MONITORING INSTRUCTIONS OF THE FINNISH NATIONAL PHENOLOGICAL NETWORK

Eero Kubin, Eeva Kotilainen, Jarmo Poikolainen, Tatu Hokkanen, Seppo Nevalainen, Antti Pouttu, Jouni Karhu and Jorma Pasanen

Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla)

Muhos Research Unit

2007

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Table of contents

1 FOREWORD........................................................................................................ 3

2 OBSERVATIONS.................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Selectingtheobservationsite.................................................................. 5 2.2 Selectingthetrees...................................................................................... 5 2.3 Fillingintheform........................................................................................ 6 2.4 Submittingandarchivingofobservationdata...................................... 6 2.5 Observationfieldform.............................................................................. 6

3 OBSERVATIONNETWORK............................................................................. 9

4 MONITOREDPLANTSANDPHENOMENA............................................ 11

4.1 Downybirch–Betula pubescens Ehrh.................................................. 11 4.2 Silverbirch–Betula pendulaRoth......................................................... 13 4.3 Aspen–Populus tremulaL....................................................................... 15 4.4 Rowan–Sorbus aucupariaL.................................................................... 16 4.5 Bird-cherry–Prunus padus L.................................................................. 19 4.6 GreyAlder– Alnus incanaL..................................................................... 20 4.7 ScotsPine–Pinus sylvestris L.................................................................. 21 4.8 NorwaySpruce–Picea abiesL............................................................... 24 4.9 Juniper–Juniperus communis L............................................................... 26 4.10Bilberry–Vaccinium myrtillus L............................................................... 27 4.11Cowberry–Vaccinium vitis-idaea L........................................................ 28

5 DAMAGEMONITORING............................................................................... 29

5.1 Timingofbarkbeetles’swarming......................................................... 29 5.2 Monitoringthemostcommondamagesaffectingtrees.................. 31 5.3 Damageobservationform...................................................................... 37

Literature..................................................................................................................... 38

Contactdetailsoftheobservationnetworkpersonnel.................................... 40

Layout: Irene Murtovaara Photo in cover: Eeva Kotilainen

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1 FOREWORD Phenologyisabranchofsciencefocusingontherhythmofbiologicalphenomenaandtheeffectofvariousfactorsonthisrhythm(Lieth1974).Phenologicalobservationshavebeenmadealreadybeforethecommonera,inChina,forexample.ThescientificstudyofthedevelopmentofindividualplantswasbeguninEuropeintheearly1700s.InFinland,too,thehistoryofphenologicalresearchgoesbackalongway.Alreadyin1751,CarlvonLinnélaunchedphenologicalmonitoring.Attentionwasthenfocusedonthepointintimewhenplantsburstintoleafandwhentheyflower,andthiswasdonebyvolun-teers(Moberg1857).TheFinnishSocietyofSciencesandLetterscontinuedtheseob-servationsin1846,afewyearsaftertheestablishingoftheSociety.Thisworkwentonuntil1965,afterwhichtheFinnishMuseumofNaturalHistorytookontheresponsibil-ityfortheobservationswithvolunteerscontinuingtoprovidetheworkforce.Sincethe1960s,phenologicalobservationshavealsobeenconductedbytheUniversitiesofOuluandTurku,AgrifoodResearchFinland,andLuonto-Liitto.Observationsofnaturalphe-nomenaintheFinnishForestResearchInstitute’s(Metla)researchareawerelaunchedinthe1960s,e.g.leafbudburstandfloweringofplants,arrivalofmigratorybirdsandmeltingoficecaponlakesorsea.AtsomeofMetla’soutpoststhismonitoringhasbeenon-goingformorethan30years.

In1985,inconnectionwithaclimateconventionarrangedbytheAcademyofFinland,ProfessorPaavoHavasbroughtupthematterofneedtoestablishaphenologicalob-servationnetworkinFinland(Havas1985).In1996,Metlalaunchedaproject,support-edbytheAcademyofFinland,inwhichthephenologyofforesttreesandotherforestvegetationbegantobemonitoredviaanationwideobservationnetworkincollabora-tionwithuniversities,stateresearchinstitutions,andvocationalschoolsandcolleges.Thismonitoringissystematicandfocusesonaspectssuchasleafbudburst,flowering,ripeningofberries,andyellowingofleaves.Itwasatthispointintimethatthemonitor-ingofwildberryandmushroomcrops,whichhadbeencarriedonsince1985atMetla’sunitinJoensuu,wasincludedintheproject.Themonitoringoftheseedcropsofforesttreeswasincludedin2002.Themostcommondamagesaffectingtreesarealsomoni-toredwithintheobservationnetwork.

In2004Metlalaunchedanewprojectentitled“Timingofphenologicaleventsinchang-ingclimate–researchontreesandtheirseeds,yieldsofwildberriesandmushrooms”.ThisprojectcontinueswiththeworkofphenologicalmonitoringrelyingontheFinnishNationalPhenologicalNetwork.Inadditiontophenologicalphenomena,theresearchfocusesontheforesttreeseed,wildberryandmushroomyields,andthedrawingupofyield forecasts.Modelsbasedon themonitoringdataareused instudyingchang-esinthetimingofphenologicalphenomena,inmakingforecastsofwildberryandfor-esttreeseedyields,andtherisksoffrostdamagetoforesttreesandwildberries.Themonitoringofbiologicaldamagecontinuesaswell.Weatherdataformthefoundationforallofthis.

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Climatechangehasattractedincreasinginterestinphenologicalresearch,especiallyinEurope(Bruns&vanVliet2003).Long-termobservationseriestellalotaboutthean-nualvariationinthegrowthofplantsandaboutchangingenvironmentalconditions,andinthiswayphenologyprovidesexcellentopportunitiesforstudyingclimatechangeanditsimpactsonforestecosystems.Metla’snationwidephenologicalobservationnetwork(Kubinetal.2006)hascollecteddatacoveringafulldecadeandtheresultshavebeenan-alysedusingbothdataforthewholecountry(Kotilainenetal.2007a)andnorthernmostFinland(Kotilainenetal.2007b).Forexample,thepointintimewhenBetula pubescensreachesbudbursthasadvancedbyoneweekinSouthernFinlandandCentralFinland,andbytwoweeksintheregionsofPohjanmaa-KainuuandFinnishLaplandduringtheyears1997-2006.Withaccumulatingobservationdata,wewilleventuallygetananswertothequestionofwhetherthisisanon-goingtrendortheresultofclimaticvariation.

Moreover,Finlandisanactiveparticipantininternationalcooperationinthefieldofphe-nology.AprojectcalledCOST725(Establishing a European Phenological Data Platform for Climatological Applications)waslaunchedin2004withtheobjectiveofmakingphenologicalobservationsinEuropeuniform(Kochetal.2005).Thepurposeistohavethedatabasenowbeingdevelopedtoincludethephenologicalobservationda-taofthememberstateswiththehelpofBBCHcoding(BiologischeBundesanstalt,Bun-dessortenamtandBiologischeBundesanstaltChemicalindustry),whichhasbeendevel-opedbyGermanresearchinstitutions(Meier2001).Thiscodingsystemallocatesvari-ousdistinguishingcharacterstothedifferentphasesofdevelopmentofplants,whichcanthenbeusedingroupingevenlargeamountsofdataindifferentways.

Finlandhasagoodandcomprehensivenationwidenetworkofresearchstations.Asitisrepresentativeofphytogeographicallydifferentzones,itenablesthestudyofplantre-actionstothepredictedclimatewarmingintheirnaturalhabitats.Withaseriesofob-servationscoveringthepast10yearsbehindus,itisnowtimetoreviewthephenolog-icalobservationinstructions.Thesinglebiggestchangeisthatasof2007onwardsob-servationswillbemadetree-specifically.Thisenablesmorein-depthstatisticalinterpre-tationoftheresultsandimprovestheirreliabilityinregardtostudyingtheimpactsofclimatechange.

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2 OBSERVATIONS Thischapterlooksattheinstructionsapplyingtothemakingoftheactualobservations.TheinstructionstomonitoringofmostcommondamagesaffectingtreesarepresentedinChapter5.Inthepartdealingwiththedescriptionoftheplantstobeobserved,weobservetheguidelinespresentedbyHämet-Ahtietal.(1986).

2.1 Selecting the observation site

Specialattentionshouldbeattachedtoselectingtheobservationsite.Dependingonthesituation,oneormoretreestandsrepresentingmatureandmesicorrelativelydryforestsneedtobeselectedassites.Thelocationsforphenologicalobservations,ber-rycropsandbiologicaldamageobservations,shouldbeinthesamestandwherepos-sible.Theselocationsshouldberepresentativeoftheaverageconditionsofthelocality,whichexcludeslocationswherethenaturalphenomenabeingmonitoredoccurexcep-tionallyearly(e.g.awarmsouth-facingslopes)orexceptionallylate(e.g.shadynorth-fac-ingslopes)withrespecttothesurroundings.Asmanyobservationsaspossibleshouldbemadewithintheselectedforeststand.Ifthetreespeciesbeingobserved(e.g.Bird-cherry,Rowan,GreyAlder)arenotpresentintheselectedstand,thesewillbeselectedfromothersuitablelocationsinthenearbyarea.Ifchangesarenecessaryregardingtheobservationlocationortheobservationtrees,pleasecontactJormaPasanenorJarmoPoikolainenatMetla’sMuhosunit.

2.2 Selecting the trees

Theselectedtreesshouldbehealthyandexhibitnormalgrowth,andpreferablybyofnaturaloriginratherthanplanted.Iftheobservationsarefocusedonplantedtrees,afundamentalrequirementisthatthetreesmustbeofalocalorigin.Theselectedtreesneedtobemarkedandnumbered,e.g.byplacinganumberedstakenexttoeachtreetobemonitored.This is important because as of 2007 onwards the observa-tions will be made tree-specifically. Therecommendednumberoftreestobemon-itoredisfive.

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2.3 Filling in the form

Atthetopoftheformtherearefieldsforenteringthedetailsofwhoismakingtheob-servationsandtheobservationlocation.

Name of observation location: Localdistrictand locality;e.g.Paimio,Preitilä.En-terthenumberoftheobservationlocationinthetopright-handcorneroftheobser-vationform.

Name of the person making the observations:Alwayswritethenameandtele-phonenumberofthepersonmakingtheobservationsontheform.Pleasenote!Ifsome-onesubstitutingfortheregularpersonmakestheobservations,thenameandcontactdetailsofthissubstitutepersonmustalwaysbeprovided.

MaketheobservationsweeklyonMondayandThursdaythroughoutthegrowingperi-od.Ifthephenomenontobemonitoredhasnotyetoccurred,indicatethisbyinsertingthedashcharacter(–)ontheform.Notethatyouneedtoenterthischaracteralong-sideeachdayuntilthephenomenonhasoccurred.Whenthephenomenondoesoccur,indicatethisbyenteringthepluscharacter(+)andstopmonitoringthephenomenon.Ifthephenomenonyouaremonitoringoccursbetweentheobservationdays(betweenMondayandThursday),recordtheactualdateifyouknowit.

Notallofthefieldsontheformareintendedtobefilledin;youarerequiredmonthlytoconcentrateonthoseobservations,whichareon-goingthen.

2.4 Submitting and archiving of observation data

Submittheobservationdataimmediatelyaftertheoccurrenceofthephenologicalphe-nomenoninquestiontoMetla’sMuhosunit.Therearethreewaysofdoingthis:

1. Over the Internet to www.metla.fi/metinfo/fenologia/ syotto; for this youneedtobeissuedausernameandapassword

2. Byfaxto+35810 211 3701

3. Byphoneduringofficehours +35810 211 3712

InternetusersshouldcontactJouniKarhu(tel.+358102113752or+358503913752)fortheirusernameandpassword.

Itisapracticetoberecommendedthattheunitresponsibleformakingtheobserva-tionsrecordandretainstheobservationdata,e.g.byarchivingthefieldforms,irrespec-tiveofthemannerinwhichtheirdataissubmitted,sothatthedatacanbecheckedatalaterpointintimeifnecessary.Metla’sMuhosunitbearstheresponsibilityfortheentirenationwidephenologicalobservationnetwork’sdatabaseandforitsupdating.

2.5 Observation field form

Theobservationfieldformhasundergonereformulationinreadinessforobservationstomadein2007.Thenewformisusedtoenterthephenologicaldatatree-specifical-lyorperblockofvegetation.

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Observations are made tree-specifically weekly on mondays and thursdays. If the phenomenon to be monitored has not yet occurred,

1. Betula pubescens Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

5

Plant phenological monitoring 2007

Observation site : Site no : Month :

Observer : Tel:

indicate this by inserting the dash character (-). When the phenomenon does occur, indicate this by plus character (+).Submit the observation data immediately to Metla's Muhos Research Unit by on the internet, phone (010 211 3712) or fax (010 211 3701).

Bud burst 1

BBCH0723

Onset of male flowering

451

BBCH6123

Leaves full-sized

451

BBCH1523

Shedding of seeds

451

BBCH8923

Leaf colouring

451

BBCH9223451Leaf fall 23BBCH97 45

2. Betula pendula Tree1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Bud burst 2

3BBCH07 451Onset of male flowering 23BBCH61 451Leaves full-sized 2

BBCH15 345

Shedding of seeds 12

BBCH89 345

Leaf colouring 12

BBCH92 345

Leaf fall 12

BBCH97 345

3. Populus tremula Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Leaves full-sized 1

2BBCH15 3

45

Leaf colouring 12

BBCH92 345

Leaf fall 12

BBCH97 345

4. Sorbus aucuparia Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Bud scales opened 1

2BBCH07 3

45

Leaves opened 12

BBCH13 345

Leaf colouring 12

BBCH92 345

Time and abundance of flowering 12

BBCH65 345

Berries ripe and abundance of berries 12

BBCH86 34

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5. Prunus padus Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Flowering 1

2BBCH63 3

45

Berries ripe 12

BBCH86 345

6. Alnus incana Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Onset of male flowering 1

2BBCH61 3

45

7. Pinus sylvestris Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Onset of height growth 1

2BBCH30 3

45

End of height growth 12

BBCH39 345

Onset of male flowering 12

BBCH61 345

Onset of female flowering 12

BBCH61 345

Female flowering 100% 12

BBCH63 345

8. Picea abies Tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Onset of height growth 1

2BBCH30 3

45

End of height growth 12

BBCH39 345

Onset of male flowering 12

BBCH61 345

Onset of female flowering 12

BBCH61 345

Female flowering 100% 12

BBCH63 345

9. Juniperis communis Shrub 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Onset of male flowering 1

2BBCH61 3

45

10. Vaccinium myrtillus Square 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Flowering 1

2BBCH65 3

45

Berries unripe 12

BBCH86 345

Berries ripe 12

BBCH87 345

11. Vaccinium vitis-idaea Square 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Flowering 1

2BBCH65 3

45

Berries unripe 12

BBCH86 345

Berries ripe 12

BBCH87 34

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3 OBSERVATION NETWORK The Finnish National Phenological Network covers the entire country and is com-prisedof32activeobservationsites(inthespring2007).ThesesitesarelocatedatMetla’sfieldresearchstationsandresearchareas,atfieldstationsofotherresearchin-stitutionsanduniversities,atsomelocalofficesofMetsähallitusandatsomevocation-alschoolsandcolleges.

The observation sites on 1.4.2006 superimposed on a map of phytogeographical zones. The contact de-tails of the persons making the observers are presented on pages 50-56.

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Observationsite Locationno. Site Observeror personincharge

Solböle Bromarv 11 ThomasLindbladRuotsinkylä Tuusula 12 JukkaLehtonenPreitilä Paimio 13 EsaEkLapinjärvi Lapinjärvi 14 ErkkiPiiroinenRavijoki Virolahti 15 EsaPunkkinenAulanko Hämeenlinna 21 MerjaKujalaVesijako Padasjoki 22 MarkkuPastilaParkano Parkano 23 HannuAutioVilppula Vilppula 24 PerttiNiemiPunkaharju Punkaharju 31 HannuHeinonenSuonenjoki Suonenjoki 32 SirpaKolehmainenJoensuu Joensuu 33 MarkkuTiainenMekrijärvi Ilomantsi 34 RistoIkonenKoli Lieksa 35 IsmoHyttinenNurmes Nurmes 36 Veli-MattiLaatikainenSiilinjärvi Siilinjärvi 37 RaimoStyhrKorsholm Korsholm 41 Karl-GustavIngoKolkanlahti Saarijärvi 42 JuhaRauvalaKannus Kannus 44 EsaHeinoMuhos Muhos 51 JormaPasanenPaljakka Puolanka 52 IlkkaKemppainenOulanka Kuusamo 53 JuhoPalosaariKivalo Rovaniemi 57 TapaniHänninenVärriö Savukoski 63 TeuvoHietajärviÄkäslompolo Kolari 65 PasiTanninenSalmivaara Salla 66 JuhaKemppainenKolari Kolari 71 IrmaLanttoPallasjärvi Kittilä 72 EveliinaPääkköläSaariselkä Inari 74 JoukoKyröMuddusjärvi Inari 75 HeikkiTörmänenKilpisjärvi Enontekiö 76 ViktorMannelaKevo Utsjoki 77 SainiHeino

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4 MONITORED PLANTS AND PHENOMENA

4.1 Downy birch – Betula pubescens Ehrh.

CharacteristicsDownybirchissmallerinsizethanSilverbirchanditsbranchesarenotsothick.TheyoungshootsoftheDownybircharesmooth,hairy,andfairlystiffatthetip.Itsleavesareusuallyovateorround-ish inshape,generallywithsingleserrationalongtheedges,andtheylacktheelongatedtiptypicalofSilverbirch.Theleafbladeisatitswidestataboutmidwayalongitslength.Whencomparedtotheleafblade,thepetioleisshorterandbroaderthanthatofSilverbirch.Thedormantbudsaresticky,andthebarkatthebuttendoftheDownybirchissmoothandlightincolour.

Mountainbirch(Betula pubescens ssp. cherepanovii Orlova)isasubspeciesoftheDownybirch.WhereMountainbirchoccurs,theobservationsarerecordedalongsideDownybirchandthisisindicatedinwriting.

Selecting the treesTheobservations aremade individually by observing fivemedium-sized and healthyDownybirchtrees.Thetreeshavebeenmarkedandnumbered.AllDownybirchobser-vationsaremadeofthesametrees.

Phenomena to be monitoredBud burst. BBCH07.Leavesareinthisphasewhentheyareemergingfromtheirbuds.Theleavesarestillverysmall,theleafbladehasnotyetopened,andthepetioleisnotvisible.Thisphenom-enonisdeemedtohaveoccurredwhenatleasthalfoftheleavesofeachobservationtreehavereachedthisphase,i.e.whenthecrownsofbirchesappeargreenforthefirsttimewhenviewedfromadistance.

Onset of male flowering. BBCH61.Malefloweringisdeemedtohavebegunwhenthefirsttreebeginstoreleasepollen.This iswhen thecatkinsbecomeheavyandstart tohangdownwardsat the tipsofbranches.InSouthernFinlandthisusuallyoccursattheendofApril,inCentralFinlandinmid-May,andinLaplandtowardstheendofMay.Thebeginningofmalefloweringcanbedeterminedbytappingthebranchesofbircheswithalongpoleorotherequivalent.

Leaves full-sized. BBCH15.Theleafhasreacheditsfullsizeanddoesnotreallygrowanybigger.Theleavesbecomesdarkgreenandthicker,andthefoliageofthebirchasawholebecomesdenserinap-pearancewithinashorttime.Crossmeasurementscanalsobeusedinconnectionwiththisobservationbymeasuringthelengthandwidthofafewleaves.

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Fig. 1. Male flowering of birch. When the branches are given a tap, the catkins release a distinct puff of pollen. Photos: Eeva Kotilainen

Shedding of seeds. BBCH89. Thisphenomenonisdeemedtohaveoccurredwhenthefirstseedsareobservedtobeshedbybirches.Asheetofplasticorsomeothersuitablematerialcanbespreadun-derneathtreestohelpinmakingthisobservation.InSouthernFinlandthisusuallyhap-pensalreadyattheendofJulyorearlyAugust;inNorthernFinlandithappenstowardstheendofAugust.Thesheddingofseedsusuallycontinueswellintoautumn.Iftree-spe-cificsheddingofseedscannotbedistinguished,thisphenomenonismarkedalongsidetreeno.1ontheform.

Leaf colouring. BBCH92.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfoftheleavesoneachobservationtreehaveturnedyellow.Thediscolorationcausedbyrustfungiisnottobetakenasyellow-inginthesensemeanthere.Ifthereisanabundanceofbirchrustfungi,andthishin-ders themakingofobservations, thiscanbenoteddownseparately.Seepicturesofbirchrustonpage45.

Leaf fall. BBCH97.Thesheddingofleavesisdeemedtohaveoccurredwhenmorethanhalfoftheleavesofeachobservationtreehavebeenshed.

Fig. 2. Bud burst, leaf colouring and leaf fall of Downy birch. Flushing before the phase of bud burst (A-D); bud burst (E); leaves fully out of the bud (F); leaves full-sized (G); leaf colouring (H); and leaf fall (I). Pho-tos: Eeva Kotilainen.

A B C D E F G H I

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4.2 Silver birch – Betula pendula Roth.

CharacteristicsSilverbirchisbiggerinsizethanDownybirchanditsbranchesaresturdier.ThenewshootsofSilverbirchhavesmallresinouswartsandtheyarehairless.Theleavesaretriangularorrhom-boidandwithclearlydouble-serratededged.Theleafbladeisatitsbroadestnearitsbase.Thewinterbudsaredryandthebarkatthebuttendofthetreeisoftenroughandcracked.

ThedistributionofSilverbirchdoesnotextendtoNorthernLa-pland,andsobirchobservationsthereareconfinedtoMountainbirchandthesearerecordedalongsideDownybirch.

Selecting the treesTheobservations aremade individually by observing fivemedium-sized and healthyDownybirchtrees.Thetreeshavebeenmarkedandnumbered.AllSilverbirchobser-vationsaremadeofthesametrees.

Phenomena to be monitoredSilverbirchismonitoredregardingthesamephenomenaasDownybirch,seeSection4.1.

Fig. 3. Various phases in the male flowering of birch, a female catkin, and shed seed. Male catkin before pollen release (A), during pollen release, (B) and after pollen release (C). A female catkin just before the shedding of seeds (E). Seed of Silver birch (D) and Downy birch (F). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

A B C D E F

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Fig. 4. Various phases in onset of leafing, leaf colouring, and leaf fall of Silver birch. Birch before bud burst (A), bud burst (B); leaves fully out of the bud (C); leaves full-sized (D); leaf colouring (E); leaves fully coloured (F); leaf fall (G); and birch entirely without leaves (H). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.3 Aspen – Populus tremula L.

CharacteristicsAspen is a large treewithgreybark.Thebudsarehairless andslightlysticky.Theleafpetioleisaboutaslongastheleafblade.Theleafisroundishandwavy-edgedorirregularlybluntlyserrated.

Selecting the location and the treesTheobservationsaremadeindividuallybyobservingfivemedium-sizedandhealthyAspentrees.Thetreesareselectedeitherfromanobservationstandorfromaseparatelocationaccordingtothesituation,andtheyaremarkedandnumbered.ItshouldbenotedthatadjacentAspentreesoftenbelongtothesameclone;differentclonescanbestbeseparatedintheirautumncolours.

Phenomena to be monitoredLeaves full-sized. BBCH15.Theleafhasreacheditsfullsizeanddoesnotreallygrowanybigger.Crossmeasure-mentscanalsobeusedinconnectionwiththisobservationbymeasuringthelengthandwidthofafewleaves.

Leaf colouring. BBCH92.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfoftheleavesoneachobservationtreehavechangedcolour.

Leaf fall. BBCH97.Thesheddingofleavesisdeemedtohaveoccurredwhenmorethanhalfoftheleavesofeachobservationtreehavebeenshed.

Fig. 5. Aspen leaves in various phases. Leaves full-sized (A); leaf colouring (B); and leaf fall (C). Photos: Ee-va Kotilainen.

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4.4 Rowan – Sorbus aucuparia L.

CharacteristicsRowanistree-likeorbush-likeinform,anditsboleissmooth.Theleavesarecomposedof6-8pairsofoppositeleafletsandterminalleafletisnobiggerthantheothers.Theinflorescenceisabroadpanicle,theindividualflowersaresmallandwhite.Theberriesareredoryellowish-red.

Selecting the location and the treesThe observations are made of five Rowan trees as tree-specif-icobservations.Thetreesshouldbeselectedfromanopenarea,alongtheforestorfieldedge,fromayardarea,orsomeothersuitablearea.Thetreesshouldbeofsuchagethattheyflower.Thetreesneedtobemarkedandnumbered.Iffivetreescannotbefoundinthevicinityoftheobservationlocation,theobservationscanbeconfinedtothosetreesthatareinthearea.Allrowanobservationswillbemadeofthesametrees.

Phenomena to be monitoredBud scales opened.BBCH07.Thisisthepointintimewhengreenleaveshavebeguntopushforthoutfromthebuds,butindividualleavescannotbedistinguishedasyet.Thephenomenoncanbedeemedtohaveoccurredwhenmorethanhalfofthebudscalesofeachtreehaveopenedup.

Leaves opened. BBCH13.Morethanhalfoftheleafbladesineachobservationtreehavefullyunfolded.Theleavesarenotyetfull-grownatthisphase.

Leaf colouring. BBCH92.Morethanhalfoftheleavesofeachobservationtreehavechangedcolour.

Fig. 6. Onset of leafing and leaf colouring of rowan. Bud before opening (A), bud scales opened (B), inter-mediate stages before the opening of leaves (C-E), leaves opened (F), and leaf colouring (G). Photos: Ee-va Kotilainen.

A B C D E F G

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Time and abundance of flowering. BBCH65. Floweringisthatpointintimewhenmorethanhalfoftheflowersofeachtreehaveopenedup.

Thisisalsothetimetoestimatetheabundanceoffloweringattheobservationlocationandinitssurroundings.Thisneedstobemarkedontheobservationformalongsidethefloweringdateusingthefollowingscale:

1. No flowering. Therearenoinflorescencesatalloronlyveryfew.

2. Flowering poor. Thereareinflorescenceshereandthere,andthenumberofflowersintheinflorescencesmaybesmall.

3. Flowering middling. Thetreeshaveinflorescencesingeneralandthereisfairnumberofthem.

4. Flowering abundant. Thetreeshaveinflorescencesingeneralandthereisanabun-danceofthem.

5. Flowering very abundant. Thetreesarefullofinflorescences.

Fig. 7. Various phases of rowan flowering and development of berries. The flowers begin to open (A-B), time of flowering (C), and all flowers have opened (D). The berries have ripened between the stages E and F. Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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Berries ripe and abundance of berries. BBCH86.Berriesripeisthatpointintimewhenmorethanhalfoftheberriesoneachtreehaveturnedorangeincolour.

Thisisalsothetimetoestimatetheabundanceofberriesattheobservationlocationandinitssurroundings.Thisneedstobemarkedontheobservationformalongsidetheberryproductiondateusingthefollowingscale:

1. No berries. Therearenoberriesatallorthereareveryfewberriesinindividualclus-tersofberries.

2. Berry production poor. Thetreeshaveberrieshereandthere,andtheyaresmallinnumber.

3. Berry production middling. Thetreeshaveberriesingeneralandthereisfairnumberofthem.

4. Berry production abundant. Thetreeshaveberriesingeneralandthereisanabun-danceofthem.

5. Berry production very abundant. Thereissuchalotofberriesthatsomeofthebranch-esarebentdownbytheweightoftheberries.

Fig. 8. Various phenophases of rowan. Flowering (A), Berries ripe (B), leaf colouring (C), and entire tree col-oured (D). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.5 Bird-cherry – Prunus padus L.

CharacteristicsTheBird-cherryisbush-likeortree-likeinform.Theleavesareovalandroundorheart-shapedatthebase,serratedalongtheedges,andshiny.Theinflorescenceisamulti-flow-eredracemeandthepetalsarewhite.Theberryisblack.

Selecting the location and the treesTheobservationsaremadeoffiveBird-cherriesas tree-specificobservations.Thetreesshouldbeselectedfromanopenarea,alongtheforestorfieldedge,fromayardarea,orsomeothersuitablearea.Theobservationtreesshouldpreferably be tree-like rather than bush-like. The treesneedtobemarkedandnumbered.Iffivetreescannotbefoundinthevicinityoftheobservationplace,theobserva-tionscanbeconfinedtothosetreesthatareinthearea.

Phenomena to be monitored Flowering.BBCH63.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfoftheflowersoneachobservationtreehaveopenedup.

Berries ripe. BBCH86.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfoftheberriesoneachobservationtreeareripe.

Fig. 9. Flowering and ripening of berries of Bird-cherry. Flowering (A) and the ripening of berries has just been passed (B). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.6 Grey Alder – Alnus incana L.

CharacteristicsGreyAlderisaslim-boledtreeoralargebush,whosebarkissmooth.Theyoungtwigsandbudsarehairy.Theleafbladeisovalorroundishandmoresharp-pointedthanontheBlackAlder.Theedgeoftheleafisdouble-serratedandthecornersbetweentheveinsontheundersurfaceoftheleavesarebald.The“cones”aresessile.

Selecting the location and the treesTheobservationsaremadeoffiveGreyAldersastree-specif-icobservations.Thetreesareselectedfromwithintheobser-vationstandorasuitablenearbyplace.Thetreesneedtobemarkedandnumbered.

Phenomena to be monitoredOnset of male flowering. BBCH61.Timewhenthefirsttreesinsunnyplacesreleasepollen.Thiscanbetestedbytappingthebrancheswithastickorapole.

Fig. 10. Male flowering of Grey Alder. Photo: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.7 Scots Pine – Pinus sylvestris L.

CharacteristicsAbroad-crownedconifer.Itsneedlesarestiff,bluishgreen,andtheyoccurinpairs.Theconesarealmostsessile,con-icalinshapeandpendant.

Selecting the location and the treesThetreesshouldbeselectedfromawell-lightedsite.Thegrowth observations are made tree-specifically of fivenumbered young trees, which are about 1.5 metres inheight andwith normal leaders.The flowering observa-tionsaremadeoffivemiddle-agedpines.Distinguishingthe male inflorescences and female inflorescences fromeachisafundamentalrequirementinthisobservation.Ifmaleandfemaleinflorescenc-esarenotonthesametree,thenasufficientnumberoftreesneedstobeselectedtoensureasuccessfulobservation.

Fig. 11. Male flowering of Grey Alder. Catkins before pollen release (A), during pollen release, (B) and after pollen release (C). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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Phenomena to be monitoredOnset of height growth.BBCH30.TheheightgrowthofPinebeginswhenthetipoftheterminalbudgraduallyswellsandthescalesatthetipstarttounfurl.Thetipofthebudisthenlighterincolour(Fig.12B).

End of height growth. BBCH39.Shootlengthismeasureduntilnomoreelongationoccurs.Thelengthoftheshootismeasuredfromthebaseofthebudtothetipoftheshoot.Thebaseofthebudisalsothepointwherethenewbranchwhorlisformed.

Whengrowthceases,thedateismarkedontotheform.Itshouldbenotedthatanewterminalbudisformedatthetipoftheshootalreadybeforeshootelongationceases.Sometimesso-calledlategrowthmayoccurinlatesummer,butthisisnotconsideredtobelongtothecurrentyear’sgrowth.

Fig. 12. Height growth of Scots Pine. Bud before onset of growth (A), onset of height growth (B), elongation of the shoot (D-H), and end of height growth (I). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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Onset of male flowering. BBCH61.Thepointintimewhenthefirsttreesinsunnyplacesreleasepollenismarkedontheform.Thiscanbetestedbytappingthebrancheswithastickorapole.Themaleinflo-rescencesofScotsPinetendtobemostabundantinthelowerpartsofthecrown.

Onset of female flowering. BBCH61.Thisismarkedontheformwhenthefirstobservationismadeofafemaleinflorescencethathasopenedup.ThefemaleinflorescencesofScotsPineareconcentratedinthetopofthecrownandbinocularsareusefulinmakingthisobservation.

Female flowering 100%. BBCH63.Thepointintimewhenpracticallyallofthefemaleinflorescenceshaveopenedup.

Fig. 13. Flowering of Scots Pine. Male inflorescences before pollen release (A), during pollen release (B), and a female inflorescence (C). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

Fig. 14. Male flowering of Scots Pine. Photo: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.8 Norway Spruce – Picea abies L.

CharacteristicsAconiferwithsharp-pointedandangularsingleneedles.Theconesareshuttle-likeinshapeandpendant.

Selecting the location and the treesThe trees are selected from within the observationstandorasuitablenearbyplace.Thegrowthobserva-tionsaremadetree-specificallyoffivenumberedyoungtrees,whichareabout1.5metres inheight andwithnormalleaders.Thefloweringobservationsaremadeoffivemiddle-agedspruces.Distinguishingthemaleinflo-rescencesandfemaleinflorescencesfromeachisafun-damentalrequirementinthisobservation.Ifmaleandfemaleinflorescencesarenotonthesametree,thenasufficientnumberoftreesneedstobeselectedtoen-sureasuccessfulobservation.

Fig. 15. Onset of height growth in Norway Spruce. Bud before onset of growth (A), onset of height growth (B), and various stages of elongation (C-F). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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Phenomena to be monitoredOnset of height growth. BBCH30.Beforetheonsetoftheelongationoftheshoot,theterminalbudissharpandshiny.Theheightgrowthbeginswhenterminalbudswellsanditsscalesstarttounfurl,thensomeofthebudscaleshavealreadyopenedup.Lightgreenneedlesbornebythenewshootbegintoappearsometimeaftertheonsetofelongation.

End of height growth. BBCH39.Shootlengthismeasureduntilnomoreelongationoccursandthispointintimeisthenmarkedontheform.

Onset of male flowering. BBCH61.Thepointintimewhenthefirsttreesinsunnyplacesreleasepollenismarkedontheform.Thiscanbetestedbytappingthebrancheswithastickorapole.Themaleinflo-rescencesofNorwaySprucetendtobemostabundantinthemiddleandtoppartsofthecrown.

Onset of female flower-ing. BBCH61.This is marked on the formwhen the first observationismadeof a female inflores-cence that has opened up.Female flowers of NorwaySprucearemostlyinthetopofthecrown.

Female flowering 100%. BBCH63.Thepointintimewhenprac-tically allof the female inflo-rescenceshaveopenedup.

Fig. 16. Flowering of Norway Spruce. Male inflorescences before pollen release (A) and during pollen re-lease (B). Female inflorescence be-fore opening up (C) and after open-ing up (D). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.9 Juniper – Juniperus communis L.

CharacteristicsThis isadioeciousconiferwithneedle-likestiff leaves,whichoccurthreetogether.Theconeissmallandspherical,theber-riesarebluish-black.

Selecting the location and the Juniper bushesTheobservationsaremadeoffivejuniperbushesindividually,whichhavebeenselectedfromwithintheobservationstandorfromasuitablenearbysite.

Phenomena to be monitoredOnset of male flowering. BBCH61.Flowering is deemed to have begun when the junipers re-leasepollenonasunnyday.Thiscanbeverifiedbytappingthebranchesofajuniperbush.Itshouldbeborneinmindthatthemaleandfemaleinflorescencesofjunipersarelocatedindifferentindividuals;therearenoberriesonajuniperbushwhichproducesmaleinflorescences.

Fig. 17. Flowering of juniper. Male inflorescences before pollen release (A) and during pollen release (B). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.10 Bilberry – Vaccinium myrtillus L.

CharacteristicsAnuprightdwarfshrub,whichsheds its leaves for thewinter.The leaves are ovate, green and with finely serrated edges.Theflowersaresolitary,axillaryandtheircorollaisgreenish-yel-loworreddishincolour.Theberryisdarkblue.

Selecting the observation siteTheobservationsaremadewithintheobservationstandwithinthesame1sq.mmonitoringsquaresaswhengatheringdataforberryyieldpredictions.

Phenomena to be monitoredFlowering. BBCH65.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfofthebilberryflowerswithineachvege-tationmonitoringsquarehaveopenedup.

Berries unripe. BBCH86.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfofthebilberryflowerswithineachvegeta-tionmonitoringsquareareintheunripestage.Thisiswhentheflowershavebeenshedanddistinctgreenunripeberriescanbeseeninthesedwarfshrubs.

Berries ripe. BBCH87.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfofthebilberryberrieswithineachvege-tationmonitoringsquareareripeanddarkblueincolour.

Fig. 18. Flowering and berry ripening of bilberry. The points in time when the flowers have opened up (A), the berries are still unripe (B), and when the berries are ripe (C). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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4.11 Cowberry – Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.

CharacteristicsAnuprightdwarf shrub,which isevergreen. The leavesareobovate, obtuse and elongated.The leaves are green fromaboveandinrolledatthemargin.Theinflorescenceisadenseraceme.Thecorolla iscampanulateandwhiteorreddish incolour.Theberryisred.

Selecting the observation siteTheobservationsaremadewithintheobservationstandwith-inthesame1sq.mmonitoringsquaresaswhengatheringda-taforberryyieldpredicting.

Phenomena to be monitoredFlowering. BBCH65.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfofthecowberryflowerswithinavegeta-tionmonitoringsquarehaveopenedup.

Berries unripe. BBCH86.Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfoftheberrieswithineachvegetationmon-itoringsquareareintheunripestage.Thisiswhentheflowershavebeenshedanddis-tinctgreenunripeberriescanbeseeninthesedwarfshrubs.

Berries ripe. BBCH87. Thisisthepointintimewhenmorethanhalfofthecowberryberrieswithineachveg-etationmonitoringsquarearefullyripeanddarkredincolour.

Fig. 19. Flowering and berry ripening of cow-berry. The points in time when the flow-ers are still in bud (A), flowering (B), the berries unripe (C), the berries are ripening (D, E), and the ber-ries ripe (F). Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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5 DAMAGE MONITORING

5.1 Timing of bark beetles’ swarming

Thetimingofbarkbeetles’swarmingismonitoredbymakingobservationsofboringdustappearingonthesurfaceofspruceandpinelogs.Barkbeetlesswarminthespringwhentheairtemperatureriseshighenough.Theswarmingofshootborersbeginswhentheairtemperaturerisesabove+10oC, i.e. thisusuallyoccurs inmid-April,andtheswarmingofspruceambrosiabeetlesoccurswhenthetemperaturerisesabove+14oC,i.e.endofApril–earlyMay.InnorthernFinland,swarmingoccursabout2-4weekslaterthaninsouthernFinland.

Duringtheirswarmingperiod,barkbeetlesdiginunderneaththebarkoffreshly-felledtimber.Thebeetlesattackfreshpilesoftimberwheretheirentrypointsareindicatedbyavarietyofboringdustproducedbydifferentinsectspecies.

Wherepossible,itisbesttoarrangeafewpilesoffreshly-felledpineandsprucepulp-woodnearthemonitoringlocationforphenologicalobservations.Thepilesofpineandsprucepulpwoodmustbefarenoughawayfromoneanothersothatbarkbeetlesnor-mallyfavouringpinetimberwillnotattachpilesofspruceorviceversa.Thelandown-er’sconsentisalwaysneededwhensettingupthepilesofwood!Ifwoodpilescannotbesetupforsomereason,signsoftheseinsectscanbemonitoredbykeepinganeyeonthesituationintimberstoragepointsalongsideforestroads.However,thenthereisalwaystheriskthatthetimberishauledawaytooearly.

Thisformofmonitoringinvolveswatchingoutfortheoccurrenceofboringdustexca-vatedbytheinsectsastheyboreintothebarkandwood.Inthecaseofspruce,heapsofbrownpowderisproducedbyIps typographusandheapsofwhitedustisproduced

Figure 20. A pile of pine and spruce pulpwood set up for monitoring bark beetles. Photos: Eeva Kotilainen.

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Figure 21. Ips typographus’ coarser brown dust and the finer brown dust produced by Pityogenes chal-cographus in spruce. Photos: Antti Pouttu.

Figure 22. Brownish dust produced by shoot borers in pine (left) and white dust produced by striped am-brosia beetles (right). Photos: Antti Pouttu.

byTrypodendron lineatum.Inthecaseofpine,heapsofbrownishpowderareproducedbypineshootbeetles(Tomicussp.)andheapsofwhitesawdustareproducedbystripedambrosiabeetles(Trypodendron lineatum).Whenmonitoring,thedamageformisusedtonotedownthecolouroftheheapsofsawdustbymarking(-)alongsidetheobservationdayifnosawdustheapsarevisible,and1whentheyarevisibleforthefirsttimetreesonthepulpwoodlogs(separatelyforpineandsprucestacks).

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5.2 Monitoring the most common damages affecting trees

Location and marking of damage on the form: Thepurposeistomonitortheoccurrenceofdamagesandtheirchangesduringtheobservationseason.Onlynewcas-esofdamagearemonitored.Theoccurrenceofdamageismonitoredinthoseforeststandswherethephenologicalobservationsaremadeandalongthewayleadingtotheobservationlocations.

Theforemostthingstonotearethesymptomsofdamageasearlyaspossiblewhentheybegintoappear.Theoccurrenceofeachdamageinthephenologicalobservationstandwillbemarkedoneachobservationdayusingthefollowingscale:

0=Nodamagevisible

1=Slightdamageoccurs(onlyjustvisible,inoneorfewtrees)

2=Damageoccursmoderatelyorinabundance

Damageobservationsaremadealwaysinconnectionwithphenologicalobservations.Theoccurrenceofdamageisnotedonthedamageobservationformusingthenum-beringoftheabovescale.

AttheendoftheobservationseasontheformsaretobesentbyfaxorbymailtoMet-la’sMuhosunitaddressedtoJormaPasanen(fax:0102113701;address:Metla,Muhok-sentoimintayksikkö,Kirkkosaarentie7,91500Muhos).

Damage forms to be monitoredScleroderris canker, caused by Gremmeniella abietina TheScleroderriscankeroccursinpinesofallagesandsometimesinthespruceunder-storeysofpinestands.However,itsworstdamageoccursinyoungpinestands.Usually,theScleroderriscankerkillsshootsonlyfrominthelowerpartofthecanopy,butwithtimeitcanspreadintotheentirecanopyandcankillentiretrees.ThesymptomsofScle-roderriscankerarethebrownishdiscolorationofthemostrecentsetofneedlesinMay,startingfromtheneedlebases(theneedlescomeoffeasily),thedyingofterminalbuds,theoccurrenceofcankersonbranches,andtheyellow-greenishcolour.

OnlyfreshoccurrenceofScleroderriscankerduringtheobservationsummerismoni-tored(i.e.thebrownishdiscolorationoftheshootsstartinginJuneandthesheddingofneedlesfrominfectedshootsinthelatesummer).

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Figure 23. Pine shoot in June infected by Scleroderris canker. Note: bud dead as well. Photo: Seppo Nevalainen.

Figure 24. Scleroderris canker on pine; fresh infection shows as shoots having turned brown (left). Scleroderris canker on young pine in August – brown needles partly shed from infected shoots (right). Photos: Seppo Nevalainen.

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Spruce needle rust, caused by Chrysomyxa lediSpruceneedlerust(withLedumpalustreastheintermediatehost)occursineasternandnorthernFinlandwhereLedum palustre(LabradorTea)alsogrowsonuplandmineralsoilsites.Thereisgreatvariationinitsoccurrencefromyeartoyear.AeciaareformedintheinfectedneedlesofthenewestshootsduringJulyatthisstagethattheseneedlesturnyelloworappearorange-yellowincolourduetotheabundanceofreleasedaecid-iospores.InfectedneedlesareshedattheendofAugust.Thisrustdoesnotkillthein-fectedshoots.

Theyellowingofthenewsetofneedlesonsprucetreesismonitored.

Figure 25. A spruce branch infected by spruce needle rust (with Ledum palus-tre as the intermediate host) in June. Note: only the new set of needles is in-fected. Photo: Seppo Nevalainen.

Figure 26. Spruce needle rust (with Ledum palustre as the intermediate host), close-up of aecia on new needles. Photo: Seppo Nevalainen.

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Birch rust, caused by Melampsoridium betulinumThereisgreatvariabilityintheoccurrenceofbirchrustfromyeartoyearandbyregionduetoweatherconditionsandthegeneticpropertiesoftrees.Insomeyears,birchrustcancausetheyellowingthefoliageofbirchesalreadyattheendofJuly–earlyAugust.Whentherustattackstheleaves,yellowspotsandorange-yellowsporesappearontheundersideoftheleaves,atfirstonlyonsometheleaves.

Theprematureyellowingofbirchfoliagebytherustismonitored

Figure 27. Birch rust infection as seen from a distance (left), and a close-up of infected leaves (right) turned yellowed by birch rust. Photos: Seppo Nevalainen.

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Pine sawflies: European pine sawfly – Neodiprion sertifer; Common pine sawfly – Diprion piniSeveralpinesawfliesoccurinFinland,butsignificantdamageiscausedonlybytheEurope-anpinesawflyandtheCommonpinesawfly.InsouthernFinland,thelarvaeoftheEurope-anpinesawflygenerallyhatchinearlyJunefromeggsthathaveover-winteredinpinenee-dleswhileinnorthernFinlandhatchingoccursafewweekslater.ThelarvaeoftheEuro-peanpinesawflyfeedonlyontheolderneedlesets,butiftherearealotoflarvae,theymayfeedonpartofthenewsetofneedles.Usually,onlyashortstumpremainsoftheneedles.TheseinsectsceasetofeedonneedlesinearlyJulyinsouthernFinland,butinnorthernFinlandfeedingoftengoesonuntilAugust.ThedamagecausedbytheEuropeanpinesaw-flyaffectsforestsofallages,andismostcommonondryuplandsoilsandinstandsgrow-inginpinemires.Scotspineistargetedbyseveralconifer-favouringsawflyspecies.

ThelarvaeoftheCommonpinesawflyhatchinlateJune–earlyJuly.TheyfeedonpineneedlesuntilSeptember.Thelarvaeofthisspeciesalsoconsumethenewsetofneedles.Casesoflarge-scaledamagecausedbytheCommonpinesawflyarerarerthanthosecausedbytheEuropeanpinesawfly.

Monitoring focuses on the European pine sawfly’s larvae feeding on pine needles.Note!Thisdamagemaybedifficulttonoticeinitsearlystage!

Figure 28. Larvae of the European pine sawfly emerging in southern Finland in early June (left). Following feeding by the larvae, pine needles have become curled in late June (centre). Big European pine sawfly lar-vae (right). Photos: Antti Pouttu.

Figure 29. Aftermath of feeding by the European pine sawfly. Photo: Antti Pouttu.

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Frost damage on young Norway spruceThenewshootsofNorwayspruceareverysusceptibletofrostdamageinearlysummer.Thenewshootsareinjurediftheairtemperaturedropsbelow–3ºC.Frostdamageismanifestedinthenewshootsaswilting(=theshootsbegintodroop)andtheyturnbrown.

The occurrence of frost damage in young Norwaysprucesismonitoredinearlysummer.

Figure 31. Figure 30. Severe frost damage on Norway Spruce. Pho-to: Metinfo Forest Damage Information Service.

For more information on the various damage forms, please contact-SeppoNevalainen,tel.0102113036;seppo.nevalainen@metla.fi-AnttiPouttu,tel.0102112576;antti.pouttu@metla.fi

Figure 30. Big larvae of the Common pine sawfly (left) and aftermath of feeding by this insect species (right). Photos: Antti Pouttu.

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��

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Contact details of the observation network personnel Researchers and planners Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Muhos Research UnitKirkkosaarentie7,91500Muhos,Finland

EeroKubinTel.:0102-113710,Fax:0102-113701,Mobile:050-3913710E-mail:eero.kubin@metla.fi

JarmoPoikolainenTel.:0102-113753,Fax:0102-113701,Mobile:050-3913753E-mail:jarmo.poikolainen@metla.fi

JouniKarhuTel.:0102-113752,Fax:0102-113701,Mobile:050-3913752E-mail:jouni.karhu@metla.fi

AnneTolvanenTel.:0102-113782,Fax:0102-113701,Mobile:050-3913782E-mail:anne.tolvanen@metla.fi

EevaKotilainenTel.:0102-113769,Fax:0102-113701E-mail:eeva.kotilainen@metla.fi

Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Vantaa Research UnitP.O.Box18,01301Vantaa,Finland

TatuHokkanenTel.:0102-112428,Fax:0102-112203,E-mail:tatu.hokkanen@metla.fi

RistoHäkkinenTel.:0102-112053,Fax:0102-112101,Mobile:050-3912053E-mail:risto.hakkinen@metla.fi

KatriinaLipponenTel.:0102-112390,Fax:0102-112204E-mail:katriina.lipponen@metla.fi

ErkkiPesonenTel.:0102-112481,Fax:0102-112203E-mail:erkki.pesonen@metla.fi

Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Joensuu Research UnitP.O.Box68,80101Joensuu,Finland

KaukoSaloTel.:0102-113034,Fax:0102-113001,Mobile:050-3913034E-mail:kauko.salo@metla.fi

JaakkoHeinonenTel.:0102-113038,Fax:0102-113113,Mobile:050-3913038E-mail:jaakko.heinonen@metla.fi

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SeppoNevalainenTel.:0102-113036,Fax:0102-113001,Mobile:050-3913036E-mail:seppo.nevalainen@metla.fi

Observers

ThomasLindbladFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),SolböleUnitSolbölentie600A,10570Bromarv,FinlandTel.:0102-112843,Fax:0102-112841,Mobile:050-3912843E-mail:thomas.lindblad@metla.fi

JukkaLehtonenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),RuotsinkyläUnitMaisalantie230,04360Tuusula,FinlandTel.:0102-112805,Fax:0102-112801,Mobile:050-3912805E-mail:jukka.lehtonen@metla.fi

EsaEkFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),PreitiläUnitPreitiläntie28,21540Preitilä,FinlandTel.:0102-112830,Fax:010-3112831,Mobile:050-3912830E-mail:esa.ek@metla.fi

ErkkiPiiroinenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),LapinjärviUnit,Husulantie38,07810Ingermaninkylä,FinlandTel:0102112855,Mobile:0503912855E-mail:erkki.piiroinen@metla.fi

EsaPunkkinenHarjunoppimiskeskus,Katariinankuja19,49980Ravijoki,FinlandTel.:05-7585500,Fax:05-7585555,Mobile:0405774494E-mail:oppimiskeskus@harjunopk.fi

MerjaKujalaFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),AulankoForestPark14999Hämeenlinna,FinlandTel.:0102-112554,Fax:0102-112202,Mobile:050-3912554E-mail:merja.kujala@metla.fi

MarkkuPastilaFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),VesijakoResearchAreaRomo,17500Padasjoki,FinlandTel.:0102-112865,Fax:0102-112861,Mobile:050-3912865E-mail:markku.pastila@metla.fi

HannuAutioFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),ParkanoResearchUnitKaironiementie54,39700Parkano,FinlandTel.:0102-114038,Fax:0102-114001,Mobile:050-3914038E-mail:hannu.autio@metla.fi

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PerttiNiemiFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),VilppulaUnitHopunmäentie86,35700Vilppula,FinlandTel.:0102-114092,Fax:0102-114093,Mobile:050-3914092E-mail:pertti.niemi@metla.fi

Karl-GustavIngoSvenskayrkesinstitutet,sektornförnaturbrukKuninkaankartanontie30A,65380Vaasa,FinlandTel.:(06)3242811,Fax(06)3242444E-mail:karl-gustav.ingo@syi.fi

JuhaRauvalaPohjoisenKeski-Suomenoppimiskeskus,Luonnonvara-ala,Kolkanlahdentie280,43250Kolkanlahti,FinlandTel.(014)4690320,Fax(014)4690310,Mobile:0400-245605E-mail:juharauvala@poke.fi

HannuHeinonenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),PunkaharjuResearchUnitFinlandiantie18,58450Punkaharju,FinlandTel.:0102-114256,Fax:0102-114201Mobile:050-3914256E-mail:hannu.heinonen@metla.fi

SirpaKolehmainenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),SuonenjokiResearchUnitJuntintie154,77600Suonenjoki,FinlandTel.:0102-114924,Fax:0102-114801,Mobile:0503914924E-mail:sirpa.kolehmainen@metla.fi

MarkkuTiainenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),JoensuuResearchUnitPL68,80101Joensuu,FinlandTel.:0102-113032,Fax:0102-113001,Mobile:050-3913032E-mail:markku.tiainen@metla.fi

RistoIkonenUniversityofJoensuu,MekrijärviResearchStationYliopistontie4,82900Ilomantsi,FinlandTel.:013-2515405,Fax:013-2515444,Mobile:050-3544337E-mail:risto.ikonen@joensuu.fi

IsmoHyttinenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),JoensuuResearchUnit,KoliYlä-Kolintie22,83960Koli,FinlandTel.:0102-113216,Fax:0102-113212,Mobile:050-3913216,E-mail:ismo.hyttinen@metla.fi

RaimoStyhrSavonammatti-jaaikuisopisto,Toivala70900Toivala,FinlandTel.(017)2144126,Fax:(017)2144159,Mobile:044-7854107E-mail:raimo.styhr@sakky.fi

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Veli-MattiLaatikainenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),JoensuuResearchUnit,NurmesKarjalankatu1,75500Nurmes.FinlandTel.:013-482161,Fax:-Mobile:050-3913221E-mail:veli-matti.laatikainen@metla.fi

EsaHeinoFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),KannusResearchUnitPL44,69101KannusTel.:0102-113404,Fax:0102-113401,Mobile:050-3913404E-mail:esa.heino@metla.fi

JormaPasanenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),MuhosResearchUnitKirkkosaarentie7,91500Muhos,FinlandTel.:0102-113754,Fax:0102-113701,Mobile:050-3913754E-mail:jorma.pasanen@metla.fi

IlkkaKemppainenFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),MuhosResearchUnit,PaljakkaLatvantie55,89140Kotila,FinlandTel.:0102-113811,Fax:0102-113801,Mobile:050-3913811E-mail:ilkka.kemppainen@metla.fi

JuhoPalosaariUniversityofOulu,OulankaResearchStationLiikasenvaarantie134,93999Kuusamo,FinlandTel.:08-8515216,Fax:08-863419E-mail:juho.palosaari@oulu.fi

TapaniHänninenForestResearchInstitute(Metla),KivaloUnit,Kuusamontie4652,97620Viiri,FinlandTel:0102-114652,Fax:0102-114651,Mobile:0503914652E-mail:tapani.hanninen@metla.fi

TeuvoHietajärviUniversityofHelsinki,VärriöResearchStationAinijärventie114,98840Ruuvaoja,FinlandTel.:016-844143,Fax:016-844143,Mobile:0405961005E-mail:teuvo.hietajarvi@helsinki.fi

AnneliOvaskainenNatureCentreKellokasTunturitie54,95970Äkäslompolo,FinlandTel.:0205-647035,Fax:0205647040,Mobile:0400-199327E-mail:kellokas@metsa.fi

JuhaKemppainenForestResearchInstitute(Metla),SallaUnitSalmivaarantie6B,98900Salla,FinlandTel.:0102-114655,Fax:0102-114601,Mobile:0503914655E-mail:juha.kemppainen@metla.fi

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IrmaLanttoFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),KolariResearchUnitMuoniontie21A,95900Kolari,FinlandTel.:0102-113519,Fax:0102-11133501,Mobile:E-mail:irma.lantto@metla.fi

EveliinaPääkköläFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),PallasjärviUnit,Pallaksentie1961,99300Muonio,FinlandTel.:0102-114643,Fax:0102-114601E-mail:eveliina.paakkola@metla.fi

JoukoKyröFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),PallasjärvenUnitPL7,99830Saariselkä,FinlandTel.:0102-113583,Fax:0102-113581,Mobile:050-3913583E-mail:jouko.kyro@metla.fi

HeikkiTörmänenFinnishGameandFisheriesResearchInstitute,ReindeerResearch99910Kaamanen,FinlandTel.:0205-751823,Fax:0205751829E-mail:heikki.tormanen@rktl.fi

ViktorMannelaFinnishForestResearchInstitute(Metla),KolariUnit,Kilpisjärvi99490Kilpisjärvi,FinlandTel.:0102113593,Fax:0102113591,Mobile:0503913593E-mail:viktor.mannela@metla.fi

SainiHeinoUniversityofTurku,LaplandResearchInstitute,KevoA777Kevo,99800Ivalo,FinlandTel.:016-678505,Fax:016-678523,Mobile:E-mail:sainihei@utu.fi