Module 7 Sleep and Dreams. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS Different states –Consciousness

Module 7

Sleep and Dreams

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS

• Different states– Consciousness

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– Continuum of consciousness• ________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)

• Different states– Controlled processes

• require _________, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal; usually interfere with execution of other ongoing activities

– Automatic processes• require little awareness, take minimal attention, and

don’t interfere with other ongoing activities

– Daydreaming• requires low level of awareness, often occurs during

automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake


• Different states– Altered states

• Result from using any number of procedures, such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation, to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)• Sleep and dreams

– Sleep• consists of __________ stages that involve different

levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness as well as different levels of physiological arousal

• ________________________________________________________________________________

– Dreaming• ______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


• Unconscious and implicit memory– Freud’s theory, when we’re faced with very

threatening wishes or desires, especially if they’re sexual or aggressive

– Defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the unconscious

– Can’t voluntarily recall unconscious thoughts

• Implicit or nondeclarative memory– Learning without awareness – Occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring habits


• Unconscious– Can result from

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– Results in total lack of ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING

• Biological clocks– ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Circadian rhythm– Refers to a biological clock that’s genetically

programmed to regulate ________________________ responses within a time period of 24 hours

RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)

• Location of biological clocks

– Suprachiasmatic nucleus• part of hypothalamus• lies in the lower middle of the brain• regulates a number of circadian rhythms• regulates sleep-wake cycle• highly responsive to change in light



– Interval timing clock• can be ____________________ like a stopwatch • gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours • helps creatures time their movements, such as

knowing when to start or stop doing some activity• located in the ___________________________

– Food-entrainable circadian clock• “midnight snack” clock• regulates ________________ in people and

animals• obese people might have an abnormality in their

clock (located in hypothalamus)


• Circadian problems and treatments– Shift workers

• can result in decreased performance in cognitive and motor skills

• sleep-wake clocks have prepared bodies for sleep (means workers feel sleepy, are less attentive and alert, and are often in a lousy mood)

– Jet lag• experience of fatigue, lack of concentration, and

reduced cognitive skills

• occurs when travelers’ biological circadian clocks are out of step or synchrony with the external clock times at their new location


• Circadian problems and treatments

– Resetting clock• light therapy: • use of bright artificial light to reset circadian clocks

and combat the insomnia and drowsiness that plague shift workers and jet lag sufferers

• helps people with sleeping disorders in which the body fails to stay in time with the external environment


• Circadian problems and treatments

– Melatonin• hormone secreted by the ________ (oval-shaped

group of cells in the center of the brain)• melatonin secretion __________ with darkness

and decreases with light• suprachiasmatic nucleus; regulates the secretion

of melatonin• plays role in the regulation of circadian rhythms

and in promoting sleep

WORLD OF SLEEP

• Stages of sleep– Distinctive changes in the _________________ of the

brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep

• Alpha stage– ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)

• Non-REM sleep

– Where you spend approximately _______ of your sleep time

– Divided into ______ stages, identified by particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses

– Begin with stage 1 and gradually enter stages 2, 3, and 4


• Non-REM sleep

– Stage 1 sleep• transition from _______________ that lasts one to

seven minutes• gradually lose _______________ to stimuli and

experience drifting thoughts and images• presence of _________________________


• Non-REM sleep

– Stage 2 sleep• beginning of ______________________________• high-frequency bursts of brain activity called

___________________________________________________

• muscle tension, body temperature, and heart rate gradually ________________________________

• more difficult to be ________________________


• Non-REM sleep

– Stages 3 and 4• also called _____________ or ___________ sleep• waves of very high amplitude and very low

frequency (delta waves)• stage 4 is often considered the _________ stage

of sleep; most ___________ to be awakened from• heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow

to the brain are _____________________• marked secretion of ______________ (GH), which

controls levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development


• REM sleep

– Makes up the remaining ________ of your sleep time– Stands for “_____________________________”– Eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids– Pass into REM sleep about ______________ times

throughout the night with about 30 to 90 minutes between periods

– REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep


• REM sleep

– REM behavior disorder• usually occurs in older people• voluntary muscles aren’t paralyzed• sleepers can and do act out their dreams such as

fighting off attackers in dreams– REM rebound

• refers to individuals spending an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they were deprived of REM sleep on the previous nights

QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP

• According to a national survey

– 16% _____________________________________– 24% ____________________________________– 31% ____________________________________– 26% ____________________________________– Average: __________________________________



• Why do I sleep?

– Repair theory• activities during the day deplete key factors in

brain/body that sleep replenishes or repairs• primarily a restorative process

– Adaptive theory• sleep evolved because it prevented early humans

and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators


• What causes sleep?– Master sleep switch

• VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus); group of cells in the hypothalamus

• switched on VNP secretes a neurotransmitter (GABA) that turns off areas that keep the brain awake

• switched off VNP activates certain brain areas

– Reticular formation• column of cells that stretches the length of the brain

stem

• arouses and alerts the forebrain and prepares it to receive information from all the senses

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

• Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD– Pattern of ___________________, such as loss of

interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; cycles with the seasons

– Includes• _______________________________________• ______________________________• ___________________________________• __________________________________• ___________________________________ • SAD has become a subtype (Seasonal Pattern

Specifier) of major depression (APA 2000)

WORLD OF DREAMS

• Theories of dream interpretation

– Freud’s theory of dream interpretation• we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing

threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression

• “censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden, and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and don’t disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts

WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D)

– Extensions of waking life theory• dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns,

problems, and emotions that we have when awake– Activation-synthesis theory

• dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down

• sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams



• Theories of dream interpretation

– Threat simulation theory• dreaming serves a biological function by

repeatedly simulating events that are threatening in our waking lives so our brain can practice how it perceives threats and rehearse our responses to such events


• Typical dreams– What do people dream about?

• _________________________________• _____________________________________• ________________________________________• ________________________________________

___________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________________

• may be _____________ (dreams of being threatened, pursued, or trying to hide)


• Typical dreams– Involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or

happiness– Rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost

never about sexual intercourse– Rarely can we control or dream about something we

intend to dream about– Dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color

in sighted people– Blind people from birth dream in tactile, olfactory, or

gustatory (taste), not visual

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS

• Insomnia– Difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep

through the night

– Associated with daytime complaints• _____________________________• _____________________________• _____________________________• _____________________________

APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D)

• Non-drug treatment

– Go to bed only when sleepy– Put light out immediately; don’t read or watch TV– If not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in

another room until tired again– Repeat last step as often as required– Set alarm for same time each morning– Don’t nap during the day– Follow program rigidly for several weeks


• Drug treatment– Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)

• reduce anxiety, worry, and stress• effective in moderate dosages in short term (2 to 4

weeks) treatment; prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to dependence

– Nonbenzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)• rapidly becoming popular• fast acting• reduce daytime drowsiness; fewer cognitive side

effects• less likely to lead to dependence


• Sleep apnea– Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops

breathing for 10 seconds or longer; may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awaken, and then resume sleep

– Results in insomnia; exhaustion during the day

• Narcolepsy– Chronic disorder marked by excessive sleepiness– Form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout

the day– Accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of

muscle control (cataplexy)– Triggered by emotional change


• Night terrors– Occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)– Frightening experiences that often start with a piercing

scream, followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate

– Usually no memory of experience in the morning

• Nightmares– Occur during REM sleep– Very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur

involving great danger– Upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in great

detail


• Sleepwalking– Occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)– Sleeper gets up and walks while literally sound asleep– Has poor coordination– Clumsy but can avoid objects– Can engage in limited conversation– No memory of sleepwalking

Documents

Module 7 Sleep and Dreams. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS Different states –Consciousness ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Module 7 Sleep and Dreams. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS Different states –Consciousness