif;/ w&m;r0if

pm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfa0jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfae=uonf?

(14)v$wfawmfac:,la&;eSifh ywfoufI txufwGif &Sif;vif;azmf

jycJhjyD;jzpfonf? tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udpPESifh pyfvsOf;I EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yf

ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@OuUX u wdkif;rSL;rsm;/ wyfrrSL;/ jynfe,fESifh

wdkif;jidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@OuUXrsm;tm; tcgtm;avsmfpGm

ajym=um;cJhonhfrdef@cGef;rsm;wGif nGefjycJhjyD;jzpfonf? EdkifiHawmf jidrf0yfyd

jym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ twGif;a&;rSL; (1) taejzifhvnf; 1990 jynfh

ESifh Zlvdkif13 &ufae@wGif usif;yonfh (100) }udrfajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;

vif;yGJY wdwdvif;vif;ajymqdkcJhjyD; jzpfonf?

(15)EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfonf jynfol@v$wfawmfw&yf ay:

aygufvm±Hkjzifh Oya'jyKr_tm%m/ pDrHcef@cGJr_tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifr_ tm

%m[laom tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfudk tvdktavsmufr&&SdbJ

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yftay: tajcjyKIom &,lEdkifa=umif; txl;

&Sif;vif;&ef vdkrnfr[kwfyg/ 1947 ckESpfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'

onf 1947 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 24 &ufae@wGif wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf

uvufcHI Oya'tjzpf twnfjyKcJhonf? odk@aomf xdktajccHOya'

tm%mwnfjyD; trSefwu,f tusKd;oufa&mufonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH

vHk;0vGwfvyfaom tcssyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmfjzpfa=umif;

a=unmonfh 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGifrSjzpfonfudk Oya'

a=umif;t& txift&Sm;awG@Edkifonf? EdkifiHwck. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'




w&yfonf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'ESifh vGwfvyfa&;

&&SdonfhaemufrS a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'[lI ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf? vGwfvyf

a&;&&SdcJh=uonfh urBm@EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vuf

qkyfvufudkif&jyD;rSom wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfudkac:,lI zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH

Oya'udk a&;qGJ=uonfh tpOftvm&Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl wdkif;jynf

jyKv$wfawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyD;rS vGwfvyfa&; a=u

nmcJh&onf? xdkodk@ aqmif&GufcJhjcif;onf xdktcsdefu edkifiHacgif;aqmif

rsm;taejzifh jAdwdo#wdk@xHrS jidrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;udk tjref

&,lvdkaomqENa=umifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rSm xif&Sm;onf?

(16)1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'udk avhvmygu vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;

aemufa&;qGJjcif;jzpfjyD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJjzifh jyÏmef;cJhaomOya'jzpfonf

udk rnfolr#jiif;qdkjcif;jyKEdkifrnfr[kwfyg?

(17)1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD a&;qGJ

onfh Oya'jzpfjyD; 1974 ckESpfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;

rS a&;qGJonfhOya'jzpfa=umif; uGmjcm;csufudk txl;owdjyK&efvdkonf?

(18)ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif

cJh=uonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsm;pk.qENrSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opf a&;qGJ

a&;jzpfa=umif; ,if;wdk@. oabmxm;a=unmcsufrsm;t& od&SdEdkif

onf? 1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJpOfu wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t

a&;ESifhywfoufI yifvHknDvmcHwGif &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifhom

aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;cJhjyD; rGef/ &cdkifpaomvlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;r_ r&Sd

a=umif; awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;vm

aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sd&m ‚if;wdkif;.qEN oabm

xm;rsm;udk nd‡Ed_if;&,ljyD; cdkifrmonfhzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfw&yf a&;

qGJjyÏmef;&ef txl;vdktyfaea=umif; xif&Sm;aeonf?

(19)EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf ppftpdk;&w&yf

jzpfonfESifhtnD rm&S,favm (Martial Law) Oya'udk udkifpGJoHk;aeonfh

tpdk;&jzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpfonfESifhtnD jrefrmEdkifiHtm; atmufygtwdkif;



oef;0if;vIdif124

tm%moHk;&yfjzifh usifhoHk;vsuf&Sdonf?

(u) Oya'jyKr_tm%m? ? EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmuf

a&;tzGJ@uom usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?

(c) pDrHcef@cGJr_tm%m? ? EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_ wnfaqmuf

a&;tzGJ@u usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif ,if;tm%mudk tpdk;&tzGJ@

ESifhwuG jynfe,f/ wdkif;/ +rdKŒe,fpk/ +rdKŒe,f/ &yfuGufaus;&Gmtkyfpk jidrf0yf

ydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@tqifhqifhtm; cGJa0ay;vsuf pDrHcef@cGJa&;

udpP&yfrsm;udk pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_jzifh wm0efay; aqmif&Gufapvsuf&Sd

onf? ,if;odk@ aqmif&Gufapjcif;rSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh ay:ayguf

vmrnfhtpdk;&vufxufwGif 0efxrf;rsm;onf Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;udk

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhuif;&Sif;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifap&ef avhusifhaqmif&Guf

ay;aejcif;jzpfonf?

(*) w&m;pD&ifr_tm%m? ?EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfr_wnf aqmuf

a&;tzGJ@u usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktjccHOya' ay:ayguf

vmonfhtcsdefwGif tavhtusifh&ap&ef omref&mZ0wfr_ESifh w&m;

rr_ponfrsm;udk w&m;±Hk;tqifhqifhzGJ@pnf;jyD; ppfaq;pD&ifapvsuf&Sd

onf?

(20)xdk@a=umifh ,ae@tajctaewGif jynfolrsm;u a&G;aumuf

wifajr‡mufvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tem*wf'Drdkua&pD EdkifiH

awmf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=u&ef wm0ef&Sdonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; jzpf

onf?

(21)EdkifiHawmftm%m&,la&;twGuf ,m,DzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH Oy

a'a&;qGJI tpdk;&zGJhpnf;jcif;udk rnfonhfenf;ESifhr# vufcHEdkifrnf r[kwf

onfhtjyif xdkodkhaqmif&Gufygu Oya'ESihftnD xda&mufpGm ta&;,l

rnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh jynfol@qENESifhtnD cdkifrmaomzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'

opft& ay:aygufvmrnfh tpdk;&w&yfrzGJ@pnf;rD =um;umvwGif EdkifiH

awmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@taejzifh

(u) jynfaxmifpkr+ydKuGJa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ r+ydK




uGJa&;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;[lonfh ta&;(3) yg;?

(c) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ a=unmcsuftrSwf

(1§88)wGif yg&Sdaom w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh e,fajrat;csrf;om,m

a&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fr_vHkjcHKacsmarG@apa&;/ jynfolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&;

acsmifvnfapa&;ESifh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;

ponfh vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfteuf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxG a&G;

aumufyGJusif;ya&;wm0efrSty jzpfaom vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; (3) &yfESifh

(*) jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;. zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf

a&;twGufaqmif&Guf&ef vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tav;*±kjyK umuG,f

apmifha&SmufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf?

trdef@t&

(yHk) cifnGef@

AdkvfcsKyf

twGif;a&;rSL; (1)

EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@

1990 jynfhESpf/ Zlvdkif 28 &ufae@wGif ,m,DOuUX OD;=unfarmif

OD;pD;usif;yonfh “*E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;” udk usif;ycJhonf? ta&G;

cs,fcHtzGJ@csKyf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;eD;yg; tygt0if tzGJ@csKyf

tzGJh0ifaygif; (500) ausmfwufa&muf=uonfh *E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;

udk jynfolvlxkwpfaomif;cef@u vlxktif;tm;jzifh 0dkif;&Hapmifh =unfhae

cJh=ujyD; jynfwGif;jynfyae&maygif;pHkrS tav;xm; ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?

odk@aomf xGufay:vmcJhonfh *E<Dcef;rqHk;jzwfcsufonf trsm;ar#mf

vifh awmifhwcJhonfhtwdkif;r[kwfbJ aemufxyf&ufaygif; 60 twGif;

(pufwifbmv aemufqHk;xm;jyD;) v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ taxGaxG

o[Zmwjzpfa&;/ tmCmwuif;pifa&;rlrsm;ESifh acsmarG@pGm tm%m

v$Jajymif;ay;a&;wdk@twGuf e0wtpdk;&ESifh NLD awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk

om awmif;qdka=unmEdkifcJhonf?



oef;0if;vIdif126

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS Zlvdkifv 29 &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefcJh

aom *E<Dcef;ra=unmpmwrf;tjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

1? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;jzpf=uukef aom u|Ekfyfwdk@onf jrefrmouU&mZf 1352 ckESpf/ 0gacgif

vqef; (7) &ufESifh (8) &uf (1990jynfhESpf/ Zlvdkif 28 &ufESifh 29 &uf)

ae@rsm;wGif &efukef+rdKŒ/ ausmufwHwm;+rdKŒe,f&Sd *E<dcef;raqmifY pka0;

a&muf&Sd=u+yD; wdkif;&if;om;jynfolw&yfvHk;. tusKd;iSm EdkifiHawmfa&;

&mtjzmjzmESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfac:qdkzGJ@pnf;a&;udpPt00wdk@udk aqG;

aEG;nd‡E_dif;wdkifyif=ujyD; oumv wnDwnGwfwnf;qHk;jzwfum T

‘*E<Dcef;ra=unmpmwrf;’ukd xkwfjyefa=unmvdkuf=uayonf?

2? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif;(30) twGif; yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf

1990 jynfhESpf arv 27 &ufae@Y usif;ycJhaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxG

axGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fae&m (485)

ae&mtwGuf usif;ycJh&mY trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf trsm;jynf

olvlxk}uD;. wcJeufaom axmufcHr_wdkhjzifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,f

pm;vS,fae&m (392) ae&mwGif tEdkif&&SdcJhayonf? odk@&mwGif trsKd;om;

'Drdkua&pDzGJ@csKyfonf urBmh'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;. usihfxHk;rsm;twdkif; zGJ@

pnf;&rnfh tpdk;&w&yfudk cdkifrmpGmzGJ@pnf;edkifavmufonfh xuf0uf

ausmf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftiftm;xuf ausmfvGef±Hkr#ru

v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fta&wGuf. &mcdkifE_ef; (80) ausmftxd vHk;vHk;

vsm;vsm;tEdkif&&SdcJhojzifh jynfol@v$wfawmftm; OD;aqmifEdkifaom t

aetxm; tcdkiftrm&&Sdxm;jyD; jzpfayonf?

3? ,cktcg ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD; atmifjrif

pGm usif;yjyD;cJhjyD;jzpfavonf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;jyD;v#if jynfol@

v$wfawmfudk ra&S;raESmif;umvY tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&rnfrSm "rRwm

yifjzpfavonf? jynfolvlxkuvnf; Ttwdkif; ar#mfvifhae=uay

onf? odk@aomf a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;jyD;I &ufaygif; (60) =umvmonfhwdkif

atmif jynfol@v$wfawmfudk rzGJ@pnf;&ao;ay?




a&G;aumufyGJwGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;trsm;pktEdkif&&Sdxm;aom trsKd;

om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf EdkifiHawmftwGuf avmavmq,f tusKd;

pD;yGm;ESifh a&&Snftem*wfumvtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk tajccHxm;I/ wrsKd;

om;vHk; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;pdwf"gwfjzifh yGif;vif;aom/ ±dk;om;aom/

apwemtjynfhygaom ESpfOD;ESpfzufnd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; jyKvkyf

oGm;&ef EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@odk@trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD

tzGJ@csKyfA[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@rS tqdkjyKcsufudkvnf; EdkifiHawmfjidrf

0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u wpHkw&m ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&SdcJhay?

4? &[ef;&Sifjynfolrsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ ausmif;

om;vli,frsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;jynfol vl

xk}uD;onf EdkifiHawmf'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; uef@owfcHxm;r_a=umifh

vuf&SdrsufarSmufjyKae&aom pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_/ pdk;&drfxdwf

vef@ae&r_ESifh aomuAsmyg'ab;rS uif;vGwfa&;wdk@twGuf 'Drdkua&pD

tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tjrefqHk;ul;ajymif;a&muf&Sd&ef qENjyif;jyvsuf &Sdae

ayonf?

5? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkusifhoHk;onfh ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/

wdkif;EdkifiHwdkif;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfudk tjrifhqHk;aom r¾kdKif}uD;w&yf

tjzpf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u tav;tjrwfjyKxm;jcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiH

awmf*k%fusufoa&udk jr‡ifhwif=upjrJjzpfavonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH

wGifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDjynfol@v$wfawmfjuD;w&yf iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh wnf&Sdae

rSom usufoa&r*Fvm xnf0gjynfhpHkjyD; urBmhtv,fwGif av;pm;cH

xdkufaom *k%ft*F gtaygif;jzifh wifhw,fayrnf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@u tav;

teuf ,Hk=unf=uayonf?

6? ,ae@ jynfolwdk@ &ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;

paom t=uyftwnf;rsm;onf jynfolwdk@u ,Hk=unfudk;pm;pGm a&G;

cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufonfh jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@

pnf;aom jynfol@v$wfawmfuom OD;aqmifI jynfol@qENESifhtnD ajz

&Sif;tyfayonf?



oef;0if;vIdif128

odk@jzpf&m jynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJOya' tcef; (2) yk'fr

(3) Y jyÏmef;xm;aom “v$wfawmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifh

tnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufaom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh

zGJ@pnf;&rnf” [laom jyÏmef;csufESihftnD jynfol@v$wfawmfudk tjref

qHk; ac:,lzGJ@pnf;ay;&ef ta&;w}uD; vdktyfaeayonf?

7? jynfol@v$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;onf wm0ef&Sd=uukefaom ouf

qdkif&mrsm;tzdk@ w&m;Oya't&vnf;aumif;/ usifh0wft&vnf;

aumif; ysufuGufjcif;iSm vHk;0rjzpfEdkifonfhtjyif jzpfay:aeaom jynfol

wdk@. qENeSifh wdkif;jynf. tusyftwnf; tajctae t&yf&yfwdk@udk

axmufxm;ygv#ifvnf; jynfol@v$wfawmfac:,lzGJ@pnf;a&;udk ysufuGuf

jcif;iSm vHk;0roifhavsmf/ ysufuGufjcif;iSm vHk;0rxkduf[k u|Efkyfwdk@ cH,lay

onf?

8? odk@jzpf&um; jynfol@v$wfawmfudk tjrefqHk; rjzpfrae arG;zGm;

oef@pifay;&ayawmhrnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya' tcef;

(1) / yk'fr 2 (u) wGif “v$wfawmfqdkonfrSm jynfol@v$wfawmfudkqdk

onf” [k jyÏmef;xm;csuft& ,ck ay:aygufvmrnfh jynfol@v$wfawmf

onf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfr[kwfa=umif;udkvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@ tav;

teuf cH,lxm;ayonf?

Oya'ESifhtnD jzpftyfaomtm%m (odk@wnf;r[kwf) Oya'ESifh

tnD jzpftyfaomtm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udpPwdk@ESifhywfoufI zGJ@pnf;

tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'w&yfudk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS toifha&;

qGJxm;&SdjyD;jzpfa=umif;od&Sd&I u|Ekfyfwdk@u }udKqdkayonf?

tqdkyg 1990 jynfhESpf ,m,DzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' (rl=urf;)

udk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaejzifh tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;ESifh

nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;rnfh tpDtpOfudkvnf; u|Efkyfwdk@u axmufcHayonf?

T,m,DzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'tm;jzifh Oya'ESifhtnD tm

%mv$Jajymif;a&;udk jzpfajrmuftyfonf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@u wnDwnGwf

wnf; ,lq=uayonf?




9? xdk@aemuf 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpkopftwGuf &nfoefaom zGJ@

pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfukd u|Ekfyfwdk@yg0ifaom jynfol@v$wfawmf

uomv#if a&;qGJjyÏmef;twnfjyK&ef wm0ef&Sdayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@u

vnf; xdkwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaomtcgY us,fjyef@pGm nd‡E_dif; aqmif

&GufoGm;=urnfjzpfayonf?

odk@aomf jynfol@v$wfawmf. tm%mtyfESif;r_r&SdbJ jynfol@v$wf

awmf. tm%mpufr&SdbJ/ jynfol@v$wfawmf. taqmifta,mif t

&Sdeft0gr&SdbJ/ jynfol@v$wfawmfu twnfjyKjyÏmef;jcif;r&SdbJ/ jynfol@

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ac:,lzGJ@pnf;&ef txl;vdktyfa=umif;rSm xif&Sm;ayonf?

10? Tae&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& ray:aygufrD umvwav#muf

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abm&&Sdayonf?

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okOf;aeqdkonfhtjzpfrsKd;um; vHk;0rvdkvm;tyfay?

'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&ray:aygufrDumvwGif 'Drdkua&pD tajctaersm;

zefwD;ay;r_[m 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpkopfxlaxmifa&;txd/ at;csrf;

om,mpGm nifomaomtoGifjzifh taxmuftuljyK jzpfxGef;oGm;vdrfh

rnf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@,Hk=unfayonf? 'Drdkua&pDtajctaersm; &SdygrSvnf;



oef;0if;vIdif130

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ua&pDjynfaxmifpkopf xlaxmifa&;udk wufnDvufnD udk,fpDtod

pdwf"gwfjzifh aqmif&GufoGm;Edkif=uygrnf?

Tumvrsm;twGif; trsm;jynfolvlxktwGuf tedrfhqHk;tm;jzifh

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wifjycGifhwdk@onf pnfyifae&ygrnf? jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif tpdk;&w&yf

udk vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf zGJ@pnf;Edkifavmufatmif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;

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ae&onf[kqdkv#if jzpf±dk;jzpfpOfEdkifiHa&;obm0,kwœdrsm;ESifh vHk;0 zDvm

jzpfaeayrnf? jynfolvlxktjyif urBmhtjrifwdk@Y tvGefw&mrS t

usnf;wefaernfrSm aocsmayonf?

u|Efkyfwdk@onf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;rSwqifh

rJqeN&Sif jynfolvlxk. qENtqHk;tjzwfudk &,lxm;olrsm;jzpfI xdk

obm0ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm oifhwifhavsmufywfaom tqifhtwef;

udk &&Sd=u&ayrnf? ,kwfpGtqHk; u|Ekfyfwdk@tm; taESmifht,Suf/ t[ef@

twm; jcdrf;ajcmufr_wdk@rS uif;a0;ap&rnf?

11? avmavmq,f tajctaet& u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif wygwDpepf

rS ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;&rnfjzpfojzifh ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf=u

&rnfhtusyftwnf;/ tcuftcJjy\emrsm;&Sdrnfudk u|Ekfyf tusyf

wnf;rsm;udkvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtajccHw&m;rsm;udk rxdyg;rysuf,Gif;apbJ/

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@

onf wrsKd;om;vHk;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;OD;wnfcsufjzifh ±dk;om;r_/ yGifhvif;

r_/ tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_wdk@udk tajccHum awG@qHkaqG;aEG; tajz&Smjcif;

tm;jzifh rkcsajz&Sif;Edkif&rnf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@ ar#mfvifh=uayonf?

,ae@ urBmwGif tvGef±_yfaxG;eufeJaom/ vlom;tm;vHk;udk ysuf

jyKef;aprnfh t%kjrLppfyGJ}uD;tEœ&m,fudkyif awG@qHkaqG;aEG; tajz&Smjcif;




enf;jzifh ,ae@tcsdeftxd [ef@wm;xm;EdkifcJhjyD;jzpf&m u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHwGif

tcsif;csif;jzpfyGm;ae&aom jy\em[lor#onfvnf; rsufESmcsif;

qdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh acsmarmajywnf&rnf[k u|Efkyfwdk@ ,Hk=unf

ayonf? ,if;odk@ awG@qHk&mwGif -

(u) yGifhvif;±dk;om;r_ESifh tjyeftvSef av;pm;vdkufema&;rl/

(c) wrsKd;om;vHk; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;rl/

(*) jidrf;csrf;acsmarG@aomenf;udk toHk;csa&;rl/

(C) tmCmwuif;pifaom taxGaxGo[Zmwjzpfr_udk a&SŒ±_

a&;rl ponfwdk@udk udkifpJG&rnf[kvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@cH,lxm;ayonf?

12? jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;onfh jynfol@ v$wf

awmfudk ac:,lzGJ@pnf;&ef awmif;qdkydkifcGifhrSm jynfolvlxk. tajccHrl

tusqHk;aom w&m;0ifydkifcGifhw&yf jzpfayonf? ,if; ydkifcGifhawmif;qdk

&ef jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uukefaom u|Efkyfwdk@Y wm0ef&Sday

onf?

13? odk@jzpf&um; jynfolvlxk}uD;. qENESifhtnD jynfol@v$wfawmf

a&G;aumufyGJ Oya' tcef; (2)/ yk'fr (3) t&vnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD.

tESpfom&rsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwumusifhxHk;usifhenf;rsm;ESifh

avsmfnDpGmvnf;aumif;/ 1990 jynfhESpf/ pufwifbmvtwGif; jynfol@

v$wfawmfudk ac:,lzGJ@pnf;ay;&ef trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu jynfol@

v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uukefom u|Ekfyfwdk@u EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yf

r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@tm; Tae@T&ufrSpI wnDwnGwfwnf;

awmif;qdkvdkufjyDjzpfa=umif; a=unmtyfayonf?

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf

jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;

r[wœr*E<Dcef;raqmif

Adkfvfatmifausmfvrf;/ &efukef+rdKŒ



oef;0if;vIdif132

odk@uvdk *E<Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;udk v$wfawmftjzpf ajymif;vJ a=u

nmEdkifcJhjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf tm;rvdktm;r&jzpfolrsm; &SdcJhavonf?

*E<Dtpnf;a0;}uD;aemufydkif;Y tzGJ@csKyfonf v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ tm

%mv$Jajymif;a&;udk t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdk ajym=um;oHrSefor#udk e0w

ppftpdk;&u ‘olcdk;vljyef[pf’ qdkovdk ‘tm%m±l;rsm;’ / ‘1§90 udk

csKd;azmufqef@usifaer_rsm;’tjzpf wkef@jyef&efapmif&if; NLD ukdt"du

OD;wnf&efol}uD;tjzpf owfrSwfjyD; zufaygif;pHkrS csKd;ESdrfESdyfuGyfr_rsm; wdk;

jr‡ifhvmcJhonf?

xdk@aemuf e0wppftpdk;&onf ,m,DOuUX OD;=unfarmiftygt

0if tzGJ@csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ t+rdKŒ+rdKŒte,fe,fu v$wfawmfudk,fpm;

vS,frsm; zrf;qD;cJh&ovdk/ ac:,lppfaq;ar;cHr_rsm;/ xdef;odrf;uef@owf

ta&;,lcH&r_rsm;udk qufwdkufjyKvkyfvmcJhonf?

e0wppftpdk;&. v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&; jiif;qefaer_ajumifh

wufºuGaom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒu 1990 jynfhESpf/ pufwif

bm/ atmufwdkbmtwGif; tr&yl&ESifh rEœav;+rdKŒrsm;Y v#KdŒ0SufawG@qHk

aqG;aEG;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJh=ujyD; pif+ydKiftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;Edkifa&;udk }udK;yrf;

v_yf&Sm;cJhr_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? ppftpdk;&axmufvSrf;a&;u azmf

xkwfzrf;qD;jyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lcJhonfhtwGuf tzGJ@csKyf v$wf

awmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒ axmif'%fcsrSwfcH&onfhtjyif v$wfawmf

udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS y,fzsufa=umif; a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifrS rw&m;

ojzifha=unmjcif;udk cHcJh&onf? v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwcsKdŒ zrf;qD;

cH&mrS axmifxJYyifaoqHk;cJh&onf? (Oyrm c&rf;v$wfawmf udk,fpm;

vS,f OD;wifarmif0if;onf tif;pdefaxmifwGif;Y e0w ppfaxmufvSrf;

a&;rsm;. n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_a=umifh 1991 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (18) &ufae@

wGif axmifwGif;Y aoqHk;oGm;cJh&onf? OD;wifarmif0if;. ZeD;rSm pma&;

q&mr,k0wDcifv_dif=uLjzpfjyD; om;orD; (2) OD;usef&pfcJhonf?) wcsKdŒ

e,fpyfa'o awmfvSefa&;e,fajrrsm;twGif; xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh&

onf?




,m,DOuUXOD=unfarmifzrf;qD;axmifcscHvdkuf&jyD;aemuf tzGJ@csKyf

. ,m,DOuUXtjzpf AdkvfrSL;a[mif;OD;atmifa&$ jzpfvmcJhonf? tjidrf;

pm; AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&$onf r&rf;ukef;+rdKŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)

wGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftm; udk,fpm;jyKI 0ifa&muf ,SOf+ydKifcJh

&m a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? OD;atmifa&$udk 1918 ckESpf/ arv

19 &ufae@wGif tzOD;zdk;uGef;/ trda':odef;wifwdk@rS zGm;jrifcJhonf? 1940

jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuUokdvf bDat (0dZ…m) bGJ@&&SdcJhjyD; 1942 rS 1945

txd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bD

tdkifat)/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(bD'Dat) ESifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfr

awmf (yDbDtufzf) wdk@wGif yg0ifcJhonf? 1945 rSpI wyfrawmf (=unf;)

wGif udk,fydkiftrSwf 3505 jzifh Adkvf}uD;tqifhrSpI wm0efxrf;&GufcJh&m

1950 wGif AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifhjzifh ppfaxmufcsKyf/ 1955 wGif ajrmufydkif;

wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpf/ azazmf

0g&Dv 25 &ufae@rS 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 15 &ufae@twGif; awmif

ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhjzifh wdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;

aqmifaepOf a&G;aumufyGJY bufvdkufvkyfcJha=umif; pdppfawG@&Sd&ojzifh

qdkum 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufae@wGif &mxl;cef@xm;a&;tzGJ@

tpnf;ta0;rS wyfrawmfwGif ppfr_xrf;jcif;rS tjidrf;pm;,lcGifhjyKcJhonf?

1961 rS 1975 txd jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&moHtrwf}uD;tjzpf =opaw;vs/

(e,l;ZDvef) ygyl;wGJI tD*spf/ jyifopf/ (pydefESihf ,leufpudk) tzGJ@wdk@yg

yl;wGJwm0ef,lI 1975 wGif tjidrf;pm;,lcJhonf? 1980 jynfhESpf/ ZGefv

7 &ufae@wGif EdkifiHh*k%f&nfbGJ@ (yxrqifh) csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf? rsKd;cspf&J

abmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@wGif A[dktvkyf

tr_aqmifESifh OuUX wm0ef,lcJhonf?

,m,DOuUXOD;atmifa&$udk e0wppftpdk;& jypfr_usifhxHk; yk'fr (165)

t& qifhac: jyD; (1§90) udk vdkufem&ef qifhac:ta=umif;=um;cJh&m OD;

atmifa&$u 1990 jynfhESpf/ Edk0if bm 12 &ufwGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD

tzGJ@csKyf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESihf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;um NLD . a=unmcsuf



oef;0if;vIdif134

trSwf (30§90) xkwfjyefay;cJhonf? a=unmcsuf tjynfhtpHkrSm -

1? e0wtzGJ@. (27 ² 7 ² 90) ae@pGJyg a=unmcsuftrSwf (1§90)

tay: trsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@u ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;

aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKifcJh =uonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. oabmxm;ukd

awG@qHkar;jref;um atmufygtcsufrsm;udk wm0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;apcJh

ygonf?

(u) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk aocsmpGmzwf±_avhvm od&SdjyD;

jzpfygonf?

(c) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk vdkufemrnf§ rvdkufemrnf?

(*) a=unmcsuf(1§90)udk rvdkufemygu Oya't& ta&;,l

cH&rnfudk od&Sdygonf?

(C) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk rvdkufemygu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;

rsm; zsufodrf;cH&rnfudk od&Sdygonf?

2? ,if;ar;jref;csufrsm;udk usifhxHk;yk'fr (160) t& ac:,lar;jref;

EdkifcGifh&SdonfjzpfI ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ‚if;wdk@wm0efay;tyfvdkufonfh

udk,fpm;vS,fyk*~dKvfrsm;udk ac:,lar;jref;onf[k qdkif&mu qdkygonf?

Ttcsufudk oufqdkif&mygwDu vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnfhpm&GufwGif twd

tvif; a&;om;azmfjywm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnfh

pm&GufwGif oufqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;ygwD. A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0if

rsm;. trnfpm&if;udkvnf; yl;wGJxm;ygonf?

3? jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr (160) rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg

onf?

Police Officer Power of Require Attendance of Witnesses

Any police officer making an investigation under this chapter, by order

in writing, require the attendance before himself of any person being within

the limit of his own or any adjoining station who, from the information given

or other wise, appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case, and

such person shall attend as so required.




oufaorsm;a&muf&Sdap&ef &Jt&m&Sdu qifhqdkEdkifonfhtm%m

Ttrdef@t& pHkprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;jyKaom rnfonfh&Jt&m&Sdrqdk/

ay;xm;aomowif;t&jzpfap/ tjcm;enf;t&jzpfap/ tr_tjzpftysuf

ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk odu|rf;yHkay:aom rdrd.pcef;e,fajrtwGif; (odk@

r[kwf) qufpyfaeaom &Jpcef;ajrtwGif;&Sd rnfol@udkrqdk rdrda&SŒodk@

a&muf&Sdap&ef trdef@pmjzifh qifhqdkEdkifonf?

4? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u xkwf

jyefcsufrSefor#wdk@onf (Martial Law) t& xkwfjyefjcif;jzpfa=umif;/

EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyf

csKyfr_tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%moHk;&yfudk oHk;pGJaeonfjzpfa=umif;/

odk@jzpfI ‚if;wdk@xkwfjyefonfh a=unmcsufrsm;udk trsm;uvdkuf em&ef

jzpfa=umif; oufqdkif&mu ajym=um;ygonf?

5? tu,fI a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk rvdkufemygu -

(u) vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnfhpmwGif yl;wGJxm;onfhyk*~dKvfrsm;

tm; yk'fr (160) t& ta&;,ltjypfay;Edkifonf?

(c) xdk@tjyif txufygtydk'fcGJ (C) t& oufqdkif&mygwDudk

vnf; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&Edkifygonf?

6? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfonf rdrdtzGJŒcsKyfwGif yg0ifaqmif

&Gufae=uolrsm;tm; yk*~dKvft& ta&;,ltjypfay;cH&jcif;xuf 1988

ck =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ 'Drdkua&pDawmif;cHr_rsm;t& wnfaqmufcJhjyD;

jynfolwdk@ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;onfhtzGJ@csKyf ysufjyKef;oGm;rnfhtjzpfudk vHk;0

(vHk;0) vufrcHEdkifay?

7? rdrdwdk@tzGJ@csKyfudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonfhae@rSpI ,ae@xuf

wdkifatmif }uD;pGmaomt=uyftwnf;/ tvSnfhtajymif;rsm; t=um;rS

yif &yfwnfr_rysufjym;atmif w&m;Oya't& ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;cJh&yg

onf? yxrtm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yftjzpf v_yf&Sm;edkif&ef rSwfyHk

wifcJhonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh (e²o) udk ,lcJhonf? wwd,tm;jzifh a&G;

aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKif ta&G;cHcJhonf?



oef;0if;vIdif136

8? tu,fI tzGJ@csKyftm; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&ygu jynfolwdk@udk,fwdkif

ay;tyfxm;onfh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wm0efrsm;udk rxrf;aqmifEdkifawmhbJ

rdrdwdk@tzGJ@csKyf. vkyfief;udpPt00udkvnf; rnfodk@r# qufvufaqmif

&GufEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? Todk@tm;jzifh tzGJ@csKyftaejzifh w&m;0ifEdkif

a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;rnfom jzpfayonf?

9? tzGJ@csKyfonf qufvufI &Sifoeftouf0ifaerSomv#if EdkifiH

a&;t& qufvufI pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;EdkifcGifh&Sdonfjzpfayonf? odk@jzpfI

tzGJ@csKyf &Sifoefaejcif;u tusKd;&Sdrnfudk tav;teufxm;ygonf?

10? wu,fhyuwdjzpf&yfudk "rR"dXmefusus qifjcifoHk;oyfcJh=uyg

onf? urBmhordkif;wGif rnfonhfEdkifiHrS t=uyftwnf; tcuftcJrsm;

&Sdaeygu 'Drdkua&pDudk vG,fvifhwuljzifh &&SdEdkifcJhonfhom"uudk rawG@

&Sd&yg?

11? tu,fI tzGJ@csKyf ysufokOf;oGm;v#if tzGJ@csKyfudk udk,fpm;jyKjyD;

0ifa&mufta&G;cHcJh=uonfh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf

vnf; w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifh&awmhrnfr[kwf[k ,lqygonf?

12? tzGJ@csKyfonf trsKd;om;w&yfvHk;u vdkvm;awmifhwae=u

aom 'Drdkua&pDa&;ukd pnf;urf;enf;vrf;wus jidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;

rsm;jzifh &&Sda&;twGuf }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmif=urnf[laom oEMdXmefjzifhyif

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf[lI trnfay; v_yf&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

13? rnfodk@aom tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;rsm; &Sdaeapumrl 'Drdk

ua&pDa&;udk OD;xdyfyefqifvsuf tajctaeESifhtcsdeftcgt& ,Hk=unf

csufESifh trSefw&m;udk odjrifjcif;[laomrl/ rSefuefpGm =uHpnfawG;qjcif;

ESifh vHk@v/ 0d&d,/ owdpdkufxkwfonfhrlwdk@ESifh,SOfI v_yf&Sm;pnf;±Hk;=urnf

om jzpfayonf?

14? TudpPudk +rdKŒe,frsm;ESifh tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wdk@odk@ }udKwif

csjy&ef &nf&G,fygaomfvnf; tcsdeftuef@towf&Sdr_ESifh yk'fr 160 t&

aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; r&SdcJhyg?

15? xdk@a=umifh txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhta=umif;rsm;udk aocsm




pGm avhvmaqG;aEG;=ujyD; TtzGJ@csKyf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@u tzGJ@csKyf. &yfwnf

Edkifa&;ESifh a&&SnftusKd;twGuf (9 ² 11 ² 90) ae@ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@ tpnf;

ta0; (7§90) wGif t"du tav;xm;I qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhayonf?

A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@


1990 jynfhESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (12) &uf?

odk@uvdk a&G;aumufyGJwGif ta&G;cH&aom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;tm; jynfwGif;Yaexdkif&yfwnfv_yf&Sm;r_r&Sdatmif ppfaxmufvSrf;

a&;tzGJ@u enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh qef@usifwdkufcdkuf rw&m;zrf;qD;I axmifcsaer_

a=umifh NLD ygwD0iftcsKdŒESifh a&G;cs,fcHv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;

awmwGif;odk@a&muf&Sdum 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 14 &ufae@wGif u

&ifjynfe,f&Sd KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavma'oY trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD

tzGJ@ csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (NLD – LA) pwifzGJ@pnf; ay:aygufvmcJh

onf?

yxrqHk;pwifzGJ@pnf;vdkufonfh A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDOuUXrSm

a'gufwmpdef0if;jzpfonf? ‚if;onf tmZmenfOD;b0if;.om; jzpfaom

a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tpfudk0rf;uGJawmfpyfonf? twGif;a&;

rSL;rSm OD;0if;cufjzpfjyD; A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf rEœav;wdkif;

rS OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;odef;OD;/ OD;jrifhatmifwdk@jzpfonf?

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&[email protected] jrifhjrifhrm;rm; quf

vufv$ihfxl&ef/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk tjyD;wkdif wdkufzsufz,f&Sm;&ef/

ppfrSefaom/ cdkifjrJaomjynfwGifjidrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaxmif&ef[lonfh

OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzifh pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 16

&ufae@wGif yJcl;wdkif; OD;atmifapmOD;/ OD;&efatmif/ OD;oef;xGÉf/ {&m0wD

wdkif; t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) rS woD;yk*~v v$wfawmfudk,f

pm;vS,fa'gufwmpef;atmifwdk@jzifh xyfrHxdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;cJhonf?



oef;0if;vIdif138

r=umrDrSmyif tdENd,-jrefrme,fpyfa&muf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD t

zGJ@csKyf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fa'gufwmwifhaqG/ rEœav;wdkif;rS OD;jrndK

wdk@OD;aqmifonfh ‘trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf’ (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)

taemufbufa'o±Hk;cGJudk zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1991 ckESpf/ 'DZif

bm 23 &ufae@wGif tzGJ@csKyf ucsifjynfe,f pnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDOuUX

OD;wifatmif/ jynfe,fpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDtzGJ@0if OD;&efaemifjrifh/ v$wf

awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uonfh OD;ausmfarmif/ OD;=umjr/ OD;a&mpD/

OD;rzef;qif/ OD;tifeef;*rfESifh +rdKŒe,fpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD0if (3) OD; tyg

t0if pkpkaygif; 10 OD;onf KIA a'o yga*smifodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhjyD;aemuf

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) ajrmufydkif;a'o ±Hk;cGJ

udkvnf; zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf?

1992 ckESpf/ arvtwGif;Y NLD – LA (ajrmufydkif;) tzGJ@rS OD;wif

atmifESifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;tifeef;*rfwdk@rme,fyavm&Sd NLD

– LA A[dk±Hk;ukd a&muf&SdvmjyD;aemuf 1992 ckESpf/ arv 18&ufae@wGif

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf(vGwfajrmufe,fajr) A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&; aumfr

wDudk xyfrHjyifqifwdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;onf? NLD-LA . A[kdpnf;±Hk;a&; aumfr

wDtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm -

(1) a'gufwmpdef0if; - OuUX

(2) OD;0if;cuf - 'kOuUX

(3) OD;wifatmif - twGif;a&;rSL;

(4) OD;armifarmifat; - tzGJ@0if

(5) OD;odef;OD; - tzGJ@0if

(6) a'gufwmpef;atmif - tzGJ@0if

(7) OD;0if;udk (ppfudkif;wdkif;) - tzGJ@0if

(8) OD;jrifhatmif - tzGJ@0if

(9) OD;atmifapmOD; - tzGJ@0if

(10)OD;oef;xGÉf - tzGJ@0if

(11) OD;&efatmif - tzGJ@0if




wdk@ jzpf=uonf?

1995 ckESpfwGif ppfwyf. xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufr_rsm;a=umifh rme,f

yavmusqHk;oGm;jyD;aemufydkif;wGif NLD-LA XmecsKyfonf xdkif;EdkifiHt

wGif;odk@ajymif;a&$ŒcJhonf? xdk@aemuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwf

ajrmufe,fajr) onf rsm;r=umrDrSmyif NLD-LA *syefXmecGJ/ awmifudk&D;

,m;XmecGJ/ tar&duefXmecGJ/ =opa=w;vsXmecGJ/ rav;&Sm;XmecGJ/ aemf

a0;XmecGJ/ jAdwdefXmecGJrsm;udk zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf? 1996 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 7

&ufae@wGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf vGwfajrmufe,fajr (vli,f)

tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhjyD; 1998 Zefe0g&DvwGif vli,f txl;tpnf;ta0;

udkac:,lI A[dkvli,fvkyfief;tzGJ@udk jyifqifwdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf?

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) . A[dkOuUX

t jzpf a'gufwmpdef0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ OD;wifatmifwdk@u toD;oD;wm0ef

,lcJhovdk twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudkvnf; OD;oef;xGÉf/ OD;at;oef;/ OD;jrifh

od%f;/ a':pef;pef;ESifh OD;jrifhpdk;wdk@u ,lcJhonf?

NLD-LA . aemufqHk;nDvmcHudk 2009 pufwifbm 15 rS 17 t

xd usif;yjyKvkyfI vuf&SdOuUXwm0efudk OD;Adkvfaomif;/ 'kOuUXtjzpf

a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;jrifhpdk;wdk@u wm0ef,lxm;

onf? NLD – LA udk A[dkaumfrwD0if (15) OD;/ t&efA[dkaumfrwD0if

(2) OD; pkpkaygif; (17) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf?

NLD-LAay:aygufjyD; r=umrDrSmyif tmZmenfacgif;aqmifwOD; jzpf

ol OD;b0if;. om; a'gufwmpdef0if;OD;aqmifaom ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrm

EdkifiH trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;&’ (National Coalition Government Union

of Burma- NCGUB) ac:pif+ydKiftpkd;& ay:aygufvmcJhonf?

NCGUB udk e,fpyfa'oodk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifvmaom a&G;

aumufcH jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒESifh KNU XmecsKyf rm

e,fyavma'owGif 1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@Y pwifzGJ@pnf;cJh

onf? tzGJ@udktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwDrS a'gufwmpdef0if;/ trsKd;om;

'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS OD;bdkvSwifh/ OD;oef;ºuG,f/ OD;jrifhatmif/ OD;0if;udk/



oef;0if;vIdif140

OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;odef;OD;/ OD;vSaz/ woD;yk*~vv$wfawmfudk,fpm;

vS,f OD;yDwmvif;yif/ a'gufwmpef;atmifwdk@jzifh zGJJ@pnf;cJhonf?

NCGUB onf tpdk;&tzGJ@jzpfonfhtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efudk

a'gufwmpdef0if;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf OD;yDwmvif;yif/ OD;0if;udk/ OD;bdkvSwifh/

OD;odef;OD;/ OD;vSaz/ OD;oef;ºuG,f / OD;jrifhatmif/ OD;armifarmifat;/ a'guf

wmpef;atmifwdk@u wm0ef,lcJh=uonf?

NCGUB udk

(1) ppftm%m&Siftkyfpk etztpdk;& tjrefqHk;csKyfjidrf;a&;/

(2) 1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJrS a&G;aumufcHjynfol@v$wfawmf

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ r'rctzGJ@csKyfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;

pkrsm;yg0ifaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yfac:,la&;

(3) ppfrSefaom'Drdk ua&pDtpdk;&w&yfay:xGef;a&;

wm0ef}uD; (3) &yfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf

onf[k qdkonf?

1992 ck/ Zlvdkifv 31 &ufae@ NLD-LA, DAB ac: r'rc tzGJ@csKyf/

NDF ac: trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pkwdk@ESifhtwl yl;wGJI rme,fy

avmXmecsKyfwGif ‘rme,fyavmpmcsKyf’ udk csKyfqdk&mY NCGUB onf

ta&;ygonfhtzGJ@}uD;tjzpf yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf? rme,fyavm

pmcsKyfonf ‘zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;’

twGuf oabmwlcJhonfhpmcsKyfjzpfonf? wenf;qdk&aomf wdkif;&if;

om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh&Sdonfh 'Drdk

ua&pDESifh tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;tjynfht0&Sdonfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmif

pkudk wnfaqmufoGm;rnfh oabmwlpmcsKyfyifjzpfonf?

rme,fyavmpmcskyfcskyfqdktjyD;Y jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpftzGJ@csKyf

(DAB)/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (NDF)/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@

csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)/ trsKd;om;nGefhaygif;tpdk;& (NCGUB) tzGJ@t

pnf; (4) ckudk tquftpyfrdrd v_yf&Sm;Edkifap&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;aumfpD (NCUB) ukd 1992 pufwifbmv 22 &uf




ae@wGif pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD; ay:aygufap&mYvnf;

NCGUB onf t"du r¾dKif}uD;tjzpf yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? NCGUB ay:

aygufvmjyD;aemuf trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;&. tmabmftjzpf ‘'Drdk

u&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH’ (DVB) udk 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@rS p

wifI toHv$ifhcJhonf?

xdkpOftwGif; 1991 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 14 &ufae@wGif tjynf

jynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG@}uD;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;

“vltcGifhta&;qmcga&mhAfqk” udk ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifha=umif; a=unmcJhav

onf?

tqdkyg tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG@rS csD;jr‡ifhcJhaom

qkudk a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fpm; om;}uD; jrifhqef;atmif (tvuf

ZENm;) u a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;ay;ydk@cJhaompmudk 1992 ckESpf/

arv 14 &ufae@wGif 0g&Sifwef+rdKŒawmf Y zwf=um;cJhygonf? tjynfhtpkH

rSm -

“tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG@rS ESpfpOfcsD;jr‡ifhaom

vl@tcGifhta&;qkudk orRw yufx&D±_dt,f0if (Patricio Aydwin) ESifhtwl

wcsdefwcgu vufcH&,l&onfudk rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf? Tqkonf

,cktcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tvGefta&;}uD;vSaomudpP&yfrsm;udk tm;

±kHpl;pdkufap&ef rD;armif;xdk;ouJhodk@jzpf&ygonf? csDvDEdkifiHorRw}uD;onf

om;BuD;jrifhqef;atmif rdcifudk,fpm; qmcga&mhAfqk vufcH,laepOf



oef;0if;vIdif142

trSefw&m;ESifh jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;w&m;wdk@t=um; ckdif+rJaom

qufpyfr_&Sd aeykHudk wae@wjcm; vltrsm;ydkrdkod&Sd oabmaygufap&ef

aqmif&Guf&mwGif us,fjyef@pGm ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jcm;vS

onfh acgif;aqmifwOD;yifjzpfygonf?

vSnfhjzm;r_/ rw&m;r_/ vl@*k%foduQmudk rav;pm;r_wdk@rS jzpfay:vm

aom a=umuf&GHŒr_ESifh oHo,jzpfr_wdk@onf vl@tcGifhta&; azmufzsufr_

a=umifh uJGtufaeaom vl@tzJG@tpnf;rsm;tay: Y avmif;&dyfxdk;vsuf

&Sdygonf? Todk@aom vl@tzJG@tpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;

csuf'%f&mrsm;udk aysmufuif;atmifuko&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;

onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? Todk@jyKvkyfEdkif&ef wjynfvkH;. csrf;ajr@om

,ma&;udk yk*~vduESifh tkyfpkwdk@. usOf;ajrmif;aomtusKd;pD;yGm;wdk@xuf

a&SŒwef;rSxm;vdkaom jzLpifaomapwem&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESifh

wOD; ydkI tjyeftvSef,kH=unfpdwfcs&aom tajctaevnf;&Sd&ef vdk

tyfygonf?

cg;oD;vSaom &ef+idK;zJG@r_rsm; tcsdef=umjrifhpGmjzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wOD;

ESifhwOD; jyefvnf,kH=unfpdwfcsvmEdkifatmif jyefvnfjyKvkyf&mwGif pdwf

oabmuJGvJGr_ESifh aomu'kuQtaygif;udk ay:aygufapaom tjyKtrl

rsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk "rR"dÏmefusus trSefudk t

rSeftwdkif; okH;oyfqifjcif&ygvdrfhrnf? trSefw&m;udk &ifqdkif&aom t

vkyfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? owWd&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? oef@pifaomapwemESifh

±kd;ajzmifhaompdwfxm;rsm;arG;jrLjcif;jzifh aemufqkH;wGif rvkdrkef;wD;r_ESifh

vdrfvnfr_wdk@rS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusKd;qufrsm;udk

atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Edkifrnf[k ,kH=unfaomo'Ngpdwfudkvnf; arG;&ef

vdkygonf?

trSefw&m;udk OD;wnfI vkyfudkif&efvdktyfa=umif; vufcHvdkufjcif;

onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom tay:,Ha=umoufouf vkyfaqmif

csufrsm;udk ausmfvGefI udk,fpdwfESvkH;ygnDnGwfpGmjzifh bkHjy\emrsm;udk

ajz&Sif;Edkifaprnfh ppfrSefaom jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;udk yGifhapEdkifygonf?




jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf

&yfwGif jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifE$JydkifcGifhr&Sd? vGwfvyfIw&m;r#waom a&G;

aumufyJGrSwqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_&Sd/ r&Sd? w

&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jr‡ifhwifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfaom w&m;

pD&ifa&;r¾dKifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk xd

a&mufpGm tumtuG,fay;jcif;&Sd/ r&Sd ponfwdk@udk urBmu ,ae@ apmifh

=unfhavhvmaeygonf?

trsKd;om;jyefvnfaygif;pnf;nDnGwfaomtcgY jrefrmEdkifolEdkifiH

om;wdk@onf vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk taumiftxnf

azmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k usrtpOft+rJ,kH=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&Snf

pGm cHpm;cJh=u&aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk cdkif+rJatmifumuG,f&ef

enf;y&d,m,frsm;xufydkI trSefw&m;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sda&;udk wefzdk;

xm;jcif;jzifh vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmuf

Edkifvdrfhrnf[k usrar#mfvifhygonf?

vl@tcGifhta&; odk@r[kwf 'Drkdua&pDta&;ESifh oufqdkifaom qkcsD;

jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf[k od&Sd&onfhtcgwdkif;Y csufcsif;qdkovdkyif usr. t

awG;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@,kH=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH=u/ pGef@

v$wfcJhaom &J&ifhwnf=unfvSonfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xHodk@ a&muf&Sd

oGm;wwfygonf? rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@qkH;jzwfydkifcGifh &&Sda&;

twGuf}udK;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkudkvnf; tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf

&Sdygonf? ,ae@csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh vkyfazmf

udkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?

usr. wdkif;jynfESifh usrudk TuJhodk@*k%fjyKvdkufaom tjynfjynf

qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG@. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vGefpGmav;pm;

csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;I ed*kH;csKyfvdkufygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf

&efukef

12/ arv/ 1992



oef;0if;vIdif144

tcef; (5)

Edkb,fqkcsD;jr§ifhcH&

xdk@aemuf aemfa0EdkifiH atmfpvdk+rdKŒ&Sd Edkb,fqkcsD;jr‡ifha&; aumfr

wDu 1991 ckESpftwGuf jidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqkudk a':atmifqef;pk=unf

tm; csD;jr‡ifha=umif; 1991 atmufwdkbm 14 wGif xkwfjyefa=unmcJh

onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &&SdcJhonfhqkrsm;teuf +idrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,f

qkonf tjrifhqkH;qkjzpfonf? qkcsD;jr‡ifha&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u “a':

atmifqef;pk=unf. owWdonf tm&SEdkifiHrsm;. txl;tHh=ozG,f/ csD;usL;

zG,fOyrmrsm;xJrS wckjzpfygonf? olronf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;rS vGwf

ajrmufa&;twGuf wdkufyJG0ifaeaom t"du ta&;ygonfh ykH&dyfwckjzpf

ygonf? ,ck 1991 ckESpftwGuf +idrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqktm; a':atmif

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rwufa&mufEdkifojzifh om;}uD;jzpfol jrifh qef;atmifu rdcifudk,fpm;

wufa&mufqk,lcJh&onf?




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oef;0if;vIdif146

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oef;0if;vIdif148

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oef;0if;vIdif150

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oef;0if;vIdif152

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qHkcJhr_rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

(1) 2007 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 25 &uf

(2) 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 9 &uf

(3) 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 19 &uf

(4) 2008 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 11 &uf




(8) 2009 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 9 &uf


(10)2011 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 25 &uf

xdk@aemuf 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 8 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk

=unfonf (3) ESpftwGif; yxrqHk; olr.ygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmif

tzGJ@ESifh awG@qHkcGifh&&SdcJhayonf?

trSefw&m;pdwf"gwf EId;aqmfolqk

2009 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@wGif jrefrmvlxkudk OD;aqmifI

ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&jyKwfusa&;ukd wdkufyGJ0ifaeaom a':atmifqef;

pk=unftm; vl@tcGifhta&;acgif;aqmif rmwifvlomuif;. orD;rsm;ESifh

rdwfaqGrsm; yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd Realizing

the Dream tzGJ@u ‘trSefw&m;pdwf"gwfE_d;aqmfolqk’ (Trumpet of

Conscience Award) udk csD;jr‡ifhcJhavonf?

trSefw&m;pdwf"gwfEd_;aqmfolqkqdkonfrSm uG,fvGefol vlrnf;



oef;0if;vIdif192

acgif;aqmif a'gufwmrmwifvlomuif;. 1967 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvESifh

'DZifbmvwGifa[majymcJhonfh emrnfausmf vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m rdef@

cGef;aygif;csKyfudk ac:qdkonfhtrnfhjzpfonf? 1986 ckESpfwGif a'gufwm

rmwifvlomuif;vkyf=uHcH&jyD;aemufydkif; ol.rdef@cGef;aygif;csKyfudk ‘ trSef

w&m;pdwf"gwfEd_;aqmfol’ Trumpet of Conscience trnfjzifh pmtkyfxkwf

a0EdkifcJhonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl tar&duefqD;edwf v$wfawmftrwf

wufuae'D (Ted Kennedy)/ atmufv$wfawmftrwf*|ef;vl;0pf (John

Lewis) ESifh bkef;awmf}uD; uavm'Dbvuf (Claude Black) wdk@udkvnf;

,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf tdyfrufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfolrsm;qk

(Realizing the Dream) udkcsD;jr‡ifhcJhonf?

,kHMunfcsufoHwrefqk

jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 2009 ckESpf

twGuf ,Hk=unfcsufoHwref (Ambassador of Conscience) qkudk ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifh

vdkufa=umif;/ 2009 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 27 &ufae@wGif EdkifiHwum vGwfjidrf;

csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@ (AI) u xkwfjyefa=unmcJhonf?

vlwOD;wa,muf. xl;c|efonfhacgif;aqmift&nftaoG;eSifh t

cGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&mwGif urBmay:&Sd vltrsm;. pdwf

"gwfudk wufºuGaponfhpGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;a=umifh tqdkygqkudk ay;tyf

jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf?

,if;qkudk tdkif,mvefEdkifiH'rfbvif+rdKŒwGif AI tzGJ@u ay;tyfcsD;

jr‡ifhjcif;jzpfjyD; 2008 ckESpfu tdkif,mvefEdkifiH&Sd U 2 aw;*DwtzGJ@udkvnf;

ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifhcJhzl;onf?

qkay;yGJtcrf;tem;Y AI tzGJ@. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; Irene Khan

u “&Snfvsm;cufcJwJhvl@tcGifhta&;wdkufyGJawGrSm jrefrmEdkifiHu vlrsm;

twGufomru urBmw0Srf;vHk;u vlrsm;twGufyg a':atmifqef;pk

=unf[m ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ owœd&JŒoauFw trSwftom;wckyg” [lI




ajym=um;oGm;onf?

ppftpdk;&udk ta&;,l&ef Edkb,fqk&Sifrsm;

vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDodkU pmydkU

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=umrDrSmyif 2009 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 11 &ufae@wGif Ak'<bmom bkef;

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OD;u ukvor*~vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDodk@ jrefrmppftpkd;&. ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;/

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Edkb,fqk&Sif *sKd;'D0DvsHu a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: rw&m;cs

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Oa&myor*~u ta&;,l/ '%fcwfvdkufonfhtwGuf ppftm%m&Sif

bufawmfom; (Black List) 0ifoGm;ayonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm &efukefajrmufydkif;

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nDpdk;/ c±dkifOya't&m&Sd OD;jrifh}udKifwdk@jzpf=uonf?

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odk@r[kwf qGJcs) OD;jrifh}udKifonf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ,Hk=unfcsuf



oef;0if;vIdif194

a=umifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk tif;pdefaxmifw&m;±Hk;twGif;

w&m;pD&if&mwGif tpdk;&bufrS vdkufygaqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf? w&m;

a&;0efxrf;3 OD; tygt0if vuf&Sdwm0efxrf;aqmifaeonfh ppftpdk;&

xdyfydkif;ESifh Xmeqdkif&mtqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ‚if;wdk@. tdrfaxmifbuf

rsm;/ om;orD;rsm;/ ‚if;wdk@ESihfeD;pyfonfhvkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf Oa&myor*~

u ppftpdk;&tay: csrSwfxm;onfh wm;qD;r_rsm;t& Oa&my (27) EdkifiH

odk@ 0ifa&mufcGifh&rnfr[kwfay? xdkpm&if;wGif w&m;a&;XmerS 15 OD;

yg0ifjyD; xdyfqHk;yk*~dKvfrSm w&m;ol}uD;csKyfOD;atmifwdk;jzpfonf?

'%fcwfydwfqdk@cH&ol 500 ausmfpm&if;. xdyfqHk;yk*~dKvfrsm;wGif ppf

tm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/ ‚if;.ZeD;a': }udKif}udKif/ om;orD;/

ajr;[email protected];udk awG@&onf?

ÙÙÙ

Freedom from fearpmtkyfrsufESmzkH;




tcef; (8)

a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ pmayvuf&mrsm;

vlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pma&;0goemygol w

OD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf ola&;cJhonfh pmayvuf&mrsm;&Sdygonf? ol.

pmayvuf&mrsm;udk zwf&_ygu olr. pmaya&;om;[efESifh tawG;t

ac:rsm;udk od&Sd&rnfhtjyif pmayA[kokw vdkufpm;=uaom wdkif;&if;om;

jynfolvlxktwGufvnf; tusKd;&Sdayonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf

jrefrm/ t*FvdyfESpfbmompvHk;wGif ta&;a&m tajymyg u|rf;usif Edkif

eif;onf? pma&;pmzwfvnf; tawmf0goem}uD;yHk&ygonf? pmzwf0go

em}uD;±Hkomru pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; 0,f,lpkaqmif;wwf

onf[k =um;od&ygonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf.EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm;onf &ooabm ouf

0ifaom pmayvuf&mrsm;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol@pmayrsm;u

Letters from BurmapmtkyfrsufESmzkH;



oef;0if;vIdif196

pmzwfolrsm;. ESvHk;tdrfudk qGJ,lodrf;ydkufEdkifonf[k qdkEdkifayonf?

,if;rSm bmompum;ydkifEdkifr_a=umifhjzpfonf? tcsKdŒyk*~dKvfrsm;onf jref

rmpum;ajym&mY t*Fvdyfpum;rsm; n‡yfoHk;E_ef;avh&Sdonf? a':atmif

qef;pk=unfonf t*Fvdyfpum;udk u|rf;usifpGmajymwwfaomfvnf;

jrefrmvdkajymaomtcg rnfonfhtcgrS t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&maESm oHk;

avhr&Sdacs?

xdk@jyif ol. tjcm;t&nftcsif;wckrSm ±dk;om;jcif;yifjzpfonf? a':

atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol rodonfhta=umif;t&mwckudk rnfonhf

tcgrS odovdk/ wwfovdk jzD;jzef;avhr&Sdacs? rodbl;[kyif yGifhyGifhvif;

vif;ajymavh&Sdonf[k qdkonf? ol@tm; ar;jref;cJh onfhta=umif;t&m

ESifhywfoufI tvGwfr&ygu usr rSwfwrf;rSwf&mjyef=unfhjyD;rS ajzyg&

ap[k ±dk;om;pGm 0efcHavh&Sdonf? ajymonfhtwdkif;vnf; tcsuftvuf

rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvmjyD;rS jyefvnfajz=um;onf? olonf ajym

onfhtwdkif;vkyfjyD; vkyfonfhtwdkif;vnf; ajymavh&Sdoljzpfonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm;onf ol.,Hk=unfcsuf/

cH,lcsuf/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;. vkdvm;csufeSifh acwfpepf. yHk&dyfrsm;udk

xif[yfaeayonf? EdkifiHa&;t,ltqESifhjzpfap/ tawG;tjrif t,ltq

ESifh ywfoufonfjzpfap ol.avhvmtm;xkwfr_ rnfonhf twdkif;twm

&Sdonfudk ol.ta&;tom;udk avhvmygu awG@jrif&ayrnf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&; om;cJhonfhpmayrsm;teuf Freedom from

Fear (a=umuf&GHŒr_rS vGwfuif;a&;) 1993 ckESpfu La Haule Books

pmtkyfwdkufrS yxrt}udrf xkwfa0I yif*Gif;pmtkyfwdkufu 'kwd, t

}udrf xkwfa0jzef@csdcJhonf? tqdkygpmtkyfY 1984 ckESpfrS 1993 ckESpf

twGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;cJhaompmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxG

rdef@cGef;rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;&m tydkif; (u) Y usrzcif/ usr wdkif;jynf

ESifh jynfol/ jrefrmESifh tdENd,ynmwwfrsm;ta=umif;/ jrefrmjynf.

pmayESifh trsKd;om;a&;ta=umif;/ tydkif; (c) Y 'Drdkua&pD &SmyHkawmf/

a=umuf&GHŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;/ ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`g,ftppftrSef/ a&$wd*Hk




apwDawmftaemufzufrkcf vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrdef@cGef; &nfrSef;csufrsm;/ awmf

vSefa&;. tv,fA[dkwGif/ vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@odk@ay;pm;ESpfapmif/ 'Drdk

ua&pDESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾/ ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@odk@

tdwfzGifhay;pm/ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;/ jynfolvlxku vGwf

ajrmufa&;udkvdkcsifonf/ a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf oabmwlnDcsuf/ 1991

jidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqk/ Edkb,fqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaomrdef@cGef;/ ppfrSefaom

vHkjcHK&modk@/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ tydkif; (*) Y a':oef;at;a&;om;aom

‘pk’ ESifh rdwfqufjcif;/ tef;ygpwmeufpvmwm (Ann Pasternak Silverstein)

. ArmjynfrSpk/ *sKd;ZufqDAm;pwdef; (Josef Silverstein) . atmifqef;pk=unf

odk@r[kwf =urRmqdk; =uHKawG@aeaom jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;/ atmifqef;pk

=unfESifh jrefrmhvl@tcGifhta&;udk jidrf;csrf;pGm wdkufyGJ0ifaeol/ trsKd;om;

&if=um;apha&; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?

tqdkygpmtkyfudk jidrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqk&Sifrsm;jzpf=uaom Am;u

vAf[mAJvfESifh bkef;awmf}uD; 'ufprGefwlwl;wdk@u trSmpm a&;ay;xm;

onf? pmtkyfrSm 10 csKd;qdk'f&SdI pmrsufESm 374 &Sdonf? a&mif;aps;rSm

pwmvifaygif 9 '\r 99 (tar&duefa':vm 14 '\r 95) owf

rSwfxm;onf? a'gufwmatmifcif (vef'ef).

‘a=umuf&GHŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;’ jrefrmjyefpmtkyfwGif a':atmif

qef;pk=unfu atmufygtwdkif; trSmpma&;ay;xm;onf?

“pma&;jcif;/ rdef@cGef;ajym=um;jcif;/ pum;ajymjcif;paom vkyf&yfrsm;

. t"du &nf&G,fcsufwckum; vltcsif;csif;em;vnfr_ wdk;yGm;ap&efjzpf

onf[k usr,lqygonf?jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;

wdkhudk urBmuydkrdkI od&Sdem;vnfap&ef &nf&G,fI Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;

rsm;udk a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

EdkifiHwEdkifiHudk trSefwu,ftusKd;jyKEdkifrnfhpD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ vkyf

ief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGifh

vif;jywfom;pGm oHk;oyfa0zefydkifcGifhESifh todtjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk

vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,fydkifcGifhrsm;&Sd&rnf[kvnf; usr,Hk=unfyg



oef;0if;vIdif198

onf? 1988-89 ckESpfrsm;twGif; usrajym=um;cJhaom rdef@cGef;rsm;ESifh

owif; pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;.OD;wnfcsufonf 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;

ESifh 'Drdkua&pDepfudkwnfaqmufvdkolwdk@. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwdk@udk

trsm;jynfol a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifa&;yifjzpfygonf?

aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/

owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;ud k pk

aygif;I pmtkyfxkwfa0vkdufjcif;

jzifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD

a&;rsm;udk em;vnfoHk;oyfvdkol

rsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpf

Edkifrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?”

,if;aemuf Letters from

Burma (jrefrmjynfrS ay;pmrsm;)

[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh pmtkyf

onf 1995 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvrS

1996 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtxd *syef

EdkifiHxkwf Mainichi owif;pmY azmfjycJhonfh aqmif;yg; 52 yk'fudk pkpnf;

xm;onfhpmtkyfjzpfonf? tqdkygpmtkyfudk 1995 ckESpfwGif pwifxkwf

a0cJhjyD; 1996 ckESpftwGuf ‘*syefowif;pmtoif;. pmayqk (Japanese

Newspaper Association’s Award) udk &&SdcJhonf? ,if;pmtkyfY Fergal Keane

(O. B. E) u rdwfquftrSmpma&;om;ay;xm;jyD;/ jrefrmyef;csDausmf

[def;xufu cJjzifh o±kyfazmfyHkrsm; a&;qGJay;cJhonf? pmtkyfwefzdk;rSm

pwmvifaygif 8²99 (tar&duef 16 a':vm) jzpfonf?

pmtkyfY jrefrmjynf. vlr_b0rsm;/ yGJvrf;obifESifhqufpyfae

aom "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;/ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf jzwfoef;cJh&onfh

tajctae/ pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmifh,SufcH&r_/ aetdrf

tus,fcsKyf/ ppftpdk;&.Oya'rJhvkyf&yfrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;

ponfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xnhfoGif;a&;om;xm;avonf? odk@




aomf ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm rnfol@udkrS tjypfzdk@a&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwf

bJ taumif;jrifpdwfxm;jzifh a0zefaxmufjyxm;onfudk awG&ayonf?

om"utm;jzifh “tusOf;axmifxJY aoqHk;cJh&onfh EdkifiHa&; t

usOf;om;rsm;ta=umif; a&;om;&mYyif ol@a=umifh rnfolrnf0g aoqHk;

&onf[k pGyfpGJa&;om;xm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ tusOf;axmifxJY aoqHk;

cJh&onfh tusOf;om;ta&twGufudk twdtus &&Sdzdk@&ef rvG,fulyg?

odk@aomf tqdkygta&twGufonf renf;vSovdk tcsdefESifhtr# wdk;

aeygonf? vGwfvyfr_twGuf ay;qyf&onfhtzdk;tconf enf;yg;onf

[k b,faomtcgrS r&SdcJhacs? jrefrmjynfY txl;yif jrifhrm;vSayonf” [k

a&;om;xm;avonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tjcm;xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrSm The Random

House Group Limited rS 1997 ckESpfu xkwfaom The Voice of Hope (ar#mf

vifhcsuftoH) pmtkyfjzpfjyD; tar&duefpma&;q&m tvefuvD;rifhpf

(Alan Clement) ESifh awG@qHkajymqdkcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfh pm

tkyfjzpfonf? tcef; (13)yg0ifI pmrsufESm 336 &Sdonf? tqdkyg

pmtkyfudk jrefrmjyefqdkxm;jcif; r&Sdao;acs?

xdk@jyif urBmhpme,fZif;toD;oD;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqmif;

yg;rsm;udkvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm awG@&Sd&ayonf? ,if;wdk@teuf tar&d

uefjynfaxmifpkrS xkwfa0aom Parade owif;pHkr*~Zif;Y a':atmifqef;

pk=unf. “vGwfvyfr_udkyJ usrwdk@vdkcsifw,f” (All We want is our Freedom)

aqmif;yg;onf xif&Sm;ayonf? tqdkygaqmif;yg;Y jrefrmjynfolrsm;

rnfr#txd vGwfvyfr_udk vdkvm;=uonfudk a&;om;xm;avonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfta=umif;udk jynfyEdkifiHrsm;rS pma&;q&m

rsm; bmomaygif;pHkjzifh a&;om;cJh=uonfhpmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; renf;vS

ay? tqdkygpmtkyfrsm;teuf 1998 ckESpfu ‘bmb&mApfwm’ (Barbara

Victor) a&;om;cJhonfh The Lady (*k%foa&&SdtrsKd;orD;}uD;) pmtkyfESifh

2007 ckESpfu xkwfa0aom *syfpwif0ifw,f Justin Wintle . Perfect

Hostage : A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi ("g;pm;cHtppf) pmtkyfESpftkyfonf



oef;0if;vIdif200

xif&Sm;ayonf?

IF

If you can keep your head when all about you

Are losing theirs and blaming it on you.

If you can trust yourself when oll men doubt you,

But make allowance for their doubting too;

If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,

Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies.




Or being heard, don’t give way to hating,

And yet don’t look too good, nor walk too wise:

If you can dream- and make dreams your master;

If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;

If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster

And treat those two impostors just the same;

If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken

Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,

Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,

And stoop and build’em up with worn-our tools;

If you can make one heap of all your winnings

And risk it on one trun of pitch-and-toss,

And loose, and start again at your beginnings

And never breathe a word about your loss;

If you can force your heart and never and sinew

To serre your turn long ofter they are gone,

And so hold on when there is nothing in you

Except the will which says to them: "Hold on !"

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with Kings-nor lose the common touch,

If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,

If all men count with you, but none too much;

If you can fill the unforgiving minute

With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,

Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,

And-which is more-you’ll be a Man, my son!

Rudyard Kipling



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31 - 7 - 2011



oef;0if;vIdif242

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1942/ pufwifbmv 6 Ù ae@v,f 2 em&DwGif *syefacwfaq;±Hk

}uD; (,ckEdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkof) ta&SŒbuf tpGefqHk;cef;r

aqmifwGif olejyKq&mr rcif=unfESifh ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf Adkvf

csKyfAdkvfawZwdk@ vufxyfr*FvmyGJjyKvkyfonf?

pufwifbmv 7 Ù nae 5 em&DtcsdefwGif &efukef+rdKŒ Nippon

Military Club (rifwdkrpf&Sif[dkw,f) Y ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf Adkvf

csKyfAdkvfawZESifh ZeD;a':cif=unfwdk@ r*Fvmxrif; wnfcif;{nfhcHau|;

arG;onf?

1943/ ZGef 13 Ù AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk@. om;OD;

atmifqef;OD;udk zGm;jrifonf?

1944 ar 10 Ù AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk@. 'kwd,

om; atmifqef;vif;udk zGm;jrifonf?

1945 ZGef 19 Ù AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk@. wwd,

ajrmuforD; atmifqef;pk=unfudk eHeuf 3; 35 em&DwGif zGm;jrifonf?



oef;0if;vIdif252

1946 pufwifbm 22 Ù AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk@

.pwkwÎorD;udk zGm;jrifonf? (zGm;jrifjyD; 5 &uft=umwGif uG,fvGef

onf?)

1947 Zlvdkif 19 Ù eHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepfY &efukef+rdKŒ&Sd twGif;

0efrsm;±Hk; (,ck0ef}uD;rsm;±Hk;) Y tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf *VKefOD;apm.

vufyg;apvlowform;[email protected]=uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh zcifAdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;usqHk;cJh&onf? vkyf=uHcH& pOfu atmifqef;pk=unfonf

2 ESpforD;t&G,fom &Sdao;onf?

1949 Ù &efukef+rdKŒpdef@z&efppfuGefAifhausmif;wGif a':atmifqef;pk

=unf pwifynmoif=um;onf?

1953 Zefe0g&Dv 16 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tpfudkvwf

atmifqef;vif;onf trSwf25/ wm0gvdef;vrf; (,ckAdkvfcsKyfatmif

qef;jywdkufvrf;) &SdaetdrfY a&epfaoqHk;onf?

arv Ù trSwf 25 / wm0gvdef;vrf;aetdrfrS A[ef;+rdKŒe,f trSwf

54/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;aetdrfodk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@rdom;pk

ajymif;a&$Œonf?

1957 rS 1960 Ù &efukef+rdKŒ t*Fvdyfrufo'pf uGefAifhausmif;

AdkvfcsKyf vkyfMuHcH&onfh twGif;0efrsm;½kH;




(txu - 1 '*Hk) wGif a': atmifqef;pk=unf qufvufynmoif=um;

cJhonf?

1960 Ù rdcifjzpfola':cif=unf tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmEdkifiH oH

trwf}uD;tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&I rdcifESifhtwl tdENd,EdkifiH e,l;a'vD+rdKŒ

odk@ vdkufygaexdkifcJhonf?

1960 rS 1961 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfa,±lESifh ar&DuGefAifh

ausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary) ESifh av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady

Sheri Ram College) wdk@Y qufvufynmoif=um;onf?

1962 rS 1963 Ù a'vDwuUodkvfY EdkifiHa&;odyHbmom&yfudk

avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf?

1964 rS 1967 Ù atmufpzdk@wuUodkvf [l@pfaumvdyfY '\eaA

'/ EdkifiHa&;odyHESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhjyD; 0dZ…m*k%f

xl;bGJ@udk &&SdcJhonf?

1968 Ù vef'efwuUodkvfta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duavhvma&;Xm

e/ EdkifiHa&;odyHXmeY okawoevufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif

onf?

trSwf 54 wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;? a':atmifqef;pkMunfaetdrf



oef;0if;vIdif254

1969 rS 1971 Ù e,l;a,muf ukvor*~taxGaxG twGif;a&;

rSL;csKyf±Hk;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh b¾ma&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;t=uHay;aumfrwD

(Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions United

Nations Secretariat, New York) wGif vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm

0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?

1971 Edk0ifbm 31 Ù ajrmufydkif;Ak'<bmomr[m,e. vlr_a&;ESifh

,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mordkif;a=umif; okawoDa'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf (Dr.

Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ xdrf;jrm;vuf

xyfonf?

1972 rS 1973 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf blwefEdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;

a&;0ef}uD;±Hk;ESifh ukvor*~rsm;qdkif&m t=uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf wm0efxrf;

aqmifcJhonf?

1973 {jyD 12 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh a'gufwmrdkufu,f

tJ&pfwdk@. om;}uD; jrifhqef;atmif ac: tvufZef'g; (Ale»ander John

Christopher Aris) udk zGm;jrifcJhonf?

1975 rS 1977 Ù atmufpzdk@wuUodkvf abmh'vD,ef pm=unfh

wdkuf (Bodleian Library) Y jrefrmpmESifh ay/ yk&ydk'f uwfwavmuf jyKpkol




ynm&Siftjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?

1977 pufwifbm 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh rdkufu,ftJ&pf

wdk@. om;i,f xdefvif;ac: uifrf (Dannian Kim Arundel Aris) udk zGm;jrif

onf?

1995 rS 1986 Ù *syefEdkifiH/ wdkusKdwuUodkvf ta&SŒawmiftm&S

qdkif&mavhvma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Siftjzpf oGm;a&muf okaw

oejyKcJhonf?

1987 Ù tdENd,EdkifiH/ qif;rvm;+rdK@&Sd txl;avhvma&; tdENd,

odyHXmewGif okawoDtjzpfvkyfudkifonf?

Ù vef'efwuUodkvfta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&

*lbGJ@twGuf “1920-1945 twGif; xkwfa0cJhaom pme,fZif;rsm;onf

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk taxmuftultjyKcJhyHk” trnf&Sd bGJ@vGefpmwrf;

udk wifoGif;onf?

1988 Ù vef'efwuUodkvfu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yg&*l

bGJ@,l&eftwGuf xdkufwefoltjzpf owfrSwfonf?

1988 rwf Ù rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfemrusef;jzpfr_a=umifh rdcif}uD;

tm; jyKpkapmihfa&Smuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@

a&muf&Sdvmonf?

=o*kwfv 8 Ù jrefrmEdkifiH w0Srf;vHk;Y 88 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmf

yHk}uD; ay:aygufcJhonf?

=o*kwf 26 Ù a&$wD*HkapwDawmftaemufbufrkcfwGif a':atmif

qef;pk=unfonf rqvtpdk;&. jynfolvlxktm; t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJaer_

udk qef@usifcJhaom rdef@cGef;udk vlaygif;wpfodef;ausmfwufa&mufonfh

vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJY yxrqHk;t}udrf rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhonf?

1988 pufwifbmv 14 Ù OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh

ol&OD;wifOD;wdk@. jynfolw&yfvHk;odk@ yef=um;csufpmwapmif xkwfjyef

a=unmonf?

pufwifbm 18 Ù &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk ppfwyfrS vuf



oef;0if;vIdif256

eufjzifh t=urf;zuf+zdKcGif;ypfvdkufjyD;aemuf ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;ydkuf

um e0w ac: EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJh

onf?

pufwifbm 27 Ù trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk a':atmifqef;pk

=unf/ OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ OD;0if;wifwdk@jzifh pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf?

pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD) . A[dktvkyftr_

aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm -

(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX

(2) ol&OD;wifOD; - 'kOuUX


(4) OD;=unf[ef - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if

(5) OD;cspfcdkif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if

(6) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if


(8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL;

(9) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL;

(10) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±Hk;a&;XmerSL;

(11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoeXmerSL;

(12) OD;ba&$ - tkyfcsKyfa&;XmerSL;

wdk@ jzpfonf?

pufwifbm 30 Ù trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk a&G;aumufyGJ

aumfr&Sifodk@ w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcJhonf? tzGJ@csKyfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf

onf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk ,lcJhonf?

atmufwdkbm 3 Ù trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk a&G;aumufyGJ

aumfr&Sifu a=unmcsuftrSwf (3) jzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf twnfjyK

a=unmonf?

'DZifbm 10 Ù trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf OuUXtjzpf 'kwd,

OuUXOD;wifOD;tm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufa=umif;ESifh OD;atmif}uD;ESifh




twl tjcm; A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom(1) OD;=unf[ef (2) OD;ba&$

(3) OD;eef;EG,f (4) OD;ausmfjrifhav; (5) OD;cifarmifarmif (6) OD;omxdk

(7) OD;odef;Edkif (8) OD;rif;'if (9) OD;cifndK (10) OD;bdk;atmif (11) OD;

armifarmif (12) OD;aZmf0if;OD;wdk@uvnf; tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf Ekwf

xGufjyD;jzpfa=umif; a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@ ta=umif;=um;cJhonf?

'DZifbm 13 Ù tzGJ@csKyfrS OD;atmif}uD;tygt0if yk*~dKvf (12) OD;udk

xkwfy,fvdkufa=umif; aumfr&Sifodk@ ta=umif;=um;pm ay;ydk@onf?

'DZifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfrdcif r[moD&dok"rR a':cif

=unfonf &efukef+rdKŒY uG,fvGefonf? uG,fvGefcsdefY om;atmifqef;OD;

ESifh orD;jzpfol a': atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ usef&pfcJhonf?

1989 azazmf0g&D 9 Ù trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyftr_

aqmiftzGJ@udk jyifqifzGJ@pnf;I a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@ ay;ydk@onf?

,if;wdk@rSm -

(1) OD;wifOD; - OuUX


(3) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;

(4) OD;cspfcdkif - twGif;a&;rSL;


(6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;

(7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL;

(8) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;rSL;


wdk@ jzpfonf?

Zlvdkif 20 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; e0w tpdk;&u EdkifiHawmf

tm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&Smuf

onfhOya'yk'fr 10 (c) t& aetdrfwGifwm;qD;rdef@xkwfjyefI wm;qD;

vdkufonf?

'DZifbm 22 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzifh



oef;0if;vIdif258

xdef;odrf;cHaepOftwGif; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif yg

0if,SOf+ydKifrnf[k a=unmonf? odk@aomf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwf

a&;ygwDtm; udk,fpm;jyKI &efukefwdkif;A[ef;+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf

(1) wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ,SOf+ydKif&ef tqdkjyKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;

vbef*a&mifrS uef@uGufv$mwifoGif;cJ h&m &efukefwdkif;a&G;cs,f wif

ajr‡mufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS vufcHppfaq;I a&G;aumufyGJOya'yk'fr

10 (i) jzifh jidpGef;onf[kqdkum trnfpm&if; wifoGif;v$mudk y,fcscJh

ojzifh 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcGifh r&cJhacs?

1990 rwfv 27 Ù ygwDpHktaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk usif;ycJh&m/

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf rJqENe,f 447 e,fY 0ifa&muf ,SOf

+ydKifcJh&m 392 e,fY tEdkif&&SdcJhonf? tzGJ@csKyfonf wEdkifiHvHk;wGif rJ

qENe,f 485 ae&mY 392 ae&mtEdkif&&Sdaoma=umifh 82 &mcdkifE_ef;

ausmf tEdkif&&SdcJhonf?

Zlvdkifv 27 Ù e0w ppftpdk;&onf twGif;a&;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifnGef@

vufrSwfjzifh trdef@trSwf 1§90 udk xkwfjyefI 1990 jynfhESpf/ Zlvdkifv

28-29 wGif tzGJ@csKyfA[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@rS }uD;rSL;jyKvkyfrnfh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;

vS,frsm; yxrt}udrf nd‡E_dif;tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk [ef@wm;uef@owf

vdkufonf?

Zlvdkif 28/ 29 Ù ,m,DOuUXOD;=unfarmifOD;pD;onfh *ENDcef;r t

pnf;ta0;}uD;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf?

1991 'DZifbm 10 Ù

1991 ckESpftwGuf jidrf;csrf;a&;

Ed kb,fqkudk a':atmifqef;pk

=unftm; ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifhcJh&m jidrf;

csrf;a&;Ekdb,fqkudk rdcifudk,fpm;

om;}uD;jzpfol jrifhqef;atmifu

aemfa0;EdkifiH/ atmfpvdk+rdKŒY wuf

a&mufqk,lcJhonf? Nidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqkwHqdyf




1995 Zlvdkifv 10 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrftus,f

csKyftjzpf wm;qD;xm;onfhtrdeftm; e0wtpkd;&rS jyefvnf±kyfodrf;

ay;cJhonf?

Ù e,l;a,muftajcpdkuf ‘rpf’ (Ms) r*~Zif;rS 1995 ckESpftwGuf

trsKd;orD; xl;c|efqka&G;cs,f&mY a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifcJhhonf?

1999 rwfv 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifyGef;jzpfol rkdufu,f

tJ&pf vef'ef +rdKŒY uG,fvGefcJhonf?

2000 rwf 18 Ù tdkif,mvefEdkifiH 'AŠvif+rdKŒwGif a':atmifqef;pk

=unftm; 'AŠvif+rdK@awmf vGwfvyfa&;qkudk *k%fjyKcsD;jr‡ifhcJhonf?

=o*kwf 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kwd,OuUXol&OD;wifOD;

&efukefwdkif;pnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDOuUXocifpdk;jrifh/ &efukefwdkif; pnf;±Hk;a&;

tzGJ@0ifa'gufwmrsKd;atmif/ tzGJ@csKyfvli,f 16 OD; (,mOfarmif;ESpfOD;

tygt0if) wdk@ESifhtwl &efukefwzufurf; 'v+rdKŒrSwqifh &efukefwkdif;

uGrf;jcHukef;ESifh aumhrSL;+rdK@rsm;odk@ pnf;±Hk;a&;udpPrsm;aqmif&Guf&ef &ef

ukef+rdKŒyef;qdk;wef;qdyfurf;rSwqifh c&D;xGuf&ef pDpOfcJh&m yef;qdk;wef;

qdyfurf;wGif 1 em&DcGJcef@ tm%mydkifrsm;rS ydwfqdk@xm;cJhjyD; wzufurf;odk@

ul;cGifh&cJhonf? 'v+rdKŒodk@a&muf&Sdonfhtcg }udKwifapmifhqdkif;aeonfh

tzGJ@csKyfum;ESpfpD;jzifh uGrf;jcHukef;odk@c&D;xGufvmpOf 'v+rdKŒrS 3 rdkifcef@

ta&muf usefppfom;&yfuGufwGif tm%mydkifrsm;rS a&SŒc&D;rqufEdkif&ef



oef;0if;vIdif260

twif;t"rR ydwfqdk@wm;jrpfxm;cJhojzifh pufwifbmv (1) &uf ae@n

11; 15 em&DtcsdefwGif &JwyfzGJ@ESifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tiftm; 300 ausmf

u a':atmifqef;pk=unftzGJ@tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jyD; twif;t=uyfzrf;

qD;csKyfaESmifac:aqmifjyD; &efukef+rdKŒaetdrfodk@ jyefydk@cJhonf?

pufwifbm 1 rS 14 xd Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 'kwd,

t}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyf zrf;qD;cJhjyefonf?

2000 pufwifbm 21 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kwd,OuUX

OD;wifOD;ESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifrsm;vdkufygI tzGJ@csKyf v_yf&Sm;r_r&SdEdkif&ef ydwfyif

wm;qD;r_rsm;/ tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;rsm;ydwfodrf;jcif;/ qdkif;bkwfrsm;csapjcif;rsm;udk

pHkprf;avhvm&ef yxrc&D;pOftjzpf naerD;&xm;jzifh rEœav;+rdKŒokd@ oGm;

a&muf&efpDpOfcJh&m rD;&xm;vufrSwfukefaeonf[k ta=umif;jyI vuf

rSwfa&mif;csray;bJ aemufwae@ eHeufapmapm 2000 jynfhESpf pufwif

bm 22 &ufae@wGif &efukefblwm}uD;rS t"rR aetdrfodk@jyefydk@jyD; wwd,

t}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhonf?

2001 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *smreDtajcpdkuf EdkifiHwum

EdkifiHa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm; vGwfvyfpGmaygif;pnf;a&;qdkif&m qkay;a&;

tzGJ@}uD;u Collegue United Nations qkcsD;jr‡ifhonf?

2002 ar 6 Ù ukvor*~. v#KdŒ0Suf,Hk=unfr_nd‡E_dif;csuft&

a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; etztpkd;&u aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS jyefvnf

v$wfay;cJhonf?

ar 23 Ù AdkvfrSL;atmifOD;aqmifonfh 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;u

a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocifodef;azaetdrfwGif *k%fjyKyGJusif;yonf?

ar 25 Ù tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd bmhofaumvdyf. 142 }udrf

ajrmuf bGJ@ESif;obiftcrf;tem;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *k%fxl;

aqmifyg&*lbGJ@ csD;jr‡ifhonf?

2003 ar 30 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl

ppfukdif;wkdif;/ 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒe,f pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; olr. ,mOfwef;

tm; ppftpkd;&. a'gufwdkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom =uHŒzGH@ESifhpGrf;tm;

&Sifrsm;u 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒe,f usD&GmteD; t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufcJh=uonf?




olrtm; axmufcHonfhtzGJ@0ifrsm; 282 OD; aoqHk;I &maygif;rsm;pGm

xdcdkuf'%f&m&&SdcJhonf?

ar 31 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf etzvufyg;aprsm;. acsmif;

ajrmif; wdkufcdkufr_cHcJh&mrS toufraovGwfajrmufcJhjyD;aemuf a&OD;+rdKŒ

t0if*dwfta&mufY tm%mydkifrsm;. zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf?

ZGef 2 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; trSwf (6) wifhum;wyf&if;

{nhf&dyfomwGif zrf;qD;xm;&mrS tif;pdefaxmifodk@ydk@I xdef;odrf;cJhonf?

ZGef 24 Ù tif;pdefaxmifrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; &JrGefwyf

pcef;&Sd &Jacgif&dyfomodk@ ajymif;a&$Œxdef;odrf;cJhonf?

pufwifbm 16 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aq;±HkwufcGJpdwfuk

o&eftwGuf &JrGef&dyfomrS &efukef+rdKŒtm&Sawmf0ifaq;±Hkodk@wifydk@cJh

onf?

2003 pufwifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tm&Sawmf

0ifaq;±HkrS aetdrfodk@jyefydk@I pwkwÎt}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyf xdef;odrf;

cJhonf?

2004 {jyD 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; awmfudk&D;,m;EdkifiHrS

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5²8²2011

ÙÙÙ




Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s

International Awards, Honors & Appointments( 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 0 )

1. Honorary Fellow St. Hugh’s College (Oxford, UK) 1990

2. Thorolf Rafto Human Rights (Norway) 1990

3. Sakharov Freedom of Thought (European Parliamnet) 1991

4. Noble Peace Oslo, Norway 1991

5. Honorary Member International EN (Norwegian Center) 1991

6. Humanities Human Rights Award (USA) 1991

7. Honorary Member International PEN (Candian Center) 1991

8. Marisa Bellisario Price Italy 1992

9. Annual Award of the International Human Rights Law Group

(USA) 1992

10. Honorary President Students’ Union London School of Economics

and Political Science (UK) 1992

11. Honorary Member International PEN (English Center) 1992

12. Honorary Life Member University of London Union (UK) 1992

13. Honorary Professional Fellowship Law and Society Trust (Sri

Lanka) 1992

14. Honorary Doctorate in Political Science Thammasat University

(Thailand) 1992



oef;0if;vIdif286

15. International Simon Bolivar prize UNESCO 1992

16. Prix Litteraire des Droits de I’Homme Nouveaux Droits de

I’Homme, France 1992

17. Honorary Member World Commission on Culture and

Development (UNESCO) 1992

18. Member Academie Universelle des Cultures (Paris) 1993

19. Rose Prize arbejderbevaegelsens International Forum/

International Forum of the Danish Labour Movement,

Copehagen 1993

20. Victor Jara International Human Rights Center for Human Rights

and Constitutional Law, Los Angeles, USA 1993

21. Member of the Advisory Board Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center

for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University 1993

22. Honorary Doctorate of Law University of Toronto (Canada) 1993

23. The Freedom of the City Commune of Giugliano, Italy 1993

24. Bremen Solidarity City of Bremen, Germany 1993

25. Premio Mujer Progresista (Federacion Mujeres Progresistas /

Spanish Federation of Progressive Women, Madrid) 1993

26. Honorary Doctorate Philosophy & Letters, Free University of

Brussels 1994

27. Honorary Adviser Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-

Pacific 1994

28. The Freedom of the City Aversa, Italy 1995

29. Liberal International Prize for Freedom Britain’s Liberal

Democracy Party, UK 1995

30. Honorary Doctorate of Laws Queen’s University, Canada 1995

31. Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (for

1993) India 1995

32. Gandhi Award Simon Fraser University, Canada 1995

33. Honorary Doctorate of Civil Law University of Oxford 1995

34. IRC Freedom Award International Rescue Committee 1995

35. Companion of the Order of Australia 1996




36. Liberal International Prize (UK) 1996

37. Asia Human Rights of Law (Japan) 1996

38. W. Averell Harrimen Democracy Award National Democratic

Institute U.S.A 1996

39. Rajiv Shmirti Parashka [ Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Award] India

1996

40. Empty Chair Award Women of the Year Lunch, London, UK

1996

41. Honorary Doctorate of Law Charles University in Prague, Czech

Republic 1997

42. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Sydney University of Technology,

Australia 1997

43. Honorary Doctorate of Letters California Chapman University,

U.S.A 1997

44. Honorary Doctorate of Law Natal University, South Africa 1997

45. Honorary Doctorate of Law America University, Washington

D.C, U.S.A 1997

46. Distinguished Alumni Award Central University/ Delhi University

1997

47. Honorary Citizenship of Rome (Italy) (May 23, 1997)

48. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Glasgow University (UK) 1997

49. Pearl S. Buck Woman’s Award Pearl S. Buck Foundation (USA)

1997

50. International Award St. Angela’s Peace and Justice Group,

Waterford (Eire) 1997

51. Profiles in Courage Award Kennedy Society of Denmark 1997

52. Honorary Doctorate Cambridge University (June 1998) 1998

53. Freedom of the City (Oxford, UK) 1998

54. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Wales, Cardiff 1998

55. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Bristol (UK) 1998

56. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Melbourne (Australia)

1998



oef;0if;vIdif288

57. Honorary degree Universite’ catholique de Louvain, Belgium –

December 1998

58. Honorary Degree University of Bath (UK) – December 1998

59. Honorary Degree Bucknell University – May 1999

60. Freedom Award International Republican Institute, USA

(October 1999) 1999

61. The Freedom of the City of Dublin Award Ireland (November

1999)

62. 2000 CAW Nelson Mandela Human Rights Award Canada

(December 2000) 2000

63. Presidential Medal of Freedom Award U.S.A (December 2000)

2000

64. Collage United Nations Prize 2001 Germany (June 2001) 2001

65. International Social Welfare Prize University of Southern

California School of Social Work (December 8) 2001

66. AI Neuharth Free Spirit Award U.S Foundation, Washington,

USA 2003

67. MTV Humanitarian Award, “Free Your Mind” MTV Europe,

EDINBURGH,UK 2003

68. The 2004 TIME 100, The most influential people in the world

today TIME Magazine 2004

69. Kwangju Human Rights Award May 18 Memory Foundation

from South Korea 2004

70. TIME’s Asia’s Hero 2004 TIME MAGAZINE 2004

71. The Honorary Citizen of Paris France 10/ 12/ 2004

72. Honorary Doctorate in Politics, Philosophy and Economics

Rangsit University, Thailand 13/ 12/ 2004

73. Outstanding Women in Buddhism United Nations Gender and

Religious Department 8/ 03/ 2005

74. Honorary Degree in Political Science Thammasat University,

Thailand 19/ 06/ 2005

75. Freedom of the City Award The City Council of Edinburgh,




Scotland 16/ 06/ 2005

76. Freedom of Galway City Galway city, Ireland June 2005

77. UNISON Honorary Membership UNISON, Britain’s largest trade

union, June 2005

78. Olof Palme Prize Sweden, February 2006

79. Freedom Award Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, USA

March 2006

80. New Statesmen Magazine Hero New Statesmen Magazine, May

2006

81. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Deshprem Award,

India 2007, March 2007

82. An honorary doctorate (LLD) honoris causa Award from

University of Cape Town, South Africa, December 2007

83. Freedom of Glasgow (the freedom of Scotland’s largest city)

2007

84. Rome for Peace and Humanitarian Action 2007

85. Special Award for Lifetime Achievement in Politics 2007

86. “Abogados de Atocha” international prize from Spain, 22 January

2008

87. Congressional Gold Medal, United States of America, 24 April,

2008

88. Honorary Canadian Citizenship, May 6, 2008

89. The Freedom of the City, June 10, 2008

90. Catalonia International Prize 2008, MOTHERS OF COURAGE

(shard with Dr. Cynthia Maung), November, 2008

91. Honorary Member of the Club of Madrid, November 20, 2008

92. Honorary Council Member, December 20, 2008

93. Trumpet of Conscience Award, January 19, 2009

94. Freedom of the City of Glasgow, March 4, 2009

95. Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and

Reconciliation – MAGI Award, May 22, 2009

96. Democracy and Peace Award of Japanese Diet Member’s League



oef;0if;vIdif290

Japanese Diet Members’ League in support of Democracy in

Myanmar, Tokyo, Japan (2009, June 19)

97. The Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) at Derry’s Millennium Forum,

the University of Ulster in Derry, Ireland, UK on Tuesday, July

7, 2009. (2009, June 24)

98. The Ambassador of Conscience Award the recipient of Amnesty

International’s highest honorary (Irish band U2 is publicly

announcing Aung San Suu Kyi’s award Monday night at a

Dublin concert.) (2009, July 27)

99. Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Award for Democracy instituted. The

Pakistan People’s Party, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2010, June 21)

100. Honorary Individual Membership. Council of Asian Liberals

and Democrats (CALD) (2010, June 29)

101. Queen of Myanmar’s Democracy and Human Rights. Manav

Ekta Parishad, India (2010, November 25)

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