Modern systems analysis and design - · PDF fileModernSystems Analysis and Design INTERNATIONALEDITION SIXTH EDITION Jeffrey A. Hoffer University ofDayton Joey F. George Florida State

Modern SystemsAnalysis and Design

INTERNATIONAL EDITION

SIXTH EDITION

Jeffrey A. Hoffer

University of Dayton

Joey F. GeorgeFlorida State University

Joseph S. Valacich

Washington State University

PEARSON

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Preface 21

FOUNDATIONS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

AN OVERVIEW OF PART ONE 30

1 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT 31

Learning Objectives 31

Introduction 31

A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 34

Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle 35

The Heart of the Systems Development Process 40

The Traditional Waterfall SDLC 42

Different Approaches to Improving Development 43

CASE Tools 43

Rapid Application Development 45

Service-Oriented Architecture 46

Agile Methodologies 4V

eXtreme Programming 50

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 50

Our Approach to Systems Development 52

Summary 53

Key Terms 53

Review Questions 54

Problems and Exercises 54

Field Exercises 55

References 55

2 THE SOURCES OF SOFTWARE 57


Introduction 57

Systems Acquisition 58

Outsourcing 58

Sources of Software 60

Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 66

Validating Purchased Software Information 67

Reuse 68

Summary 71

Key Terms 71

7

8 CONTENTS

Review Questions 71


Field Exercises 72

References 72

3 MANAGING THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROJECT 73


Introduction 73

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\wmnvm Pine Valley Furniture Company Background 74

Managing the Information Systems Project 75

Initiating a Project 79

Planning the Project 81

Executing the Project 89

Closing Down the Project 91

Representing and Scheduling Project Plans 92

Representing Project Plans 94

Calculating Expected Time Duration Using PERT 95

Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture 95

Using Project Management Software 99

Establishing a Project Starting Date 100

Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships 100

Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports 101

Summary 102

Key Terms 102

Review Questions 103


Field Exercises 105

References 106

APPENDIX OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: PROJECT MANAGEMENT 107


Unique Characteristics of an OOSAD Project 107

Define the System as a Set of Components 107

Complete Hard Problems First 109

Using Iterations to Manage the Project 110

Don't Plan Too Much Up Front 110

How Many and How Long Are Iterations? Ill

Prqject Activity Focus Changes Over the Life of a Proj ect 111

Summary 113



Hi BEC CASE: COMPANY BACKGROUND 114

Case Introduction 114

The Company 114

Company History 115

>mpany Organization 115

velopment of Information Systems 116

>rmation Systems at BEC Today 117

CONTENTS 9

ln-Store Systems 118

Corporate Systems 118

Status of Systems 119

Case Summary 119

Case Questions 120

PLANNING

AN OVERVIEW OF PART TWO 122

4 IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 123


Introduction 123

Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects 124

The Process ofIdentifying and Selecting IS Development Projects 125

Deliverables and Outcomes 129

Corporate and Information Systems Planning 130

Corporate Strategic Planning 131

Information Systems Planning 133

IPINEromiTURE Electronic Commerce Applications: Identifying and Selecting SystemsDevelopment Projects 140

Internet Basics 140

Pine Valley Furniture WebStore 141

Summary 142

Key Terms 142



Field Exercises 144

References 144

BEC CASE: IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 146


The Idea for a New System 147

Formalizing a Project Proposal 147

Case Summary 150

Case Questions 150

5 INITIATING AND PLANNING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 151


Introduction 151

Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 152

The Process of Initiating and Planning IS Development Projects 153


Assessing Project Feasibility 155

Assessing Economic Feasibility 155

Assessing Technical Feasibility 163

Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns 166

Building and Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 168

Building the Baseline Project Plan 168

Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 173

10 CONTENTS

|nito«b Electronic Commerce Applications: Initiating and Planning Systems DevelopmentProjects 177

Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore

Summary 180

Key Terms 180



Field Exercises 182

References 182

BEC CASE: INITIATING AND PLANNING THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP



Initiating and Planning the Project 184

Developing the Baseline Project Plan 185

Case Summary 187

Case Questions 187

BIB ANALYSIS

AN OVERVIEW OF PART THREE 190

6 DETERMINING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 191


Introduction 191

Performing Requirements Determination 192

The Process of Determining Requirements 192


Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements 194

Interviewing and Listening 194

Interviewing Groups 198

Directiy Observing Users 199

Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents 201

Contemporary Methods for Determining System Requirements 205

Joint Application Design 206

Using Prototyping During Requirements Determination 209

Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements 211

Identifying Processes to Reengineer 212

Disruptive Technologies 212

Requirements Management Tools 213

Requirements Determination Using Agile Methodologies 214

Continual User Involvement 214

Agile Usage-Centered Design 215

The Planning Game from eXtreme Programming 216

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BSnItuhe Electronic Commerce Applications: Determining System Requirements 218

Determining System Requirements for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 218

Summary 221

Key Terms 221


CONTENTS 11


Field Exercises 223

References 224

•I BEC CASE: DETERMINING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEB-BASED CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 225


Getting Started on Requirements Determination 225

Conducting Requirements Determination 225

Case Summary 226

Case Questions 227

ANALYZING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS 228


Introduction 228

Process Modeling 229

Modeling a System's Process for Structured Analysis 229


Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics 230

Definitions and Symbols 231

Developing DFDs: An Example 233

Data Flow Diagramming Rules 235

Decomposition of DFDs 236

Balancing DFDs 239

An Example DFD 241

Using Data Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process 244

Guideline for Drawings DFDs 244

Using DFDs as Analysis Tools 246

Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering 247

Modeling Logic with Decision Tables 249

Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Data Flow Diagrams 252

Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 253

Summary 254

Key Terms 255



Field Exercises 262

References 262

APPENDIX 7A: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: USE CASES 263


Introduction 263

Use Cases 263

What Is a Use Case? 263

Use Case Diagrams 264

Definitions and Symbols 265

Written Use Cases 268

Level 268

The Rest of the Template 269

CONTENTS

Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Use Cases 272

Writing Use Cases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 272

Summary 274

Key Terms 275



Field Exercise 276

References 276

APPENDIX 7B: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS 277


Introduction 277

When to Use an Activity Diagram 277

Key term 279


Reference 279

OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS 280


Introduction 280

Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams 281

Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram 282

A Sequence Diagram for Hoosier Burger 286

Summary 287

Key Terms 287



Field Exercise 288

References 289

BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEB-BASEDCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 290


Structuring the High-Level Process Findings from Requirements Determination 290

Case Summary 292

Case Questions 293

8 ANALYZING SYSTEM DATA REQUIREMENTS 294


Introduction 294

Conceptual Data Modeling 295

The Conceptual Data Modeling Process 296


Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling 298

APPENDIX 7C

CONTENTS 13

Introduction to E-R Modeling 300

Entities 301

Attributes 303

Candidate Keys and Identifiers 304

Other Attribute Types 305

Relationships 306

Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model 307

Degree of a Relationship 307

Cardinalities in Relationships 309

Naming and Defining Relationships 311

Associative Entities 312

Summary of Conceptual Data Modeling with E-R Diagrams 313

Representing Supertypes and Subtypes 314

Business Rules 316

Domains 317

Triggering Operations 317

Role of Packaged Conceptual Data Models—Database Patterns 318

Universal Data Models 319

Industry-Specific Data Models 319

Benefits of Database Patterns and Packaged Data Models 319I PINE

InjmStmE Electronic Commerce Application: Conceptual Data Modeling 320

Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 320

Summary 324

Key Terms 324



Field Exercises 328

References 328

APPENDIX: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: OBJECT MODELING-CLASS

DIAGRAMS 329


Introduction 329

Representing Objects and Classes 329

Types ofOperations 331

Representing Associations 331

Representing Associative Classes 333

Representing Stereotypes for Attributes 334

Representing Generalization 335

Representing Aggregation 337

»BaB^ An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger 338

Summary 342

Key Terms 342



References 344

CONTENTS

BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING

FOR THE WEB-BASED CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 345


Structuring the High-Level Data Modeling Findings from Requirements Determination 345

Case Summary 346

Case Questions 346

PART FOUR DESIGN

AN OVERVIEW OF PART FOUR 350

9 DATABASE DESIGN 351


Introduction 351

Database Design 352

The Process ofDatabase Design 353


Relational Database Model 357

Well-Structured Relations 358

Normalization 359

Rules of Normalization 359

Functional Dependence and Primary Keys 359

Second Normal Form 360

Third Normal Form 360

Transforming E-R Diagrams Into Relations 362

Represent Entities 362

Represent Relationships 363

Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations 366

Merging Relations 366

An Example of Merging Relations 367

View Integration Problems 367

|ESS© Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 368

Physical File and Database Design 371

Designing Fields 371

Choosing Data Types 371

Controlling Data Integrity 373

Designing Physical Tables 374

Arranging Table Rows 376

Designing Controls for Files 380~m

9 Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 382

Ue Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Databases 383

Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 383

Summary 385

Key Terms 386



Field Exercises 389

References 389

CONTENTS 15

BEC CASE: DESIGNING THE RELATIONAL DATABASE FOR THE CUSTOMER

RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 390


Identifying Relations 390

Designing the Physical Database 390

Case Summary 391

Case Questions 391

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FORMS AND REPORTS DESIGN 392


Introduction 392

Designing Forms and Reports 393

The Process of Designing Forms and Reports 394


Formatting Forms and Reports 399

General Formatting Guidelines 399

Highlighting Information 401

Color Versus No Color 402

Displaying Text 403

Designing Tables and Lists 405

Paper Versus Electronic Reports 408

Assessing Usability 409

Usability Success Factors 410

Measures of Usability 410

,tSU Electronic Commerce Applications: Designing Forms and Reports for Pine Valley Furniture's

WebStore 411

General Guidelines 411

Designing Forms and Reports at Pine Valley Furniture 412

Lightweight Graphics 413

Forms and Data Integrity Rules 413

Template-Based HTML 413

Summary 414

Key Terms 414



Field Exercises 415

References 416

BEC CASE: DESIGNING FORMS AND REPORTS FORTHE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP



Identifying the Forms and Reports 417

Designing Forms and Reports for MyBroadway 417

Case Summary 418

Case Questions 418

11 INTERFACE AND DIALOGUE DESIGN 421


Introduction 421

CONTENTS

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 422

The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 422


Interaction Methods and Devices 423

Methods of Interacting 423

Hardware Options for System Interaction 431

Designing Interfaces 433

Designing Layouts 433

Structuring Data Entry 437

Controlling Data Input 438

Providing Feedback 440

Providing Help 441

Designing Dialogues 444

Designing the Dialogue Sequence 445

Building Prototypes and Assessing Usability 446

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues in Graphical Environments 447

Graphical Interface Design Issues 447

Dialogue Design Issues in a Graphical Environment 449a PINE

furniture Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Interfaces and Dialogues for Pine

Furniture's WebStore 451

General Guidelines 451

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues at Pine Valley Furniture 452

Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs 452

Summary 453

Key Terms 454



Field Exercises 455

References 456

BEC CASE: DESIGNING THE HUMAN INTERFACE FOR THE CUSTOMER



Designing the Dialogue Interface Between MyBroadway and Users 457

Case Summary 457

Case Questions 458

12 DISTRIBUTED AND INTERNET SYSTEMS DESIGN 459


Introduction 459

Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 460

The Process of Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 460


Designing Distributed Systems 462

Designing Systems for LANs 462

Designing Systems for a Client/Server Architecture 464

Alternative Designs for Distributed Systems 465

Designing Internet Systems 469

Internet Design Fundamentals 470

Site Consistency 472

CONTENTS 17

Design Issues Related to Site Management 475

Managing Online Data 478

mi12PtSmraB Electronic Commerce Application: Designing a Distributed Advertisement Server for

Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 486

Advertising on Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 486

Designing the Advertising Component 487

Designing the Management Reporting Component 487

Summary 488

Key Terms 489



Field Exercises 491

References 492

I BEC CASE: DESIGNING INTERNET FEATURES INTO THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP



Establishing Web Site Design Principles for MyBroadway 493

Case Summary 493

Case Questions 493

—MPni IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE

AN OVERVIEW OF PART FIVE 498

13 IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM 499


Introduction 499

System Implementation 500

The Processes of Coding, Testing, and Installation 501

Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, andInstallation 501

Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, TrainingUsers, and Supporting Users 503

Software Application Testing 503

Seven Different Types of Tests 505

The Testing Process 507

Combining Coding and Testing 509

Acceptance Testing by Users 509

Installation 510

Direct Installation 511

Parallel Installation 512

Single-Location Installation 512

Phased Installation 513

Planning Installation 513

Documenting the System 514

User Documentation 515

Training and Supporting Users 517

Training Information Systems Users 517

Supporting Information Systems Users 519

Support Issues for the Analyst to Consider 520

Organizational Issues in Systems Implementation 521

Why Implementation Sometimes Fails 521

Security Issues 524IPINE

IIIjrwture Electronic Commerce Application: System Implementation and

Operation for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 525

Developing Test Cases for the WebStore 525

Alpha and Beta Testing the WebStore 527

WebStore Installation 527

Project Closedown 527

Summary 528

Key Terms 529



Field Exercises 530

References 530

BEC CASE: DESIGNING A TESTING PLAN FOR THE CUSTOMER



Preparing the Testing Plan 532

Preparing a Test Case 533

Case Summary 534

Case Questions 534

14 MAINTAINING THE SYSTEM 535


Introduction 535

Maintaining Information Systems 536

The Process of Maintaining Information Systems 536


Conducting Systems Maintenance 538

Types of Maintenance 538

The Cost of Maintenance 539

Managing Maintenance 541

Role of CASE and Automated Development Tools in

Maintenance 546

Web Site Maintenance 547IT1NE

ISmotuto Electronic Commerce Application: Maintaining an Information

System for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 548

Maintaining Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 548

Summary 549

Key Terms 550



Field Exercises 551

References 552

BEC CASE: DESIGNING A MAINTANENCE PLAN FOR THE

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 553


Preparing the Maintanence Plan 553

Case Summary 553

Case Questions 553

Glossary of Terms 555

Glossary of Acronyms 564

Index 566