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The existence of promethium was predicted by Bohuslav Brauner, a Czechchemist, in 1902 !everal "roups claimed to have produced the element, butthey could not con#rm their discoveries because of the di$culty of separatin"promethium from other elements %roof of the existence of promethium wasobtained by &acob ' (arins)y, *awrence + lendenin and Charles - Coryell in19.. Too busy with defense related research in /orld /ar , they did notclaim their discovery until 19. They discovered promethium while analyzin"the byproducts of uranium#ssion that were produced in a nuclear reactorlocated at Clinton *aboratories in a) 3id"e, Tennessee Today, Clinton*aboratories is )nown as a) 3id"e 4ational *aboratory

%romethium could be used to ma)e a nuclear powered battery This type ofbattery would use the beta particles emitted by the decay of promethium toma)e a phosphor "ive o5 li"ht This li"ht would then be converted intoelectricity by a device similar to a solar cell t is expected that this type ofbattery could provide power for #ve years

%romethium could also be used as a portable 67ray source, in radioisotopethermoelectric "enerators to provide electricity for space probes and satellites,as a source of radioactivity for "au"es that measure thic)ness and to ma)e

lasers that can be used to communicate with submer"ed submarines

%m%romethium

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!amarium was observed spectroscopically by &ean Charles alissard de(ari"nac, a !wiss chemist, in a material )nown as didymium in 18: %aul7;mile *eco< de Boisbaudran, a =rench chemist, was the #rst to isolatesamarium from the mineral samars)ite >>?, Ce, @, =eA:>4b, Ta, TiA1A in 189Today, samarium is primarily obtained throu"h an ion exchan"e process frommonazite sand >>Ce, *a, Th, 4d, ?A %.A, a material rich in rare earth elementsthat can contain as much as 28 samarium

!amarium is one of the rare earth elements used to ma)e carbonarc li"htswhich are used in the motion picture industry for studio li"htin" and proDectorli"hts !amarium also ma)es up about 1 of (isch metal, a material that isused to ma)e Eints for li"hters

!amarium forms a compound with cobalt >!mCoA which is a powerfulpermanent ma"net with the hi"hest resistance to dema"netization of anymaterial )nown !amarium oxide >!m2:A is added to "lass to absorb infraredradiation and acts as a catalyst for the dehydration and dehydro"enation of

ethanol >C2FA

!m!amarium

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n =ebruary 2, 200., scientists wor)in" at the &oint nstitute for 4uclear3esearch in -ubna, 3ussia, alon" with scientists from the @! -epartment of+ner"yGs *awrence *ivermore 4ational *aboratory, announced the creation ofununtrium n experiments performed between &uly 1., 200: and 'u"ust 10,200:, atoms of americium72.: were bombarded with ions of calcium7.8 usin"a device called a cyclotron This produced one atom of ununpentium728 and

three atoms of ununpentium7288 'll four atoms of ununpentium

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