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2/12/2020
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Modern Obstetric Anesthesiology
Jason Papazian, MDObstetric AnesthesiologistUniversity of Colorado SOM
January 6, 2020
Disclosures
• None
Learning Objectives
• At the conclusion of this presentation, the participant should be able to: 1. Summarize the OB anesthesiologist’s role on and off the labor and
delivery unit.
2. Apply modern obstetric practice to up‐to‐date evidence‐based OB anesthesiology.
3. Analyze the different types of coagulation screening and recognize their implications as they pertain to OB anesthesiology.
4. Identify maternal co‐morbidities that may affect OB anesthetic options.
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Case 1
• 31yF G1P0 at 39w gestation, o/w healthy,
• Seen at clinic found to be breech
• Strongly desires vaginal delivery
•Wants external cephalic version• Wants to discuss spinal because RN suggested it might be a good option
• Desires neuraxial for labor (even better)
Anesthesiology 2017; 127:625-32
Neuraxial Anesthesia for ECV
• ↑ Success
• M+M similar
• Any dose!
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2016‐09‐01, Volume 215, Issue 3, Pages 276‐286
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Case 2
• 23yo G1P0 at 35w2d gestation
• PMHx: • Factor‐V Leiden, no clot history.
• Runner, o/w healthy.
• Meds: Lovenox 40mg QD, last dose 22 hours ago
• Arrive to triage with headache
• BP: 147/80 (repeat), HR 87, RR 18, Temp 37.3
• HELLP labs: Plt. count 90 (5 days ago was 121), LFTs/LDH wnl
• Headache resolves with conservative measures.
• Strongly desires vaginal delivery. Magnesium, IOL planned.
Wants to know analgesic options:
Nitrous Oxide?Other Options?
Has read a lot online about “Epidurals”
Nitrous oxide in Labor
• Safe? • Worldwide use
• Few, if any, maternal adverse events; easily reversible
• No increased NICU admission or changed APGARs
• Effective?• High satisfaction scores regardless of pain scores
• Alternative if epidural not possible, contraindicated
• High conversion rate to neuraxial
• Gets anesthesiologist in the room!OBG Management 2018; 30: 29
Anesth. Analg. 2017; 124: 548
Birth 2018; Richardson et al.
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Other alternatives to an epidural
• Remifentanil• Significant respiratory depression events and even arrest
• Requires complex monitoring. Anesthesia provider in room.
• Impractical, probably unsafe
• Dexmedetomidine• Minimal placental transfer
• Likely much safer, but limited experience and data
• Still impractical except in rare specific circumstances
• Bottom line: Nitrous probably the best alternative
J OB Anes & Critical Care, Jan‐Jun 2013 , Vol 3, Issue 1
Anesth Analg 2017; 124: 1029, 1208, 1211, and 10
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017:CD011989
Myth: Epidurals make labor longer and increase surgical delivery rates.
• When modern low‐dose epidural infusions are used there is NOincrease in:
• First stage
• Second Stage
• Instrumentation
• Cesarean Section
Anesth Analg 2017; 124: 1571
Obstet Gynecol 2017; 130: 1097
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Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):503-513.
Myth: Early Epidurals cause problems
• “Too early” for an epidural is NOT evidence based
• Maintain motor function• Continue in 2nd stage
• Allow patient control (PCEA)
Low infusion concentration!
Myth: Epidurals impact breastfeeding success
• Unlikely• Poor pain control might NEGATIVELY impact
Anesthesiology 2017; 127: 614J Hum Lact. 2016 Aug;32(3):507-20.
Myth: Epidurals increase Depression risk
Anesth Analg. 2019 Jun 24. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004292. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2019 Oct;36(10):745‐754. doi: 10.1097
• No increase in short term
• DECREASE in long term
• PAIN associated with increased PPD risk
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Anesthesiology 2004;101:950
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scand 2016; 60: 810
Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1505
Overall Risk ~ 1:200,000‐300,000if appropriate epidural placement
Myth: Epidurals Paralyze people
Myth: Anticoagulated patients can’t ever get epidurals
Drug Dose
Time Interval for Neuraxial Procedure after Last Dose
Restart medication after procedure (spinal or epidural PLACEMENT)
Indwelling cath on anticoaguation.. Time to stop & wait prior to removal
Time Interval to restart Med after Catheter is removed
UFH10,000‐15,000 IU SQ daily dose (i.e. 5,000 SQ BID or TID) 4‐6 hours and/or aPTT Immediate ok 4‐6 hours Immediate ok
UFH>15,000 ‐ 20,000 IU SQ daily dose (i.e. 7,500 SQ BID or 10,000 SQ BID) 12 hours & aPTT 1 hour 4‐6 hours 1 hour
UFH >20,000 IU SQ daily dose 24 hours & aPTT 1 hour Not recommended 1 hour
UFH IV heparin 4‐6 hours & aPTT 1 hour 4‐6h & coags 1 hour
Enoxaparin PPx dosing (i.e. 40mg SQ, or BID) 12 hours 12 hours Not recommended4 hours (if >12 total hours since placement)
Enoxaparin Therapeutic dosing 24 hours 24 hours Not recommended4 hours (if >24 total hours since placement)
ASA Any dose (UCH specific guideline, not national)no risk* unless if given with heparin
No risk unless given with heparin
No risk unless given with heparin
no risk* unless if given with heparin
SOAP Consensus Statement: Anesth Analg. 2018 Mar;126(3):928‐944.
ACOG Practice Bulletin: Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jul; 132(1): e1‐e17
ASRA Coags 2.1 Application: Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Apr; 43(3):263‐309
Notes*
1. Concurrent use of ASA (within 1 week) with LMWH/heparin = 24h interval (hold LMWH/heparin for 24h) for neuraxial procedure2. If on heparin therapy for >4 days or any concern for coagulation status, check platelet count.
3. Anti Xa is used to monitor LMWH. Prophylactic dosing levels: 0.2‐0.4 IU/mL. Therapeutic dosing levels: 0.5‐1.0 IU/mL. Not validated for use in neuraxial blockade.
4. These are intended to be minimal guidelines and may be altered at the discretion of the anesthesiologist. Individual cases may vary and risk/benefit of neuraxial vs. general anesthesia should always be considered.
Myth: Thrombocytopenia Contraindicates Epidurals
IJOA 2018;35:4-9. Anesthesiology 2017;126:1053-64. Anesth Analg 2015;121(4):988-91. Anesth Analg 2016;123(1):165-7.
• No guidelines‐‐ yet• Platelets >70‐100k probably ok*• Trend more important than absolute number• HELLP more worrisome than ITP/Gestational• Patient individualization!!!
*attending and patient specific, must individualize
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Anesthesiology 2016; 124:00‐00
Myth: Preeclampsia contraindicates epidurals
Myth: All Epidurals are the sameCSE vs. DPE. vs. Epidural
• Spinal access/dose Analgesia onset rapid
• Confirms neuraxial location Decreased need to replace epidural
• Confirms midline position Increased ideal bilateral blockade
• Improved rate of need for top‐ups Less need to call anesthesiologist
• Overall: Increased epidural success and satisfaction
• Intrathecal dose that is given is multifactorial, depends on: • Patient factors
• Stage and progress of labor
• Specific anesthesiologistAnesthesiology 2016; 125: 516Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 165
Anesth Analg 2013; 116: 636Anesth Analg 2017; 124: 560
Myth: All epidural infusions are the same
• ↓ breakthrough pain
• ↓ hourly consump on of local anesthetic
• ↑ maternal sa sfac on
• NO Difference in: • Duration of labor• Forceps or C/S• Neonatal M+M
• ↓ motor block
• Programmed Intermittent Bolus (PIB):
Anesth Analg. 2020. Feb 2020. Vol130 Num 2 Epub ahead of Print*Anesth Analg. 2019 Mar 11. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004104. [Epub ahead of print]
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A picture is worth 1000 words…
• 10 ml/hrcontinuous infusion
• 10ml/hrintermittent boluses
Slide credit: Dr. Joy Hawkins
Patient satisfaction is individual…
“I was beginning to think I just couldn’t do it [labor].
But after talking to you I wasn’t scared of the epidural anymore
and it didn’t take the experience of my birth away.
It made me feel empowered.”
A real patient who came in with a detailed
birth plan and desire for natural childbirth
who ended up with an epidural
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Case 3
• 32yo G1P0 38w patients arrives in Triage painfully contracting• Vertex, 3cm, 50%, +2
• MHx, SHx: None. Meds: PNVs.
• Anesthesia discusses options• Patient says she “want to wait”
• Soon after arrival FHR
Sustained fetal bradycardia• Emergent move to operating room
• Splash prep Drapes Induction of GA Airway
“cut” Incision Baby out in <1 min
Continued: Intraoperative PPH
• Cesarean Delivery without difficulty
• APGARs 6 and 9
• 15 minutes in EBL is 1500
• General anesthesia increases risk of hemorrhage • ATONY EFFECT!!
• Volatile anesthetics (“sevo” “des” “iso”)
• Convert to partial nitrous +/‐ “TIVA”
• RN asked to get Tranexamic Acid.
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We ask for TXA but it isn’t in the OR. Nurse needs to get it. Why?
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica61(2017) 11–22
Photo Credit: Google images
Intrathecal TXA Seizure, Myoclonus, and likely DEATH
JOACC 2018, 8(1):1‐6
BUT: Why General? Why not a Spinal?
Neuraxial the gold standard, right??
• AVOIDABLE GETA• Increased Surgical Infection
• Increased Thromboembolism
• Increased anesthesia complications
• No increase in death or cardiac arrest
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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD004350.
High Spinal almost 6x more common than failed intubation
Anesthesiology. 2014 Jun;120(6):1505‐12.
ASA CLOSED CLAIMS DATAMajor causes of maternal death by type of anesthesia:
NEURAXIAL ANESTHESIA GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Excessive blood loss ‐ 25% Excessive blood loss – 53%
High block / total spinal – 20% Embolic events – 16%
Embolic events – 20% Difficult intubation – 6%
Neuraxial cardiac arrest – 5% Other respiratory events – 6%(aspiration, bronchospasm, etc.)
Slide credit: Joy Hawkins, MD
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So… mom will probably be ok.But what about the baby?
FDA Drug Safety Communication 2017: “The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that repeated or lengthy use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs during surgeries or procedures in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women during their third trimester may affect the development of children’s brains.”
Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2017; 30: 452‐7Fetal Diagn Ther 2018; 43: 1‐11 Anesthesiology 4 2018, Vol.128, 832‐839. doi:10.1097/JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171: e163470
Anesth Analg: Volume 128, 6. 2019
ASA Monitor 2017;81(2):16‐17
• Key contributing factor: DELAY IN CARE• Not in hospital• Inappropriate choice of regional over general
Time Matters
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Spinal Emergent “CRASH” Delivery General Anesthesia AnesthesiaPatient’s Room
Operating Room
Position for spinal, Monitors
Lay supine w/ LUD, monitors, 100% O2
GETA drugs, splash prep and drapes
Induction, airway, confirmation of
ventilation/anesthesia
“CUT!”
Chloroprep back, spinal kit, spinal meds,
Spinal dose
(LUCKY)
Total: 7 minutesTotal: 14‐29 minutes
Position supine, LUD, prep, drapes
Adequate anesthesia for CS
3 min
1 min
1 min
3 min
1 min 5‐15m (or more!)
1 min
1 min
DELIVERY
1 min
But if we start before the spinal is FULLY set the time difference is less…
• 42% surgery allowed to start with inadequate block
• Despite inadequate block reluctance to convert to GETA
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Case 4
• 27y G3P2 at 27weeks gestation presents for right ORIF humerus• Surgeon requests no nerve block/regional until postop for assessment radial nerve function
• GETA planned• Patient is otherwise healthy• Betamethasone timing appropriate
• Patient seen in PPS days prior• OB consulted by surgical team days prior for planning
• Assigned anesthesia team is not OB specialized• Phone Call to me from my partner:
“So what do I need to do different for this patient?”
Not much!
“Shouldn’t we wait till after she gives birth?”
• Key: A pregnant woman should never be denied medically necessary treatment or have it delayed.• No conclusive evidence for in utero anesthesia/sedation drugs effects on the developing brain• Steroids benefit / fetal monitoring where appropriate.
Summary of Modern Obstetric Anesthesia
•The OB anesthesiologist should: • Contribute positively to a “normal” birth experience
• And when that’s not possible, contribute to maximum safety for mom (and by extension, baby)
• Aid in minimization of unnecessary/unwanted cesarean section
• Be an advocate for maternal care optimization
• Be available for formal/informal consult and discussion
• Be a resource of information for OB providers and non‐OB anesthesiologist colleagues
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Thank You!• Dr. Joy Hawkins
• Dr. Vesna Jevtovic‐Todorovic
• Dr. Brenda Bucklin
• Dr. Rachel Kacmar
• Dr. Cristina Wood
• All of YOU!!
Questions?
Exposure to GETA for Cesarean and Odds of Severe PPD?!! • No control for emergent delivery
• No control for comorbidities
• No CAUSAL relationship found, only association
• Does appropriately indicate that GETA should be avoided, when avoidable, but doesn’t give an evidenced based reason for this…
• Overall a VERY poorly done study, fully observational so no causal relationship able to be determine but still IMPLIED.
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