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VirginiaVirginia Department of EducationDepartment of Education
Module Six TransparenciesModule Six Transparencies
Information Processing:Information Processing:
Complex Risk EnvironmentsComplex Risk Environments
Topic 1 Topic 1 ---- Characteristics of ExpresswaysCharacteristics of Expressways
Topic 2 Topic 2 ---- Entering, Changing Lanes, and ExitingEntering, Changing Lanes, and Exiting
Topic 3 Topic 3 ---- High Speed ConsiderationsHigh Speed Considerations
Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor VeProvided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicleshicles
Controlled access (limited Controlled access (limited entry and exit)entry and exit)
High speed (up to 65 mph)High speed (up to 65 mph)
Divided by a barrier or Divided by a barrier or median median
Multiple lanesMultiple lanes
May have minimum speed May have minimum speed limitlimit
Only for motorized vehiclesOnly for motorized vehicles
Characteristics of an ExpresswayCharacteristics of an Expressway
T – 6.1
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Cloverleaf InterchangeCloverleaf Interchange
T – 6.2
Topic 1 Lesson 2
A cloverleaf interchangeA cloverleaf interchange has a series of entrance and exit ramps that resemble the outline of a four leaf clover.
allows for the interchange of two expressways or major roadways.
has shared entrance and exit weave lanes.
This designThis design
Traffic is permitted to move ONLY in the direction indicated by the arrows.
Diamond InterchangeDiamond Interchange
T – 6.3
Topic 1 Lesson 2
A diamond interchangeA diamond interchange is designed to be used when a road with slower speeds crosses a busy expressway.
Traffic is permitted to move ONLY in the direction indicated by the arrows.
for the interchange of a major roadway with a secondary dual or multiple lane roadway.
This design allows:This design allows:
Trumpet InterchangeTrumpet Interchange
T – 6.4
Topic 1 Lesson 2
A trumpet interchangeA trumpet interchange is used when an intersecting side road forms a T intersection with the expressway.
Traffic is permitted to move ONLY in the direction indicated by the arrows.
This design:This design:accommodates the T-intersection flow of traffic at the junction of two roadways.
allows for traffic on a secondary two-way street to merge onto a multiple lane roadway.
Frontage Road InterchangeFrontage Road Interchange
T – 6.5
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Frontage Road InterchangesFrontage Road Interchanges allow vehicles using parallel secondary two-way or one-way roadways to merge onto a major multiple lane roadway.
Traffic is permitted to move ONLY in the direction indicated by the arrows.
drivers to exit a multiple lane roadway and use the parallel frontage road.
secondary road traffic flows to mix efficiently with higher speed traffic flows on the multiple lane roadway.
This design allows:This design allows:
Common Expressway SignsCommon Expressway Signs
Interstate signsInterstate signs Guide signsGuide signs
Speed limit signsSpeed limit signsWarning signsWarning signs
T – 6.6
Topic 1 Lesson 3
A major contributor to your decision as to how you will maintainA major contributor to your decision as to how you will maintain a safe a safe path of travel, proper lane position, and your lane choice, is bpath of travel, proper lane position, and your lane choice, is based on ased on the information provided by the road signs and lane markings.the information provided by the road signs and lane markings.
Common Expressway SignalsCommon Expressway Signals
Lane SignalsLane Signals
T – 6.7
Topic 1 Lesson 3
A GREEN arrowGREEN arrow over a lane — the lane is open for travel.
A YELLOW “X”YELLOW “X” over a lane — travel in that lane is about to change or close.
A RED “X”RED “X” over a lane — travel in that lane is closed or prohibited.
Reversible lane signals
Expressway Lane MarkingsExpressway Lane Markings
T – 6.8
Topic 1 Lesson 3
Solid Solid YELLOWYELLOW lineline
Solid WHITE line
Broken WHITE line
HOV lanes
marks the left edge of the roadway.should always be on the driver’s left side.
separates lanes of traffic going in the same direction.
marks the right edge of the roadway, or entrance and exit lanes.
are marked with a white diamond.require a minimum number of passengers in the vehicle.
Traffic FlowTraffic Flow
(high occupancy vehicle)
Entrance RampsEntrance Ramps
T – 6.9
Topic 2 Lesson 1
EntranceRamp
Acc
eler
atio
nLa
neM
erge
Are
a
Entrance ramps provide oneEntrance ramps provide one--way way directional access to an expressway.directional access to an expressway.
The ramp is divided into three sections:The ramp is divided into three sections:1. 1. The Entrance or Access RampThe Entrance or Access Ramp —— gives the
driver time to begin evaluating traffic conditions.
2. 2. The Acceleration LaneThe Acceleration Lane —— allows a driver to adjust vehicle speed to the speed of traffic on the expressway.
3. 3. The Merging AreaThe Merging Area —— allows the driver to merge onto the expressway.
Entering the Entrance RampEntering the Entrance Ramp
EntranceRamp
Enter the Entrance RampEnter the Entrance Ramp
Begin Searching for a Begin Searching for a Gap / Open SpaceGap / Open Space
Identify Gap / SpaceIdentify Gap / Space
T – 6.10
Topic 2 Lesson 1
EntranceRamp
Use the left-lane signal indicator
Adjust speed to match the speed of the traffic on the expressway
Monitor gap on expressway
Acceleration LaneAcceleration Lane
T – 6.11
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Acceleration LaneAcceleration Lane
Accelerate to blend with the speed of Accelerate to blend with the speed of traffic on the expresswaytraffic on the expressway
Check Rear and Left Rear ZonesCheck Rear and Left Rear Zones
Entering Merge AreaEntering Merge Area
T – 6.12
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Mer
geA
rea
Merge AreaMerge Area
Check Front ZoneCheck Front Zone
Check Rear and Left Rear ZonesCheck Rear and Left Rear Zones
Select GapSelect Gap
Identify a Target Area in the Open SpaceIdentify a Target Area in the Open Space
Selecting a Gap in TrafficSelecting a Gap in Traffic
T – 6.13
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Merge AreaMerge Area
Target Area
Merging into the Traffic FlowMerging into the Traffic Flow
T – 6.14
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Continue searching for adequate gap Continue searching for adequate gap
Search for potential conflictsSearch for potential conflicts
Prepare to adjust speedPrepare to adjust speed
Avoid stopping on the rampAvoid stopping on the ramp
Be prepared to drive onto the shoulder if Be prepared to drive onto the shoulder if necessarynecessary
Merge smoothlyMerge smoothly
Create space around your vehicle once Create space around your vehicle once you have entered the laneyou have entered the lane
Selecting the Appropriate LaneSelecting the Appropriate LaneTopic 2 Lesson 1
T – 6.15
When merging onto an expressway, stay in the right lane until you become accustomed to the faster traffic flow.
Center Vehicle in Proper LaneCenter Vehicle in Proper Lane
Adjust Speed to Traffic Flow and Legal LimitAdjust Speed to Traffic Flow and Legal Limit
Reduced Risk Lane ChangesReduced Risk Lane Changes
T – 6.16
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Entering or exitingEntering or exitingAllowing another Allowing another driver to enterdriver to enterFollowing large or Following large or slowslow--moving vehiclesmoving vehiclesLane ahead becomes Lane ahead becomes blockedblockedBeing tailgatedBeing tailgatedAnimalsAnimalsPassingPassing
Reasons for changing lanes include:Reasons for changing lanes include:
EntranceEntranceRampRamp
ExitExitRampRamp
Reduced Risk Lane ChangesReduced Risk Lane Changes
T – 6.16a
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Steps to safely change lanes:Steps to safely change lanes:
Maintain a safe following distance from the vehicles in front of you.Check traffic ahead, behind and to the sides (mirrors and head check).Signal your intention to change lanes.Select a safe gap in traffic.Re-check blind spots in the direction of the lane change.Adjust your speed — if clear, steer smoothly to the new lane, if not, wait and cancel your turn signal.Move one lane at a time.
Scan in direction of the BLUE arrows
Choosing Lanes at Exit or EntranceChoosing Lanes at Exit or EntranceRight Lane:Right Lane:
Heavier and slower vehiclesVehicles entering the expressway Vehicles getting ready to exit
Left Lane:Left Lane:Higher speed and passing traffic
Exit / Entry
Right Lane
Center Lane
Left Lane
T – 6.17
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Center Lane:Center Lane:Long distance or passing
Passing on MultiPassing on Multi--Lane RoadsLane Roads
T – 6.19
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Check traffic ahead, to the sides, and behindSignalMake a head checkAccelerate smoothlyChange lanes smoothlyCancel signalPass and signal to returnCheck mirrorsWhen both sets of headlights of the vehicle being passed are visible, return to the laneCancel signalAdjust speed and/or vehicle position to create space all around your vehicle
The RED line shows path of the red car.
The BLUE arrows show where the driver’s eyes are searching.
When Being PassedWhen Being Passed
Monitor passing vehicle’s position
Move to lane position 3 to increase space cushion
Do not increase speed—decelerate if necessary
Once passed, create space ahead and behind
move away
T – 6.20
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Multiple Lane Roadway ExitMultiple Lane Roadway ExitTopic 2 Lesson 4
T – 6.21
An expressway exit has two An expressway exit has two components:components:
1. The Deceleration Lane 1. The Deceleration Lane —— gives the driver the time and space needed to adjust his/her vehicle’s speed to the slower posted ramp speed without disrupting the flow of traffic on the expressway.
2. The Exit Ramp 2. The Exit Ramp —— allows traffic to enter an adjoining roadway.
ExitRamp
Dec
eler
atio
n La
ne
Identify theIdentify the Exit Exit EarlyEarly
T – 6.21a
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Exits are marked with guide signs, usually one to two miles before the exit.
You can determine if an exit is a right exit or a left exit by the position of the exit number on the sign. So, Exit 45A is a right exit, because in this picture the exit number on the upper right-hand side of the sign.
In Virginia, exit numbers correspond with mile marker numbers.
About one-half mile (20- to 30-seconds) before the exit, signal and move to the lane closest to the deceleration lane.
Exiting the ExpresswayExiting the ExpresswaySignal
Maintain speed while on the expressway
Use mirrors to check behind and to the sides
Check mirror blindzones
Move into deceleration lane
Prepare to decelerate quickly
Deceleration LaneDeceleration Lane
T – 6.22
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Dec
eler
atio
n La
neExit
Ramp
Deceleration LaneDeceleration Lane
Deceleration LaneDeceleration Lane
T – 6.23
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Enter Deceleration Lane by easing over several of Enter Deceleration Lane by easing over several of the broken lines the broken lines
Release Accelerator and Cancel SignalRelease Accelerator and Cancel Signal
Check Rear and Begin BrakingCheck Rear and Begin Braking
Adjusting Exit SpeedAdjusting Exit Speed
Deceleration LaneDeceleration Lane
ExitRamp
Brake to Warning Sign Speed — Check Behind
Scan New Path of Travel to the Front
Search for Traffic Control Signs or Signals
T – 6.24
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Weave LaneWeave Lane
T – 6.25
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Traffic entering and exiting the expressway uses the same lane.Traffic entering and exiting the expressway uses the same lane.
To avoid a conflict, To avoid a conflict, the driver in the the driver in the BLUE car entering from the car entering from the entrance ramp must yield the rightentrance ramp must yield the right--ofof--way to the driver in the way to the driver in the REDcar who is leaving the expressway.who is leaving the expressway.
Potential Exiting ProblemsPotential Exiting Problems
“Weave” lane conflicts
Short deceleration lane
Sharp curve on ramp
Traffic stopped on the exit ramp
There may be a STOP There may be a STOP sign or a traffic light at sign or a traffic light at the end of the exit ramp. the end of the exit ramp. The driver must adjust The driver must adjust from a fast speed to a from a fast speed to a STOP in a short distance.STOP in a short distance.
T – 6.26
Topic 2 Lesson 4
On the Expressway…On the Expressway…
Drive over or across the Drive over or across the median or yellow painted line.median or yellow painted line.
Make a left turn or a UMake a left turn or a U--turn on turn on crossovers (designed for crossovers (designed for emergency vehicles only).emergency vehicles only).
Use the left lane except for Use the left lane except for passing.passing.
Change lanes without Change lanes without signaling and checking for an signaling and checking for an adequate gap in traffic.adequate gap in traffic.
T – 6.27
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Do Not:Do Not:
On the Expressway…On the Expressway…
Drive onto an expressway Drive onto an expressway except from an onexcept from an on--ramp.ramp.
Park or Stop on an Park or Stop on an expressway shoulder unless expressway shoulder unless you have an emergency or you have an emergency or mechanical difficulties.mechanical difficulties.
Backup.Backup.
Walk or ride a bike.Walk or ride a bike.
T – 6.28
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Do Not:Do Not:
Multiple Lane Roadway DangersMultiple Lane Roadway DangersAt higher speeds greater braking At higher speeds greater braking distances are needed to stop and…distances are needed to stop and…
T – 6.29
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Traffic may enter and/or exit on your leftTraffic may enter and/or exit on your left
VelocitationVelocitation may effect may effect your ability to judge speed your ability to judge speed
Highway hypnosis Highway hypnosis may occurmay occur
Field of vision is Field of vision is narrowednarrowed
BrakeBrake
20 mph
40 mph
60 mph
20 ft.
80 ft.
180 ft.
65 mph65 mph
Multiple Lane Roadway DangersMultiple Lane Roadway Dangers
Vehicles moving onto the shoulder Vehicles moving onto the shoulder or reor re--entering the roadwayentering the roadway
T – 6.30
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Tires losing traction and hydroplaning Tires losing traction and hydroplaning during wet weather conditionsduring wet weather conditions
Slow moving vehicles ahead or “Pack Slow moving vehicles ahead or “Pack Driving”Driving”
Two vehicles changing lanes at the Two vehicles changing lanes at the same time into same lanesame time into same lane
Windy and/or wet sections of the roadwayWindy and/or wet sections of the roadway
Highway HypnosisHighway Hypnosis
Plan breaks and rest stops to combat highway hypnosis or go to a safe area for rest or sleep when tired.
Is a dulled or drowsy condition that can occur when driving long distances
T – 6.31
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Situation becomes worse when the driver’s eyes focus on the center line.
Ramp MeteringRamp MeteringUsed to control large volumes of traffic entering Used to control large volumes of traffic entering expresswaysexpressways
Uses a system of lights and sensorsUses a system of lights and sensors
Allows only a few cars at a time to enter congested Allows only a few cars at a time to enter congested limited access highwayslimited access highways
T – 6.32
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Short Trips on ExpresswaysShort Trips on Expressways
Know the name, route, and number of the entrance and exit to be used
Check vehicle for maintenance problems
Take a local map
Plan a time to travel to avoid Plan a time to travel to avoid congestion around major congestion around major
citiescities
T – 6.33
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Long Trips on ExpresswaysLong Trips on Expressways
Do vehicle maintenance checks Do vehicle maintenance checks Balance vehicle loadBalance vehicle loadPlan stops for:Plan stops for:–– FoodFood–– RestRest–– FuelFuel
Know the route numbers you need Know the route numbers you need to taketo takeTake a map of the planned routeTake a map of the planned routeCheck with police or VDOT for Check with police or VDOT for construction delaysconstruction delaysCarry money or credit cardsCarry money or credit cards
T – 6.34
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Reducing Risk Entering the RoadwayReducing Risk Entering the Roadway
Search for proper entranceSearch for proper entrance
Search for potential conflictsSearch for potential conflicts
Prepare to adjust speedPrepare to adjust speed
Avoid stopping on the rampAvoid stopping on the ramp
Be prepared to drive onto the Be prepared to drive onto the shouldershoulder
Merge smoothlyMerge smoothly
Create space around your Create space around your vehiclevehicle
T – 6.35
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Increase Following DistanceIncrease Following Distance
When following large trucks or busesWhen following large trucks or buses
When following motorcyclesWhen following motorcycles
When driving in bad weatherWhen driving in bad weather
When being tailgatedWhen being tailgated
When driving with a heavy load or When driving with a heavy load or pulling a trailerpulling a trailer
When entering/exiting the expresswayWhen entering/exiting the expressway
T – 6.36
Topic 3 Lesson 2
INCREASEINCREASE
Special Roadway ConditionsSpecial Roadway Conditions
Disabled vehiclesDisabled vehicles
T – 6.37
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Expressways through citiesExpressways through cities
• Don’t be a “rubber necker” • Give the disabled vehicle plenty of room • Pull as far off the roadway as possible if
your vehicle becomes disabled
• Avoid driving in the right lane when vehicles are merging
• Search for signs, signals, and roadway markings
• Search for exits early and adjust position in adequate time to exit safely
• Don’t make last minute lane changes to gain access to an exit
• Monitor the zones around your vehicle and adjust position to create space cushions
Special Roadway ConditionsSpecial Roadway Conditions
T – 6.37a
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Construction areasConstruction areas
Toll boothsToll boothsExact change booths — The driver deposits coins (exact change) into a machine.Attendant operated booths — For large vehicles or drivers without exact change.Electronically operated booths — For drivers with prepaid accounts (Smart Tag).
When exiting a toll-booth plaza, search traffic to both sides for open space, accelerate smoothly, and adjust speed to blend with the flow of traffic.
Use caution when approaching: Search ahead for warning signs.Reduce your speed.Adjust position to maintain a space around your vehicle.