MODAL VERBSMODAL VERBS

CAN-COULD-MAY-MIGHT-CAN-COULD-MAY-MIGHT-MUST-MUST’NOT-NEEDN’T-MUST-MUST’NOT-NEEDN’T-OUGHT TO-SHALL-WİLL-OUGHT TO-SHALL-WİLL-

WOULD-WOULD- HAVE TOHAVE TO

We often use We often use to be able toto be able to or or to be allowed toto be allowed to instead of instead of "can". We can only form the "can". We can only form the Past of "can" (could). To put Past of "can" (could). To put

"can" into other tenses we need "can" into other tenses we need the phrases the phrases to be able toto be able to or or to to

be allowed tobe allowed to..

Other possible tenses:e.g. Present Perfect: I have been able to play football.

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Tense Modal Form

Simple PresentCan he play football?

Is he able to play football?

Is he allowed to play football?

Simple PastCould he play football?

Was he able to play football?

Was he allowed to play football?

will-futureDo not use can in the will-future.

Will he be able to play football?

Will he be allowed to play football?

Questions

Use (CAN) Examples

ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to)

I can speak English.

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)

Can I go to the cinema?

request Can you wait a moment, please?

offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.

suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?

possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.

Use (COULD) Examples

ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to)

I could speak English.

permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)

I could go to the cinema.

polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?

polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?

polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.

polite suggestion *Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?

possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.

Use (MAY) Examples

possibility It may rain today.

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)

May I go to the cinema?

polite suggestion May I help you?

Use ( MIGHT) Examples

possibility (less possible than may) *

It might rain today.

hesitant offer * Might I help you?

Use MUST Examples

force, necessityI must go to the supermarket today.

possibility You must be tired.

advice, recommendationYou must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

Use MUST NOT Examples

ProhibitionYou mustn't work on dad's computer.

Use (NEED NOT) Examples

not necessaryI needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.

Use (OUGHT TO) Examples

AdviceYou ought to drive carefully in bad weather.

ObligationYou ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.

Use (SHALL) Examples

Suggestion Shall I carry your bag?

instead of will in the 1st person

Use (SHOULD) Examples

AdviceYou should drive carefully in bad weather.

ObligationYou should switch off the light when you leave the room.

Use (WILL) Examples

wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would)

Will you please shut the door?

prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.

Promise I will stop smoking.

spontaneous decisionCan somebody drive me to the station? - I will.

Use (WOULD) Examples

wish, request (more polite than will)

Would you shut the door, please?

habits in the past (used to)Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

* no past forms - future forms

have to in affirmative sentences (Simple have to in affirmative sentences (Simple Present)Present)

Example:Example: I/we/you/they I/we/you/they have to have to get up early.get up early.

He/she/it He/she/it has to has to get up early.get up early. I I have to have to be at work at 8 am.be at work at 8 am.

have to in negative sentences (Simple have to in negative sentences (Simple Present)Present)

Example:Example: I/we/you/they I/we/you/they do not have to do not have to get up early.get up early.

He/she/it He/she/it does not have to does not have to get up early.get up early. I I don’t have to don’t have to hurry,we have 1 hour more hurry,we have 1 hour more

to kill to kill

have to in questions (Simple have to in questions (Simple Present)Present)

Example:Example: Do I/we/you/they Do I/we/you/they have to have to get up early?get up early?

Does he/she/it Does he/she/it have to have to get up earlyget up early Do I have to Do I have to obey your rules? No I don’t obey your rules? No I don’t

think so…think so…

had to in affirmative sentences (Simple had to in affirmative sentences (Simple Past)Past)

Example:Example: I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they had to had to get up get up

early.early. As I missed the bus yesterday I As I missed the bus yesterday I had to had to

take taxitake taxi

Must –have to –have got toMust –have to –have got tonecessity / obligationnecessity / obligation

You You must not must not cross the street when the cross the street when the light is redlight is red

You You must not must not work so hard.you will be ill.work so hard.you will be ill.(strong advice)(strong advice)

Need not/don’t need to /don’t have Need not/don’t need to /don’t have toto

I I don’t have to don’t have to go to school tomorrow go to school tomorrow because it is statutory holiday.because it is statutory holiday.

I need not………….I need not…………. I don not need to………I don not need to………

forms (needn’t-don’t have toforms (needn’t-don’t have to

I I did not have to godid not have to go shopping.My husband shopping.My husband had already done.. (had already done.. (zorunda kalmadımzorunda kalmadım))

You You needn’t have washed needn’t have washed the dishes.I was the dishes.I was going to put them in a dish washer(going to put them in a dish washer(yapman yapman gerekmezdi)gerekmezdi)

Perfect modalsPerfect modals

Your book is not here.You Your book is not here.You must have left must have left it it in the classroom.(unutmuş olmalısın)in the classroom.(unutmuş olmalısın)

She got the low mark in the exam.She She got the low mark in the exam.She might not have/may not have might not have/may not have studied studied enough.(yeterince çalışmamış olabilir)enough.(yeterince çalışmamış olabilir)

Yestarday it was my day off.I Yestarday it was my day off.I could have could have gone gone to the cinema.(gidebilirdim ama to the cinema.(gidebilirdim ama gitmedim)gitmedim)

Yesterday she was not at home.she Yesterday she was not at home.she could could have gone have gone to the cinema.(gitmiş olabilir)to the cinema.(gitmiş olabilir)

His leg has been in plaster.He His leg has been in plaster.He couldn’t have couldn’t have gone gone to match.(gitmiş olamaz)to match.(gitmiş olamaz)

He had a match but he didn’t go.We found He had a match but he didn’t go.We found out that the match had ben cancelled.So he out that the match had ben cancelled.So he couldn’t have gone couldn’t have gone even if he had wanted even if he had wanted to.(isteseydi bile gidemezdi)to.(isteseydi bile gidemezdi)

ADVISABILITYADVISABILITY

Should- ought to-had betterShould- ought to-had better

I overslept and I was late for the exam. I I overslept and I was late for the exam. I should have set should have set my alarm-clock.my alarm-clock.((kurmalıydımkurmalıydım))

I was caught red-handed by my mum I was caught red-handed by my mum while smoking.I while smoking.I shouldn’t have told lieshouldn’t have told lie..((söylememeliydimsöylememeliydim))

Be supposed to =should Be supposed to =should (expectation)(expectation)

What are you supposed to do in What are you supposed to do in the apartment?the apartment?

I am supposed to pay the dues regularlyI am supposed to pay the dues regularly I am supposed to participate in the I am supposed to participate in the

apartment meetings.apartment meetings. I am supposed to keep the stairs clean.I am supposed to keep the stairs clean. I am supposed to be respectful for the I am supposed to be respectful for the

other neighboursother neighbours

BE TO (EXPECTATION) = BE TO (EXPECTATION) = (BE (BE SUPPOSED TO)SUPPOSED TO)

The film The film is to start is to start at 11:30 (strong)at 11:30 (strong) The train The train is supposed to arrive is supposed to arrive in an hour.in an hour. You You are not to start are not to start before I give the green before I give the green

light.=must’ntlight.=must’nt

What aren’t you supposed to do in the What aren’t you supposed to do in the apartment?apartment?

?....?....

?....?....

What is a student supposed to do during the What is a student supposed to do during the lesson?lesson?

?....?....

?....?....

What is a Muslim supposed to do in What is a Muslim supposed to do in Ramadan?Ramadan?

?....?....

Be allowed to =can (permission) Be allowed to =can (permission) not abilitynot ability

What are you allowed to do at work?What are you allowed to do at work? I am allowed to work.I am allowed to work.

What aren’t you allowed to do at What aren’t you allowed to do at work/schoolwork/school

I am not allowed to smokeI am not allowed to smoke I am not allowed to……….I am not allowed to……….