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Molecular Genetic Insights into Molecular Genetic Insights into ggBasal AngiospermsBasal Angiosperms
SangtaeSangtae KimKimSangtaeSangtae KimKim
Evolution of Basal AngiospermsEvolution of Basal Angiospermsg pg p
I.I. BasalBasal--most angiosperm and most angiosperm and the Floral Genome Projectthe Floral Genome Projectthe Floral Genome Projectthe Floral Genome Project
IIII Floral gene expressionsFloral gene expressionsII.II. Floral gene expressions Floral gene expressions in basal angiospermsin basal angiosperms
IIIIII. B. B--class gene proteinclass gene protein--protein interactions protein interactions ( )( )in in AmborellaAmborella( )( )
I.I. BasalBasal--most angiosperm and most angiosperm and the Floral Genome Projectthe Floral Genome Project
…
??
Darwin’s Abominable Mystery: explosive evolution andexplosive evolution and diversification of angiosperms
- Charles DarwinCharles Darwinletter to Joseph Dalton Hooker, 22 July 1879.
“…the rapid rise and early diversification of angiosperms is an abominable mystery…”
*
?
Early branching angiosperm(sister to all other angiosperms):
Ranalian complex?Ranalian complex?Ranalian complex?Ranalian complex?
Amentiferae?Amentiferae?
MagnoliaMagnolia??DrimysDrimys??
CeratophyllumCeratophyllum??yy
Soltis et al 1999 Angiosperm
FagalesCucurbitalesRosalesFabalesZygophyllalesCelastrales
Walnuts, chestnutSquashApples, strawberriesLegumesCreosote plant
EudicotsCore-eudicots
Soltis et al., 1999. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology. Nature 402: 402-404.
OxalidalesMalpighialesSapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesCrossosomatalesMyrtales
Star fruitPassion fruitCitrus, cashewsCotton, cocoaArabidopsis, mustard
Pomegranate
- Selected 500 taxa- Multi-gene analyses:
rbcL+atpB+18S
yGernalialesSaxifragalesLamialesSolanalesGentianalesGarryalesAsteralesDi l
GooseberryAntirrhinum, oliveTomato, green pepperCoffee
SunflowerrbcL+atpB+18S DipsacalesApialesAquifolialesCornalesEricalesBerberidopsidalesSantalalesCaryophyllales
ElderberryDill, fennel
Blueberry, cranberry
B ck heat q inoaCaryophyllalesGunneralesBuxalesTrochodendralesProtealesSabiaceae
Buckwheat, quinoa
Macadamia nut
Ranunculales Poppy
Ceratophyllales
Monocots
MagnolialesLauralesPiperalesWinterales
Chloranthales
Illiciaceae
NutmegAvocadoBlack pepper
Star aniseSchisandraceaeAustrobaileyaceaeNymphaeaceaeAmborellaceae
Gymnosperms
Amborella trichopoda
• Shrub, New Caledonia
U i l ll fl• Unisexual small flowers
• Spiral arrangement
• Moderate number of parts
• Undifferentiated perianth
FagalesCucurbitalesRosalesFabalesZygophyllalesCelastrales
Walnuts, chestnutSquashApples, strawberriesLegumesCreosote plant
EudicotsCore-eudicots• End of debates?
Soltis et al., 1999. OxalidalesMalpighialesSapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesCrossosomatalesMyrtales
Star fruitPassion fruitCitrus, cashewsCotton, cocoaArabidopsis, mustard
Pomegranate
Mathews and Donoghue, 1999Qiu et al., 1999Soltis, …, Kim, 2000Savolainen et al 2000
yGernalialesSaxifragalesLamialesSolanalesGentianalesGarryalesAsteralesDi l
GooseberryAntirrhinum, oliveTomato, green pepperCoffee
SunflowerSavolainen et al., 2000Barkman et al., 2000Zanis et al., 2002Kuzoff and Gasser, 2000
DipsacalesApialesAquifolialesCornalesEricalesBerberidopsidalesSantalalesCaryophyllales
ElderberryDill, fennel
Blueberry, cranberry
B ck heat q inoaZanis et al., 2002Borsch et al., 2003Goremykin et al., 2003Hilu et al 2003
CaryophyllalesGunneralesBuxalesTrochodendralesProtealesSabiaceae
Buckwheat, quinoa
Macadamia nut
Ranunculales PoppyHilu et al., 2003Soltis and Soltis, 2004Soltis et al., 2004Kim et al., 2004 Ceratophyllales
Monocots
Martin et al., 2005Leebens-Mack et al., 2005 Goremykin et al., 2006Moore et al 2007
MagnolialesLauralesPiperalesWinterales
Chloranthales
Illiciaceae
NutmegAvocadoBlack pepper
Star aniseMoore et al., 2007Jansen et al., 2007…
SchisandraceaeAustrobaileyaceaeNymphaeaceaeAmborellaceae
Gymnosperms
KIM, et al., (2004)
Phylogeny and diversificationPhylogeny and diversification of B-function MADS-box genes in angiosperms: evolutionary and functionalevolutionary and functional implications of a 260-million-year-old duplication.
American Journal of Botany21: 2102-2118.J lJournal cover
AP3 familyKim et al. (2004)
NTDEF Nicotiana
STDEF.Solanum
NTDEF.Nicotiana
PI family
RfPI 1 Ranunculus
MfPI.Michelia
RfPI.1.Ranunculus
SmAP3.SagittariaEbAP3.1.Eupomatia
MfAP3 Mi h li
CUM26Cucumis
MfAP3.Michelia
*
##
**
FagalesCucurbitalesRosalesFabalesZygophyllalesCelastrales
Walnuts, chestnutSquashApples, strawberriesLegumesCreosote plant
Eudicots
Current understanding of angiosperm phylogeny
monocots dicots
OxalidalesMalpighialesSapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesCrossosomatalesMyrtales
Star fruitPassion fruitCitrus, cashewsCotton, cocoaArabidopsis, mustard
Pomegranate
angiosperm phylogeny
Traditional view
yGernalialesSaxifragalesLamialesSolanalesGentianalesGarryalesAsteralesDi l
GooseberryAntirrhinum, oliveTomato, green pepperCoffee
Sunflower
75%
Traditional view DipsacalesApialesAquifolialesCornalesEricalesBerberidopsidalesSantalalesCaryophyllales
ElderberryDill, fennel
Blueberry, cranberry
B ck heat q inoaCaryophyllalesGunneralesBuxalesTrochodendralesProtealesSabiaceae
Buckwheat, quinoa
Macadamia nut
Ranunculales Poppy
monocots
eudicots
Ceratophyllales
Monocots 22%Grains, Palms
Recent view
MagnolialesLauralesPiperalesWinterales
Chloranthales
Illiciaceae
NutmegAvocadoBlack pepper
Star anise3%
Basal Angiosperms
Recent viewSchisandraceaeAustrobaileyaceaeNymphaeaceaeAmborellaceae
Gymnosperms
Summary of Angiosperm Phylogeny
72% 25% 3%
Summary of Angiosperm Phylogeny (Soltis et al., 1999; Qiu et al., 1999; Soltis et al., 2000; Zanis et al., 2002; Hilu et al., 2003…)
ms
eudicots
e
monocots basal angiosperms
72% 25% 3%
Arabidopsis
orel
laph
aeac
eae
obai
leya
les
cots
anth
acea
e
les
olia
les
lale
sal
es
t gym
nosp
erm
eral
esod
endr
acea
e
ceae
alesceae
ncul
ales
alal
es
raga
les
ophy
llale
s
sds orel
laph
aeac
eae
roba
ileya
les
rant
hace
ae
ales
nolia
les
llale
sra
les
ArabidopsisAntirrhinum rice
Am
boN
ymp
Aus
tro
mon
oc
Chl
ora
Laur
aM
agno
Can
elPi
pera
exta
nt
Gun
neTr
och
Buxa
cP
rote
a
Sabi
a
Ran
un
San
ta
Saxi
fr
Car
yo
rosi
ds
aste
rid
Am
boN
ymp
Aus
tr
Chl
or
Laur
aM
agn
Can
ePi
per
http://www.floralgenome.org/
Floral Genome Project: A Solution to Darwin’s Abominable Mystery?
• The Goal of the Floral Genome Project:j- Provide an evolutionary genomic framework
for flowers- Address questions of
. Origin and diversification of flowers. g
. Evolution of plant reproduction.
http://www.floralgenome.org/
• Floral Genome Project (FGP) PIs and collaborators:
University of Florida: Doug Soltis and Pam Soltis (molecular systematics)David Oppenheimer (high throughput in situs) + ( )pp ( g g p )
Penn State University: Claude dePamphilis (molecular evolution)Jim Leebens Mack Project Manager
( )Jim Leebens-Mack, Project ManagerJohn Carlson (tree genomics)Hong Ma (flower developmental genetics)Naomi Altman (statistics)( )Webb Miller (bioinformatics)
Cornell University: Steve Tanksley (plant genomics; EST informatics)Steve Tanksley (plant genomics; EST informatics)Jeff Doyle (nuclear gene families)
Collaborators:Mike Frohlich (Mostly Male theory; Natural History Museum, London)Victor Albert (expression + seq. analysis; floral evolution;Univ. of Oslo)Steve Farris (expression + seq. analysis; Swedish Mus. Nat. History)
http://www.floralgenome.org/
Floral Genome Approaches
• PHYLO-EVO-DEVOTICS= Phylogenetics + Evolution + Developmental Biology + Genomics + Bioinformatics
• Compare expressed genes from early stages of flower development in diverse angiosperms (15 selected taxa)development in diverse angiosperms (15 selected taxa)
>100,000 ESTs
• Determine expression patterns during floral development in diverse species
RT PCR I it iRT-PCR, In situ, microarrays
http://www.floralgenome.org/
• Skim papers:
- Soltis et al. (2002) Missing links: the genetic architectureof flower and floral diversification. TIPS 7: 22-31.
- Albert, … Kim, … et al. (2005). Floral gene resources f b l i f i ifrom basal angiosperms for comparative genomics research. BMC Plant Biology 5: 1-15.
CYCLOIDEA Citerne et al., 2006. PNASCYCLOIDEA Citerne et al., 2006. PNAS
Lupinus
Cadia
soc1 and ful : annual to perrenialSiegbert et al. Nnature Genet. 2008
II.II. Floral gene expressions Floral gene expressions in basal angiospermsin basal angiosperms
Flowers are central identifying structure for angiosperms
ABC model (Coen and Meyeorowitz, 1991): Genetic Control of Floral Organ Identity in Model Plants
Our understanding of floral developmental genetics in “model” systems
Genetic Control of Floral Organ Identity in Model Plants
B
A C
A A+B B+C CASepal
A+BPetal
B+CStamen
CCarpel
CarpelPetal
Stamen
S lSepal
ABC model (Coen and Meyeorowitz, 1991): Genetic Control of Floral Organ Identity in Model Plants
Our understanding of floral developmental genetics in “model” systems
Genetic Control of Floral Organ Identity in Model Plants
B
A CA C
ArabidopsisAP3/PI
AP1/AP2 AG
AP3/PI
AP1/AP2 AG
Sepal Petal Stamen Carpel
MADS box gene family:Transcription factorsp
Extended ABC model (Theissen, 2001)
B
A CD
B
CD
A
EE
A B+C+E C+E D+EA+B+ESepal Stamen Carpel
Carpel
OvulePetal
Stamen
CarpelPetal
SepalOvule
ABC model (Coen and Meyeorowitz, 1991): Genetic Control of Floral Organ Identity in Model Plants
Our understanding of floral developmental genetics in “model” systems
Genetic Control of Floral Organ Identity in Model Plants
ArabidopsisAP3/PI
AP1/AP2 AG
Sepal Petal Stamen Carpel
AP1/AP2 AG
Silky1/ZP1
ZAP1
P l L di l St C l
MaizeAmbrose et al.,2000 ZMM2
ZAG1
PaleaLemma
Lodicule Stamen Carpel
Modified ABC model (van Tunen et al., 1993); Sliding border model
BB
Sepal Petal Stamen Carpel
A C
Tepal Tepal
TulipKanno et al., 2003
Sepal Petal Stamen CarpelTepal Tepal
Questions in basal angiosperms
1. Are homologs of ABC B
genes found in basal angiosperms?
B
A C
2. Where are ABC homologs expressed?
ASepal
A+BPetal
B+CStamen
CCarpel
C l homologs expressed?
3. If expression implies Petal
Stamen
Carpel
function, does the ABC model hold for basal angiosperms? Sepal
Persea americana
Asiminalongifolia
Eupomatiabennettii
Magnoliagrandiflora
Illiciumfloridanum
Nupharadvena
Amborellatrichopoda“MADS” search of
b l ibasal angiosperms
ms
eudicots monocots basal angiosperms
rella
ceae
haea
ceae
obai
leya
les
cots
anth
acea
e
es olia
les
lale
sal
es gym
nosp
erm
eral
esod
endr
acea
e
ceae
alesceae
ncul
ales
lale
s
agal
es
phyl
lale
s
ds
Am
bor
Nym
phA
ustro
mon
oc
Chl
ora
Laur
alM
agno
Can
ell
Pipe
ra
exta
nt
Gun
neTr
ocho
Buxa
cP
rote
a
Sabi
ac
Ran
un
San
tal
Sax
ifra
Car
yo
rosi
ds
aste
rid
SK MagrAP3 MagnoliaMpMADS7
ltu016ms1e12, 0112ms3g02, 0116ms4a05SK_EubeAP3.1_EupomatiaSK_EubeAP3.2_EupomatiaSK AsloAP3 Asimina
eca015cs1g10, 0113cs3d12eca015cs3e07
SK_Pe.am.AP3_PerseaSK_Il.fl.AP31Jin1_Illicium
SK_Il.fl.AP32Jin3_IlliciumSK_Il.fl.AP33Jin2_Illicium
SK_Nu.va.AP3.1_Nuphar nad033cs2a08SK_Nu.va.AP3.2_Nuphar nad033ca2a08
SK AmtrAP3 2 AmborellaSK AmtrAP3 1 atr026ms2a12
silkyap3 pep37
25
24
26
2015
176
7331410
101
19
1148 14
2217
46
2215
41 2332
43 1619
42 4328
4739 46
DEF(AP3-like)
B class100
Phylogeny of the MADS-box genes ap3 pep
defa pepMpMADS12ggm2 pep
wmi01 9ms3 g01SK_Nu.ad.PI
SK_Nu.va.PI_NupharSK AmtrPI Amborella
SK_Il.fl.PI.Jin_Illiciumeca01 7ms1 d01
SK EubePI EupomatiaSK EulaPI Eupomatia
SK AsloPI AsiminaMpMADS8
pam018ms3h10, 0113ms3h04, 0112ms1b11, 019ms4b10glo peppi pep
osmads2 pepzmm18 pep
zmm17 pepaeap32 pep
118
50
4837 39 46
4251
61 2534
41
23
20
1017
27 32 614
3824
47
910
627 18
2314
38 4341
31 1929
43 29 6135 GGM13
GLO(PI-like)
B-class
8895
MADS box genes
aeap32 pepggm13 pep
ABS pepFBP24 pep
ap1 pepcal pep
squa pepagl8 pepSK EubeAP1MpMADS15
pam011ms3g02, 014ms1b11, 019ms3d08osmads15zap1 pep
atr0129ms1e07atr024ms2a10
SK NuadSQUA nad0320ms4a07ZMM27 Ze may
OsMADS8 Or satzmm6 pep
eca01 25ms1 b01lt 01 6 2 d07
5343 35
5354 71
61
35
3936
2421
33 7778
8281
6520 20
2530
94 1720
108 710
90
26
4723 6
1227
23 634
SQUA(AP1-like)
GGM1347
A-class98
95
56
Dltu01 6ms2 d07MpMADS13
agl9 pepatr02 12ms4 c09
SK AmtrAGL2 atr0123ms1h09, 027ms3b06MpMADS14
aam015ms3g09SK NuadAGL2 038cs2h04nad0330ms4a04agl4 pepagl2 pep
agl3 pepzmm3 pep
osmads1 pepMpMADS4
ltu0113ms4h04MpMADS3
agl13 pepagl6 pep
aam018ms3g07, 011ms4a11, 019ms3f05, 018ms3g04S G 6 022 4 02 029 1 01
110
3934
3228
1518
1221
23 4654
252858
2617
30 1616
7051 26
23
31
31
18 22 3
31
25 47 5430
2520
AGL2
AGL6
91
72
29
D-,E-class
g gSK AmtrAGL6 atr022ms4e02, 029ms1b01
SK NuadAGL6 nad0332msh09, 0332ms4d09osmads6 pep
zag3 pepggm11 pep
wmi014ms4e10ggm9 pep
CyAGggm3 pep
MpMADS11atr0213ms4b02
SK_Il.fl.AG_JinMpMADS2
SK atr0119ms1a12 AGeca0112ms1b11pam0112ms2d12
agl1 pepagl5 pep
ag pepnad0312ms2g12
70
45
31 11 2031
25 1321
36 28 3219
62
44
37
36
4026
416
40 2033
1825
11 2014
21
2644 9
746 15
1936 32
6339
AGL6
AG C-class
72
gagl11 pep
ZMM25 Ze mayzag1 pep
osmads3 peposmads13 pep
zmm1 pepOsmads26
MpMADS5agl12 pep
ggm10 pepZMM21 Ze may
bm1 pepAGL24
svp pepJOINTLESS
MpMADS1pam0111ms1g02
atr021ms4b09stmads11 pep
ggm12komplett pep1 1
29
49
38
44 39 3947
53 4525
49 2241
6251 26 44
3546
60
35
5945
3318
1125
31 32 5646
5822 37
3728
2051
5548
18
STMADS11
100
8866 gg p p p
agl151 bn pepagl152 bn pep
agl15 pepAGL18ZmMADS2CAD40993
AGL16agl17 pep
agl21 pepanr1 pep
AGL31At5g65060
MAF1 Ar thaFCL2 Ar thalflc1 Ar tha
flc peptm3 pep
soc1MpMADS9
MpMADS6
108
39 59
35
6561 24 18
2922
68
5532
23 36 2625
5129 35
2045
6220
11 1925
818
19 2624
35
3119
36 3214
23 2433
30
FLC
AGL17AGL15
RED: Homologs from
66100
100MpMADS6
At5g51870At5g51860
AGL42FDRMADS8
zmm5 pepAGL19agl14 pep
ggm1 pepwmi019ms3b07
tm8 pepERAF17MpMADS10
pam019ms3c05atr025ms3c01
wmi016ms1a12nad0314ms3a10, 0330ms4g02, 035cs4f08
ltu017ms1e07
50 changes
38
54
41
25 4043 30
4740
34 4538
38 2427
54 1521
6423
30 3534
25 3718
4454 54
5380
TM3
TM8Type I (outgroup)
RED: Homologs from basal angiosperms
79100
Questions in basal angiosperms
1. Are homologs of ABC B
genes found in basal angiosperms?
B
A C
yes.A
SepalA+BPetal
B+CStamen
CCarpel
C l 1. Where are ABC homologs expressed?
PetalStamen
Carpel
3. If expression implies function does the ABCfunction, does the ABC model hold for basal angiosperms?
Sepal
angiosperms?
Questions in basal angiosperms
1. Are homologs of ABC B
genes found in basal angiosperms?
B
A C
2. Where are ABC homologs expressed?
ASepal
A+BPetal
B+CStamen
CCarpel
C l homologs expressed?
3. If expression implies Petal
Stamen
Carpel
function, does the ABC model hold for basal angiosperms? Sepal
Expression Studies Relative Quantitative RT-PCR Real-time PCR In situ Hybridization
Relative-quantitative-RT PCR Control: organs from Antirrhinum majusorgans from Antirrhinum majus
Whorl 1 2 3 4 n ol
B
A C
peta
lst
amen
carp
elea
f
root
-con
tro
sepa
l
Organs Sepal Petal Stamen Carpel
p s c l r -s
18SDEF(AP3)
18SGLO(PI)
Expression as expected from B-class genes of the ABC model.
• B-class genes expressed throughout all floral organs in Amborella
STAMEN1. 21.2
STAMENRQ RT-PCR
female
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
0.6
0.8
1
TEPAL0 . 2
0 . 4
0.2
0.4
male0
1 2 3 4 50
1 2 3 4 5
male
TEPALCARPELTE STST CA LEAF TE ST LEAFSD CASDSD
18S
PIAP3
B
A C
Whorl 1 2 3 4
STAMINODE
A C
Organs Sepal Petal Stamen Carpel female
• B-class genes expressed throughout all floral organs in Amborella
In situ hybridization
PIAP3
Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae)
• Broad expression of B-class genes
female
Tepals Stamens Carpels Leaves
B-classAm.tr.GLO +++ +++ +++ +Am tr DEF 1 +++ +++ ++
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Am.tr.DEF.1 +++ +++ ++ -Am.tr.DEF.2 +++ +++ - -
C-classAm.tr.AG - +++ +++ -
E-class
BB
E-classAm.tr.AGL2 +++ +++ +++ -
BA C
E
BA C
E
N h d (N h )
• A-class gene expression in carpels and leaves rather than perianth
Nuphar advena (Nympheaceae)
Tepals Stamens Carpels Leaves
A-classNu.ad.SQUA - - - +++ +++
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
B-classNu.ad.GLO +++ +++ +++ +++ -Nu.ad.DEF +++ +++ +++ +++ -
C-classNu ad AG - - +++ +++ -
B
Nu.ad.AG - - +++ +++ -
E-classNu.ad.AGL2 +++ +++ +++ +++ -
BBA C
E
BA C
E
Molecular studies in Arabidopsis and AntirrhinumMolecular studies in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinumdemonstrate that function of floral MADS-box genes is highly correlated with expressiongenes is highly correlated with expression patterns (Ma and dePamphilis, 2000).
Possible A-function gene in basal angiosperms:
AGL6-like gene?showed tepal specific expression
epal
s
tam
ens
Car
pels
eeds
eave
s
cont
rol
path
aceo
usra
cts
- showed tepal-specific expression
18SMa.gr.AGL6
T S C S L e -S br
Outer tepal Inner tepal Stamen Carpel LeavesOuter tepal Inner tepal Stamen Carpel LeavesMa.gr.AGL6 (Magnolia) +++ +++ - - -Li.tu.AGL6 (Liriodendron) +++ +++ - + -Pe.am.AGL6 (Persea) +++ +++ - + -Am tr AGL6 (Amborella) +++ +++ ++ ++Am.tr.AGL6 (Amborella) +++ +++ ++ ++ -
BC
E
DB? C
E
D
Antirrhinum m AmSEP3bAmSEP3B100Antirrhinum m DEFH200AmSEP3A9562DEFH72AmSEP3C81Antirrhinum m DEFH7293
100
Syringa v SvSEP3SvSEP310091
Petunia h FBP2PhSEP386Lycopersicon e LeMADS5LeSEP38455
Nicotiana s NsMADS378
TDR599
92
Chrysanthemum m CDM44
63
Populus t PTM6Betula p MADS148Vitis v VvMADS4
124
Pisum s MTF1MTF1100Gossypium h GhMADS1
3224
Arabidopsis t AGL9SEP3100Sinapis a SaMADSd
10043
Silene l SlSEP346
Chrysanthemum m CDM77Helianthus a HAM13796Gerbera h GRCD1
10049
Ma.gr.AGL2.1Magnolia p MpMADS13100Chl th C SEP3
542740
DNA MIKCML t Magnolia p MpMADS13Chloranthus s CsSEP3Eu.be.AGL2Ltu01 06ms2 d0710027
Pe.am.AGL2.2Pe.am.AGL2.110062
Eca01 25ms1 b11PapnSEP394Akebia t AktSEP3 1
7639
Houttuynia c HcSEP160
40
Lolium p LpMADS8Triticum a TaMADS70Dendrocalamus l MADS5
62Oryza s OsMADS8OsMADS810040
Zea m M27100
Hordeum v HvAGL9Lolium p LpMADS5100Zea m M6
56Oryza s OsMADS7
100100
Asparagus o AOM4Asparagus o AOM110020
Lilium l LMADS3Aranda d OM145
13
TvSEP323
Dendrobium g OTG741
44
Malus d MdMADS1Malus d MdMADS9100Fragaria a RIN
97Cucumis s CAGL2CAGL210030
Vitis v MADS2VvMADS2100Heuchera a HeaSEP1HeaSEP110072
18
Arabidopsis t AGL2SEP1100Brassica o SEP1a
100Arabidopsis t AGL4SEP2100100
Populus t MAGL440
67
Silene l SlSEP1
60
Lycopersicon e TM29LeSEP1100Petunia h PMADS12
91Petunia h FBP5100100
5279
1
67
AG
L2
ML tree326 genesPHYML program
96Petunia h FBP5PhSEP1100Antirrhinum m DEFH49
52SvSEP1
64Gerbera hybrida GRCD2
80Eca01 05cs3 b03
1
Capsicum a MADS1Lycopersicon e LeMADS1100Petunia h FBP23
100Petunia h FBP9Nicotiana t NtMADS4100100
Malus d MADS7MdMADS3100Malus d MADS6
100Eucalyptus g EGM3EGM310096
90
Lycopersicon e MADS RINPetunia h FBP488Capsicum a PepMADS
100Brassica o AGL3aArabidopsis t AGL310068
Dianthus c CMB113
Daucus c MADS547
14
Pachysandra t PatSEP1PatSEP1100Malus d MdMADS4
16
14
34
Houttuynia c HcSEP3Houttuynia c HcSEP2100Ma.gr.AGL2.2
41Nad03 08cs2 h04Am.tr.AGL2.141
Am.tr.AGL2.265
5
Ac.am.AGL239
10
Dendrobium g DOMADS3
32
Chasmanthium latifolium LHS1Danthonia spicata LHS125Aristida longiseta LHS1
14Eleusine coracana LHS1
35Panicum miliaceum LHS1Setaria italica LHS173
Pennisetum glaucum LHS198
47
Sorghum bicolor LHS1Zea m ZMM14100Zea m ZMM8
9072
Lithachne humilis LHS1Dendrocalamus l MADS139649
17
96
A 96
90 AG
L2 E-classDendrocalamus l MADS13Leersia virginica LHS1Oryza s OsMADS1100
Ehrharta erecta LHS1100
Hordeum v BM7Avena sativa LHS197Lolium p LpMADS9
98100
Dendrocalamus l MADS16Zea m ZMM342Lolium p LpMADS6
56Oryza s OsMADS5
100
100
Zea m M31Zea m M24100Oryza s RMADS217
62Triticum a AGLG1Lolium p LpMADS7100100
63
Lilium l LMADS4
75
L6.Li.tu.AGL6.ltu0113ms4h04L6.MpMADS4.Magnolia.AB050646100L6.MfAGL6B.Michelia.AY306158
100L6.Il.pa.AGL6.IlliciumL6.Pe.am.AGL6.2.Persea2562
L6.Ma.gr.AGL6.MagnoliaL6.MfAGL6A.Michelia.AY306157100L6.MpMADS3.Magnolia.AB050645100
57
L6.Pe.am.AGL6.1.Persea65
L6.Es.ca.AGL6.EschscholziaL6.RbAGL6.Ranunculus.AY3061846636
L6.HcAGL6.Houttuynia.AB08916036
L6.Am.tr.AGL6.Amborella27
L6.Nu.ad.AGL6.Nuphar32
L6.HoAGL6.Hyacinthus.AY591333L6.AOM3.Asparagus.AY38355951L6.ApMADS3.Agapanthus.AB079261
99L6.NADS2.Musa.AY941799
9822
L6.Ac.am.AGL6.Acorus50
L6.VvMADS3.Vitis.AF373602Poptr.AGL6.Populus62L6.Ri.sa.AGL6.Ribes
66L6.MdMADS11.Malus.AJ000763
62L6.SvAGL6.Syringa.AY306188L6.pMADS4.Petunia.AB0310357433
L6.grcd3.Gerbera.AJ784157L6.CDM104.Chrysan.AY17306210027
L6 BoAGL6a Brassica AJ508055L6 B AGL6b B i AJ50840910010043
76
53
90
L6
99
AG
L6
L6.BoAGL6a.Brassica.AJ508055L6.BoAGL6b.Brassica.AJ508409100L6.AGL6.Arabidopsis.M55554
100L6.AGL13.Arabidopsis.U20183
100L6.Cu.sa.AGL6.Cucumis.csa013msL6.PaMADS1.Poa.AF372840L6.LpMADS4.Lolium.AY19832978
L6.HvAGL6.Hordeum.AY541067L6.TaMADS12.Triticum.AB007505100100L6.MADS18.Dendro.AY599755
98L6.ZAG3.Zea.L46397L6.ZAG5.Zea.L46398100
48
L6.OsMADS6.Oryza.U7878299
L6.TaeMADS12.Triticum.AJ57737576
L6.OsMADS17.Oryza.AF109153L6.nmads3.Oryza.AF095646100100
93
L6.PrMADS1.Pinus.Y09611PrMADS1100L6.PrMADS2.Pinus.U42400PradMADS2100100
L6.We.mi.AGL6.Welwitschia59
L6.GbMADS8.Ginkgo.AB02947065
L6.GGM11.Gnetum.AJ132217GGM1110072
L6.PrMADS3.Pinus.U76726PrADMADS3100L6.DAL1.Picea.X80902DAL1100100
L6.GbMADS1.Ginkgo.AB029463100
L6.GpMADS3.Gnetum.AB022665GpMADS398L6.GGM9.Gnetum.AJ132215100
82
100
99
FBP26PhFUL100CaMADS6LeFUL24766
NsMADS1NAP1.110097
SCM1POTM1.153LeFUL1
100PFG
8947
AmFUL67
TDR490
SLM5PaFUL91
49
5012
AG
L
98
100 SQU
A
A-classPaFULMdMADS2BpMADS550
HeaFULCsFUL5763
PisFUL42
EAP1AP2L8114
12
PhFLCcFL100HeaFL
100BpMADS4
57PaFL2PaFL110087
RbFL3PapnFL2100RbFL4
100PapsFL2PapnFL1100
CmFL291
9152
PapsFL1CmFL19920
PatFL2PatFL17621
RbFL2RbFL1100RaFL1
10029
7
NsMADS2NAP1.2100NtMADS5
100LeMADS MCLeAP1100100
SQUA SvAP199PeaM4.f
198
PsMDS2CsAP177HeaAP1
92PtMADSBpMADS33925MdMADS5
20
41
DcMADS1
54
SaMADSCBoAP137AP1
100BrCAL100100
48
47
6
26
100
QU
A
100 STM
3
BrCALBoCAL100CAL
100AsAP1 WgAsAP1 As100
HaM75100
GSQUA175
47
SLM4PaAP198
71
DEFH2820
SaMADSBFUL100Ma.gr.SQUAMfFL63
MpMADS15100
Eu.be.SQUA100
Pe.am.SQUA92
Nu.ad.SQUA13
PcFL2PcFL13120
18
ZmMADS3ZAP1100LtMADS2HvMADS810070
OsMADS15100
SbMADS281
TaMADS11HvMADS5100LtMADS1
100OsMADS14
100100
TvFL2TvFL195TvFL3
100DoMADS2
6026
OsMADS28OsMADS18100HvMADS3
100TvFL4
61
25
6
AlFL
25
AtFL
98
TM3.0.1714.FBP27.PetuniaTM3.0.1714.TOBMADS1.Nicotiana64TM3.0.1714.FBP20.Petunia
99TM3.0.1714.TDR3.Lycoper
96TM3 0 1615 PTM5 PopulTM3 0 1615 P t AGL20 P l10026
2589
SQ
T
0.1
TM3.0.1615.PTM5.PopulTM3.0.1615.Poptr.AGL20.Popul100TM3.0.1721.MADS1.Pimpinella
26TM3.0.1713.DEFH68.Antirrhinum
89
TM3.0.1103.MpMADS9.MagnoliaTM3.0.1103.MpMADS6.Magnolia9748
TM3.0.1621.CfAGL20.CardamineTM3.0.1621.AGL20.Arabidop99TM3.0.1621.SaMADSA.Sinapis
10067
TM3.0.1621.AGL19.ArabidopTM3.0.1621.AGL14.Arabidop100TM3.0.1615.Poptr.AGL19.PopulTM3.0.1615.Poptr.AGL14.Popul10072
42
TM3.0.1303.RAGL20.OryzaTM3.0.1303.FDRMADS8.Oryza100
TM3.0.1603.ETL.Eucalyptus43
14
TM3.0.1621.AGL72.ArabidopTM3.0.1621.AGL71.Arabidop100TM3.0.1621.AGL42.Arabidop
7091
TM3.0.0000.PrMADS6.PinusTM3.0.0000.PrMADS8.Pinus91TM3.0.0000.PrMADS7.Pinus
63TM3.0.0000.PrMADS4.Pinus
96TM3.0.0000.DAL3.Picea
48TM3.0.0000.PrMADS9.Pinus
39TM3.0.0000.PrMADS5.Pinus
100TM3.0.0000.We.mi.TM3.WelwitscTM3.0.0000.GGM1.Gnetum
10089 TM3
Kim et al., in prep.
Questions in basal angiosperms1. Are homologs of ABC
genes found in basalB genes found in basal angiosperms?
B
A C
2 Where are ABC homologsASepal
A+BPetal
B+CStamen
CCarpel
C l
2. Where are ABC homologs expressed?
PetalStamen
CarpelBroader “B” expressionDifferent “A” expression
3. If expression implies function does the ABC
Sepalfunction, does the ABC model hold for basal angiosperms?angiosperms?
Questions in basal angiosperms
1. Are homologs of ABC B
genes found in basal angiosperms?
B
A C
2. Where are ABC homologs expressed?
ASepal
A+BPetal
B+CStamen
CCarpel
C l homologs expressed?
3. If expression implies Petal
Stamen
Carpel
function, does the ABC model hold for basal angiosperms? Sepal
Questions in basal angiosperms1. Are homologs of ABC
genes found in basalB genes found in basal angiosperms?
B
A C
2 Where are ABC homologsASepal
A+BPetal
B+CStamen
CCarpel
C l
2. Where are ABC homologs expressed?
PetalStamen
Carpel3. If expression implies
function does the ABCfunction, does the ABC model hold for basal angiosperms?
Sepalangiosperms? Not entirely.
• Address evolutionary origin of novel organ
Eupomatia bennettii (Eupomatiaceae)
Calyptra
Perianth? Bract ?
Kim, Sangtae et al. (2005)
Sequence and expression studies of A-, B-, and E-class MADS-box genes in Eupomatiag p(Eupomatiaceae): support for the bracteate origin of the calyptra.calyptra.
International Journal of Plant Sciences (2005) 166: 185-198Sciences (2005) 166: 185-198.
Journal Cover
B class gene expression in EupomatiaB-class gene expression in Eupomatia
B
A C
Evolutionary origin of calyptra:
B+CStamen
CCarpelPerianth
Staminode
Calyptra
?
Carpel
Calyptra
pStaminode
BractStamen
Bract
AsAP1AsAP1
HaM75GSQUA1
DcMADS1SvAP1SQUA
BoAP1SaMADSCAP1 1
A-classBA C
DE
Taxa Gene Name Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels Other(Tepals)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
euAP1 genes
AP1BoCAL
BrCALCALPeaM4
NAP1.2NsMADS2
NtMADS5LeAP1
LeMADSPaAP1
SLM4CsAP1HeaAP1PsMDS2BpMADS3
MdMADS5PtMADSf
AtFL
euA
P1E
1st 2nd 3rd 4th OV
Arabidopsis AP1 +++ +++ - -Arabidopsis CAL + + - -Antirrhinum SQUA +++ +++ - + BractPisum PEAM4 +++ +++ - -Silene SLM4 +++ +++ - - Infl., Bract
PaFL1PaFL2DEFH28
CcFLPhFL
HeaFLBpMADS4PapnFL1
PapsFL2CmFL2
PapnFL2RbFL3RbFL4
RbFL1RbFL2RaFL1
PatFL2PatFL1
CmFL1 Eudi
cots
euFUL genesArabidopsis FUL - - - +++ Inf.Antirrhinum DEFH28 - - - +++ Inf., BractSilene SLM5 ++ ++ - +++ Inf., Bract
Monocots
CmFL1PapsFL1
LeFUL2CaMADS6
PhFULFBP26
NAP1.1NsMADS1
LeFUL1TDR4
POTM1.1SCM1
PFGFULSaMADSB
PisFULPaFULSLM5
AmFULCsFUL
H FUL
euFU
LMonocotsOryza RAP1a Lemma, palea - - lodiculesLolium LtMADS1 Glume, lemma ++ ++ Veg. meri.Lolium LtMADS2 Glume, lemma - - Veg. meri.
Basal angiosperm genes
Cs UHeaFULAP2L
BpMADS5EAP1
MdMADS2MfFL
MpMADS15Ma.gr.SQUAEu.be.SQUAPe.am.SQUA
PcFL1PcFL2
HvMADS8LtMADS2OsMADS15
SbMADS2ZmMADS3ZAP1
HvMADS5T MADS11 gi
ospe
rms
cots
Persea Pe.am.SQUA +++ ++ - Leaves +++Eupomatia Eu.be.SQUA + +++ Leaves +++Magnolia Ma.gr.SQUA + ++ ++ Leaves +++ Nuphar Nu.ad.SQUA - - +++ Leaves +++
TaMADS11LtMADS1OsMADS14
TvFL1TvFL2
TvFL3DoMADS2
AlFLOsMADS18OsMADS28
HvMADS3TvFL4Nu.ad.SQUA
AmSEP3CDEFH72AmSEP3B
AmSEP3ASvSEP3
LeSEP3PhSEP3
Bas
al a
ng
Mon
o
AGL2 and AGL6(outgroup)
PhSEP3TDR5
MTF1SEP3
PapnSEP3TvSEP3
OsMADS8LeSEP1PhSEP1
SvSEP1HeaSEP1
SEP1SEP2
CAGL2VvMADS2
EGM3MdMADS3
PatSEP1DAL1
P ADMADS3 (outgroup)PrADMADS3GpMADS3
GGM11PradMADS2PrMADS1
AGL6SvAGL6
RbAGL6MpMADS4
MfAGL6BMfAGL6A
10 changes
T G N S l P t l St C l Oth
B-class (DEF-lineage)32.LeAP3.Lycopersicon
32.STDEF.Solanum32.NTDEF.Nicotiana
32.PMADS1.Petunia32 SvAP3 Syringia 3
BA C
DE Taxa Gene Name Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels Other
(Tepals)1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Core eudicots: EuAP3 genesArabidopsis AP3 - +++ +++ -
32.SvAP3.Syringia32.DEF.1.Antirrhinum
31.RsAP3.1.Ribes31.RsAP3.2.Ribes31.NMH7.Medicago
32.HmAP3.Hydrangea31.AP3.Arabidopsis
31.BobAP3.Brassica31.Boi1AP3.Brassica31.Boi2AP3.Brassica
32.HPDEF1.Hieracium32.HPDEF2.Hieracium
32 GDEF2 G b
euA
P3E
1st 2nd 3rd 4th OV
pAntirrhinum DEF - +++ +++ -Petunia PMADS1 - +++ +++ -Nicotiana NTDEF - +++ +++ -Silene SLM3 - +++ +++ -Gerbera GDEF2 - +++ +++ - leaves, bracts
32.GDEF2.Gerbera30.RAD1.Rumex
30.RAD2.Rumex30.SLM3.Silene
31.JrAP3.Juglans32.DcMADS3.Daucus
32.TM6.Lycopersicon32.PhTM6.Petunia
32.HmTM6.Hydrangea32.GDEF1.Gerbera
31.MdTM6.Malus31.MdMADS13.Malus TM
3
Eudi
cots
Core eudicots: TM6 genesLycopersicon TM6 - +++ +++ +++Polulus PTD - +++ +++ -Gerbera GDEF1 - + + -Dianthus CMB2 - +++ - -
31.MASAKO.B3.Rosa30.CMB2.Dianthus
31.PTD.Populus30.GtAP3.3.Gunnera30.GtAP3.5.Gunnera
30.GtAP3.2.Gunnera30.GtAP3.1.Gunnera30.GtAP3.4.Gunnera
03.PhAP3.Peperomia20.PcAP3.Papaver
20.PnAP3.1.Papaver20.RbAP3.1.Ranunculus
T
Basal eudicotsDicentra DeAP3 - - +++ -Papaver PnAP3-2 - - +++ -
Monocots
20.RfAP3.1.Ranunculus20.RbAP3.2.Ranunculus
20.RfAP3.2.Ranunculus20.PnAP3.2.Papaver
20.ScAP3.Sanguinaria20.DeAP3.Dicentra
20.PtAP3.1.Pachysandra20.PtAP3.2.Pachysandra
02.MpMADS7.Magnolia02.MfAP3.Michelia
MgAP3.Magnolia02 LtAP3 Liriodendron s
Zea SILKY Lodicules +++ -Oryza OsMADS16 Lodicules +++ -
Basal angiospermsPersea Pe.am.DEF +++ + -Magnolia Ma gr DEF +++ +++
02.LtAP3.LiriodendronAlAP3.Asimina
EbAP3.1.EupomatiaEbAP3.2.Eupomatia
01.CfAP3.2.CalycanthusPaAP3.Persea
01.CfAP3.1.Calycanthus11.OSMADS16.Oryza11.SILKY1.Zea11.TaMADS51.Triticum
10.LRDEF.Lilium10.LMADS1.Lilium
10 SmAP3 Sagittaria angi
ospe
rms
Mon
ocot
s
Magnolia Ma.gr.DEF +++ +++ -Eupomatia Eu.be.DEF +++ +++Asimina As.lo.DEF - +++ +++ -Illicium Il.fl.DEF.1 - +++ +++ -Illicium Il.fl.DEF.2 + +++ ++ -Illicium Il.fl.DEF.3 - +++ - -
10.SmAP3.Sagittaria10.HhMADS1.Hemerocallis10.TcAP3.Tacca
00.CsAP3.Chloranthus03.AeAP3.1.Asarum
Nu.ad.DEF_nad03_19m_e2400.NvAP3.2.Nuphar
00.NvAP3.1.Nuphar00 AtAP3 Amborella
00.IlAP3.IlliciumIl.fl.AP3-1----Jin1
Il.fl.AP3-2----Jin3Il.fl.AP3-3----Jin2
Bas
al a M
Nuphar Nu.ad.DEF +++ +++ +++Amborella Am.tr.AP3-1 +++ +++ ++Amborella Am.tr.AP3-2 +++ +++ +++
00.AtAP3.AmborellaAm.tr.AP3-2
00.NvPI.NupharNu.ad.GLO.2_nad03_27m_o16
00.NaPI.NupharNu.ad.GLO.1_nad03_30ms2_a10
Il.fl.PI.Jin00.AtPI.Amborella
10 changes
GLO-like(outgroup)
ots
31.RsPI.Ribes31.CUM26Cucumis
31.MdPI.Malus31.MASAKO.BP.Rosa
32.HmPI.Hydrangea32.SvPI.Syringia ot
s
B-class (GLO-lineage)BA C
DE
Taxa Gene Name Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels Other(Tepals)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Core eudicotsCor
e eu
dico32.GLO.Antirrhinum
32.NTGLO.Nicotiana32.FBP1.Petunia
32.PMADS2.Petunia31.EGM2.Eucalyptus
31.PI.Arabidopsis30.SLM2.Silene
03.PhPI.Peperomia03.PmPI.1.Piper
Eudi
coE
1st 2nd 3rd 4th OV
Arabidopsis PI - +++ +++ -Antirrhinum GLO - +++ +++ -Petunia FBP1 - +++ +++ -Gerbera GGLO1 - +++ +++ -Nicotiana NTGLO - +++ +++ -Silene SLM2 - +++ +++ -oc
ots
p03.PmPI.2.Piper
32.GGLO1.Gerbera11.OSMADS2.Oryza
11.nmads1.Oryza11.ZMM16.Zea
11.ZMM18.Zea11.ZMM29.Zea
11.OSMADS4.Oryza10.LRGLOA.Lilium Silene SLM2 - +++ +++ -
Basal eudicotsDicentra DePI - - +++ -Papaver PnPI-1 - - +++ -
Mon
ots
10.LRGLOA.Lilium10.LRGLOB.Lilium
10.TcPI.Tacca10.OrcPI.Orchis10.HPI1.Hyacinthus10.HPI2.Hyacinthus10.SmPI.Sagittaria
20.CpPI.Caltha20.RbPI.1.Ranunculus20 RfPI 1 Ranunculus Monocots
Oryza OsMADS2 Lodicules +++ -
Basal angiospermsPersea Pe.am.GLO.1 +++ +++ +Persea Pe.am.GLO.2 +++ +++ -s
Eudi
co20.RfPI.1.Ranunculus20.RbPI.2.Ranunculus20.RfPI.2.Ranunculus
20.DaPI.Delphinium20.PnPI.1.Papaver
20.PnPI.2.Papaver20.ScPI.Sanguinaria
20.DePI.DicentraEbPI.Eupomatia02 ElPI E ti
Magnolia Ma.gr.GLO +++ +++ -Eupomatia Eu.be.GLO +++ ++Asimina As.lo.GLO - +++ +++ -Illicium Il.fl.GLO ++ +++ ++ -Nuphar Nu.ad.GLO +++ +++ +++Amborella Am tr GLO +++ +++ +++an
gios
perm
s02.ElPI.EupomatiaAlPI.Asimina
MpMADS8.Magnolia02.MfPI.Michelia
02.LtPI.Liriodendron03.AePI.Asarum
00.CsPI.Chloranthus01.CfPI.1.Calycanthus
PaPI.PerseaCf C Amborella Am.tr.GLO +++ +++ +++
Bas
al a01.CfPI.2.Calycanthus
Il.fl.PI.Jin00.NvPI.Nuphar
00.NaPI.NupharNu.ad.GLO.1_nad03_30ms2_a10Nu.ad.GLO.2_nad03_27m_o16
00.AtPI.Amborella00.AtAP3.Amborella
Am.tr.AP3-2
DEF-like(outgroup)
Nu.ad.DEF_nad03_19m_e2400.NvAP3.1.Nuphar
00.IlAP3.IlliciumIl.fl.AP3-1----Jin1
Il.fl.AP3-2----Jin3Il.fl.AP3-3----Jin2
10 changes
HAM45CDM37
GAGA1GAGA2
SLM1PhaAG1
RAP1TAG1
NAG1pMADS3Farinelli
GAG2 G
C-classBA C
DE Taxa Gene Name Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
euAG genesArabidopsis AG +++ +++
DcMADS4AG
SxcAG1CaMADS1
BpMADS6JrAG
STAGMASAKOC1
MdMADS15PTAG1PTAG2
AY083173CAG2
euAGE
1st 2nd 3rd 4th OV
Arabidopsis AG - - +++ +++Antirrhinum FAR - - +++ +++Nicotiana NAG1 - - +++ +++Petunia PMADS3 - - +++ +++
PLE genes
CAG3AGL1
BnSHP1AGL5
LAGVvMADS1
FBP6NTPLE36
PLEMASAKOD1
MdMADS14HoAG1a
HoAG1bRfAG1
PLE
Antirrhinum PLE - - +++ +++Arabidopsis SHP1 - - - +++Arabidopsis SHP2 - - - +++Petunia FBP6 - - +++ +++
Basal eudicots
RfAG1AqaAG1
ThdAG1CiAG1
AqaAG2ThdAG2
RfAG2CiAG2
EST_Es.ca.AGScAG
BgAGAkqAG
MdAG1ZMM2 ot
s
eudi
cots
neag
e
Basal eudicotsEschscholzia Es.ca.AG
Monocot genesZea AGL1 - - +++ +++Oryza OSMADS3 - - +++ +++
ZMM2ZMM23
OSMADS3AHvAG2WAG
ZAG1HvAG1
PeMADS1HAG1
aam0118ms1e03 AGNymAG2
SK_Nu.ad.AGNymAG1
HtcAG
mon
oco
rms
C-li
Basal angiospermsMagnolia Ma.gr.AG.1 - +++ +++Persea Pe.am.AG ++ ++ +++Illicium Il.f..AG - +++ +++ +Nuphar Nu.ad.AG - +++ +++
HtcAGSK_Pe.am.1AG
EST_Pe.am.2AGSK_Il.fl.AG_Jin
MpMADS2SrhAGCsAG1
SK_Am.tr.AGMcAGCAG1
GHMADS2AGL11
MdMADS10FBP11 ag
e
asal
ang
iosp
e
pAmborella Am.tr.AG.1 - +++ +++
FBP11TAG11
FBP7PhaAG2
VvMADS5SxcAG2
ZAG2ZMM1
OsMADS13Kr4_P0408G07.14ZMM25
CsAG2ApMADS2
MdAG2
D-li
neaBa
MpMADS11NymAG3
atr0213ms4b02 AGSAG1DAL2AF023615
GGM3CyAG
GBM5
10 changes
Gymnosperms(outgroup)
SlSEP1Fragaria
MdMADS9MdMADS8
CAGL2MAGL4AGL2/SEP2
SEP1aAGL4/SEP4
MADS2TAGL2TM29
BA C
DE TM29
FBP5PMADS12
DEFH49LeMADS1MADS1
FBP23NtMADS4
FBP9MdMADS3MADS7
MADS6EGM3
Eca01 05cs3 b03MADS RIN
PepMADSE-class
E
1st 2nd 3rd 4th OV
Taxa Gene Name Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels Leaves(Tepals)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
PepMADSFBP4
MADS5AGL3AGL3a
MdMADS4PatSEP1
HcSEP3HcSEP2
Ma.gr.AGL2.2Am.tr.AGL2
Nad03 08cs2 h04ZMM14
ZMM8MADS1
L MADS9
inea
ge
1 2 3 4
SEP1,2 lineageArabidopsis SEP2 - +++ +++ +++ -Arabidopsis SEP3 - +++ +++ +++ -Magnolia Ma.gr.AGL2.2 +++ +++ +++ ++
LpMADS9BM7
MADS13Dendrocalamus l MADS16
LpMADS6OsMADS5
ZMM3LMADS4
BAA81882RMADS217
LpMADS7AGLG1
ZmM24ZmM31
DOMADS3
SE
P1,
2 l
Nuphar Nu.ad.AGL2 +++ +++ +++ -Amborella Am.tr.AGL2 +++ +++ +++ -
SEP3 lineage Arabidopsis SEP1 - +++ +++ +++Magnolia Ma gr AGL2 1 +++ +++ +++
DEFH72AmSEP3b
DEFH200SvSEP3
CDM44NsMADS3FBP2LeMADS5
SaMADSdAGL9/SEP3
MTF1GhMADS1
PTM6MADS1
VvMADS4 age
Magnolia Ma.gr.AGL2.1 - +++ +++ +++ -Eupomatia Eu.be.AGL2 +++ +++ -
VvMADS4HAM137
GRCD1CDM77
Eca01 25ms1 b11MpMADS13Ma.gr.AGL2.1
Ltu01 06ms2 d07Eu.be.AGL2Pe.am.AGL2.1
Pe.am.AGL2.2OsMADS7FDRMADS1
OsMADS45LpMADS5
BM9
SE
P3
linea
BM9ZmM6
DMADS5TaMADS
OsMADS8ZmM27
AOM1DOM1
LMADS3AdOM1
CsSEP3HcHcSEP1
nes
AG
L6-li
ke g
en(o
utgr
oup)
r
m a na olia
ncul
us
core eudicots
eudicots
aria
m
magnoliids
dops
is
hinu
m
a rarella r
monocots
agus
Nup
har
Illic
ium
Per
sea
Asi
min
Mag
no
Ran
un
Sag
itta
Tulip
a
Ory
za
Zea
Asa
rum
Sile
ne
Ara
bid
Ant
irrh
Pet
unia
Ger
ber
Am
bor
Nup
har
PI
AP1
Asp
ara
AP3
AG
• Evolution of gene expression patterns of floral• Evolution of gene expression patterns of floral MADS-box genes in angiosperms.
Color-filled floral part: strongly expressedAP1 A p g y pEmpty floral part: not expressed/weakly expressedDashed organs: equivocal or uncertainAP3
PI
AG
B
C
ConclusionsCo c us o s
In basal angiospermsIn basal angiosperms,• A-class genes are primarily expressed in carpels and
vegetative organs rather than perianth.g g ppossible A-class candidate is AGL6.
• B-class genes are more broadly expressed than in eudicots
Thi b d tt f i i “ t l”This broader pattern of expression is “ancestral”; the localized patterns in Arabidopsis and other eudicots is derivedeudicots is derived
III. BIII. B--class gene proteinclass gene protein--protein protein i t ti ii t ti i A b llA b llinteractions in interactions in AmborellaAmborella
Extended ABC model: ABCDE model (Theissen, 2001)
BBB
A CD
B
CD
A
EE
A+ES l
A+B+EP t l
B+C+ESt
C+EC l
D+EO lSepal Petal Stamen Carpel
Carpel
Ovule
PetalStamen
S lSepalOvule
The ‘quartet model” of floral organ specification in Arabidopsis (modified from Theissen, 2001)
B
A C
AP3, PI
AP1 AP2 AGA C
E
D
AP1, AP2 AG
SEP1/SEP2/SEP3/SEP4
STK/SHP1/SHP2Stamens
AP3 PI
Petals
AP3 PI
AG SEP
AP1 SEPCarpels
SEP AG
SepalsAG SEP
AP1 SEP
SEP AP1Ovules
SEP STK
SEP SHP
Major evolutionary lineages of B-class genes and the evolution of their protein interactions
Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Arabidopsis Antirrhinum Lilium Gnetum
AP3-like genesPI likPI-like genesGGM2-like genes
Modified from Winter et al., 2002; Kaufmann 2005
Conserved aa residues in angiosperm PI- and AP3-homologues in K-domain except Amborella
PI PI
9798
102
AP3-2PI
PI AP3-1
…PI.Arabidopsis EIDRIKKENDSLQLELRHLLtPI.Liriodendron EVERIKKENDSMQIKLRHLCsPI.Chloranthus ELDRIKKENDSMQIELRHL
2ENENENgu
es
AP3-1 AP3-1
AP3-1 PI
CfPI.1.Calycanthus EVERIKKENDSMQIKLRHLPe.am.PI.Persea EVERIKKENDSMLIKLRHLIl.pa.PI.Illicium EVDRVRKENESMQIELKHLNu.ad.PI.Nuphar ELDRIRKENENMQIELRHF
ENENENEN-h
omol
og
AP3-2AP3-1
AP3-1 AP3-1
p QNu.ve.PI.Nuphar ELDRIRKENENMQIELRHFAm.tr.PI.Amborella EVDRMKKDNEQMRIELRHL
Am.tr.AP3-1.Amborella DLGNLKEESNRLRKLIRQK
ENN
E
N R
R
PI-
AP3-2 AP3-1
AP3-2 PI
Am.tr.AP3 1.Amborella DLGNLKEESNRLRKLIRQKAm.tr.AP3-2.Amborella ELSSLKEENNRLQKLIRQKNu.ve.AP3.1.Nuphar EFNKLKEKNERLRRSIRQRNu.ve.AP3.2.Nuphar EFNKLKEKNERLRKSIRQRIl.pa.AP3.Illicium ELNKLKEENNKLR-KIRQR
ENNN RN RN Rlo
gues AP3-2AP3-2
Il.pa.AP3.Illicium ELNKLKEENNKLR KIRQRCsAP3.Chloranthus YFEKLKETNNKLRKEIRQRCfAP3.1.Calycanthus HLSKLTEDNNRLRREIRQRPe.am.AP3.Persea HLNKLKDDNNKLRREIRQREbAP3 1 Eupomatia HLNKLKEDNNNLRREIRQR
N RN RN RN RN RP
3-ho
mo
EbAP3.1.Eupomatia HLNKLKEDNNNLRREIRQRAP3.Arabidopsis TKRKLLETNRNLRTQIKQR…
N RN RA
P
GGM2.Gnetum ELIKERRENEKLRSKLRYMGymnosperm
Similar C-domain sequences between Amborella AP3 and PIY X
AP3 PI
YX
K-domain C-domain
exon 5 exon 6 exon 7exon 4PI.Arabidopsis ...HQMEILI----SKRRNEKMMAEEQRQLTFQL--QQQEMAIASNA-RGMMMR--DH-------DG--Q-----------------FGYRV-QPI----QPN-L-QE...
PI/PI derived motif
Y XYXgu
es
pFBP1.Petunia ...KQNEVLR----MMRKKTQSMEEEQDQLNCQL-RV-LEIATM--N-RNMGEIGEVFQQRENH-DY--Q---NHM----------PFAFRV-QPM----QPN-L-QE...GLO.Antirrhinum ...KQMEFVR----MMRKHNEMVEEENQSLQFKL-RQMHLDP-MNDN-VMESQAVYDHHHHQNIADYEAQ-----M----------PFAFRV-QPM----QPN-L-QE...MASAKO.BP.Rosa ...RMSKYMD----AVRENNRALEDENKRLAYQL-HK-MMKSE-E-NLRDM--------------NYNNNT---QI----------PFALRV-QPN----QPN-L-HD...SLM2.Silene ...KQMEMYK----LHKKNHKMLEDENNQLAYMLHKQ--EMDG---NMREMEAGVCSNPSD--RRDYHYQ---NPI---------PPYGFRV-QPM----QPN-L-QD...CpPI.Caltha ...KQMEIYR----MMKRNDRKLEEDNKRLVLKLQHQQ--QLM-NGNGRE-----YP----S------------QM---------PPFTFQL-HPS----QPN-L-QE...OrcPI.Orchis ...KQMDFLK----MLKKNERMLEEENKRLKYLLQHQQ--LAI-EGSMRELE-ISYHQK-DP---EY-AD----QM----------PMTFRV-QPF----QPN-L-HG...SmPI.Sagittaria ...KQMEIFK----KKAKNQKALEEENKQLAYIL-HQQ-SLAM-NGNLREMP-QDYHQK-D--RRDF-TA----PV----------PFGFRV-QPM----QPN-L-QE...
PI-h
omol
og
gAePI.Asarum ...KQAELLK----TLKKNGRALEDENKRLAYILHHQQ--IAM-DENKREMD-NGYHKREE-----Y-PS----QM----------PFAFCV-QPM----QPN-L-HQ...MfPI.Michelia ...RQMQCLK----MLKKNERSLEEENKRLSYILQHQQQ-LAM-DVNVREMD-HGYHQR-E--RREYHP-----QM----------PFTFRV-QPI----QPN-L-HQ...EbPI.Eupomatia ...KQMDYLK----MLKKNERVLEEENKRLSYIL-HQQQ-LAM-EGNVRELE-HGYHQR-E--RREG-PP----QM----------PFAFRV-QPI----QPN-L-HQ...Pe.am.PI.Persea ...RQMEFLR----ALKKNERNLEDENKRLSYIL-HQQQ-ISM-GGNVREVDHHGYHQK--G-RRDY-PS----QI----------PFAFRV-QPI----QPN-L-HQ...CfPI.1.Calycanthus ...RQMECLR----IYKKNERTLEDENKRLTYIL-HQQQQMAM-DGNVREVD-HGYHHK--I-R-DY-SN----QM----------PFAFRI-QPI----QPN-L-HQ...CsPI.Chloranthus ...KQMDFLK----MLKKNERTLEDENKRLSYILHHQQ--LAL-DGNMRDLD-NGFHPK-E--R-DY-SS----QM----------PFIFRV-QPI----QPN-L-QQ...Iillicium PI* ...KQMELLN----MLKKSERDLEDENKRLNSILHHQQ--LAM-DGNVRELD-PGYHQR--G-R-DF-TS----QM----------PFAFRV-HPI----QPN-L-QG...Nu.va.PI.Nuphar ...KQTECLNNDIQILKKNERILEEENRQMKYIL-HQQ-EQMA-GEL-KDIL--GSNNK--G---KY-PSQSG-Q-----------PFGCCV-QPI----QPN-L-QP...Nu.ad.PI.Nuphar ...KQTECLNNDIQILKKNERILEEENRQLKYIL-HQQ-EAIALPEL-RDID-PGRNKK--G---KGIPSTSGVQ-----------PFGFRV-QPI----QPN-L-QR...Am.tr.PI.Amborella ...KQMEHIRTRTEMLKNNERILEDQNKQLKYIM-HQI-EGG--DEAER-----RYQNQQNG-R-DY-P-----QQAL---------TAFRV-QPI----QPN-L-QQ...
Am.tr.AP3.Amborella ...KKNHLVTNQTETCKKRIKNLEEQNKMMRHMM-E---E----DEAER-----GLED--DG---DYE-S----QLALGVRNTH-L-FAYRM-RPA----EGN-I-HD...Nu.va.AP3-1.Nuphar ...ALDNKIKRQIDTYRKKIKAADSIRNIGFMEL--Q--------ELN-----CSF-DGSEE---NYE-S------MLVMRNGNAQPFPISV-QPN----HPN-L-HE...Nu.va.AP3-2.Nuphar ...VLDSKIKRQIDTYKKKIRSAESNRNKVFRDA--Q--E-----ELN-----CTFEE-SEE---DYE-S------MLVMRNGNPQLFPIRV-QPT----HPN-L-HE...
-hom
olog
ues Il.pa.AP3.Illicium ...RKYHVINNESETFRKKIRNLEERHKELLSAMEG-----------NPPS--YLFEDN--GA--EST-G------DLGSRN-SSLMFAFRV-QPS----QPN-L-HD...
CsAP3.Chloranthus ...RKYHVIKTQTETYGKKLKHRQEEHEKLLHRLEGI-------DM-NQG---YDMLDR-EG---DYE-T------AFGLANGGGHVFAFRL-QPI----QPN-L-HD...CfAP3.1.Calycanthus ...RKYHVINTQTETYKKKLRSLHEIHTNLIHTLEGR-------EV-NGH---FGFSGND--AP-HYG-A------VINLAHGG-----------N----H-D-L-HE...Pe.am.AP3.Persea ...RKYHVINTQTETYKKKLRSLHESHANLVRALEGK-------DD-NGD---CALGDN--GGP-DYE-T------ALGWANGGSQMFAFCI-QPC----QPN-L-QE...Eu.be.AP3-1.Eupomatia ...RKYHVIATQTETYKKKLRNLHEAHARLVRALEGQ-------AE-NGG---YGLVDD--GGP-DYE-S------ALALANGGAHHH--------------S-L-HD...MfAP3.Michelia ...RKYHVIQTQTETYKKKLRSLNDEQAKLIRVLEGQ-------AE-NGA---YGLVDN--GGP-DYE-S------ALVLANGGAHI-----------------L-HD...AeAP3.1.Asarum ...KKYQVISSQTETKKKKVKNLEQTHKNLGCALAGK-------DA-ICA---YGIAYN-E-T-LDYK-S------VLGLANDASHIFAFRI-QPC----QPN-L-HN...
AP
3- TcAP3.Tacca ...RKYHVITTQTDTYKKKLKNSHEAHRNLMRELEMR-------DE-HPV---YGFVDN-DPT--NYD-S------ALALANAGSHVYAYRV-QPS----QPN-L-HG...ScAP3.Sanguinaria ...RKYHVITTQTDTTRKKIRSLTETHHNLLREFEGR-------DE-DPH---YALANQ-E---EDYE-A------VLELANGGPNIFAFRL-QPS----QPN-L-HD...HmTM6.Hydrangea ...RKYHVLKTQTETCRKKVRNLEERYGNLFLDWEGK-------CE-DPQ---YGLVEN-DG---EYD-S------AVAFANRVPNSYAFGL-QPS----HPN-LHHG...AP3.Arabidopsis ...RKFKSLGNQIETTKKKNKSQQDIQKNLIHELELR-------AE-DPH---YGLVD--NG--GDYD-S------VLGYQIEGSRAYALRFHQNHHHYYPNHGLHAP...HPDEF1.Hieracium ...RKLKVIGNKLETSKKKVRSAQDVYKKLMHEFGIR-------GE-DPQ---FGMIE--DG---EYD-A------VYGYPPQMSAPRILTF-RLH----PNN-L-HA...DEF.Antirrhinum ...RKYKVISNQIDTSKKKVRNVEEIHRNLVLEFDAR-------RE-DPH---FGLVD--NE--GDYNS-------VLGFPNGGPRIIALRLPTNHH-----PTLHSG...
“DEAER” motif in Amborella
X Y X X Y Y
AP3-2 AP3-2 AP3-2AP3-2 AP3-2 AP3-2
AP3-1
X Y
AP3-1
X X
AP3-1
Y Y
X Y X X Y Y
AP3-1 AP3-1 AP3-1
AP3-2 AP3-1
X Y
AP3-2 AP3-1
X X
AP3-2 AP3-1
Y Y
X Y X X Y Y
AP3-2 AP3-1
Y X
Purpose of this study:test MADS box proteinX Y X X Y Y
X Y X X Y Y
PI PI PIAP3-2 AP3-2 AP3-2
Y X
Y X
PIAP3-2
test MADS-box protein-protein interactions in Amborella using Y2H.
AP3-1
X X
AP3-1
Y Y
X Y X X Y Y
PI PI
Y X
AP3-1
Y X
PI AP3
X Y
PI
g
X X Y YY X
PI PI
X Y
PI PI
X X
PI PI
Y Y
X Y
X Y X X Y Y
eudicots
1 4 21Amborella
monocots, maybe most of basal angiosperms1: 4: 21
Yeast two-hybridization system
Bait Prey
BD DNA-binding ActivationAD
Yeast
BD gdomain plasmidTRP1
domain plasmid
AD
LEU2
Medium:-Trp/-Leu
ADADBD
ADE2, HIS3, lacZ, MEL1
Yeast two-hybridization system
Bait PreyBaitX
PreyY
Yeast
BD DNA-binding ActivationAD
X Y
DNA bi diBD
X
A ti tiAD
Y
Medium:-Trp/-Leu
BD gdomain plasmidTRP1
domain plasmid
AD
LEU2
DNA-binding domain plasmid
BD Activationdomain plasmid
AD/-His/-Ade
TRP1 LEU2
RNAX
TranscriptionADYInteraction
RNApolymeraseBD
Transcription
ADE2, HIS3, lacZ, MEL1
AD
Confirm presence of bait and prey plasmids: -L/-T
PI/AP3 2
PI/PI
Nodata
PI/AP3-1PI/AP3-2
AP3-1/PIAP3-2/PI
AP3-1/AP3-1AP3-2/AP3-2
AP3 1/AP3 2AP3 2/AP3 1 AP3-1/AP3-2AP3-2/AP3-1
Low stringent medium: -L/-T/-H + 0.5 mM 3AT
PI/AP3 2
PI/PI
Nodata
PI/AP3-1PI/AP3-2
AP3-1/PIAP3-2/PI
AP3-1/AP3-1AP3-2/AP3-2
AP3 1/AP3 2AP3 2/AP3 1 AP3-1/AP3-2AP3-2/AP3-1
Medium stringent medium: -L/-T/-H + 3 mM 3AT
PI/AP3 2
PI/PI
Nodata
PI/AP3-1PI/AP3-2
AP3-1/PIAP3-2/PI
AP3-1/AP3-1AP3-2/AP3-2
AP3 1/AP3 2AP3 2/AP3 1 AP3-1/AP3-2AP3-2/AP3-1
High stringent medium: -L/-T/-H/-A + 3 mM 3AT
PI/AP3 2
PI/PI
Nodata
PI/AP3-1PI/AP3-2
AP3-1/PIAP3-2/PI
AP3-1/AP3-1AP3-2/AP3-2
AP3 1/AP3 2AP3 2/AP3 1 AP3-1/AP3-2AP3-2/AP3-1
A i G
Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Arabidopsis Antirrhinum Lilium GnetumArabidopsis Antirrhinum Lilium GnetumAmborella
?
AP3-like genesPI lik
AP3-like genesPI-like genesPI-like genes
GGM2-like genes
PI like genesGGM2-like genes
Conclusions:Conclusions:
• In Amborella, PI/AP3-1(AP3-1/PI) and PI/AP3-2 (AP3-2/PI) interactions are ( )confirmed.
• B-class protein interaction demonstrated inB class protein interaction demonstrated in Arabidopsis likely dates to common ancestor of angiosperms and is not a recent innovationof angiosperms and is not a recent innovation in eudicot models.
General take home message
The “Abominable mystery” is far from solved, butis far from solved, but progress is being made!
Charles DarwinCharles DarwinBritish Naturalist
1809 -1882
Ongoing projects:Ongoing projects:
-- Proteomics:Proteomics: ProteinProtein--protein interaction of MADSprotein interaction of MADS--box box genes ingenes in Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopodagenes in genes in Amborella trichopodaAmborella trichopoda..
-- Genetics:Genetics: Phenotype recovery experiments usingPhenotype recovery experiments usingGenetics:Genetics: Phenotype recovery experiments using Phenotype recovery experiments using Arabidopsis Arabidopsis mutants to address functional homologies of mutants to address functional homologies of floral genes between floral genes between ArabidopsisArabidopsis and and AmborellaAmborella by by introducing introducing AmborellaAmborella genes into genes into ArabidopsisArabidopsis ABC ABC mutants. mutants.
-- Phylogenetics:Phylogenetics: Phylogenetic analyses of MADSPhylogenetic analyses of MADS--box genes box genes (about 3000 sequences)(about 3000 sequences)(about 3000 sequences) (about 3000 sequences)
-- Genomics:Genomics: AmborellaAmborella transcriptome sequencing using transcriptome sequencing using 454 system454 system
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/soltislab/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/soltislab/Many thanks to:Many thanks to:
Douglas SoltisS
pp
-- Postdoc advisorsPostdoc advisorsDouglas SoltisPamela SoltisDouglas SoltisDouglas Soltis
Pamela SoltisPamela Soltis
-- Colleagues in Soltis labColleagues in Soltis labAndre ChanderbaliAndre ChanderbaliAndre ChanderbaliAndre ChanderbaliMatyas BuzgoMatyas BuzgoMatt GitzendannerMatt GitzendannerMatt GitzendannerMatt Gitzendanner……
-- The Floral Genome Project groupThe Floral Genome Project group
National Institute of Biological Resources, KoreaNIBR