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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 1
Modern HVAC-systems for
nearly zero energy buildings
Maija Virta
M.Sc.(Eng.)
Head of Operations, Santrupti engineers
Fellow of REHVA,Member of ASHRAE
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Technologies Used in Zero Energy Buildings
• Reduced Energy Need
– Active and passive beams
– Chilled ceilings and TABS
– Radiant floor cooling (&heating)
– Displacement ventilation
– UFAD (under floor air diffusion)
– Natural and hybrid ventilation
– Night purge ventilation
– Personal ventilation
– Active solar shading
– LED lighting
– Light tubes (daylight)
– BMS
• Reduced System Energy Use
– DOAS • Energy recovery
• Dehumidification
• Adiabatic & desiccant cooling
– Evaporative cooling
– Demand based ventilation
– Earth tubes
– Condensing boilers
• On-site Energy Production
– District heating and cooling
– Heat pumps
– Solar heat
– Solar cooling
– Photovoltaic (PV)
– Wind turbines
Focus of this presentation is on
underlined HVAC technologies
2
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Passive Chilled Beams
3
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 4
Main Principles of Passive Chilled Beam
• Passive chilled beams comprise a heat exchanger for cooling,
and when desired for heating.
• The operation is based on natural convection.
• The primary air is supplied to the space using separate diffusers
either in the ceiling or wall, low velocity units at low level or
alternatively through the raised floor.
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Active Chilled Beams
5
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 6
Chilled Beam Operation
1 2 3
4
5
6
1. Primary air
(dehumidificated
outdoor air) supply into
supply air chamber
2. Primary air is supplied
through small nozzles.
3. Primary air supply
induces room air to be
re-circulated through the
heat exchanger of the
chilled beam.
4. Re-circulated room air
and the primary air are
mixed prior to diffusion
in the space
5. Cold water connection
6. Warm water connection
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 7
Chilled Beam Operation
Exposed chilled beam for installations
without suspended ceiling
Closed chilled beam for installations
with suspended ceiling
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Chilled Ceilings
12
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Total Cooling Capacity
26 OC
19 OC
40 OC 37 OC
26 OC
Radiation: 5.5 W/m2,K
toperative = 25 OC, tsurface = 19 OC, Pradiation = 33 W/m2 (dt=6K)
26 OC
19 OC
26 OC 40 OC
37 OC
Natural Convection:
Pconvection = 65 – 33 = 32 W/m2 (dt=6K)
Air movement in space (convection):
Asymmetric plumes of heat sources 0…-15 %
Air diffusion 0…+20 %
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 16
Thermally Active Building Systems (TABS)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations www.naturalcooling.com
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 19
Floor Cooling
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Displacement Ventilation
21
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Displacement Ventilation System
• Thermal displacement ventilation is based on cool air
supply at low level and stratification of room air
temperature and contaminants due to natural buoyancy
forces of the heat gains.
22
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Lower Energy Consumption in Cooling
and Better IAQ H
eig
ht
Temperature, Contaminants
By cooling occupied zone only,
the required airflow rate &
cooling capacity may be reduced
Contaminants are carried above
the shift zone by convective
plumes thus air in the occupied
zone is cleaner
23
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 24
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 25
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
?
26
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Air Distribution Principles in Auditoriums
a) Supply air is contained
between the rows.
b) Supply air is foating down
the stairways.
8 l/s,person
16 l/s,person
27
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 28
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
29
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Types and Variation of Current UFAD
Supply Air
• Positive pressure plenum
(unducted, “push” type)
– Grille, diffuser
– VAV-unit
• Neutral pressure plenum
– Ducted to VAV or Fan coil unit
– Unducted, “pull” type
• Fan powered VAV
• Fan coil unit
• Fan powered diffuser
Return Air
• Ceiling plenum
– Ducted
– Partially ducted
– Unducted
• High sidewall grille
• (Floor plenum ducted to grille or
fan coil unit)
30
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Ceiling cooling elements combined
with displacement ventilation • Low velocity air supply combined with cooling elements at the ceiling level behave like mixing
system when the cooling elements provide a substantial part of the cooling.
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
Hei
gh
t ab
ove
flo
or
leve
l, z
[m
]
0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
Relative air temperature
(relative to temp. at 0,1 m above the floor)
= 0
= 0,4
= 0,5
= 0,6
= ratio of the cooled ceiling cooling output to the total cooling output (Tan 1998)
Cooled ceiling
31
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations 32
Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS)
• 100% outdoor air is delivered to each zone via its own ductwork
• Outdoor air is conditioned in DOAS unit – Filtered / cooled / heated / dehumidified / humidified
• Exhaust fan & filter is integrated into a same air handling unit
• Air flow rate: – To fulfill air flow rate specified by ASHRAE Std. 62.1 / EN 15251 or greater
– To satisfy cooling/dehumidification demand in space (sensible and latent)
– Can be either constant volume (CAV) or demand based
• Energy recovery can be integrated
• Predictable ventilation control and improved indoor air quality
• Energy efficiency is dependent
on air volume and system design – Good efficiency with water cooling
(e.g. chilled beams and chilled ceilings)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
• Separation of the two air flows
• No transfer of moisture or odour
• Easy maintenance
• Optional bypass & circulation air damper
Cross-flow heat exchangers
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
• Heat recovery up to 85%
• Transfer of latent heat possible
• Aluminium foil accumulator mass
• Speed 1 - 10 rpm
• Easy maintenance
Thermal wheel heat exchanger
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Latent (internal, external) and part of the
sensible loads are taken care in AHU
Wolf GmbH84048 Mainburg
Telefon 08751/74-0Fax 08751/741574www.wolf-klimatechnik.de
Project no.:
KG Top 130
NameResponsible:
Date
15.11.2012
Project name: Sorption wheel with diffusion sections
Client:
Position:
/
Side view
12 3
9
5 6 7 84
1010171017
2034
529131218
30
529131218
3052
913121830
52
913121830
Planview
10
R1
912 3
712 509 400 712 712
3045
509 400 712
1621
1932305
1322
52
1218 91330 260 52
1218 91330
120
Planview
5 6 7 8
R1
4 12 3
712 509 400 712 712 610 610 305
4570
3051322 1932
521218 913
30
120
52
1218 91330 260
R1 = Access door
Total weight ca. 845kg 1 Rotary heat exchanger ca. 300kg
2 Air diffusion section ca. 16kg
3 Air diffusion section ca. 22kg
4 Bag filter F9 (short bags) ca. 48kg
5 Fan section ca. 87kg
6 Cooling section ca. 58kg
7 Cooling section ca. 120kg
8 Heating section ca. 43kg
9 Bagfilter F7 (short) ca. 31kg
10 Fan section ca. 120kg
Airvolume-supply side: 10000 m³/h
Airvolume extract: 9500 m³/h
Length of projection of damper linkage max. 120 mm fromexternal unit surface, parallel to damper fins.
41 OC
35 %
19 g
26 OC
55 %
11.5 g
24 OC
70 %
13.3 g
13 OC
95 %
9.5 g
(10 kW) 70 kW
Sorption wheel 3.0 kW
5.2 kW
17 OC
70 %
9.5 g
(10 kW)
29 OC
53 %
13.3 g
Round-around and cooling coil
2 g/kg from internal
moisture sources,
dependent on supply air
volume
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
No energy recovery
Delhi, summer
AHU selection without and with different energy
recovery systems in Delhi during summer
Room air
Direct
adiabatic
Indirect adiabatic
Sorption wheel
Crossflow heat exchanger
Sensible wheel
Supply air
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Delhi, summer
Temperature reduction with different energy
recovery systems in Delhi during summer
Direct adiabatic
Sorption wheel
Sensible wheel
Indirect adiabatic
Crossflow heat exchanger
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Delhi, summer
Energy saving with different energy
recovery systems in Delhi during summer
Direct adiabatic
Indirect adiabatic
Sorption wheel
Crossflow heat exchanger
Sensible wheel
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Delhi, summer
Moisture removal with different energy
recovery systems in Delhi during summer
Dew point
17 OC
Direct adiabatic
Sorption wheel
Sensible wheel
Indirect adiabatic
Crossflow heat
exchanger
Internal moisture from people
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Policies & Technologies for a Better Energy Future
in India: Indo-European Cooperation
REHVA and ISHRAE are organizing a seminar
7th of March 2013, in Mumbai at 14.30 – 16.30
Chairs: Maija Virta, REHVA and Sushil K. Choudhury, ISHRAE
14:30 Energy efficient buildings: Energy Conservation Building Code and
Building Star rating in India
Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India
15.00 Energy efficient products: Ecodesign criteria in Europe and how it affects
the industry in Europe and India
by Alexandra Sombsthay, European Commission
15.30 Long term investor view: Why sustainable buildings are needed in India
by Frank Hovorka, Head of real estate sustainability policy, Caisse des
Dépôts, France
16.00 Business view: Better business in sustainable buildings
by Rohan Parikh, Head Green Initiatives, Infosys, India
16.30 End of seminar
40
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Thank you
for your
attention