MODULATION IN ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION

OF TIME FLIES FOR MS WIZ NOVEL

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for The Degree of Strata One

By:

MEGAWATI

NIM. 109026000115

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2014

i

ABSTRACT

Megawati, Modulation in English-Indonesian Translation of Time Flies for Ms

Wiz Novel. Thesis: English Letters Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty,

UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, February 2014.

The research discusses the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz written by Terence

Blacker and translated into Indonesian by Mala Suhendra entitled Ms Wiz

Kembali ke Masa Silam in which to find the modulation used in translating from

source language (English) to a translation in the target language (Indonesian).

The objective of this research is to identify modulation in the novel Time

Flies for Ms Wiz into Indonesian Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam and analyze the

types of modulation found in translating the novel into target language. Also, to

discover the way of modulation applied by the translator in translating the novel.

As the conclusion, the translator tries to find the closest natural meaning in

target language but not swerve to far from the original text. In this research, the

writer has found sixteen sentences consists of modulation, they are: two sentences

which contain negated contrary; two sentences which contain abstract for

concrete; two sentences which contain one part for other; one sentence which

contain reversal of terms; moreover, eight sentences which contain active for

passive; and the other, the writer found one sentence which contain space for

time.

Keywords: Translation, Translation Procedure, Novel, Modulation.

ii

APPROVEMENT

Modulation in English-Indonesian Translation

of Time Flies For Ms Wiz Novel

A Thesis

Submitted toLetters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for The Degree of Strata One

MEGAWATI

109026000115

Approved by:

Advisor,

Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd.

NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2014

iii

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substansial extent has been accepted for

the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of

higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, April 2014

Megawati

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the world who has authority upon all

creation in the whole world, the real writer’s guide whose blessings and mercy

have brought the writer until this point. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest

prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents.

The writer would like to express her deep gratitude to her beloved parents,

Bapak Jaharuddin and Ibu Rohani, whose love is unquestionable and whose

struggle to give the best for their children is too fierce to be put into words. If it is

not for their endeavor and their prayers, all of their children can not arrive at this

one phase of live achievements.

The writer especially expresses her deep sense of gratitude to her advisor,

also The Head of English Letters Department, Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, for his time

and help at every point of the writer’s research with wise and consideration.

Without his advice, the writer would never have finished this thesis.

The gratitude is also dedicated to Dr. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the

Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty; and Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the

Secretary of English Letters Department; all of the lecturers in English Letters

Department, who have taught her a lot of things and educated her during her

study; all staff of the library of Letters and Humanities Faculty, the library of

State Islamic University of Jakarta, and the library of Unika Atmajaya Jakarta.

Special thanks are dedicated to her beloved who always give the support

and prayer to finish this thesis. Also, thanks for her brother and sister, Arfan Dadi,

Ida Farida, Ahmad Arif, Romi Hidayat, Lilis Alfrida, and their little families.

The writer barely forgets to mention thanks to all best friend, Jhe,

Manisha, Mpi, Uyuth, Hae, Icha, Riza, and all fellows at English Letters

Department; especially D class grade of 2009 and Translation class that can not be

mentioned one by one, after who gives her rich experiences, from the happiness to

the sadness, laughs to quarrels, the finniest one to the ridiculous one. Also for the

best senior, Kak Lazu, who became the first advisor and lend her the novel as

corpus.

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The writer is not forget to say thanks to NAML Foundation who always

spread the praise to the writer, so she can finish the thesis at the right time.

Thanks to all employees at PT. Raga Perkasa Ekaguna and PT. Singgar

Mulia who gives her a chance to get new precious experiences, give her a great

support. For The Pantries (Ka Nyun, Mba Hafsah, Ka Nutya, Ka Mila, Ka Dewi,

Yuli, Rani, Indah, Lia, and Putri), Document Controller team (especially Cynthia),

also for the others that she can not mention one by one.

Finally, the writer would like to say thank you for everyone who might not

be mentioned yet here. Everyone who has helped, supported, and motivated her in

accomplishing this thesis writing.

Jakarta, February 2014

The writer

Jakarta, April 2014

The writer

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ i

APPROVEMENT ............................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................... iii

DECLARATION ................................................................................................ iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study ........................................................ 1

B. Focus of the Study ............................................................ 3

C. Research Questions........................................................... 4

D. Objective of the Research ................................................. 4

E. Significance of the Study .................................................. 4

F. Research Methodology ..................................................... 4

1. The Method of the Research ...................................... 4

2. TheData Analysis Technique ..................................... 5

3. The Data Collection .................................................... 5

4. The Unit of Analysis .................................................. 6

G. Place and Time ................................................................. 6

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Definition of Translation .................................................. 7

B. Procedures of Translation ................................................. 9

C. Modulation ........................................................................ 12

D. The Novel Translation ...................................................... 16

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description ............................................................... 18

B. Data Analysis .................................................................... 21

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CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ........................................................................ 31

B. Suggestion ........................................................................ 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 34

APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 35

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is an expression of culture and individuality of its speakers. It

influences the way the speakers perceive the world. This principle has a far-

reaching implication from translation. If language influences thought and culture,

it means that ultimate translation is impossible. The opposite point of view,

however, gives another perspective.

As a means of communication, translation is known as a technique for

learning foreign language. Moreover, translation is also a field of various

procedures. In addition to word-for-word and sense-for-sense procedures, the

translator may use a variety of procedures that differs in importance of the

contextual factors of both the source language and target language.

Translating from a language into another language is not easy. The

translators have to try to translate as close as the original text, without changing

the writer‟s message and meaning. According to Nida an Taber, translating

consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of

the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of

style.1 It means that translating is the effort to re-create message of source

language into target language with closest natural equivalency.

1Frans Sayogie, Teori & Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris kedalam Bahasa

Indonesia (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, 2009), pp. 7-8.

2

The equivalent is correspondence of the message of SL text to TL text.

Formal correspondence is the equivalent of structure both the source language text

and the target language text that denied (equivalent over formal correspondence).2

Traditionally, we should think in terms of free translation as contrasted with close

or literal ones.

Literal translation focused on word or expression in SL, which have the

same meaning within TL. Translation in relation with meaning, as change from

concept of meaning is equivalent textual material.3

Usually, a source language text has a specific meaning of the target

language text and translator must add one or two meaning elements from source

language into the target language; therefore, we can understand a meaning. The

procedure of translation is important in restructuring of translation process.

Translator is easy to do restructuring of grammatical type in source language text

and to search of meaning which adapted with source language. The procedure of

translation is modulation.

Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of

view. Modulation and transposition may take place at same time. It occurs when

the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in

conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear

dissimilar in terms of perspective.

In this research, the writer will analyze the modulation used in translating

novel. To translate the novel, translators have to be careful, because they will be

2Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, The Theory and Practice Translation of

Translation (Den Haag: United Bible Societies, 1974), p. 12. 3Zuchridin Suryawinata, Terjemahan: Pengantar Teori dan Praktek, (Jakarta: Depdikbud,

Dirjen, Dikti, PPLPTK, 1983), p. 3.

3

fallen into translation of sentence-for-sentence. It makes the message in original

text is nothing. The translators must be consistent in five basics level:

1. The translator must fully understand the sense and meaning of

the original author.

2. The translator should have a perfect knowledge about source

language and target language.

3. The translator should have avoided word for word rendering.

4. The translator should use forms of general speech in common

use.

5. The translator should choose exact word to produce the correct

sentence.4

Here, the writer is interested in analyzing the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz

by Terence Blacker into its translation Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam because a

good translator must be understand about translation procedures, one of them is

modulation. This capability is needed absolutely to avoid misunderstand and

unreadable the text, so the readers who read the product of translation as in this

novel is not getting confusion in understanding the message of the novel. These

are the things that have motivated the writer to examine deeper about modulation

in this novel.

B. Focus of the Study

In this paper, the writer will focus her study on the modulation types found

in English – Indonesian translation in the Time Flies for Ms Wiz novel, and also

will be seen the efforts that the translator did in translating the novel in order that

the message which is relayed by the writer will be understood clearly.

4Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988), p. 88.

4

C. Research Questions

According to the focus of the study above, there are two research

questions, such as:

1. What kinds of modulation found in Time Flies for Ms Wiz novel?

2. How are the modulation applied by the translator in translating Time Flies for

Ms Wiz novel?

D. Objective of the Study

Based on the research question above, the purpose of this research is to

identify modulation in the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz into Indonesian Ms Wiz

Kembali ke Masa Silam and analyze the types of modulation found in translating

the novel into target language. Also, to discover how the translator applied

modulation in translating the novel.

E. Significance of the Study

This research is expected to increase the knowledge about translation

studies, especially in the novel translation. In addition, this research is also

expected to improve the reader‟s knowledge about kinds of modulation that found

in this novel.

F. Research Methodology

1. The Method of the Research

The research uses qualitative descriptive method. This method uses

verbal and non-numeric data as an analysis base and as a problem solving

5

for the problems investigated.5 So, the result of the research will be written

in descriptive analysis.

2. The Data Analysis Technique

To analyze the data, the writer uses modulation concepts of Vinay

and Darbelnet for the theory is simple and easy to understand. Firstly, the

writer reads the original novel and compares it to translation to collect the

data that have modulation types.

Next, looking up a reliable dictionary, the writer thoroughly

analyzes every single datum to decide the type of modulation applied by

the translator.

In the last stage, the writer makes a conclusion answering the

research questions and addressing the objective of study i.e to find and

analyze the types of modulation that found in the English-Indonesian

translation of “Time for Flies for Ms Wiz” novel, and to find out the most

dominant modulation type found or applied.

3. The Data Collection

This qualitative research uses herself as main instrument to get

qualitative data about the text from source language into target language.

After the objects of the research collected, the writer did some activities:

a. Read the source language of the novel and then read the target

language text repeatedly to find the kinds of modulation that applied in

the novel.

5Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra (Jakarta: Cella, 2007). p.2.

6

b. Mark and give a note that found the modulation.

c. Classify them into table.

4. The Unit of Analysis

The analysis unit of this thesis is Time Flies for Ms Wiz, written by

Ternce Blacker Published in London, 1997.

Its Indonesian version is Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam,

translated by Mala Suhendra, and published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama,

2003. She is a translator of eighteen series of Ms Wiz Novel.

G. Place and Time

This research started from eighth semester at the English Letters

Department, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The research

will be conducted in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah library, Library of Atmajaya, and

Indonesia University Library approximately for six months.

7

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Definition of Translation

Translation theory is not a solution for all problems that appear in the

process of translation. It is general orientation for the translators in taking a

decision while they are translating. Actually, the understanding about general

concept of translation theory is very important and useful for the translators. So, it

is impossible for the translators to get a good translation without understand what

the meaning or definition of translation is.

There are some definitions of translation taken from many sources that all

give the theorist, one of them is Peter Newmark. According to him, Translation is

a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in

one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.”6

To state a simplistic definition of translation, we can say that it is re-

telling, as exactly as possible, the meaning of the original message in a way that is

natural in the language into which the translation is being made. The term

„translation‟ can be generally defined as the action of interpretation of the

meaning of a text, and production of an equivalent text that communicates the

same message in another language.

Based on Meetham and Hudson definition in Bell, translation is the

process or result of converting information from one language into another

6 Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, (Oxford: Permagon Press, 1981), p.7

8

language. The aim is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and

lexical features of the Source Language (SL) original by finding equivalency in

the Target Language (TL). At the same time, all factual information in the original

text must be retained in the translation7.

The term “Translation” can be generally defined as the action of

converting the information of the meaning of a source text, and production of the

equivalence target text that communicates the same information or message in

another language.

Translation theory‟s main concern is to determine appropriate translation

methods for the widest possible range of text categories. Further, it provides a

framework of principles, restricted rules, and hints for translating texts and

criticizing translations, a background for problem solving. Thus, an institutional

term or a metaphor or synonym in collocation or metalingual terms may each be

translated in many ways, if it is out of context; in these areas the theory

demonstrates the possible translation procedures and the various arguments for

and against the use of one translation rather than another in a particular context.

Note that the translation theory is concerned with choice and decision, not with

the mechanics of either the SL or the TL.

The linguistic approach to translation theory focusing on the key issues of

meaning, equivalence and shift began to emerge around 50 years ago. This branch

of linguistics, known as structural linguistics, features the work of Roman

Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Newmark, Koller, Vinay, Dalbernet, Catford, and

Leuven-Zwart.

7 Roger Bell. T., Translation and Translating, (Singapore: Longman, 1991), p.13

9

The emphasis of the structural approach to translation changes towards the

end of 1950s with the work of Vinay and Dalbernet. Vinay and Dalbernet in

Venuti identify two procedures of translating, the first is direct or literal

translation, and the second procedure is oblique translation. Literal translation

occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and even morphological

equivalence between two languages. According to Vinay and Dalbernet, this is

only possible when the two languages are very close two each other. The literal

translation (direct) procedures are borrowing, calque, and literal translation. While

oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The

oblique procedures are transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.

B. Procedures of Translation

It is not always possible to translate the segments with equivalent

structures. That is the reason why translators often use several procedures in order

to assure the translation of a determined text. The first classification of translation

techniques that had a clear methodological purpose was presented by Vinay and

Darbelnet8. According to their classification, translation procedures were

classified into two methods covering seven procedures. They are(i) direct

translation, covering borrowing, calque, and literal translation, and (ii) oblique

translation which is transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.

First procedure is Borrowing procedure. It is the simplest of all translation

methods. It refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL

8Lawrence Venuti, The Translation Studies Reader, (USA and Canada: Routledge, 2004),

p.p. 85-91

10

and used in the TL, but in a „naturalized‟ form, that is, it is made to conform to the

rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. It is usually used in terms of new

technical or unknown concepts.

There are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure: (1)

borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords). For examples:

email email, internet internet, (2) borrowing with changes in form but without

changes the meaning (mixed loanword), for examples: account akun,

compensation kompensasi, and (3) borrowing when part of the terms is native

and another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends). For

examples: internet provider penyedialayanan internet.

Secondly is Calque. Calque,refers to the case where the translator imitates

in his translation the structure or manner of expression of the SL. Calque may

introduce a structure that is stranger from the TL. For instance, “photo studio” in

English is still translated as photo studio in Bahasa Indonesia, although there is

normally no such Modifier + Head construction in Bahasa Indonesia Noun

Phrase.

The next procedure is Literal Translation. It is a direct transfer of a SL into

a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate to TL text, principally, literal

translation is a unique solution in which is reversible and complete in itself. For

examples: “black market” in English is translated to be pasar gelap in Bahasa

Indonesia. “Honey moon” is translated to be bulan madu.

Transposition is one of modulation procedures. Transposition involves

replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the

11

message. The method also involves a change in the grammatical change that

occurs in translation from SL to TL (singular to plural, position of adjective,

changing the word class or part of speech). For instance, a compound “keyword”

in English is translated as kata kunci (Phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.

The fifth procedure is Modulation. It is a change in point of view that

allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a

procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective

accompanied with a lexical change in the TL. For instance, “He was killed in the

war” in English is translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. It is

Free or Optional Modulation. Another example, “It isn‟t expensive” is translated

to be “It is cheap”. It is Negated Contrary, which is a procedure that relies on

changing the value of the SL in translation from negative to positive or vice versa.

Besides, Equivalent is a part of translation procedures. This term is used to

refer to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or

structural means. For example, an interjection “Ouch!” in English can be

translated to be aduh or aw in Bahasa Indonesia. An English Idiom “Don‟t cry

over spilled milk” may can be translated as nasi sudah menjadi bubur in Bahasa

Indonesia.

The last is adaptation. It is used in those cases where the type of situation

being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such case,

the translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being

equivalent. For instance, “Take a bath” in English is translated into mandi in

Bahasa Indonesia.

12

C. Modulation

Modulation is changed that happens from SL into TL, therefore we can

understand a meaning into target language and some word has a meaning shift that

into TL and we should equal a meaning in a culture.9 Peter Newmark‟s statement:

“Modulation is a meaning shift which happen in a target language, because it is a

changed a point of view and opinion”.

Vinay and Darbelnet coined the term „modulation‟ to define „a variation

through a change of viewpoint, of perspective, and very often of category of

thought‟. Standard modulations are recorded in bilingual dictionaries.10

Modulation is a translation strategy converting SL double negative to TL

positive or vice versa, qualifying a verb, adjective or adverb. Modulation is a

variation of the form message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This

change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation

results in grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic,

or awkward in the TL.11

Based on the characteristic, modulation is divided into 2 types, namely

free modulation and mandatory (fix) modulation.

In the case, translators have a good knowledge of both languages free use

this method as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptance

and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred

expression. Cases of free modulation are single instances not yet fixed and

9 Wolfram Wills, The Science of Translation Problems and Methods, (Stuggart: Gunter

NarrVerlag, 1977), p.99 10

Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, op.cit, p.88 11

Lawrence Venuti, op.cit,.p. 85

13

sanctioned by usage, so that the procedure must be carried a new each time.

However, the result of translation should correspond perfectly to the situation

indicated by the SL.

Free modulation tends towards a unique solution which rests upon a

habitual train of thought and which is a necessary rather than optional. Therefore,

that evident is in between fixed modulation and free modulation has differences of

degree. Free modulation is felt to offer the only solution.12

However, a free

modulation does not actually become fixed until referred in dictionary and

grammar.

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the

case of fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both language and

freely used this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall

acceptable, and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the

preferred expression. Cases of free modulation are single instances not yet fixed

and sanctioned by usage, so that the procedure must be carried out a new each

time.

Based on types, modulations are:

1. Negated Contrary

Negated contrary occurs when translating double negative in the SL into

positive in the TL, or vice versa. Example:

This book is not expensive Buku ini murah

12

Peter Newmark, op.cit., p.89

14

The force of the double negative depends on the tone of voice, and therefore

the appropriateness of this modulation must depend on its formulation and the

context.

2. Abstract for concrete

The sentence of the SL is abstract and general, but the translator translated the

text to be clearer and concrete.

Example:

Sleep in the open Tidur di bawah bintang-bintang

3. Cause for effect

Cause for effect used when the translator change the meaning of the TL. In the

SL, the author stated cause sentence, but in the TL the translator translated

into effect sentence

Example:

You are quite a stranger Saya tidak dapat mengenali anda.

4. One part for another

This is kind of modulation that occur when the SL only state a part, but the

translator translated into other part in the TL.

Example:

From coast to coast dari tepi kembali lagi ke tepi.

5. Reversal of term

Reversal of term is also a distinct procedure, usually for making language

sound natural. For example:

Buy – sell

15

Lend – borrow

6. Active for passive

Active for passive is changing of point of view when active form in the SL

became passive form in the TL, or vice versa.

Example:

You helped by him Dia telah menolong Anda.

7. Space for Time

This is one of modulation types that occur when the text in the SL described

“space”, but in the TL change into “time”.

Example:

As this in itself presented a difficulty (refers to space) ini memberikan

kesulitan (refers to time).

8. Intervals and limits

Example:

He is the one dialah satu-satunya.

9. Change of symbols

For example: in English, if a men or women who will get marriage, she or he

held unmarried party and drink a sampange. In Indonesia, if a men or women

who will get marriage, she or he cannot meet each other and usually a family

plays fireworks.13

13

Peter Newmark, loc.cit.

16

D. The Novel Translation

Literary works such as novel is a literary essay in which there is a message

of the author which will be relayed to the reader. For that a translator of the novel

should be able to relay back that message to the reader as the original novel. Many

of literary work like novel in Indonesia that make readers guess himself what is

the purpose of the content in the novel. Sometimes even readers can get the

messages contained in the novel when they read the text of the source language

first.

For that there are some things that a translator should have in translating

novels, including language "sense", mastery of the source language, mastery of

the target language, familiarity with the culture that surrounds the source

language, familiarity with the culture surrounds the target language, a wide

knowledge, and supporting reference source.14

In addition there are some translation strategies that can be done if you

want to translate the novel. As a first step the translator reads the book which will

be translated entirely to get a general overview of the characters, plot, setting,

narrative tone, the implicit meaning, and so on. Furthermore, the translator must

find additional information about the books which will be translated, it involves

both content and background, including the author. After obtaining complete

information, it should be decided which style of speech most appropriate. Then

read the chapters which will be translated while marking the parts that might be a

problem, just as mental preparation. Then, begins the process of translation.Then

14

Frans Sayogie, op.cit., p. 204.

17

finding an equivalent that cannot be taught directly. It means that the writing

process is often interrupted because usually we have to open a dictionary. Every

sentence must be done the restructuring process repeatedly until obtaining the

proper equivalent. Only after one part (sentence / paragraph / chapter) is

completed, the translator should continue to the next section, and so on.15

In translating the novel, a translator must concern how the readers in target

language get the same message with the reader in source language. There is no

advantage in making generalizations about translation of serious novels. The

obvious problems: the relative importance of the source language culture and the

author‟s moral purpose to the reader- it may be exemplified in the translation of

proper names; of the source language conventions and the author‟s idiolect; the

translation of dialect; the distinction between personal style, literary convention of

period and/ or movement; and the norms of the source language- these problems

have to be settled for each text.16

In addition, Larson stated17

that in translating the text appropriately, the

translator needs to know certain things about communication situation. Most of

the text meaning is determined by its author, purpose, audience, the relationship

between writers and audience, culture of source language, the amount of

information that is known by audience of source language and target language

text, and another factor of communication situation.

15

Ibid., p. 206 16

Peter Newmark, op. cit., p. 171. 17

Mildred. L. larson, Meaning-Based Translation. A Guide to Cross-Language

Equivalence (Lanham, Mary Land: University Press of America) p. 457.

18

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

The writer would like to show the following data which are taken from

novelTime Flies for Ms Wiz, written by Terence Blacker and its translation is Ms

Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam which is translated by Mala Suhendra. The object is

the sentences that contain modulation in the novel. The collected sentences are

written in the form of data and classified them based on the theory of modulation

by Vinay and Darbelnet.

The possible meaning changes that may occur in modulation can be

observed in the following data descriptions:

1. Negated Contrary

Negated Contrary occurs when the sentence of SL consist of double

negative become positive in TL.

SL: There was no gleam and sparkle to their uniforms (page 110) (1)

TL: Seragam mereka kotor dan lusuh (page 49)

2. Abstract for Concrete

The sentence of the SL is abstract and general, but the translator translated

the text to be clearer.

SL: It wasn’t at all like the film she had seen (page 110) (2)

TL: Suasananya sama sekali tidak mirip adegan yang dilihatnya di film (page

49)

19

SL: Brushing down her pink crinoline dress (page 97) (3)

TL: Mengusap-usap gaun merah jambunya yang dilengkapi lingkaran-lingkaran

kawat agar menggelembung kaku (page 36)

3. One Part for Other

This is kind of modulation that occur when the SL only state a part, but the

translator translated into other part in the TL.

SL: Ms Wiz opens her magic book from cover to cover (page 79) (4)

TL: Ms Wiz membuka buku sulapnya dari halaman pertama sampai halaman

terakhir (page 15)

SL: Nabila could see row upon row of English Soldiers on their horses, preparing

for the charge of the Light Brigade, but it wasn’t at all like the film she had

seen (page 110) (5)

TL: Nabila dapat melihat dari barisan terdepan hingga belakang Pasukan

Berkuda Inggris tengah bersiap-siap mengadakan penyerbuan Brigade

Cahaya (page 49)

4. Reversal of Term

Reversal of term is one of modulation types. This type is usually optional

for making language sound natural.18

SL: I’d love to go back in time (page 77) (6)

TL: Aku mau melakukan perjalanan menembus waktu (page 14)

SL: The sunlight blinded Nabila for an instant (page 109) (7)

TL: Cahaya mentari menyilaukan Nabila sejenak (page 48)

18

Peter Newmark, op.cit., p. 89

20

5. Active for Passive

Active for passive is changing of point of view when active form in the SL

became passive form in the TL, or vice versa.

SL: With a puff of smoke (page 81) (8)

TL: Diiringi kepulan asap (page 18)

SL: My mum and my dad will be worried about me (page 83) (9)

TL: Ibu dan ayahku akan khawatir memikirkanku (page 22)

SL: We had only been gone a few minutes (page 83) (10)

TL: Kita seolah-olah baru pergi beberapa menit saja (page 22)

SL: Soon the other children had gathered around (page 87) (11)

TL: Anak-anak itu segera dikumpulkan (page 25)

SL: What are they doing to her? (page 91) (12)

TL: Dia mau diapakan? (page 28)

SL: Nabila thought that the faint humming sound she heard was in her

imagination (page 91) (13)

TL: Mulanya Nabila menyangka denging pelan yang didengarnya hanya ada

dalam khayalannya (page 29)

SL: For about a second, the tent was filled with humming noise (page 107) (14)

TL: Dalam beberapa saat, dengungan kencang memenuhi tenda itu (page 46)

SL: Nabila had been turned into a little bird (page 109) (15)

TL: Nabila berubah jadi burung kecil (page 48)

21

6. Space for Time

This is one of modulation types that occur when the text in the SL

described “space”, but in the TL change into “time”.

SL: In the darkness, and everyone was fall asleep, she heard a strange voice

(111) (16)

TL: Pada sekitar pukul 12 malam, ia mendengar suara aneh (50)

B. Data Analysis

Having been mentioned in the previous chapter that the purpose of the

study is to find out the modulation used in the novel Time Flies for Ms Wiz by

Terrence Blacker. This chapter will analyze and discuss the data by the use of

modulation in translating this novel.

The writer found modulation used in the text of the novel as below:

Datum 1

SL: There was no gleam and sparkle to their uniforms

TL: Seragam mereka kotor dan lusuh

No or Not is one of prefixes that show negation. In the sentence above, the

source language contains of two prefixes negation, and in the TL become one

positive form. Although the author only write one “no” in the sentence, the

translator could see hidden “no” that might be showed after “and”.

If the translator translated the text literally, it will be “Tidak ada pancaran

cahaya dan kilauan pada seragam mereka” in the TL. The author said that the

uniform was not clean, and he chooses “gleam” and “sparkle” that usually use

22

for something that reflect the light. The translator makes the result of translation

readable and easy to understand by using negated contrary modulation, it is

simpler but clear.

It is clear that the translator using modulation in translating the novel, the

type is negated contrary modulation.

Datum 2

SL: It wasn’t at all like the film she had seen

TL: Suasananya sama sekali tidak mirip adegan yang dilihatnya di film

The source language text in the table above described the reality that she

saw different with the film that she has ever seen. The author only state “it wasn’t

at all like the film she had seen”, he did not explain what the difference between

reality and film. The translator added “adegan” to explain the author‟s aim. In the

next sentence, the author stated “the men looked tired and dirty as they sat on

their thin, mudspattered horses”. She might watch a cowboy film that showed

many handsome boys looked perfect and riding a clean horse bravely.

By the explanation above, we can conclude that the translator using

modulation procedure in translating this sentence, namely abstract for concrete

modulation.

Datum 3

SL: Brushing down her pink crinoline dress

TL: Mengusap-usap gaun merah jambunya yang dilengkapi lingkaran-lingkaran

kawat agar menggelembung kaku

23

Based on tthe sentence in the Datum 3, there is no equivalence meaning of

“Crinoline” in Indonesian, however the translator translated it into “yang

dilengkapi lingkaran-lingkaran kawat agar menggelembung kaku”. In the

illustration picture below, looks a woman wearing a wide dress. It can be a reason

why the translator translated it so.

The translator aims to make the translation product easier to understand,

and makes the readers imagine the situation at the text.

Datum 4

SL: Ms Wiz opens her magic book from cover to cover.

TL: Ms Wiz membuka buku sulapnya dari halaman pertama sampai halaman

terakhir.

In the sentence above, the author only state “cover to cover”, but the

translator could get the author‟s aim. The translator translated it into “dari

halaman pertama sampai ke halaman terakhir”, besides the writer did not

describe the pages that opened.

Ms Wiz panicked because Jack was escape. Jack picking up the Mickey

Mouse clock quietly when his friends were busy remembering Ms Wiz‟s spells of

24

the past. Nobody noticed until the alarm on the clock went off. All students were

angry to Ms Wiz and asked her to return Jack back. She opens her book hurriedly.

The translator could imagine how Ms Wiz opens her book. With panic

situation, surely she opened her book from the first page until the end. The

translator used one part for other modulation to translate this sentence.

Modulation used in this sentence is appropriate, and make the reader can get the

point easily.

Datum 5

SL: Nabila could see row upon row of English Soldiers on their horses, preparing

for the charge of the Light Brigade, but it wasn’t at all like the film she had

seen.

TL: Nabila dapat melihat dari barisan terdepan hingga belakang Pasukan

Berkuda Inggris tengah bersiap-siap mengadakan penyerbuan Brigade

Cahaya.

In the sentence above, the translator translates “row upon row” into “dari

barisan terdepan hingga belakang”. Word “row” means “line of people or

thing”, or in Indonesian Language “baris”. Literally, “row upon row” means

“baris demi baris”, but the translator makes the translation became explicit“dari

barisan depan hingga belakang”.

The translator explain the row that seen by Nabila although the writer only

state “row upon row”. In this case, the translator used one part for other

modulation to translate this sentence.

25

Datum 6

SL: I’d love to go back in time.

TL: Aku mau melakukan perjalanan menembus waktu.

The sentence of the datum 6 shows the modulation translation that

reverses the meaning. “Go back” that translated into “menembus” is the example

of reversal of terms that used by the translator in translating the novel. In oxford

dictionaries, “Go” is equivalent with “move from one place to another”, and

“Back” is “so as to return to an earlier or normal position or condition”. In

Indonesian Language, “menembus” means“go through over something”, literally

was very different with “go back”.

If the text translated literally, it will be “Aku suka untuk kembali ke dalam

waktu”. It was so difficult to understand and unnatural. That is why the translator

used reversal of terms modulation to make language sound natural.

In this case, the translator used reversal of terms modulation to translate

the sentence.

Datum 7

SL: The sunlight blinded Nabila for an instant

TL: Cahaya mentari menyilaukan Nabila sejenak

In English-English dictionary “blinded” equivalence with “unable to see”.

In English-Indonesia dictionary, it is “tidak dapat melihat” atau“buta”, or can be

concluded by dark situation. In this sentence, the translator translates “blinded”

into “menyilaukan”. “Silau” usually use for something that reflect the light,

however the translator translates “blinded”, that literally show something dark

and unclear, into “menyilaukan”, which there is no reflection the light.

26

It shows that “blinded” and “menyilaukan” literally have a reversal

meaning. But the translator can imagine the situation, when the sight highlighted

by sharp light, it will make the eyes seems like blind, dark, and unclear. It is the

reason why the translator translates it so. It is clear that the translator used

reversal of terms modulation in translating this sentence.

Datum 8

SL: With a puff of smoke.

TL: Diiringi kepulan asap.

It was very clear that there is no passive form in the SL above. “With a

puff of smoke” is an active clause, but the translator used “Diiringi kepulan asap”

as the result of translation. Literally, “with” can be translated into “dengan”,

“bersama”, or “terhadap”, but actually “diiringi” and “dengan” have a similar

meaning, that is “accompanied by”.

The translator used active for passive modulation to provide connotative

value in the translation result.

Datum 9

SL: My mum and my dad will be worried about me.

TL: Ibu dan ayahku akan khawatir memikirkanku.

The sentence of the datum 9 contains passive for active modulation.

“Will be worried” contains of simple future passive form. “My mum and dad will

be worried about me” is passive sentence, but the translator changes it into active

“Ibu dan ayahku akan khawatir memikirkanku”. The SL, if translated into passive

will be “Aku akan dikhawatirkan oleh ibuku dan ayahku”. It showed many

27

pronoun “Aku” or “-ku”, and make the sentence sounds unnatural caused by

pronoun repetition.

Datum 10

SL: We had only been gone a few minutes.

TL: Kita seolah-olah baru pergi beberapa menit saja.

The sentence of the datum 10 contains passive for active modulation. In

this sentence, the source language show passive form, but in the TL there is no

passive form. “had only been gone” is past perfect passive form, but in the TL,

the translator makes the sentence became parable sentence.

The translator translated so because Ms Wiz and Nabb went not only in a

few minutes, and they visited some countries to search for Jack. But, when they

did time-travel, time seem stop, “we’ve stepped out of time” said Ms Wiz.

Datum 11

SL: Soon the other children had gathered around.

TL: Anak-anak itu segera dikumpulkan.

In this case, the sentence in the SL is active form and the sentence in the

TL is passive form. “Had gathered” has “Me-“affix in active form, but in the TL

translated into “di-“, that is affix of active form.

When the translator translated the SL into passive form, it can inflict

ambiguous. “anak-anak itu akan segera dikumpulkan”, the question is “with

whom they will be gathered?”, though they gathered by themselves. If the

translator translated the SL into active form, it will be “Anak-anak itu akan segera

berkumpul”, so that the message of the TL will be same with the message of the

SL.

28

With the explanation above, we can conclude that the translator used

active for passive modulation in translating this sentence.

Datum 12

SL: What are they doing to her?

TL: Dia mau diapakan?

In the sentence above, “what are they doing to her?” which is active form

translated into Indonesian “dia mau diapakan?”. It showed that the translator

change the form, from active into passive. The translator could translate the SL

became “Apa yang akan kamu lakukan padanya?”, but it looks so clumsy and

unnatural. So that the translator used passive for active modulation in translating

the sentence. Even the form was changed; the meaning still understood by the

readers.

Datum 13

SL: Nabila thought that the faint humming sound she heard was in her

imagination.

TL: Mulanya Nabila menyangka denging pelan yang didengarnya hanya ada

dalam khayalannya.

In the datum 13, the translator used active for passive modulation.

“Heard” is simple past active form, but the translator translated it became

“didengarnya”¸ which is affix “Di-“ in Indonesian is passive form. If the

translator translated it into active, it will be “Mulanya Nabila menyangka denging

pelan yang dia dengar hanya ada dalam khayalannya”. The translator eliminated

29

pronoun “she” of the SL and replace it by changing to be passive form, but it was

not change the point that the author want conveyed to.

Datum 14

SL: For about a second, the tent was filled with humming noise

TL: Dalam beberapa saat, dengungan kencang memenuhi tenda itu

In the sentence above, the SL is passive form, and in the TL is active form.

“was filled” is simple past passive form, but the translator used affix “Me-“ to

translate it. It means, the translator was not only change the form, but the point of

view also.

If the translator translated ”For about a second, the tent was filled with

humming noise” into active form, it will be “Dalam beberapa detik, tenda telah

dipenuhi dengan dengungan kencang”, it has a little difference. The translator

rotated the subject and the object. In the SL “the tent” as a subject and “humming

noise” as an object. But the translator rotated it in the TL, and change the verb

into active form. It was not change the message that the author want to convey.

According on the explanation above, we can conclude that the translator

used passive for active modulation in translating this sentence.

Datum 15

SL: Nabila had been turned into a little bird.

TL:Nabila berubah jadi burung kecil.

The sentence in the datum 15 consists of passive for active modulation.

The translator changed the translation into active form. “had been turned” is

30

present perfect passive form, but the translator translated it into active sentence,

that is “Nabila berubah jadi burung kecil”.

Nabila turned into a little bird was not her desire, but Ms Wiz bewitched

her. If the translation be “Nabila berubah jadi burung kecil” seems like Nabila

bewitched her became a little bird by herself. It means the author aims would not

received by the TL readers correctly.

Datum 16

SL: In the darkness, and everyone was fall asleep, she heard a strange voice.

TL: Pada sekitar pukul 12 malam, ia mendengar suara aneh.

In the sentence above, the text in the SL showed what Nabila could see.

“In the darkness” was not state the time, but the translator can imagine the

condition. “In the darkness and everyone was fall asleep” showed that Nabila

awakened in the middle of night. In Indonesia, middle night between 12 p.m until

3 a.m. The translator tried to adjust situation and culture of the TL.

“In the darkness” showed the situation in the night, and “everyone fall

asleep” usually also in the night, so that the translator used space for time

modulation in translating the sentence.

31

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

The title of this research is Modulation in English-Indonesian Language

Translation of Time Flies for Ms Wiz Novel. This novel is translated by Mala

Suhendra into Indonesian with the title Ms Wiz Kembali ke Masa Silam. The

object of this research is focused on sentences containing modulation in found in

the novel. The sentences are classified and analyzed based on Vinay and

Darbelnet theories.

This novel describes about a witch, namely Ms Wiz that coming out from

a Mickey Mouse alarm. Travel-time started when Mr Bailey asked the students to

finish their history project. Ms Wiz was going to use her new time-machine to

help Class Three with their history project. But when Jack gets lost - somewhere

in the last 500 years - only shy Nabila dares to travel back in time with Ms Wiz on

her strangest adventure to date.

Translation has an important role in the development of science and

technology at this time, because we know many various scientific articles, books,

journals, novels, and songs written in English. The existence of language system

differences between the source language and target language cause the increasing

of difficulty level in translating, especially in modulation.

32

A translator should be able to adjust the equivalency of the source

language into the target language. Every translator must have this capability to

prevent the rigid and difficult to understand of translation.

In process of translating, a translator has to focus on the translation

procedure. Talking about translation procedures, related to a smaller level of a text

are sentence, clause, phrase and word. Translation procedure becomes very

important in process of translation to complete the product of translation.

Translation procedure is useful in translation process, so that the translator can

always adjust the changes of meaning that accord with the target language.

Translation procedure is divided into seven: (1) borrowing, (2) calque, (3) literal

translation, (4) transposition, (5) modulation, (6) equivalent, and (7) adaptation.

Translating from a language into another language is not easy. The

translators have to try to translate as close as the original text, without changing

the writer‟s aim and message. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor

language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in

terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. It means that translating is the

effort to re-create message of source language into target language with closest

natural equivalency.

Based on the result of this research that has been conducted by the writer,

it can be concluded that there are many modulations that can be found in Time

Flies for Ms Wiz novel. In this research, the writer has found sixteen sentences

consists modulation, they are: two sentences which containnegated contrary; two

sentences which contain abstract for concrete; two sentences which contain one

33

part for other; one sentence which contain reversal of terms; moreover, eight

sentences which contain active for passive; and the other, the writer found one

sentence which contain space for time.

B. Suggestions

There is no mistake in modulation used in this novel. The message of the

source text remains the same when it is being translated into target text, and the

text in target language easy to understand. The translator has a good knowledge

about translation procedure, in this case is modulation.

34

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alwi, Hasan. (2003). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa

dan Balai Pustaka

Bell, R. T. (1991). Translation and Translating. Singapore: Longman

Farkhan, M. (2011). Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. Jakarta: Adabia

Press.

Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation.A Guide to Cross-language

Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.

Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Permagon Press.

. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.

Nida, E. A. & Charles. R. T. (1974). The Theory and Practice of Transaltion. Den

Haag: Brill.

Sayogie, F. (2009). Teori & Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris kedalam Bahasa

Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri.

Suryawinata, Z. (1983). Terjemahan: Pengantar Teori dan Praktek. Jakarta:

Depdikbud, Dirjen, Dikti, PPLPTK.

Venuti, Lawrence. (2004). The Translation Studies Reader. USA and Canada:

Routledge.

Wills, W. (1977). The Science of Translation Problems and Methods. Stuggart:

Gunter Narr Verlag.

35

APPENDICES

A. Synopsis

It all started so well. Ms Wiz was going to use her

new time-machine to help class three with their history

project. But when Jack gets lost – somewhere in the last

500 years – only shy Nabila dares to travel back in time

with Ms Wiz on her strangest adventure to date.

Jack should never have played with Ms Wiz‟s

new time machine – now he‟s vanished in a puff of

smoke. To rescue him, Nabila takes off on a weird journey into history and

discovers that even time flies when you‟re traveling with Ms Wiz.

Ms Wiz bewitch Nabila to be a little bird, to looking for Jack. She can fly

every where easily. And finally, they met with Jack.

36

B. Biography

Terence Blacker was born on 5th

February

1948 on a farm in Suffolk. He was taught by a

governess Miss Curtis until, at the age of seven, he

was sent to Hawtreys, a grim preparatory school

which is now mercifully defunct. He then attended

Wellington College and, to everyone's surprise, got into Cambridge where he read

English, emerging with a mediocre degree.

As a boy, he was obsessed with horses - riding them and following their

progress in the racing pages. For a while he rode as an amateur jockey with plans

of earning a living as a racing correspondent. But he discovered, rather later than

he should have, that the racing world was not for him. He then went to Paris and

worked in two bookshops. The first was a little shop called Shakespeare & Co,

which was - and is - a famous gathering-place for people who dreamed of being

writers, or wanted to meet, talk to or sleep with writers. When he needed to earn

some money, he went to work in a much smarter bookshop called Galignani. He

sold books to carious famous people who were living in Paris at the time - Orson

Welles, Marlene Dietrich, Graham Greene and the Duke of Windsor. In 1972, he

returned to London and got a job in book publishing. he worked, first as a

salesman, then an editor, ending up as editorial director of a paperback imprint.

He left to become a writer full-time on 11th March 1983.

While in publishing, he began to write a satirical column under deep cover

for the book trade magazine Publishing News. The persona he inhabited was a

37

nightmarishly yobbish, snobby, randy ambitious paperback editor called Jonty

Lejeune who was fictional presence in real events (an idea stolen from Auberon

Waugh's diary in Private Eye). In his early years as a writer, he would write

almost anything to remain solvent.

He did some ghosting, wrote a number of comedy books, sometimes under

pseudonym. He edited a very successful book written by Ben Elton, Rik Mayall

and Lisa Mayer based on the brilliant sitcom The Young Ones.

In the late 1980s, he began to discover what he enjoyed writing. His first

novel Fixx was published in 1989. His Ms Wiz children's series was launched at

about the same time. Soon afterwards, he began to write a cheerfully acerbic

review of book reviewers for the Sunday Times under the pseudonym of Harvey

Porlock (a bad career move, he now see).

Since 1998, he has written a weekly opinion column for the Independent

covering the issues of the day, of yesterday and, just now and then, tomorrow. In

2006, he wrote the biography of fascinating man - and his good friend - Willie

Donaldson, which was published under the catchy title You Cannot Live As I Have

Lived and Not End Up Like This: The Thoroughly Disgraceful Life and Times of

Willie Donaldson In 2013, his fifth novel The Twyning, a story of war between

rats and humans, was published in the UK (US publication is by Candlewick Press

in 2014). Yours, E.R : A Regal Correspondence - also published in 2013 -

imagines the letters of Her Majesty the Queen written to a former private secretary

between the London Olympics and the birth of Prince George.

38

In addition to his columns for the Independent and The Author, he

occasionally contributes to various Radio 4 programs as writer and presenter. In

August 2013, his one-man show of songs and stories My Village and Other Aliens

was part of the Edinburgh Fringe. Most days, he writes fiction, or opinions, or

songs of one kind or another.