Introduction to Nearly Zero Energy Buildings · 2013-07-11 · Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten Framework and political targets Definition of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

IEA HPP Annex 40

Heat pump concepts for Nearly Zero Energy

Buildings (NZEB)

Introduction to

Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Project outline IEA HPP Annex 40

Carsten Wemhoener,

University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil

Kick-off meeting, Rapperswil, July 2, 2012

IEA HPP Annex 40 N 9

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Paradigms

90% autarky strived

Extremely good envelope

(passive house level)

Optimised renewable

production

Water/waste water system

CHP plant as back-up

Predictive control to optimise

generation and storage

Systems

84 m2 BIPV / 55 m2 ST

Biomass (rape oil) CHP

Cooking by electricity / back-up liquid (bio)gas for cooking

Rain water collection and waste water treatment

Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery

http://www.neuemonterosahuette.ch

source: Tonatiuh Ambrosetti

Preface – Net zero energy self-sufficient building at 2883 m

C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil

2

http://www.neuemonterosahuette.ch/








Framework and political targets

Definition of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)

Outline of an IEA HPP Annex 40 on Heat Pump Concepts for NZEBs

Objectives and Scope

Tasks

Links to other projects

State and participants

Outline of the presentation

3



EU strategy: 20-20-20 until 2020

20% renewable energy shares

Heat pumps are renewable

20% energy efficiency

New buildings shall reach Nearly Zero by 2020

20% reduced CO2-emissions

Heat pumps in Nearly Zero Buildings are an

economical way to cut CO2 emissions

USA (DOE) /Canada

All new residential (commercial) buildings shall be Net Zero by 2020 (2030)

All buildings shall be Net Zero by 2050

Japan

Heat pumps and high performance buildings are considered as key technologies to

mitigate climate change

source: Dieryckx

Framework – Political targets and strategies

4



High performance buildings

Much research has been done

on the building envelope

Low energy and passive houses are well

established on the market with strongly

growing market shares

Low energy houses are becoming the

current building standard

System integration into the building

Less research has been spent on:

System technologies adapted to NZEB

Multifunctional building technology to

cover different needs

Building integration of system technology

NZEB are rather in the P&D Phase

About 300 NZEB worldwide, mostly to

demonstrate net zero or plus energy balance

Market state of low energy buildings

5



Example: Concept Plus energy building

6

Plus energy building technology

Mechanical ventilation with

heat recovery

Ground-to-air HX for air

preheating

Ground-coupled heat pump

for space heating and DHW

Solar thermal system for

heat production

Grid-connected PV system

Battery for storage

(self-consumption)

Electric hybrid vehicle


source: IGS


Political targets indicate:

Next step will be Nearly or Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)

DEFINITION “Nearly Zero Energy Building”

Means a building that has a very high energy performance

Nearly or very low energy amount should be covered to a very significant extent by

energy from renewable sources, including renewable energy produced on-site or nearby

=>Presently no common definition of NZEB, neither in policy nor in the market

NZEB Definition

7

Timeline of EPBD recast for NZEBs

source: Jakobs



energy consumption

en

erg

y s

up

ply

Principle of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs)

• Calculation/Balancing time:

Monthly or annual calculation

• Energy/Emissions:

Delivered energy, primary energy,

embodied energy, CO2-emissions

• Energy production:

Renewable production on-site vs.

import of good locations

(e.g. Southern Spain)

• System boundary:

Heat generation, including auxiliaries

including appliances, materials

(LCA)

• Load mismatch/grid interaction:

Grid-connected PV

Avoid additional stress for the grid

based on Voss / Lollini

energy efficiency

passive approaches

renew

able

energ

y g

enera

tion

Missing items for thorough definition

NZEB Definition

8



System boundary around the building

76 m2 of solar thermal collector

200 m3 seasonal storage in the house

Solar system cost less than 10% of total cost

Results of year-round measurement

In February ≈ 80°C in the storage

Second building is currently constructed with

reduced collector area and storage tank

9

NZEB Definition – Balance


source: Sartori et al.


System boundary around the building

76 m2 of solar thermal collector

200 m3 seasonal storage in the house

Solar system cost less than 10% of total cost

Results of year-round measurement

In February ≈ 80°C in the storage

Second building is currently constructed with

reduced collector area and storage tank

10

NZEB Definition – On-site and «nearby»

source: Marszal, Bourrelle et al.



source: MINERGIE®

Zeroheatingenergy-house

Zeroheatenergy-house

Zerooperationalenergy-house

Zeroenergy-house

Zero-LCA-house + + + + +

+ + + +

+ + +

+

energy heating

energy heating energy DHW electricity ventilation auxiliary electricity

energy heating energy DHW

auxiliary electricity electricity ventilation

electricity appliances

embodied energy

energy heating energy DHW electricity ventilation


auxiliary electricity

energy heating

energy DHW

embodied energy

energy heating


auxiliary electricity

energy DHW

electricity ventilation

NZEB Definition - Loads

11



Certification requirements

Building envelope losses must not exceed 90% of legal requirement (≈ 50 kWh/(m2a))

Weighted delivered energy metric = 0 kWh/(m2a)

Weighted delivered energy must be compensated with on-site renewable generation

15 kWh/(m2a) storable biomass can be substracted

=> also concepts with solar thermal systems and wood heating possible

Embodied Energy < 50 kWh/(m2a)

On the way to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

In highly efficient buildings embodied energy

may be in the same size as operational energy

Currently relatively high limit, all certified buildings

are below the limit

0f6.3

EE/f

6.3

Q/f

6.3

QQ

MIN

outPV,inCV,genMIN

ndW,genMIN

rvdV,ndH,

Swiss MINERGIE-A® Label – Zero operation energy building

12



Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

Already today, already plus energy,

already self-sufficient, residential/non-residential

Common interpretation is a “grid-connected house

with zero operational energy balance”

But

NZEB still in the P & D phase, often different systems installed

Focus is on new buildings

Many different concepts

(technical feasibility in focus, often economically not optimal)

Heat pumps in NZEB

Heat pumps already well-established, many NZEB use heat pumps

Heat pumps are a very promising system to link the sources and sinks efficiently

Heat source energy is renewable and heat pump can be operated CO2-free

Heat pumps can activate short-term storage option of electricity in the building thermal mass

Summary State Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

13



Open questions

How is an NZEB reached most energy- and cost-effectively?

How are heat pumps integrated into building concepts for NZEBs in the best way?

Objectives

1. Optimisation of concepts for Nearly Zero Energy buildings (NZEB) with heat pumps

2. Evaluation of building- and system integration options favorable for NZEB

3. Requirements for further developments of current marketable heat pumps

to exploit specific performance opportunities in Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

(e.g. multi-source ability, capacity range, capacity control, temperature lift)

Scope

Residential buildings (focus on space heating, DHW, extensions ventilation, space cooling)

Small commercial buildings (focus on space cooling, ventilation, DHW lower demand)

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Objectives and Scope

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Integration options for plus energy house concept

Ground-to-air HX could

be replaced

by borehole HX

by HP (subcooling)

PV could serve as

heat source

(as PV/T)

=> ground coupling

(smaller, back-up)

solar regeneration can

reduce borehole HX

event. solar thermal

system can be

replaced

PV (cooling) and HP (subcooling) may be operated more efficiently

X

X X

Concept Plus energy house - Integration options for heat pump


source: IGS


Task 1: State-of-the-art technology and concepts

Classification of available envelope and system technology

and concepts to reach NZEB

Steps:

Survey/evaluation of existing technology and concepts

Suitability for new buildings and retrofit

Summary of most promising state-of-the-art concepts and technologies

Missing components and development needs for NZEB

Deliverables (as country reports)

Categorisation of concepts for NZEBs

Technology matrix of suitable building and system components

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 1: State-of-the-art analysis

16



Task 2: Assessment, ranking and optimisation of concepts

Assess, improve and rank different

building envelope and

technology options

regarding the performance and cost

Steps

Detailed comparison/assessment

of technologies and concepts

Improvement of concepts regarding performance

and cost (e.g. by simulations)

Derivation of concept ranking and tools


Proven technology concepts for NZEB including performance and cost

Optimised building technology and integration

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 2: Assessment and optimisation

17



Task 3: Technology development and field trial

Definition of requirements for product development

of heat pumps including the source and sink systems

Investigation of adapted prototype systems in lab- and field testing

Steps

Specific requirements for heat pumps in NZEB

Design options for further developments

e.g. multi-functionality, multi-source, capacity control,

temperature lifts, advanced controls

Efficient DHW solutions


Improved components and systems as prototypes

System concepts approved by field-monitoring

source: Pogharian, Candanedo, Athienitis

source: IVT

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 3: Technology development and field trial

18



Task 4: Issues of broad introduction of NZEB:

Integration of buildings into the energy system

Load mismatch

Grid interaction

Needs for storage

Electric hybrid vehicle as decentralised power

storage

Heat pumps can store electrical grid surplus

as heating/cooling energy in the building thermal

mass (Est. potential DE: 1 TWh short-term)

Approaches

How can self-consumption be optimised?

Potentials of Smart (ICT) technologies:

User information by smart metering

Generation control by smart grids

Is a definition for a single buildings useful?

Decentralised concepts for groups of buildings

City quarters, smart cities

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 4: Specific questions for broad integration

19


source: Ebert et al.


Task 4: Recommendations and guidelines

Derivation of recommendations based on

Task 2 and Task 3 results

Documentation of guidelines

and best practice examples

Steps

Derivation of Best Practice

Recommendations on design of integrated systems


Technical recommendations with practical links,

tools, checklists etc.

Best practice systems and concepts

Deliverables: final report, technical guidelines, concept overview, best practice systems etc.

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 4: Design and Best Practice

20



Scope

Concepts and technologies for NZEB with heat pumps

Residential and small commercial buldings

All buildings services as needed

Steps

Task1: Ranking of concepts (new buildings and retrofit options)

Task 2: Optimisation of configuration (performance and cost)

design and control of integrated systems for NZEB

Task 3: Technology development (prototypes) and field evaluation

Task 4: Specific information on (seasonal) storage, DSM, grid interaction

Expected Deliverables

Technical recommendations and tools on design and layout of optimised NZEB

Best practice systems and concepts, prototype technologies, field results

Final report, technical guidelines, models and methods.

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Summary

21



Joined HPP Annex 38 / SHC Task 44: Solar and heat pumps (2010 – 2013)

Objectives

Evaluation of the integration of solar thermal and heat pump systems

Residential buildings

Marketable system solutions and testing method

Connections

Modelling and simulations of heat pumps and solar

Integration of heat pumps

Partly multi-source heat pump operation

Differences

No NZEB boundary conditions, different designs

Restricted to the combination with solar thermal systems and residential buildings

Focus on space heating and DHW

Links to other projects – HPP Annex 38 / SHC Task 44

22



ECBCS Annex 52 / SHC Task 40: Towards net zero solar buildings (10/2008 – 9/2013)

Objectives

Comprehensive definition of NZEB

Calculation method and design tools for NZEB

Advanced building designs

Connections

Input for definition of NZEB, common framework for aspects to be covered

Input for calculation methods and design tools

Data base of realised NZEBs

Differences

No particular focus on heat pump evaluation in NZEB

Rather general evaluation of technical concepts

Little technology development

Links to other projects – ECBCS Annex 52 / SHC Task 40

23



ECES Implementing Agreement

Concluded Annex on storages in ultra low energy houses

Upcoming Annex on Storage integration in renewable energy networks

starting in September 2012

New Implementing Agreement ISGAN

Implementing Agreement for Smart grid technology

event. link to Task 4

Implementing Agreement DSM

Projects might also have a connection to Task 4 activities

Links to other projects – ECES, DSM, ENARD and ISGAN

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Participating countries (state July 2012)

CH: Univ. Appl. Sc. Rapperswil, Univ. Appl. Sc. Northwestern Switzerland

JP: Uni Nagoya

NL: SEV

NO: SINTEF Energy Research, NZNU, COWI, Enova SF

Interested countries

AT: AIT, TU Graz

BE: Daikin Europe NV

CA: CanmetENERGY, Natural Ressources

DE: Fraunhofer ISE, Viessmann GmbH, Uni Stuttgart, Uni Nürnberg

FI: SULPU, Aalto University

FR: EDF

KR: Korean Institute of Energy Research (KIER)

SE: SP, SVEP

US: ORNL, NIST, University of Maryland

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Participating and interested countries

C. Wemhoener, HPP ExCo, Spring 2012, Stockholm

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Thank you for your attention!

IEA HPP Annex 40 – Heat pump concepts for NZEB

ECO TERRA NZEB IN COLD ClLIMATE, EASTMAN, CANADA

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Documents

Introduction to Nearly Zero Energy Buildings · 2013-07-11 · Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten Framework and political targets Definition of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings