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1. Basic permanent mold process
2. Slush casting
3. Low pressure casting
4. Vacuum permanent mold casting
5. Die casting- (a) hot chamber die casting (b) coldchamber die
casting
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1) Flask molding2) Flaskless molding using master flask
Ramming can be done through different methods:
a) Hand ramming
b) Jolting action
c) Using pneumatic pressure
d) Slinging action
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1) Strength
2) Collapsibility
3) Thermal stability
4) Reusability5) Permeability
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% by volume :
1) 90% sand
2) 3% water
3) 7% clay
4) Organic resin
5) Inorganic binders
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1. Green sand mold2. Dry sand mold uses organic binders
rather than clay
3. Skin dried mold
drying green sandmold upto a depth of 10-25 mm.
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1) Shell molding
2) Vacuum molding or V-process
3) Expanded poly-styrene process
4) Investment casting
5) Plaster mold and ceramic mold casting
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1) Plaster mold- Gypsum (CaSO4
+ 2H2O)
2) Ceramic mold- ZrO2 , Al2O3 , carbides,nitrides etc.
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1. Cupola furnace
2. Electric arc melting: (a) direct arc type (b) Indirect
type
3. Crucible furnace
4. Reverberatory or air furnace
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Types of Ladles
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Ferrous casting alloys- Cast iron and steel
Non-ferrous casting alloys- Mg, Al, Sn, Cu, Znalloys
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Geometric simplicityThin sections
Corners
Draft
Use of cores
Dimensional tolerances
Surface finish
Machining allowance
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1. Flat rolling
2. Shape rolling
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1. Soaking and soaking pit
2. Draft =d3. Reduction= r
4. Spreading
5. No slip point or neutral point
6. Forward slip=s7. Max draft
8. Force =F
9. Contact length =L
10. Torque =T
11. Power =P
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1. Thread rolling
2. Ring rolling
3. Gear rolling
4. Roll piercing
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1. Open die forging or upset forging2. Impression die
forging
3. Closed die forging or flash-less forging
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1. Gravity drop hammer
2. Power drop hammers
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1. Mechanical presses
2. Hydraulic presses
3. Screw presses
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1. Upsetting or heading
2. Swaging
3. Radial forging
4. Roll forging5. Orbital forging
6. Hubbing
7. Isothermal and hot-die forging
8. Trimming
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