Molecular Mapping and Geographical Distribution of Genes Determining

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E.K. KHLESTKINA , E.G. PESTOVA, M.S. RÖDER and A. BÖRNER

279

Molecular mapping and geographical distribution of genes de-

termining anthocyanin pigmentation of coleoptiles in wheat (Triti-

cum aestivum L.)1

E.K. KHLESTKINA2, E.G. PESTSOVA

2, 3, M.S. RÖDER3 and A. BÖRNER

3

Anthocyanin pigmentation of different parts of the plants is found in many species in-cluding the cereals. In wheat major genes are known for the coloration of coleoptiles,auricles, straw, anthers or grains (MCINTOSH et al. 1998). For coleoptile colour three

major genes were described (MC

INTOSH

et al. 1998) to be located on chromosomes 7A(Rc1), 7B (Rc2 ) and 7D (Rc3 ), respectively. The present study was initiated in order tomap the three homoeologous group 7 red coleoptile colour genes in wheat by using mi-crosatellite markers. In addition we investigated the geographical distribution of thosegenes in 468 mainly European wheat varieties.

Materials and methods

Two intrachromosomal substitution lines ‘Chinese Spring/Hope 7A’ (Rc1) and ‘Chinese

Spring/Hope 7B’ (Rc2 ) were crossed with the non-coloured spring wheat genebank ac-cessions TRI 15010 and TRI 2732, respectively, originating from Ethiopia and China(Tibet), respectively. For mappingRc3 on chromosome 7D a mapping population of thecross ‘Mironovskaya 808’ × ‘Aibian 1’ was used. In addition the parents and 109 re-combinant inbred lines of the ‘International Triticeae Mapping Initiative’ (ITMI) populationwere evaluated phenotypically. The seeds were placed on moistened filter paper andcoleoptile colour was scored after five to seven days. Fresh leaves were used for DNAextraction. Wheat microsatellite markers known to map on chromosomes 7A (31), 7B(34) and 7D (26) were selected and used as described by RÖDER et al. (1998). The

phenotypic data obtained from the ITMI population were integrated into a frameworkmap (RÖDER et al. 1998). Linkage maps were constructed with the MAPMAKER 2.0

1 This presentation is a summary of an extended paper accepted for publication in the journal Theoretical

and Applied Genetics (KHLESTKINA et al. 2002)

2 Institute of Cytology and GeneticsSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, 630090, Russia

3 Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)Corrensstrasse 3

D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany



Molecular mapping and geographical distribution of genes determining anthocyanin pigmentation

280

computer program (LANDER et al. 1987); QTL-analysis was performed using theQGENE application (NELSON 1997).

Genetic mapping

The phenotypic segregation data, obtained from scoring F2 or F3 populations gave clearindication for a monogenic inheritance of the target trait as proven byχ2-test. From thewheat microsatellites tested, 20 out of 31 (chromosome 7A; 65%), 23 out of 34 (chro-mosome 7B; 68%) and 11 out of 26 (chromosome 7D; 42%) were found to be polymor-phic between the parents. The three coleoptile colour genes were mapped about 15 to20 cM distal from the centromere on the short arms of the homoeologous group 7 chro-

mosomes. Since the map positions of all three genes are highly comparable it may beconcluded that they are members of a homoeologous series. According to the rules forthe symbolisation of genes in homoeologous sets, we propose to designate the group 7red coleoptile colour genes as Rc-A1, Rc-B1 and Rc-D1, respectively. Further ho-moeologous loci may exist on chromosome 7R in Secale cereale (an1) and on chro-mosome 7H in Hordeum vulgare (ant1). When analysing the ITMI population, two QTLswere mapped within intervals, highly comparable to the regions where the major genesin the F2 /F3 mapping studies were detected. It could be suggested that the A genome ofTriticum durum and the D genome ofAegilops tauschii are carrying homoeologous loci

determining red coleoptile colour.

Geographical distribution

Most of the 468 varieties tested, about 60% (273), were found having non coloured co-leoptiles, whereas in 23% (107) and 6% (26) of the wheat genotypes red and dark redcoloured coleoptiles, respectively, were detected. Sixty-two varieties (13%) were seg-regating. The highest percentage of varieties with red coloured coleoptiles was found inmaterial from the United Kingdom (62%), followed by France (38%) and Germany(28%). High frequencies of segregating varieties were discovered in material from theUkraine (25%) and France (23%). Interestingly, the frequency of varieties having redcoloured coleoptiles was lower in Southern and Eastern Europe compared to WesternEuropean countries. A list with the results for all tested varieties is presented byKHLESTKINA et al. (2001).



E.K. KHLESTKINA , E.G. PESTOVA, M.S. RÖDER and A. BÖRNER

281

References

KHLESTKINA, E.K., E.G. PESTSTOVA, M.S. RÖDER and A. BÖRNER (2002): Molecularmapping, phenotypic expression and geographcial distribution of genes deter-mining anthocynin pigmentation of coleoptiles in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). -Theor. Appl. Genet. 104, 632-637.

KHLESTKINA, E.K., A. STRICH, M.S. RÖDER and A. BÖRNER (2001): Geographical distri-bution of red coleoptile color genes. - Ann. Wheat Newslett.47, 50-56.

LANDER, E.S., P. GREEN, J. ABRAHAMSON, A. BARLOW, M.J. DALY, S.E. LINCOLN and I.NEWBURG (1987): MAPMAKER: an interactive computer package for constructingprimary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. - Genomics1, 174-181.

MCINTOSH, R.A., G.E. HART, K.M. DEVOS, M.D. GALE and W.J. ROGERS (1998): Cata-logue of gene symbols for wheat. In: A.E. SLINKARD (Ed.): Proc. 9th Int. WheatGenet. Symp., vol. 5, pp. 1-236. University Extension Press, University of Sas-katchewan.

NELSON, J.C. (1997): QGENE: software for mapmaker-based genomic analysis andbreeding. - Mol. Breed. 3, 239-245.

RÖDER, M.S., V. KORZUN, K. WENDEHAKE, J. PLASCHKE, M.-H. TIXIER, P. LEROY andM.W. GANAL (1998): A microsatellite map of wheat. - Genetics149, 2007-2023.

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Molecular Mapping and Geographical Distribution of Genes Determining