Modul - Contoh Coding

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Qualitative MethodsData Analysis – 21.11.2007

Empirical Methods

Autumn 2007

PD Dr. Sabine Raeder

Empirical methodsAutumn 07 – 21.11.07PD Dr. Sabine Raeder

9 – analysispage 2

Today’s structure

! Transcribing interviews?

! Strategies and steps of data analysis

! Practical training

• Analyse a topic based on a text





Quantitative vs. qualitative dataanalysis

! structures and summarises verbal

statements and thus describes the

data

! explicitly considers individual cases

and special characteristics

! Smooth transition from data

analysis to interpretation

! maps data numerically in order to

analyse them statistically

! allows you to statistically test

hypotheses

qualitative dataquantitative data

Qualitative data analysis …Quantitative data analysis …

quantification



Steps of qualitative data analysis

1. prepare data

2. develop codes / categories

3. complete and revise the system of categories based on the

data

4. report the result of data analysis



1. Prepare dataTranscript (from Langdridge, 2004)

Transcript II (from Langdridge, 2004)





Alternative: summarising protocol

! Contains important contents of interview

! Important passages can be verbatim transcripts

! Redundancies not considered

! Advantages:

• More information than in key words

• Less time consuming than transcripts



2. Develop codes / categories

! Aims to find a structure in the data which may also be

applicable to other parts of the data

! Alternatives:

• Develop codes based on data:- Line-by-line coding (grounded theory)

- Open coding (grounded theory)

- Thematic coding

!Hierarchy of codes

• Develop categories based on literature- Option in qualitative content analysis

• Integrate both approaches



Example: Open coding (Examples from Flick, 2006)



Example: Line-by-line coding (from Flick, 2006)

Example:thematiccoding





Qualitative content analysisInductive development of categories



Deductive development of categories





Steps of qualitative content analysis

1. define unit of analysis• 1 unit of analysis = 1 word or 1 sentence or 1 piece of information in several

sentences

2. reduce data• cancel identical statements

3. develop a system of categories• following an inductive procedure or

• a deductive procedure

4. assign data to categories (= coding)• assigning all the data ensures that alternative explanations due to data

which was not analysed can be excluded

5. revise the system of categories based on data



Software support

! Computer programs help organise data and codes

• Helpful, if you have a lot of data

• If you do line-by-line coding and have many codes to organise

• Example: Atlas ti

! Word processing programs are mostly sufficient

• If you have a summarising strategy of data analysis as in- Thematic coding

- Summarising qualitative content analysis





4. Reporting qualitative data

! describe contents of categories

! Alternative:

• count frequencies of statements in categories (= quantify)

• Rarely used in qualitative studies



Code!

! Pages from: www-935.ibm.com/services/ uk/igs/pdf/06-its-

002043_lr.pdf

! Research question:

• What are the change in the firm of the customer due to outsourcing?





What is required for tutorial 3

! Show your system of codes / categories• Relation of codes to the text (examples of coding)

• Relation of codes to one another (if you coded that way)

• Definition of codes (if necessary for explanation)

! System should capture main information of the interview

which is related to your research question

! If important aspects are missing, make suggestions how to

improve interview guide

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Modul - Contoh Coding