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4 MIAAA HAyKAHarura oceajavr4 Me4aba ua 43. Mefyuapo4Hojo l]lurtrnvj agtt rs Q tas lffi e
6 nolNtosHr4xMo4elonaile $r.rsrvxor crdcreMa
8 x<meor rr[Enollol ,{rapar: rro3t4rpoH ynpKoc cBeMy
10 orsmra IAHACllo cne4nra p e3ynrarl4 rrorp are sa Xr,rrcosl4l,{6osoHoxa Ha Berrxor4 xaApoHcKoM cy[apaqyy CERN-y
16 w3ucroPrAlEHe peverr noje r<p1'roee!
18 pxoomsl,meMecro r ynora Slaerlre y oqyBariy rr sarttr,rrmxr4BorHe cpenr{He
2l ouswxa,u...Oileffxa J4 MareMar]4Ka
23 Er<crpacorapHe rrnaHere - )rr,rBor HerAe [p]TAe
25 [poueua c]4rre re)Ke ca BpeMeHoM
26 3auraMnlaeocrr{, Mo3r'anl4qe, nr{ranr{qe
eKaI 0r4no - cal ce caMo npunoBelaJ
anr.i He Mopa yBex raro 6urul
Ono jecre p je Mnagu fiusuuap 6uo u pa
ra llro HeMar arul eBo ra rroHoBo. Taxo rpe6a
14 raKo 14 rrlopa 6uru! Jep, rar.rcra He npuruqr.i Ia.jeaua3eMrba Kao ruro je Cp6uja, roja ua HajeehuM cBercnr.rM
raKMrrqelir4Ma MnaAr4x rr3 $r.r:une oceaja uajnulra
MecTa, HeMa rlaconllc He caMo 3a oHe eIIITHe ) IeHUr(e
onqHt+eHe Snrnrov. Her o il 3a cBe np)'re. rojr Hricy
il\4anh rne aa cnorHajl uapo,rrjy oBe HayKe.
9npcro cr,ro perxeHu 4a rpa4uur.rjy roja je npexrlHyra
o6uorulro, HacraBriMo, ).tranpeIuMo u ylo4o6r.rirao
caAarnrseM MeToIoJl0trrKoM npucryny HacTaBr4
(lr,nr,rre. flopea rora. cnpe]\tHr1 cvo aa caapNajHo rBilryenHo onroBopul\,ro ilH tepecoBar+y v,raaHx xoju
xe:re, a neuajy r4e ga npoHaly oHo lrrro ce He uyje Ha
qacoBut\,la il uro He nnue y yu6eHuurva.
3uano na he MHorn y oBa MoAepHa npeueHa pehra
na ce cBe moNe npoHahu Ha r4uTepHery, alrr4 oHr4
raOopasruajl na cy rn qJraHuil nilcaHil ra c,ryrajHorquraorla 11 Ia cy qecTo HeayTopx3oBaHi.r xnr.I
Herloy3naHrz.
Mu cuo clpeMHr.r ila npey3MeMo oAroBopHocr
3a cBe uro o6jaanvo. 6n,ro aaje peq o npilno3il\{a
eMr4HeHTHr4x Sn:r.ruapa, [Jrr4 o lonpuHocy Mna.4[x
c apaAHuKa, noj r.rx he, .uy6oro repyj euo, 6uru.
Mnagol Susuuaprz 4yro ur.rje 6uno, aul He 3aro rrrro
cMo ra Mrr Qurruapu sa6opanr.uu. Bruo je ilporeKJrrix
roAxHa HerontlKo norq,uraja 4a ou BacrpcHe, anr4 cy oHr4
npona.ru jep ur.rrco Hnje 6il0 eo,BaH la Hac varepn ja,rHo
noApxr4. lloyueuu rm,re, crpnrrrlBo cMo qeKarrr4 r4, eBo,
AoqeKanr4 Ia, lope4 lpyure a Qner,rvapa Cp6uje, joui
HeKo npeno3Ha 3navaj onaruor vacofluca. Vrparr<o, ga
Huje [4 ilasavr<e rcyhe..Klett" 11 rleHe n) He uarepnja,rHe
14 rexHr4qKe nolprrrKe, oBot HoBor Mnagol $usuuapaue611 6nlo. Ko,ruro he ra 4yro 6unt r xaxae he 6um. ire
3aBLiCX CaMO OA HaC, HerO U On BaC, ) leHIIKa r4 HaCTaBHIiKa
Srl:Hne. Cxlarure oBo Kao no3r4B 3a capalH,y. llla,'r,ure
Har\4 npilnore. tlilraba h npurnrce jep ca\4o raKo ]\4oxe\4o
:Haru 4a mr je oBo Barrr xJrrr caMo nau Mnagu Susuuap.Ono appo He 6n clrelo 4a ce Aeou.
Ypeguuwtueo
Hal-lJn ggBSJaL{il Me4a/baHa B. M.ebyHapg4HojontAMnnJaAV n3 Qw3tAKe
:ti ;} aHeZaBHosanpurenoj43.
|g*,r$ Mefynapo4uoj onwr,rnula4u
$ * na Qusrxe, rcoja ce
ffi lis o4p>KaBa^ay Ecrortujw,Ha[ru cpe4rr]orxKo Au\4 ilpeABof eur.r
4p Aaexcau4pou Kprr,rnoroM r{ 4pMuxar.rzorr Pa6aconnhelr c tr4ucrr.rrryra
sa Qusury y Eeorpa4y, ocnoju,tu cyqerr{pr4 6pouaaue u je4uy cpe6puyr'reAahy. Cpe6pHy MeAa,,by ocrojrao je
Mwtag. Kpcrajuh, yrreHmK MareNrarnqxerr,ruuaauje ra Eeorpa4a, a 6poHsaHe cyrtpwrraAe Mwtaey Koprravr uz ruvuasujey Cper,r croj Mlarporlaq w, I osawyEaaHynrrt uzf wvuau,rje ,,Jor,a:n ]onaHonuh3vaj" y Honolr Ca4y u )AreHr{rlr4MaMareuarrrKe rrlMHa3r{je y Eeorpa4yTarr,rapu Illyuapaq tr Wzuju Eypnhy.Onwvlr;,zja4a y Ecrounju oKyrruAa je 378
yr{eHr4Ka-TaKMr{rrapa Na 6pojHr.rx zev'arba.Ha onorr raKMuqeFr,y/ 3apazAuKy oA
cnoprcKr{x raKMrrreFba / AaAeKo nehn 6pojraKMr,{qapa ocnaja Me4a,.be 6y4yhu 4a ce
r,lacMaH oapefle rrpeMa 6pojy ycrerrrHopeneHr{x 3a4araKa. To, uapanuo, ueyuamfe Bpe4Hocr oBrrrx Me4a,rba jep ce
ya{ecHr{ur4 He raKM wue jeann fiporr{BApytux, neh ce 6ope 4aycuerxHo peruerrocraB,rbeHe npo6zene. Tpa4uqwoua,ruo,l;,ajjawr cy raKMr.{qapuv3 KuHe, a
Hautrr. cy raKMrrqapn, y rropeferby cTaKMI{rIaplrll|ila U3 Ha[IeI OKpy)<eFba/
cBaKaKo uajycrrenrHl,rj u.
l!lxanr:axQrcr,rop
M n AA.A oU3Ur1 AP il n O C ET W nVKLETTCnlr sarul.l oBoro/14rur bu ocsajatu MeAa,4,a
cy, cKyna ca Hur<ozou Oraurewrheu, xojr je
2008. ro4nue Ha ozr4Mrrv\a4tt ocsolwo cpe6-pLry Me Aahy t rro cert4lr,r L4z4an aury xyhy,,Klett", o4HocHo pe4ar<qrjy Mnag ot fi uauuap a.
3a peuranarue reop{cxor r4 eKc[eprlMeH-T arlJof AeAa TaKMr{rrapcKtrx 3aAaT aKa
onnvnwjt\tt qr vMaAm ro rrer cam.IAaroustAeAa 4a je ro MHoro BpeMeHa, KaKo Kax<e
Muzan Kpcrajnh, rpe6a ruarvv BuAy Aaje je4au 04 3a4araKa 6r.ro no4e,.teH Ha rpr,rnorrr).Ho o4nojeHa upo6zetra, raro aa je yreopr,rjcr<orr Ae,ry raKMr{qerba }'KVuHo 6utoqaK rrer pa3Atrrru'rrt'x Qusuurnx npo6zeua.3a4auu cy 6u,,tv, vz o6nacu,t vexaHrrKe,
Q tyu4a, ezeKTpocrarr4Ke, Marr{erl{3Ma,repMo4r{HaMr,rKe r{ acropQl.ranxe. Y excne-pr4MeHrazHoM aezy cy uajsaxrenutrjtr 6utuorAelu vt o6nactvt MarHerl43\ra r,l crpyjHr,rx
KOZA.
,,Y rr,rM ce 3a4aur{Ma r<otr6unyje sr{ue o6-Aacrr,r 14 Ha BeoMa cy BI{coKoM HI,{Boy", ra)ieAzexcau4ap Kprrauor. llpetra FberoBr{M
pequMa/ 3a4aTKe ,{3 LrrKoze cy oBr{ TaK-
v'ltvaplr' AaBHo rrpeBa3r4rrrzrt. OHlr npo-6tev carne4anajy peatmuje, aue rrrKozcKtr{,
Krbr{rrrKr{. Mo4ezr.r y trrKoArr ry yupourheHu.,,Y ercnepraMeHrazHoM Aezry cy, pequ-Mo LrMaAu 3aAaraK xojr,r npe4cr ae,rauHreparcrlr.rjy MarHerHor rro-/L,a ca BoAorr,,
aLu MopaTe fro3HaBaTr4 r{ onTr{Ky r{ rneHe
IZ
d
d
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qoce,
Mero4e, jep ce nonohy zacepa o4petlunatarouoaoruja noBprxr{He ao 4e. Bwto je ueon-xo4Ho 4o6po 3HaFbe MareMarr4Ke / mHTetpat-Hor paqyra ur4J', o6jaurmara Kpllnor.
NPAKThqHN NPilCTYNovt3vrr{ Kn M n Po5/t EM t4 MATairaapa IIIyuapaq, yqeHr{rIa qerBpror pa3-pe4a Marenaarr{LrKe rur,rHasnje y Eeorpa4y,Ha jeceu he aanoqeru cryAuje Ha Yunnep-3r{rery y Keu6pnuy. Ona ce Ha4a 4a herauo uajnp e caBlaAa-tu eKcnepr4MeHTaz-Hr4r npr.rcTyn Hayrlr{. Hr,Koza Orallrenr.rh,roju eeh yBezr4Ko cry4rlpa nau Cp6raje,Ka)Ke 4a ,,oHo rrrro/ reHepazHo/ paszuxfecryaraje y r.rHocrpaHcrBy 04 cllytula yEeorpa4y jecre npar<rilqHr,r nprcrynQlralrvxr.rlr rpo6zeunua/ Kpo3 orze4e.|locroj e clre4wj a avzoB aHe t a6 op ar optrje3a pazAu'rrqte o6tacru Qnsraxe, cauajcanperreu{ou onpeMoM, xojy cry4euruMory 4a Kopr4cre jour o4 [orrerHr{x ro4u:aacryAuja."AzexcaHaap Kpvuor je oa ose ro4r{He[pe4ceaHr{K rovl,,lcra je :a rarn,r r,rvema rojaopraunsyje /pyrurro Qnar,ruapa Cp6uje3a )AreHJ.{Ke Cpe4Fbr,{X rfKOAa, Ua4a nehTOAI4Hal'{a npr4npeMa Harre yqeHr{Ke 3a
o,,ruvnuja4y Kao q,raH ronar,rcuje, ro jecra).rop 3a4araKa 3a r3B. orrrxry rpyuy. Kaxouair,r je nojacurao, onrxry rpyny qr4He J re-Huqr,r IV pa3pe4a rojlr ry ce raKMr{rrr4 Au Ha
perr4oHazHr4M u tp aACKI4M TaKMr,{lreFbr4Ma/
r(ao r4 Ha cpucxoj oatwrnttja4rr, atr4 r,r
uanpe4uujw yr{eHr{ur{ Hr4)Kr4x paspe4a xojuycuejy 4a ZocerHy HilBo orrrrre rpyne.
noAil3At-bE KPt4TEPt/JyMA HA4O MA6 1/ M TAKM yt q E Fbt4 MAOcHosHa rrpono3r{rIr4ja Mef yuapo4ueoltlnuja4e us Qnanxe jecre aa cBaKa
3eM?.ba r{Ma npaBo Aa Ae^etupa llo freT
)/qeHr4Ka/ rj. rarur,ruapa. Ceu rora,Heonxo4aH je n xonrraHyr{rer yueurha,fra yKozr{Ko ce HeKe ro4r4He t{3ocTaHe c
oauwnt\a4e, cae4ehe ro4r{He ce MoxeJ {ecrBoBarr4 caMo y cnojcrey nocMarparra.Crora je laa ro4uHe y ro4r{Hy Heorrxo4Honpw6 av n ar u QuuancujcKa cpeacrB a 3a
o4zra3aKHa oBo uefyuapo4Ho raKMr{qeFbe/a Azercau4ap Kpnanor ul,4ucl:,lr-yr za
Qnsur.y :nq6one aHajy r<ozur<o je HanopaHeonxo4Ho yAo>Kulu y raj aeo rrocza.I4z ro4une y roar4Hy ycnex HarrrlxTaKMr{rrapa je cne rehla, a ro ce uoce6noo4HOCr{ Ha npoTeKzr4x rIeT ro4r{Ha.llpenra peqr,rMa Aaer<caH4pa Kpunora,3a ro cy 3acAyx-tn v 'uAaHoBn loH,tncuje3a TaKMr4rqewa, xoju cy BozoHTepcKr{
npr4npeMaarr Hattly eKr,rny :a oavvnwjaay.llocneurzo ce 4ocra ra>Krbe otueA\rv.a/ a
rpurepl.rjynrr,r ua 4ouahr{M raKMrlr{e}br,{Ma
cy no4r4rr{,Tu, fra cy ua ,,cpncr<ojonutvnwja4rr" c,l'l,rr.uHrr oHr{Ma rojl,r he uaureraKMilqape AorreKaru ua uefyuapo4uoj.
K. TI.
MoAenoBarbeQn3vL{Kot-
=
aooccaF
ctAcTeMaJb. Pucraoecru
ac^oB cAy'rr4 Ha HerrrTo
KOMtJ,tr,l KOB aUO, a An Anjeraro. On4e )<ezr{Mo 4a BaM
o6jaculano, pevr,rv a, 6e-l
Qopuyza, KaKo ce y Qtrcw4w npr4crynaucfrr,r'fuBarf,Y Qrsmvrr,u cr'rcrelra, roj lrirrory 6nru je4uocranuu / aAr,q 14 BpAo
KOMIIZI4KOBAHI{.
Haxou ws6opa Qlrsuvror ctrlcreMa,
o4HocHo o6j erra rrcrp a>Kl,z'B arua,
Qualavap nprrcryna nocrynry rojl.rMO)KeMO Ha3Barr4 Mo4eloBarbe
Qnsnvror cr4creMa. Pev je o ilpoue4yprr<oja je ynex o4peleua cnojcrnuuau:a6paHor Qlrsl,,ruxor cr,rcreMa rr uuheur{crpa)Kr{Bama. Oua 3ailoqr{rbe rro4ezoMcnojcrana Qr,reuuror cr4creMa ua 6ursar.rr ue6urHa 3a Aaru rJr4,b r4cTPa\<I4BaFba.
Ha npnH.rep, axo ucnuryjeMo Korp,barbe
ryMeHe zorrre no crozy,6oja Qnsrlvr<orcr4creMa (zonre) uehe yrlarlarm ua
pesyzrare MepeFba/ jep ua KaKBa oHa
6wla, lorrl-a he ce na r{crr{ HaqI{H
Ko'tp,,ba-rw.llpeua roue, 6oja zoure jeue6urno Qra:r,ruxo cnojcrno ia rtpouecKorp/barba. Mefyuru, 6oja zonre je6urno Qr,rar.rvro cnojcrno axo je r1u,a
wcrrwr:,r.narua peQae<cuj a u ancopu4r{acBerzocrr4 Ha meuoj [oBprxr{Hr1r. 3na.rr.r:
no Aezra Qmsuvxux cnojcrana QusrvxorcrlcreMa ua 6mrna u ue6lrrna Hraje
ycloB,lbeHa caMo cKynoM lireroRl4x
oco6wua, Hero r4 IlI4lbeM r4crpa)Kl{Barba.
tr4s nperxo4Hor HenocpeAHo c^eAu Aa
Quanuru Mozez ue uocrojr,r cau no ce6l,,r,
Hero caMoy4aroM KoHreKCry. flpyrulr'per{r{Ma/ Mo4ez ce IIe Mo)Ke nocMaTpaTr4
o4nojeuo oAuuna rrrcrpa)Kr4Barba y KoMe
ce KoPr4rcTr4r. llpl.{N'repa pa4r4, KaAa ce
frocMarpa KperaFr,e oxo CyHrla, 3err,r,aa ce
Mo4ezoBan,e uarepr,{azHoM Tar{KoM, aKo
ce rrocMarpa cMeHa uotl'tr u 4aHa, oua jer<yrza roja po'n4pa, a rrpll rocr\'rarparr,ycao6oanor rra4a r e Aa y 6 tuzwuuFr,eHe [oBprxr,rue 3elr,t,a ce [ocMarpaKao paBHa rrzoqa. Tar<o cuo Haruyfrpeleny nzaHe-ry/ 3aBr4cHo o A rJu,,ba
ucr p a)<t[B aru,a/ 3 aM eHr4,,t.l.r aa n amf yheje4uocranHuM/ alcrpaKTHI.,{M Mo4ezr{MaKaKBr{ cy lrarep{a,lHa rarrKa, KytAa rIpaBaH. llpeua ror,re: QlrauqKr4 Mo4ezje ancrparrua, rj. vecro eKcrpeMHo
ynpolrhena ronl.{a peazHor Ql.rsnvxorCI,{CTEMA. FL'CTOE CTCNCI{ CZO)KCHOCTI4
r{ 4oMeH rrpr{MeFr,.br4Bocrr4 o4pefeH jerlr{,.beM ucrpar<wBarua y vl,rje ce cBpxe 14
yBoAr4.
Hajje4Hocrasuulw Ql,reuvr<lr Mo Ae Ar4
c-v oH14 roa xojl,rx ce Kao 6ra rHo wtanaiaje4rro je4r.ruo cnojcrno QusuvxorcrICTeMa/ ,{aKo cl4creM Mo)<e 6utu wBp,ro c,lo)Ken. KoA [oMer{rror npr{MepaKperaFr,a Harrre rrzaHere oKo Cyuqa,oHa ce, ca cBoM cnojou czoNeHourhy
ffl*xcwxgrarrop
Mo4el\4e Marepr4jazHoM TaqKoM r(ojaHa 3eM,1 y zl4qr4 caMo no roMe rxro I4Ma
r{cTy Macy.
9ecro ce c rro4cMexoM roBopr,{ o Haqr{HvHa xoir,r cpra:rrvapr,r Hroae,rvjy cBer oKoce6e r{ HaBo4r4 ce MoAe,r r{rteazrrocQepuo cr4MerpilqHor KoFr,a. Tr,rr,re ce
>xeal,r pehr,r 4a Qnsuuapu v Mo4ezoBarryi.{Ay raKo AazeKo 4a rr KoFba savremyjyzorroM. ILIro ce caMr{x Qr,rsr,ruapa u,rve,He4oyMr4rla ner,ra. Kaxo je neh roMeHyro,Mo4ez ae nocroju caM no ce6u, Hero vJaroM KoHTeKcry. llpe,r,ra roMe/ 3aBrlcHo
oa uL,r/ba rrcrpa)KuBaFra, Kor$ uoxe 6larrrHe CaMO AOfITat i:IeIO/ IIOII\T 3elt,oe ynper\o4HoM npil \4ep_v, u vatepuja,tuaTaqKa.
3ABl'ICHO OA ql,lrbAl4CTPDr(]4 BArb& KOFb MOlt(E6V1TU HE CAMO flOnr& HErOH MATEPI4JA'IHA TATIKA
l4aro r,ro4ezoBarie QnslavrorctICTeMa Bprxt{ caM rrcTpa)Kl4Baq/
HI,ILIITA HC CMC 3ABI{CI4TI{ 04rleroBe clocoSsoc ru r r eo,r,e, jepHayqHo r4cTPa)Kr,{BaFr,e HeMT4HOBHO
ucx-.o1,.-rf e raKo Helrrro. BaaauocrcBaKor Mo4eza Qr,rar,ruxor cr{creMano4BpraBa ce Bp,ro crporoj HayvuojilpoBepil, npr4 qeMy xpureprrjyrueBalbaHocrr,{ o4pebiy pe3vlrarr{eKCneprrMeHTalHrrx rICTpa)KrrBarSa.
Halrnre, rr3BecHo je 4a 4o6ap lrs6op
Qnsr,ruxor Mo4eza Mo)Ke 3HarHo
vnpocTr4Tr4 eKcnepr4MeHTaIHI.{ nOCTVnaK
r4 ryMaqeFbe 4o6njeHnx pe3vzrara.Meflrrrau, ue rpe6a rrcrrycrr,rrr4 r,B BuAaTO 4a Ce eKclepr,rMeHTrr He lr3Bo4e ca
Mo4ezr{Ma, Hero ca peazHr4M cpnar,rvxlrlacrrcreMrrMa . Vs6op zolrer Mo4eza Mo)<e3?KOMfl;lI{KOBaTII eKCnepI4MeH-f aAHI4
lrocTvflaK 14 oTe)KaTI4 TyMar{eFbe
pe3yzTaTa/ aZ tI FI' I4XOB a B a,ab aHOCT 3 aBI4C\L
caMo 04 KBazL{TeTa eKCnepI{MeHTaZHJ4X
\4epe}5a L4 aHaAL4je AO6r,r jeurer pe3v/Tara.
l
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,l t.,..1..:: r ;: : ii:: a:ai
fl. Pucwuh
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.Gr'sEqoe tI
l-l on AnpaK: no3tArpoHynpKoc cBeMylopgana flaeugoeuh
o,r ltrp ax (1902-19 84) pof eH
je y Bpucro,T (Bet:,r'raBpwr aw,\ a). Cry awp ao j e npnoezeKTpoTexHMKy/ a 3ati'|M u
MareMaTr{Ky/ 4a6u 4oxropnpaoQnsury y cnojoj
24. ro4vrur't.
V 28. ro4unu)Kr{Bora nocrao jeaKaAeMI4II! ay 31-.
toAuHr[., o4HocHo
1933. ro4true,
4o6voje Ho6ezonyHarpa4y sa Qlrslrxy.Y npnoj rroz,oBtrHu
20. nera y QvrzvtJu cy ce Aecuae rpoMeHeKaKBe ce Ht/rKaA paunje, ur,trrrt racHnje,Hucy Aoto4uAey ucropwjuuayxe. One cy
3arroqere rptrMa reoprtjanra - reopr'rjorr.r
QoroeQexra, reopnjonr pelaruBHoc't\l
MO)|(E CE PEnn AA CEPA3BOJ KBAHTHE MEXAH]4KE
AEnn HA nEPnoAE nPEAI,|PAKA h nOCflE A]'IPAKA
r{ KBaHTHOM MeXaHr{KOM/ KOJe Cy
rro4p)KaBaHe lr uornpfrtBaHe r{cro raKo
suavajnmu Hr43oM eKCnepI4MeH ara. lloztlrlpax 3aBprrrmo je cnoje rrrKozoBarbe
y BPeMe Ka4a cy Te [PoMeHe florreze yQv.zvruu A\a 3ay3lruaiy rtrecro <oje nurrpurra4a. To unje cMerazo MZaAoM
ltrpaxy 4a ce6e 4nojar<o ytpaAuywcropvrjy KBaHrHe MexaHmKe. Mo>r<e
ce pehu 4a ce FbeH pa:eoj aeAt'r Ha
nepr,ro4 4o lwpaxa u Ha uepmo4 rrocaemera. /o nojane
lupara Ha HayvHoj
crleHr4 paaw{eHaje rarosnauaIlepeAaTtrBucTr4qKa
KBAHTHA MCXAH'{KA/
a 04 Fbera
fIorIt{FLe pasnojpel1laTmBr,IcTI{r{Ke
KBaHTHe MeXaHtr{Ke/
utrjw je ou3AI{CTHI4K.
KBAHTL1 M OOTOEOEKATHurura Bezr{Ko y Quzu4w. He r{3pacra caMo
o4 ce6e, Hero yBeK noAa3rr o4panninxca3Hama r ocAarua ce Ha Er4x. IAnar,3aHMll,\,!LBO je 4a nOXperal.:^]l/I BeA\rKtrX
npoMeHa vory 6wrw I{ flperrlocraBKe(xr,rnore:e) xoje uar:rzeA MaAo veruajynocrojeha 3Har6a. Tarar je czyuaj 6vs ttca reoprjcr<oM npernocraBKoM Marcaflaaura 4a ce 3paqer6e eur,rryje l,r
ancop6fe y MaA;u'M ropuujava, KBaHTI{Ma.
llouranurra oAr+,e, Az6epr Ajuurraju je
4orxao 4o reopl.rje QoroeQer<ra, roja je
noKperryza AaBvrJy r4crpa)Kr4B arb a, uuju je
pe.:yATa't 6r,raa rsanrHa MexaH[Ka.
KeaHrF{a MexaHuKa ce rroHer4e Ha3uBa
Qrauxou aroMa, aArlynpaBoje lloa
:|i::a:r:l,i:i:::l:::I I I nioonxorerqoP
414 PAKO BA PEnATlt Bt4 CT14 rt KA A Ll pA Ko BA H orA q 14 JAKBAHTHA TEOplrlJA JE - nOJEAHOCTAB/brBA|-bE
CBOJEBPCTAH CNOJ TEOP]4JEPEIIATYI BHOCTI,I 14 KBAHTH E
MEXAH14KE
lup ax rroKasao 4a r o uuje raqHo.Har,lue, nor<ynajn 4a ce oHa rrpr{MeHr4Ha aroM/ o4HocHo Ha ezeKTpoHe xojlrKpyxe oxo jesrpa, 6utucy cyoqeHr4ca oz6ttnswra npo6zeuonr. Cne jeyKa3uBaAo Ha ro aa je Heupvr HaeHhLr.Ba
z6ot neauxtrx/ peAarwBucrr{qKr{x 6putuarr{x ezeKrpoua. llpo6zev je 7928. ro4rlHeperrrr.{o /upax cnojou pela-rr4Buc-rr4rrKoMKBaHTHoM reoprajolr ezeKrpoHa, <oja jecsoienpcr au cnoj reopuje pe/art4BHocrn14 KBAHTHE MCXAHI{KE.
XTNOTE3A O NOCTOJAFbYN 03 hTPO HA LI P E/IATWBUCT ]AqKAKBAHTHATEOPT/,IJA
tr4s uperxo4Ho noMerryrepeAaT n BUC rr.rqKe KBaHTHe r eOpujeezeKTpoHa, rao je4uo o4 uoryhrtxMaTeMa fl4lrl KttX peueFba, tt SpOHw ta jexr{rrore3a o nocrojamy uoszrpoua. Toje, npenla r a4axtruuv. ca3Harbr{Ma, 6u,taueuoryha qecrr4rla, xoja je je4Haxa r<ao
ezeKTpoFL caMO LrrTO Hrrrje Herarr.rnuo,Hero je rro3r{Tr{BHo HaezeKTpr4caHa.
flupaxje o6janwo raKBe pe3yzrare,ruro je u Ko A'r aAautrlux BeArrKux
Qr.rsrtvapa rr3a3Bazro rro4cMex. lvpaxonpaA je roczy)<r4o sa za6any, rra je vartr BetwKrlHuzrcBop, cnp4ajyhv ce,npeAAo>Kr4o 4a ce lvpaxoea reopujaKoprrcrn 3a xBararbe czoHoBa y AQpwau.Mefyllrna, cBe ro Hmje 4yro norpajazo.llocrojarr,e [o3r4TpoHa/ a caMrrM Tr{Mr{ KBa3r4r{ecrrlqa u aurulrareplrje,eKcfrepr4MeHrazHo je uornpfeuo reh1932. ro4tme.
NPOPAL{YHA
l4rtaue, ltrpar je 6wo 4yxonur lroBeKaArr rn cr.{rypaH y ce6e, TaKo 4a raHr4Cy rroTpecAe froltaAuqe y Be3r4 carro3r{TpoHorr,r. O meroroj ZyxoBr{Tocrr4cBe4oqr,{ aora\aj ca je4Hor }beroBornpe4aBarsa. Kaaa je ua rpajyrpe4aBarba ynr4rao ny6tuxy Aa tuHeKo r,{Ma rrrlratba/ 3asyAo ce cze4ehe:,,llpoQecope, He pa3yMeM KaKo creu3BeAu Qopnryzy y roprneM zeBoM ytry.,,lupar je o4roBopr{o: ,,To w,rje rr{raFbe,net:. uzjana."
/upaxje orponrau Aorrpr4Hoc Aao upasnojy Hepe AaruBucrr4qKe KBaHTHe
MexaHr,{Ke. fo4l.rue 7924. y cno*r
4oKropary peQoplryalt cao je np asutaKBaH r r{3aunje. tlopea r ora, yreo je,
AaHac nesao6uAazHy, r3B. lup axosyr'ora4ujy, xojou je uarenaaruvrr.ranapaT KBaHTHe MeXaHr{Ke 3HaTHO
uoje4uocraB./beH.
3a pasrnry ogAHTilL{CCTYI I]A,eKcnepil-MCHTA''IHO
crBa pa Fbe
aurrmareprje,orqHocHoanrraronaa, jeHeynopeA14Borexe. Benrxm
ycnex Ha ToM nojby nocTtAf nv cy HayqHilLlr4Eaponcxe opraHil3aqnje :a uyxneapuailcrpaxrBaFba (CERN), xojrz cy ycnenN 4aaroMe aHTfi BoAoHylKa/ aHTr4MarepNjcroreKBrBaneHTa BoAOH ilKa,,,l rloB€" il 3aApxe16 rnwuyta n 40 cexynpra. llperxognrpeKopg tA3+ocvto je 172 MVnnceKyHAe vnvMaFbe oA jegue nermne ceKyHAe.
&,{r1sxaxqrsxrop f, l*l**
l-l o cneAlbtA pe3ynrarn norpare3a XwrcoBl4M 6o3oHoMHa BenilKoM xaApoHcKoMcy1apaL{y y CERN-y
Ilewap Aquh
Y trcrpat<trBarbr,rMa y Qwzu4u rrecrr{Ira
Qwzr,ruapu Kao ocHoBHo opybe KopI4-
cre aKuezeparope, roju npe4cr annqyczo)KeHe ypefaje sa y6paaname HaezeK-
Tpvcannxqecrr4ua v joua. Ilo.rHrtuoca je4uov aHazorlrjon xoja vo>r<e 6lrurBeoMa Kopr4rcHa y pa3yMeBarby rrpl{IrlJll'rra trcrpa)<uBarr,a y Swztr4u qecrilIla.
T)autq ce cehajy 4a cMo za ucrrrr"rrrBar+,e
uaja,lrw\ux Ae AoBa uarepuje M^\r AeAoBa
)Kr4Br{X OpraHr43aMa }{eBrrAlbr Btlx rozr{M
oKoM KOpr{cTrLAU OII'tMqKe MI4KPOCKO-
re/ a ca npr{Hqr{noM QyurqrourcamaO[IT,{!IKOI MI4KpOCKOIa ynO3HaZI4I Cy Ce yocHonHoj IrIKozr{. Yrparro, raj ce npnu-quu cacrojn y roMe rxro AHeBHa cBerzocr
ocBer,lbaBa y3opaK unjy crpyrrypy nPo-
J raBaMo/ aoHAa ct{creM xolr6lruoraHr,rx
coqr{Ba Mr{KpocKona cnojr,rrr ynehamelto ir,r oryh a e a aa Br,t arrMo u a j c r.,r rur{e aer a /be
ror y3opKa. Mefyutrra, pezo,rytlt'\a v'rurroh paszararu,a Mr{KpocKona orpaHuqeHaje raaacnou Ay)<t{HoM 4HeBHe cBerzocrl4/
TaKO 4a He MO)KeMO AaBWATIMO AeAOBe
rraarepraje uuje cy ar,lnaeH:r,rje MaFbe 04TazacHe Ay>KuIle ofrrr{r{Ke cBeTAocTtL a
I lxTO CY MAtbl,l AEnnTh MATEPI4IE
I KOJE XErl4MO AA B14A14MO, TO
I CHOn yEP3AHI4X tlECTl4qA MOPA
I AA l.tMA BEhv EHEPTUJy
oHe cy pe4a MrlKpoHa/ o4HocHo MuAuo-Hr4ror Ae^aMe-tpa (10 6 m).
MOT PA3'IATA}bA M]4KPOCKONAOFPAH I4tI EHA JE TA'IACHOMAyx04 HoM AHEBH E CBETnOCTI4,TAKO AA HE MO)KEMO AA Bl4Al4MOAEIOBE MATEPhJE tll4JE CvA14MEH314JE MAtbE OA TAAACHEADtfl4 HE OnThq KE CBETfl OCT]4
Ka4a je yMecro orrrurrrKe cBerzocrrl rro-qeo 4a ce Kopr,rcr r{ cHon ezexrpoHa, rojr,r,
rrope4 qecrr,{qHrr& noce4fy u raAacHa
cnojcrna, KoHcrpyr.{cau je eaerrpoucxrMXKpOCKOI, X}UMr MO)KeMO nOCMaTpa-
Tu AeAoBe r,rarepuje 4o 4uveuuqa ca-
Mr4x aroMa (10 10m). Ytnrecro orrrl{qKoMcnerzourhy, y3opaK ce ,,o6agana" eAeK-
rpoHr{Ma, w\y ralacrry AyxlrHy Mo)KeMo
4a MerbaMo npoMeHoM eueprnje, y cKAaAy
ca rro3HaroM Qopuyzou:.h I
/L=_aL_pEKao ruro ce Br,,r.Au, KaKo ce eueprujaezeKTpoHa nonehana, TaKo ce Fbr{xoBa
TaAacHa Ay>r<rrHa cuamf e. Ha ctuqauHa,4rqr: ce o6 an n ajy \4crp a>KwB ar$ a yQrlurqu rrecrurla. Kopucre ce cHono-Br{ HaezeKTPI{caHr,rx qecTr{rla BeAwKux
eHeprraja y6pzaaux 4o 6puruarpto6 nt crux lpzunu cBerzocrtr{, rrrro 3Haqm
33BoF
-+
C.rrarca l: Aauoucxu cHuMoK KoMuneK:a LHC ca o3Ha4eHa qeLuupu eK:it?pu,\4eHLua
u BpAo l'r'aA;,zx razacHr{x Ay)Kr{Ha. TaKoy6p:aHe qecrr4ue ycveparajy ce Ha Mery,a ocHoBHr,r 4un je Za ce rr3yqe zaKLUe
14 cra6r,rAHrje vecu,rqe roje uacrajyFbrlxoBr4M pacnaZoM. llo4aqr 4o6ujeuwy oBr4M eKcnepr4MeHrr{Ma npuryn,tajyce t4 anaAusupajy czo)<eHrrM AereKrop-cKr4M c14cre\414Ma, :a roje ce 4aHac Ka)Ke
4a cy Harxe ,,ezeKTpoHCKe oqr4". Illro cyMarbr4 Aetwh:,rr nrarepuje r<oje >rear,ruoaa BL4atrMo, To cHofr v6p:auux qecrr4ua
Mopa 4a ur,ra rehy eueprujy (a canal,rnTl,l:r,l \\ Marby raAacHy Ayxuuy),4oK r{c-roBpeMeHo ara veuuaje a KuezeparopcKorcr{creMa nocrajv cne Behe. To je paszorrfiTo ce /.aHac I pa4e aKqe,lepa roprl unjepa3Mepe 40ce)Ky 4ecerr4He Kr,{zoMerapa14 c/lo>t<eH14 4eTeKlOpCKIl Cr,rCrentra uraje
cy 4r{MeH3r4je ynope4laBe ca rrerocrpar-Hr4M r4 rrecrocnparHr4M 3rpa4al,ra. Ar<qe-zeparopcKrr o{creM LHC (Large HadronCollider - Betwru xaapoHcKr{ cyaapau)y CERN-y (Conseil Europ6en pour la
Recherche Nucl6aire - Enponcrla caner3a HyKZeapHa r{crpa>Kr,{nama), o xorure he5rr rn pevn, uajnehra ie aocaa HarpaBzbeH.
BEnnKn xAAPOHCKH CyAAPAL| (LHC)Beruxu xa4poHcKr4 cyaapaq LHC .rr,{uu
npcTeH 04 4Be aKrlezepaTopcKe 4eBr4/ yr<ojulra ce 4Ba cHo[a nporoHa uAurern-r<mx joHa y6paanajy y cynporHr,rM cMepo-Br4Ma/ a 3arr{M ce rr{ cHorronw cy4apajy.HaaKuezeparopcKoM npcreHy LHC-a nocrojeqerr,{pr4 \4ecra r4e ce cHorroBr{ cyaapajy rr
Ha Tr4M MeCTr4Ma frOCTaB,lbeHr{ cy orpoMHr4
AeTeKTOpCKr{ Cr4CTeMr{ 3a perr4cTpoBaFberr aHa^u3y rpo4yKara rux cy4apa. Cp"a-crBa 3a ,{3rpa4Fby r,r eKcrrzoararlr.rjy LHC-ao6es6e4uze cy Hajpaanujeunje 4p>r<ane EY,a BpAo cy aHavajuu n Aonpr{Hocrr y HoBrIyr{ onpeMrr CA!,Pycuje, Kana4e, lanaua,Wu4trje r,r Kl,rue. Cxopo cne 4p>xane Er-porre, vK,.byqyyhr u Cp6t\y, wecrnfy yoBoM It{raHTcKOM Ha)AIHO-TeXHO4OLIIKOM
rpojer<ry.
Mi1{:,nr,,oxsr{,{op f [I
Eod€o.+
3F€
63o
-e,
C,rura 2: Vewupu InazHa geuteKu.topa (ogoslo, c neea
!,a6rl ce creKao )rrt{caK o raxnou jenpojerry pev, HaeeurheMo HeKozr{Ko
ocHoBHr{x rro4araKa o LHC-y. /y;r a<I-1e-
zeparopcKor rrpcreHa LHC-a Ha&a3r,r- ce
npeKo 9000 rraarnercKr{x ezeMeHara, oA
'rcr a 1332 cynePnpoBo Ar:'a Atrrro AHa M ar-
Hera/ a 04 yKynHo 27 kn].4y)(I{He npcreHa/
24krn cy 3ay3elu MarHerlt pazAurr\ffuxTr{rroBa. Cynepnpoe o AHr,r Arrilo AHr{ Mar-
uet, ur.qa je npocevHa Ayx<r,rHa 73,6 ver ap a,
y crarry je 4a rporyIrrra crpfy javtane oA
npeKo 10000 arr,tnepa, xoja uavwanrwa'tuojreMreparypu o41.,8 K crnapa MaruercKywu4yr4ttjy o48,4 T. Onaxo cHa)KHm MarHe-
Tm Heorrxo4Hw cy Aa 6rt ce cHouoBm rlporo-ua (u,ru reruxux joua) orponrHlax eueprujao4P>KaBaAtT uo xpy><uoj rl]Tarrt{ aKIIeze-
paropcKor rlpcreHa. CHonoerz ce y6psanajy[poMeH,.bt{Bt{M ezeKTPt{qHt{M lIO,lbeM
Br{coKe Qperneuulrje, oZ rlpeKo 400 w,r-
ua gecuo): ATLAS, CMS, LHCb u ALICE
AvroHa oc4uzraqtrja y ceKlrr4r{ (400 MHz).llpe Hero ce cy4ape/ rporoHm AocrrlrrHy6psuuy o a 99,9999991"/o 6pzwue cBer Aoc-tr4,
o6u\y rrpcreH LHC-a 11245 nyra M ilpwroMe rpeBa Ae yKynHl,r' ny'r rojn je srureoA ABa rry-ra Ay>Kw o4 pacrojama lrsuefy3erra,ae ra Cy'nua.
nPE HErO 1UTO CE CyAAPE,nPoToHl4 AOCTI4)I(y SP3vtHv OA99,999999 1olo EP31'1 H E CYHtIEBECBETNOCTI4 NNPN TOME NPEBA'IEnyr KoJl4 JE ABOCTPyKO Av)lfl4oA PACTOJATbA l43ME6v 3EMrbE 14
cvHqAY rpa4wvt oBor rpaH4r{o3Hor uocrpojema
J/qecrBoBazu cy naj6o mu crpyarLbarJu/
cnegrtja,tucrtr. v. ucrpa>KuBaqv. r{3 qezorcBera, yxnyuyyt'm cKopo cBe eBpon-cKe Ap)KaBe, ueby xojl.rrraa je m uaura. Ylpr{[peMaFby eKcnePr{MeHaTa Ha aKrleze-
tra.ir 7I Aqnc,q'.,0hsx.rop
C:ruxa 3: @onioQaficrcu cHuMaK 3azpLuue fiasey Ip a g ru e a K 14 e n e p aut o p,
" r r,
" " rn / H#W:t ;tr,paropcKoM KoMnzeKCy LHC-a, a caAa rr yeKcnzoararl$u, aura>ronau je rarofe ne-,tuxw 6poj r{crpaxr,{BarrKr4x rr{MoBa, Mebyrojlaua ce Haza3e r4 4Be rpy[e cpncK]4rx Ha-y!rHr.{Ka: je4Hy ur,rue Qwzuuapu qecrr,rlla r43
I'4HH ,,Bttu'ta" v ca @r,rer.r.xor QaxyzreraYurarepararera y EeorpaAy, AoKje ApytayrzaBHoM cacraBlbeHa o4 Su:i,,ruapa vsI4ucrmryra:a Qnanry y 3euyuy u je4uww
Aeaol.a m o4 Qwzwuapa n3l4H}J ,,Buffra".Ercuepnr,reHrr4 ce rpeHyrHo o4nujajy npuryAapy cHorroBa nporoHa o4 uo 4 TeV,o4HocHo npl.r yrynuoj eueprl,rju oa 8 TeVlxro IIpe4CTaB,rba cKopo ABocrpyKo Hr{)KyBpe4Hocr 04 MaKCr{MazHe npe4Bl,rfeHeeHeprurje LHC-a (1a TeV).
4ETEKTOPt4 3A EKCnEPnM EHTEHA LHC-Y
Y upcrerry LHC-a nocroje qel4pr.r eK-
cfrepr4MeHTazHa MecTa rAe ce cHorroBr{cyaapajy r{ Ha cBaKoM oA'rux Mecra Ha-Aa3U Ce CZOXeH 4eTeKTOpCKrlr Cr{CTeM Ca
o4pefeuolr HaMeHoM. To cy Aerexropl.rALICE, ATLAT CMS u LHCb, no <ojr.ruao4ronapajyhu naef y'napo4Hr4r eKcnepr{-MeHrr{ Hoce r{MeHa (Cznra 2). V QtrzurJraBr4coKr{x eHepuaja czo)KeHr4 AereKTopcKr{cr4rcTeMr{ rpe6a Aa 3aAoBo/be Tpt 3ax--reBa/ a To cy [peqr{3Ho perr4cTpoBaEeBpeMeHa yAacKa r{ecTr4rle y AeTeKrop/r oy34aHa u 4enr vQuxa4r,rl a np o 4y xa-Ta r{HTepaKrlwje ra rarrHo o4pefl.rnamerbmxoBmx nozo><aja. C o6supou ua ro
4a He nocro]uJeAaH He3aBr{cHr4 AeTeKTOpxojw za4onalbaBa cBa rpr{ 3axreBa uc-roB-peMeHo/ rroMeHyrr{ AeTeKTOpm Cy CAO-
)KeHr{ cr4crew,r.y xojuura cy o6je4l.rrueuecBe oBe Qy'nKr1r{je (Ctwxe 3 u 4). Onu4ereKropr{ carpafeHm cy uz Bume ctojena,uwajy Qopry rJuAlrnApa, a 4rl^euu\euw4OCTID(y r4 HeKOZT{KO AeCeTr{Ha MeTapa.Cnaru AereKTopcKu c,roj nua noce6Hy
Qyr^urjy r4 HaMeFr,eH je perucrponamyo4pef eHe Bpcre qecrr4 qa. lerex4v1a wu4eurwQuxaquja orporrauor 6poja qecrr{-ua Hacrazr4x y cyaapLlMa aeajy cuonosanporoHa onaoryheHr cy zaxnanyyttunocroj ar+y u ohnzx r<orr.rnjy"repcKr4x cr{cre-Ma 14 o4roBapajyher coQrnepa.
I osn EKcnEphMEHTA l,tMAJy
I Cnl4qHE HAMEHE: h3yqABArbEI nPOqECA h nOIABA Y CyAAphMAI nPoToH-nPoToH 14 y CyAAPI4MAI TElUKl,lX JOHA
/,ererropu orrrxre HaueueAILAS uCMS (Czr,lra 3) npe4crar,rajy 4o caAaHajczoNeulrje r{HcrpyMeHre y Qr.rauqr.r.
yHa) rHr.rM rr4MoBr4Ma ATLAS u CMS rpeulr-Ho je aura<oBaHo yKyrHo Brtrxe 04 8000 el,r-3rlqap a, r4mKeH,epa u cnetlwjanttcr a p a3 Au-qrlror rexHr{qKor npoQraa. Ourr. 4otaze vznpeKo 180 rucurryqv\a v.z cKopo 40 4p><anacnera. Hr,rra Aa y Hayt\u uucy o6annaur,teKcrrepr4MeHTr{ ca raKo att6ttgt tozttutvtI,{CTpaX[BaqKO-TeXHOZOIIKI{rM 3aXTeBI4Ma
r{ ca TaKo MHoro r,{cTpa)Kr,{Barra r{3 rlezorcnera. O6a eKcnepr4MeHra niraajy czr{qHeHaMeHe: r,r3yraBalbe npoueca n noiana ycyAapr4Ma nporoH-nporoH r4 y ryAapwMareurxlax joua. llope4 npeqr{3Hor MepeFba
napaMerapa qecrr4rla rpehe Qawu,u,ge,Macav pacna4a KBapKoBa top t u bottomb, uzTuana ce pacna4 B xa4pona (vecrrqayuujtr cacraB yAa3u xlapxb), oueryje ce
&ur$,{&x$rc}rrop f|ItXl|
'or.i
a
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C.:mxa 4'. flolaflaj aaSenetreu 2012. logunegeweKwopoM cMS upu cygapy upouoHa Hq
eHeptuju og B TeV. Ilpurcasauu golaflaj uocegyjeKapaKtaepucwurce rcoje ce upeMa upegBuhatuuMaCmaugapgnol Mogena ouercyjy upu pacuagyXulcoeor \osoua ua uap Sou,Loua (ucupercugauur+tyxuu [ttpatolu xoj.u ce saaputaaajy uyuuntzeneuum nuuujaua).
perr4crpoBarr,e xr4rcoBor 6osoua, a ucl;rwr)4e
ce n rroryhuocr nocrojarba HoBr,{x gauge 60-
3OHa, KaO n nOreuqltjazHo HoBI{x ezeMeH-
rapHr.rx qecrr44a, Koje npe4Bufajy oapefeuereopuje (zenrornapxou.r).flpr,rmrnuuHorra 6pojy oa 800 v'utl,rrouacyAapa nporoHa y ceKyH4I{/ 4ereKroPl{ATLAS N CMS ouoryhanajy Ao6vjaneu4o 10 vtwtuoua uuQoprraaqnja no cy4apy.3aro ezer<rpoHrrKa Br4coKe rexHozorl4jeKoja ce y rbr{x yrpalfe rrua Bpzro czo)<eHy
HaMeHy: Aa oA-tr1^x 800 naltznosa cy4apay ceKyH4r,{ y BpeMeHCKoM r4HrepBazy 04caMo HeKozMKo MuAuoHr{Tt{x AeAoBa ce-
KyHAe us4sojtt, u4eutv.QwxTrle w o6ete>ruuajnorur,{e (rpoNeue) 4oraf aje.
AETEKqhJA Xn TCOBOT- 503OHAMeby MHorr{M r{crpa)KI4BaqKI,{M
lJr ,r,eBr,rMa/ peD{cTpoBame Xl,rrcoror 6o-3OHa npe/craB-4,a cBaKaKo npt{opl{rerHl,{3a4araK y Quzutlu qecrr{rra. 3aruro je oraqecrrqa rozr{Ko na>xna? Mlr 4auac y crBa-
pr{ noKyrrraBaMo 4a HacraBr{Mo Fb1'rHona
r{crpa)Kr{Barb a wz 17. BeKa r{ AjuurrajHona
i....i........l.l..,l.,.il,ilJ ! | ,x"cnx+nsrqop
Crurca 5: lolatlaj saSenetceu 2012. toguueg?tueKwopoM CMS upu cygapy upouloHo Ha
eueptuju og 8 TeV. Ilpwtasauu golallaj uocegyjeKapaKlaepucLuurce rcoje ce upeMa upegeullarcumaCu.raugapguot Mogena ouercyjy tpu pacuagyXutcoeol \osoua ua uap Sosoua Z, og rcojux cejegau ouga pacilaga Ha uap eneKmpoHa (gee uyueseneue nunuje), a gpytu Ha uap MuoHa (gee t4peeuenuuuje).
w220. vexa, y rojlrrlra cy rAaB:ur[. MorrlB6utu wraca r{ rpaBr4Tarlnja. Paszor roueje vumeHurla 4a joru yBeK He no:uajerrao
rpr{po4y r{ nopeKzo wace,6y4yhw 4aHav nrajeaHa oa oBr4x zBejy reopilja He
4aje o4ronop Ha ro nr{raFbe. lloce6ua je
rrr,rcrepnja 3a[rro HeKe rrecrr,{Lle lauajy\4al)' Macy, a Apyre BpAo BeA\,lKy, aor jeHeKe r{ecrr4rle yonrxre ueuajy. Hautre,ro3Ha ro je aa ce r4rHTepaKur,lje ocr BapyyrrocpeacrBoM qecrr4rla ue4l,rjaropa. Taxoje Qoron KBaHr ezeKrpoMarHercKorrro rba tr. rrae4{arop (upeuoorzau) eaex-
rpoM arHercKe r{HrepaKrlnje. Teoplajcr<a
r4crpa)Kr,rBaFba noxa:yjy A,a y rtptrpoauuocroju cnequQrvuo cKazapHo (Xr,rrcoro)rro,.be/ uujw je rsaHr Xr{rcon 6oson. Cne.re-crr{rIe y r4HTepaKllujtt ca rr{M rro,abeM crr{-qy Mary, a sepfe ce 4a je KBaHr ror rrozoa,
Xrarcon 6osoH, Krr,yrr 3a pa3yMeBarie Me-
xaHr43Ma KPer{parba Maca e,lteMeHTapHr4xqeCTt{Ua u qezoKyllHe rr,rarepnje y nPt4po-
4w. P ervcrpoBarbe Xrarconor 6osona catroje jeauo 04 MHorr{x oqeKr{BaHr4x orr<pr,rhaua LHC-y, aAtr. ce cBaKaKo cMarpa
:uajva;xwwjwla. Xr.rrcor 6oaou ce Qopuupay cy4apl,r.v'a nporoHa Ha LHC-y, a^tr s6orcBor Bpzo KpaTKor BpeMeHa )Kr{BoTa oH He
Mo)Ke 4a ce perr{crpyje 4uperruo, neh uo-cpe4crBoM rrpo4yKara cBor pacrra4a. llpe-ua reopr,{cxl.ru npe4nr,rf arlrrMa, Xr,rrcos
6o:ou ce pacrra4a Ha,laK[re uecruue vrjacnojcrna nosuajeuo u roje cMo y crarby 4a4erexryjenao . Y as.atttzu eKcnepr4MeHTaz-
Hlrx rro4araKa pa3Marpajy ce cnu KaHaAr/t
pacna4a sa xoje ce nperrocrasna 4a6ttMOrZr{ 4a Ca4p)Ke qecTr4rle HacTale TaK-
Br4rM pacfraAou Xl,rrconor 6oaoua.Ha ocuory Ao ra4a npr4Kyrr/beHr{x no4ara-Ka Ha 4ereKropr,{Ma CMS n ATLAS, rpajetr201,7. rc4wue 3aKbyrreHo je 4a 6w Xnrcoe6oson, aro nocrojl.r, rpe6ano Aa 6y4e pet:,r'-
crpoBar-r y r,{HrepBazy Maca o412L,5 ao 727
CeV. Y o6paf eunu eKcrrepr4MeHr azr:urrv'
no4arlr,rMa 4o6ujeumw 2012, rojwa cy
Ao4artr M troAarJr,r. 4o6ujeuw 2011. ro4ttue,peu,{crpoBau je wrurar< 4oralaja y oKozr{-Hr4 Mace oa725 ao726 CeV,4arcne rarrHo
y vlre?BaAy r.ojra je HaroBerLl reu xpa jev201L. ro4une.
I onPABAAHo JE or{EKr4BATr4I An rruo ycKoPo r4MATl4
| :ncnv cnr4Kv o nPhPogyrI PETnCTPOBAHOT EO3OHA
Or4e he 6rur npeaeHroBaH caMo AeopesyzraTa nocrr4rHyr y eKcnepr{MeHTy
CMS, y roue je yKyrHa eueprrja cyAapanporoHcKr{x cHonoBa 6naa 8000 CeVo4HocHo 4000 GeV no cHorry nporoHa.Beh y jyuy 2012. ro4w:ne uprr<yn.aeHa jeKOZr4qr4Ha nO4aTaKa n^aljj{paHa 3a r\eAy-ry to4rrrlyt ur,rue je ynehaHa nepoearuohapeu,rcrpoBan a Xr,rrcosor 6osona. Ocson-Hr pe3yzrarrr npr{Ka3aH\r cy HaCttrcatr'a4 n 5. Ha C,twt\u 4 npl.rxa:aH je pac-|I44 HOBe perr{cTpoBaHe rrecTr4rle Ha ABa
I 3AIXTO HEKE rtECTylqE ytMAJy MAflyI MACy, A APyrE BP'IO BEflytKy, AOK| :e nrre qEcrr,LlE yonurE HEMAJy
Qoroua: H--yT.C 4pyre crpar{e, Ctuxa5 upe4cran,rapac\aA r4cre rrecrr{r1e Ha
4na Z 6ozoua, rrpr,t r{eMy ce cBaKr{ 04 Fbr4x
Aa,be pacnaAa Ha llo ABa zenToHa/ TaKo
Aa ce y KoHaqHoM cramy janaajy rrerr.{prt
,lerlroHa: H---+ZZ"-+41. Y onou c'ryuajyzefrroHr{ Mory 4a 6y4y ezerrpoHr4, Mr{o-HI,L \LA\I IIOMeIXaHT{ eZeKTpOHt{ 14 MIlOIltr.Ezerrponra u lr'uo:u\r cy qecrr,{qe czr4rrnr{xcsojcrana, xoje ce pazauxyy caMo y Ma-
cana. Mr,roue,uwjaje uaca oxo207 r-yraneha o4 Mace ezeKTpoHa/ rrecro Ha3I4BaMo
r4 TeLrrKr4M ezeKTpoHr4Ma. Korra6raHaqujolr
4on\aja r{3 oBa ABapacila4a 4o6njeua je
Maca m = (125.6 t 0.5) GeV Honoperr-crpoBaHe qeflr{rle, :a rojy ce nperrocraB.ba
4a 6w tror ta 6urtt Xur coB 6osou.Onu pesyzrarr4 rroKa3azu cy Aa cMo peu{-crpoBarl4 HoBy qecr L4uy, enia je vaca npra-6ar,r>r<uo 125 CeV lr roja cr4rypHo npr4naz.aKAacu cKazapHr{x 6oeosa jep je meH cnnu0. Eosose ca clr4HoM 0 nasr,rnalro cKaaap-:urrl'r', a ca crrr4HoM l rexropcr<r,rM 6osoHra-
lra. llpenra npe4nl.rf amr,nra Crau4ap4HorMoAeAa/ oea cnojcrna o4ronapajy Xnrco-norr 6oeoHy, a Aa6ucMo Helrrro Br4rxe Mor-Ar4 Aa Ka>KeMO O npt{poAr{ oBe qecTr4qe r,r
4a 6ncuo y-tBpAMAr4 Aa Au ce 3al'r'cra pa4rno Xr.trcopoiu 6osouy, 6nhe salr Heorrxo4Ho
4a caKynr{Mo jour excnepr,rMeHrazHr,{x rro-
AaraKa. Karo 4o rpaja ro4lrHe y eKcrepr4-MeHTrrMa over<feuo ABartArn Mo>KAa qaK
Tpl,lrr1,ra nehy rozr,rvrrLry Aonbaja Hero yupnoj nozon vuu 2012. to Au:ue, onpaB4aHoje ovexr,rnarl.r aa hevo ycKopo ulrarr,r jacuyc;rrlKy o trprr'poAu perr{crpoBanor 6oaona.
/Ip nenap Attruh je pyrcoeogunaq cpucKot
ucu.tpaJr{usaqKot nuMo Ha eKCrepuMeuwy ua
getl.tercu,topy CMS.
&4.,:*;&,40rsn"op fh.ll.i;l
HE PEMETIAMOJEKPYTOBE!
)by6onupTogopoeuh
rapa je pacupaBa o roMe 4a nt jeApxurue4 6uo nehn Quzuuapu,rtrMareMarr4qap. HapanHo, oHa ce
HuKaAa nehe un sanpuurrlr jep je
HeIr,roryhe oApeArrrm Bpe4Hocr oHora rxroje onaj Cupary;rauuH Aao oBr4M 4BeMa Ha-
yKaMa. KoHauuo, oHe r4 He nrory je4Ha 6es
Apyrc, na npor'l.:aalrr Aa je oBa pacrpaBau 6ecupe4ruerna. Ho, raro je oBo qacolr{c
Mnagu Susuuap, ura heuo r4rraK Mazo Br4rrre
cr arv Ha crparry Qlralxe.A,ttt, rpeultMo 04 noirerKa.
oHAJ KOJ]4 TBP414 RAJE CBE OTKP]4O, AIIU HE
AAJyhl4 AOKA3 TOrA,fPEllJl4, JEP TO JE l,lCTOKAO 4A XOhE AA OTKPI4JEHEMOTYhE
Ka4a ce 287.ro4uue npe HoBe epe y Cnpa-Ky3v Ha Cv4vtnujvt acrpoHoMy, a BepoBar-
Ho r{ acrpozory Qvt4vtjvtpoAvro cuu Apxvt-]|.[eA, Hrl 3Be34e Hr{Cy Morze 4a npe4CKDKyKozr4Ko he cnercry HayKy ea4y>wnv onaj
AeqaK. Ha;razocr, He 3HaMo MHoro Aeraba,{3 H,eroBor )Kr{Bora. Je4ulno oHoBpeMe-
uo 6norpaQcKo Aezo sa roje sHauo 4a je
pn pou roug KfK)"oDg rd,pCI,rrrApypr164q
nocrojazo Hanr{cao je meron upvgarcnXepawur4ec. Orer HoKzrzocr/ oHo jewzry6neuo, raKo 4a o Apxnrr,re4yyrzaBHoMcaeHajeuo ,ts rrucarua r<acuujlrx alropa.3Hauo 4a je Apxuru eA c'ryA\rpao yAzexcaH4plaj vr saje4uo ca Eyxtlr4oruwcz.e46enwtTwnaa Konouou u Eparocre-Hou. Konona noMr{rbe xao npvtjarena,4or je Eparocreuy rocBerr4o 4va pa4a.Y
WoAy cBoM Z,ezy O cuupanaua Apxlrrue4KDKe 4a je rozeo 4a npoBorlr4pa cnojertpujarene y Azercau4prrjn raro urrouur je ctao csoje Hore reopeMe, aau6esAoKa3a. Muorz cy y Azer<cauApvtjv r'o-roM "rBPAr{Aw 4a q TeopeMe rbr{xoBe/ He
suajyhn 4a je Apxuue4 noczao rr ABe He-
rairHe reoperre! llono4ou rora Apxlrue4 jKa)Ke: ,, ...AaKAe ouaj rojn rBp1\r4a je cne 2
orKprao, atuHe aajyhu4oKa3 rora, rpe- 1
nu, jep ro je r,rcro Kao Aa xohe 4a orrprje 'r
ueuoryhe."36or ue4ocrarKa noy34aHr4x r43Bopa oApxurue4onoM xr{Bory vpaAy, ocrata je
q/Mrba 4a cy MHorI,{ rberoBr4 npoHa^acrJvrcaMo zereH/a. Hapanuo, Hajvynenrja jenpr4qa o roMe rar<o je Apxrauep, Mopao 4aorrpnje 4a tw je KpyHa Kpaha Cvr4wnrjeHarrr4lbeHa 04 qlzcror ztara vttu je ro4
IKffiIIflmxoaugrsx{oP
sAar aPa y t\y, fiaAyr aAo' /
r{ Herrrro cpe6pa. Aercu4aKilKe 4a je 4o m4eje ea 4o-Ka3 4orxao AoK ce Kynaou 4aje noroM Har rpqaorpos Cupaxysy trBrrKaooHo qyBeHo eyperca.Bvnoraxo6uno, ro je Haua
4aHac rro3Haro Kao Apxr-Me4oB 3aKoH: Cearco frteno
uoutoutueHo y tuequoctu...
Hajsauvlnvtnv\e cy,
cBaKaKo/ flPrrqe o PaT-Hr4M Marrrr4Haua xoje je
Apxulre4 KoHcrp)Mca o paArr o46paueCzparyse. Kaxy 4a je ocuructruo cr4creMBeAuKvrxotAe4aAa roja je no4ecr4o raKo
4a je mnxony )<t4xy Morao Aa ycvreprlHa leApa nenpvjarencxlrx 6po4on a, xoja6lr ce norou 3arraAr[Aa. ApyturberoBparHu npoHaza3aK je, ra;xy, Morao 4ayxBarr,r. Heupzjare,o cxr,r. 6po 4 oIpoMHr{Mqerbycrr{Ma rr Aara 3a}br4lxe lo,tuxo 4a6uce 6po4 HaKoH rryrrrralba wAwrrpeBpryouAvr npeAoMlro. Herlr eKcrrprrMeHTr{ r{3-Be4eHr4 y 4aHarxrbe BpeMe noKa3aAu cy Aa
ry o6e crBapr4 6vaevre KaKo rr.roryhe.lloauara je u Apxwe4oBa rBp4rba aa henoKpeHyrr{ 3eruzry aro rrry 4ajy ao6apoczoHarl. HapanHo, vucnwo je Ha \oAyry,utrjv je saroH rarof e 4e|vuvcao. gyneuaje u rrerona utupaAHa nnjar-nynn a, xolyje octmcmo 3a BpeMe 6opanra y Erururyraro 6r rroMorao sew,4,opaA:aurlrrMa npr,rryMrarby BoAe y 6arure. IA 4anac ce ranyMrra Kopr{crr4 y BeoMa nezurou 6pojyypefaja.Apxnvre4on v p aAoBu r43 MareMarr4Kerarofe g/ BpxlrrcKa 4ocurnryha. llo-sHara je lberoBa cr'vpaAa r{ rberoBorr3paqlTraBaFbe rroBprxr{Ha trclloA KpvrBrlxntrur,rja, roje je y crBapr^ vuSuntnezuttat-
Hv pa]]l44/ 4eovnucau 4o rpaja rer y XVIIBeKy 3axBa.r,fiyhn }byruy u Aaj6uv4y.Apxnrue4 je6uo noce6Ho rroHocaH Ha cnoj
AoKa3yrz reolrerpnje 4a cy loBprrrv*au3a-rrpeMrrHa zorrre ynr{caHe y nazlar je4Hare
4BeMa rpehuHaua rroBprxrrHe r{ 3anpe-Mr4He BalbKa. Kouavuo, je4na o4 crBaprrojy uenpecrauo cpeheuo y MareMarr4rIr{
- 6poj n rar<ofe je Apxrue4ono orrptrhe.
3A APX]4MEAA nP[qE KAXy4A JE OCMl4CflnO chcTEMBEfl],tK]4X OTflEAAflAKOJA JE nOflECXO TAKOAA JE Fbl4XOBy )t(]4)lryMOFAO AA yCMEPl4 HAJEAPA H En PIJATETbCKI'|XEPOAOBA, KOJA E14 CENOTOM 3ANAflNTA
OH je onaj 6poj aeQvw4cao Kao 2217, avz-parryHao ra je nonaohy y Kpyr yrlrcaHrrxuoKo Kpyra ofrvca}]ux MHoroyraoHr4Ka.Harpajy, n o Apxuue4onoj crvrprra uocrojnAeteHAa. Kory 4a ra je y6wo pr4McKr{
rojHnx nourro je Apxrnae4 o46vo 4a nofec H,r4M jep je qprao HeKe KpyroBe, peKaBrxr4oHo ar),BeHo: ,,He peueru uoje rpyrone.,,
rvrnoshgr{surop flre&&W
Mecro tAynora Qw3uKeY Or{yBaFby tA 3auTnruxuBorHe cpe4HHe,QpatonyS Eenuh
llrarama oqyBarba \roBeKoBe oKoAuHe rI
cMarberba FbeHor sara\vean a rlofl ala
ry suauajaH rpo6zerr,r qoBeqaHcrBa r4cro
Kao rrr4Tarbe M'trpa/ frr{Tarbe eltsrepnge uturrr4rabe rrcxpaHe uepasnujeuux AezoBacsera. PaeN{arpajy ce y ufKoAaMa/ uc-Tp a)Kr4Baq Kr4 M I/HCT rrT: y\ rll[.{ a / IIaTII.iIOIla A-
HrrM cKynrulvrHav'q Ha lrefyHap oAHvrM
cKynoBr4Ma u rouQepeuryujartt a, xaov y Yje 4vmeuuu Ha4ujanra. Cnojovr
os6u.&Horxhy Dpeaa3vla3e rpaHr4rle
iraef y aenrz,a Ma u Hap o AMI'r a. l{rarano
qoBeqaHcTBo ce flocTeneHo, aA\r I{e-
MlrHoBHo yrGyq)le y axn\y oq)rBavsal
pa4wouazmv\er lr 6oaer ropnurhem4 raor'r o Ap>Kr,rB or p a sn oj a cB e crp aHo r a rr,r 6 raj enra3BAHOI qOBCKOBA OKOZI{HA T4A'T )XIIBO'TIfA
cpeAtrHa.
flpv canre4aBarly Mecra r4 ytore Qvzvt-Ke Kao HayrIHe AvIclIvIIIAIlHe y 3aIXTI4T,{
)Kr{BorHe cpe/,rdHe rpe6a ysern y o6supcae4ehe nyroKa3e:) canpelreHe Mero/,e vtcrttt'ttrBarua
sarafeuocrw BaBAyxa;
) nocrynre aa npevraurhaBarbe orrra4-Hr4x racoBa/ rlapa u aepocoza;
) paanoj eHeprercKux r{BBopa
6y Ayhuocrvr, noce6no KoHrpozr{caHerepM oHyKzeapHe Qysuje ;
) vro6alue eQerre sarafer+,a: eQer<ar
craKzeHe 6alrre, Kr{ceze Kt{[re uo3oHcKe pyne;
I e4yxaqwjy trilp:,r,v'eLry HayKe y o6ta-CTU 3AIIITI4TC OKOZI4HC.
1. CABPEMEHE METOAE nCnnTUBAlbA3ArA5EHOCTI4 BA3AyXAY ocuonra, upo6aerr,r vcrwtrvrB aLba
aarafeuocrrz cBoAr ce ua o4pefr4Balberrpr4cycrBa rxrerHr{& sarafyjyhzxrvrarepuja (nozyranara) y ;rurorHojcpeAvrHu.L\ttn je Aa oHu He Aocrr4rrryKoHrleHrparluje r<oje Mory 4a HapyrenPr,rpoAHy paBHorexy \1 \r3a3oBy Herarr{B-He rrocze4rrrle no eKocr4creMe, 6wtautr v)KI4BOTI4FbCKII CBeT/ fla I4 CaMOI qOBeKa.
Baz4yx zara\y1y nozyraHrr{ roju ce y rbeMy
HaAaBe y BeoMa MaAurM KoHrleHrparlvjarnra.
To cy uozeryauCO, CO, NO*, NH3,yr,4,oBo4oHr4rJt[ / ctTTHe qecTr4rle/ aepocozr4wr 4. Oluuuo ce rr3pa)Ka n ajy je 4vww:4owppm (part per million), roja npe4crar,aaKOZ,{KO }'4r4AtrOHI,rTrrX AeZOBa 3anpeMrrHe
B aB Ay xa z ay zwvajy nozyraHrr{.3aluczruttro y ilpocropy 3anpeMr4Hy 04je4Hor ry6uor Merpa, Czrrca 1. Ha upnnIIotAeAt yKozr4Ko HeMaMo HeKr{
'rHcTpy-]|JIeIlT r,LAr/t rroMara,lo 3a Mepelbe cacTaBa
ca4p)Kr4He ror rcy6Hor Merpa/ Ty HeMa
Hr4qera. Hapanno, MJ4 3HaMo/ a z,axo jew
Iil*a"o,exqrshqop
l
C,rnxa 1. Ilhua ce Hana3u yeasgyxy?
froKa3aTr{/ Aa ce y roj aanpenruHvr Ha&agvr
cMerrra racoBa -BazAyx. Oua lo4pasyuenaorpoMaH 6poj paeuonpcHr4x MozeKyza -7 8o/" azor a, 21o/" xwCeosvxa, 0,9"/o aploHa/0,03o/o yrneu-AvtoKcuAa I,r pas1rul9^ltrTe npl4-Mece rlprrq,Tlley Mr Al.{ollvtTvt},4 Ae4oBrrl|la3anpeMr4He. Hajveurhe MaAtr 6poj Moze-KyAa, MUAI,IOIII'1TI'I AeO EI4& qrtHe MOZeKy-
Ar,r noAtrraHaTa. AKo Ba3Ayx He BuAr,rMIo,
frocTaB,ar,a ce rrr4TaFbe KaKo 4a oApeAvrrl'{o
KOZI4KO y rbeMy r,tMaMoAers/Aa nozyraHa-Tal Kojr{x uMa r43y3erHo MEl,lo no je4u]tsItuJu
3anPeMrrHe u roje TaKobe :HeBuA:/ll/IO?
O4ronop Ha oBo rrr{rabe 4aje Qwu.rxa!Mero4e sa 4ererrllrjy nozyraHaravcropvjcxvr ce Aeze Ha rpr4 reuepaqlrje:xerr,rrrjcre, Qraerroxelr ujcxe u Quauure.(Dusrrxe Mero4e cy uajcanperr,renuje. llo-pe4 BrrcoKe rar{Hocrr4/ oue urvrajy 6psoBpeMe o4roBopa r4 Mory KoHrrrHyazHo 4alpare rrpr{cycrBo rrozyraHara. 3acHunajyce ua coQncrurJvpaHvv' Quaravrlrnrrpoqecr4Ma Kao urro cy ancopnur,rjacBerzocrr4 y Br't4/bvtBoj, nHQpaqpneHojt'r y,npamy6uvacroj o6tacrvr, Qzyopec-rIeHTHa MeTOAa/ Aa0ep V Avr4ap Te)crtrrKe/
MaceHa cfreKTpoMeTpttla, npwveHa rrozy-nPoBo4Hr4rrKr4x ceH3opa/ onToaKycruqKalreroAq xopuurheme repMoKoHAyKTr4BHr4x
14 TePMOMa|HeTHZX aHaAvrSaTOpa uTA.Kao npuuep, rrpeAcralrrheuo nprue-Hy MaceHe cneKrpoMerpmje y aerexuujvr
racoBmrr4x nozyraHara y Ba3Ayxy. MaceslrcneKrpoMerap (MC) je nucipyrrenr rojnce Kopr4crr4 za o4petlvnauje vrace aroMcKr4xlrecrr{rIa/ aroMa u MoAeKyAa. P a4 xta-cl4rrHor MaceHor cneKTpoMeTpa 3acHr{Ba
ce Ha KpeTaEy HaezeKTpr4caHr4x qecTr4-
rla y xoMoreHoM MaTHeTHOM no./by rro4yrmqajen lopenqone cvme.,A,auac ce e6orcroje je4uocranuuje roHcrpyx4uje, Hr4xeqeHe r{ je4,uocrannor pyKoBaH,a .reuheKoprrcre KBa4pynozHr4 MaceHr{ crreKTpo-Merpr4, uvrjv ce paA sacHmBa Ha Kperarby ynpoMeH,4,I4BOM ezeKrplfiIHOu nOzuy. Ouucy zaKrxr,r r4 KoMrraKTHvtjtt o4 K,4acr4r.tHr4x
crreKrpoMer apa vr v'ory, saje4no ca rro-rpe6uuna uauajavuua, 6vrv crraKoBaHr4 yvo6vvwy ta6oparopmjy Ba paA sa 6woKoM repeHy. llpuuqun paAa r<BaApyrro^-
Hor MaceHor cleKrpoMerpa urerraarcru je,{zycrpoBaH ua C tuqtr 2.
pe3oHaHrH14
143BOp
DC + AC HarroHrl
Cnuxa 2: Ke agpyfr onnu MaceHu cueKmp oMetLtap
flozurwslrr 1ouv,, uacr anw jovwsa4ujotutqecTilrIa ezeKrpoHr{M a y v3Bopy /ycuepanajy ce y npocrop uervrefy verupuezeKrpo4e nap a6o twuuor lpeceKa/Kao Ha cAtr\vl ua xoje ce 4ono4uz6vpje4HocuepHor rr Harr3MeHrrrrHor HafroHao4rorapajyhe Qperneuq vje. 3 a uzalparry
Qperrenqujy cauo joHr aare Mace Mory4a npofy uarvrefy ezeKrpo4a w6ya!
AereKropffi
MnsAr4orsrtop fffW
'":6
I r,ot{{}c
3S$glMroa{a.iJ
Cnuxa 3. Maceuu creKtrtap MoileKyna gueu.tun-etupa
4ereKroBaHr{ Ha AereKTopy irecrrrrla. TaKo
ce 4o6t\a MaceHra cneKrap, roju je sa
ctytaj Auervrt-erpa (CnHroO) rrprlKa3aH Ha
Czm4v3.MaceHlr cner<rap je ,,orr4caK rtpcra" vtztw
,,6ap-xo4" MoAeKyAavr ctyxw 3a lr,eroByu 4eur wQvxarJvtjy . llona ohy rbera M oxeM o
AayrBpAuvo Aa ^rr y o4pefeuon npo-
cropy r{Ma rrcje4wuwxMoAeKyAa, fra \raK
tr Aa v3MepvrMo r6r4xoBy roHrleHrpaqrjy,oaHocHo us6pojlruo rprrgruHe MozeKyzenozyraHara y nae4yxy!
a nocTynu$ 3A nPEq$ufbABAlbEoTnAgHlrtx rA€o3& nAPA ld AEPBCOnAY san[cHocrvr oA rrpilpoAe cpeAvtHe ucaMor nozyraHTa/ nocroje paoHe Mero-
Ze 3a [peqrnuhaname orna4Hr4x racoBa,
OAHOCHO 3a yKlalbarbe r4zr4 cMaH,ebe
KoHqeHrparlr,rje nozyraHara y ;rlrnoruoj np%uoj cpeAvrHur.Mry Qvzvtxa 4aje neouaBa)KaH 4OIP'{HOC.Hane4uuo KaovAycrparlujy caruo HeKe 04
Qnsrururx r'pvrHrJvr'a r{ Mero4a rojr ce
BeoMa ycnerrrHo Kopr4cre y ry cnpxy. OaMexaHralrKr{x wz4najaua ea npevraruhaBarbe
ce KoprrcTe fpaBVT arluollu, T aAo>KHr,I
KaHaAr,r r4 Tazo)(He KoMoPe/ 3aTl,,'M
qerrpr{Qyra tuu (4vxtrouw), vuep4uouuy Aaprrrr / o6ut aznw vrAv xazry zvrHcKrt Kao
v.Beurypm rtAu Kartbrrttacrv wz4najauw vt
pa3HuQutnpw.lloce6rry rpyry qr4He ezeKrpocrarr{qKr4uz 4n ajauw crrtrrtrx qecrurla uaePocoza \73 AtrMH\[x racoBa BeArrKtTx
repMoeHeprercrnx o6jerara rojrKoprrcre QocuzHa roPuBa/ KaKBr4
cy repMoezeKTpaHe r4 Tonr4oHr{qe.
EzerrpoQuzrpr{ qecro uvajy orpoMHe
4vrvrcuamje, a eQraracHocr npevnruhanamaorrra4Hr{x racona je u3HaA99,95%.
O ytozu Qnsuxe y pasnojy eHeprercKr4x
r43Bopa 6y Ayhuoctw, noce6Horopuurheruy Cyn rene eHeprrrje, euepr{eBeTp a r,r KoHTpozr4caHe TepMoHyKZeapHe
Qyzv\e, Kao u o rto6atuwrrr eQerruuaaaralema - eQerry craKzeHe 6aurre,Kuceauv' KrlrrraMa lr ourrehemy o3oHcKoroMoraqa 3eu,ae ronopuheuo y HapeAHr4M
6pojewmra.Ha ocuony HaBe4eHr,rx rrurbeHr4qa Mo)Ke
ce saK,b) urru 4a nocrojuBeAvKvtnpocrop 3a aHra)KoBarr,e Qraslrvapay oltacru 3arxrr{re lr yHnpefema)KrlBorHe cpe4rrne. llocroje ltroro6pojuuKpyrrHr{ npo6telu vrje je peruaBarbeHe3av'rr,cAvrBo 6es gHarr,a creqeHtrx ynole 4vuwv o6 aacruyra Quu,rce, o 4QynaalreHrazHor rro3HaBarba crpyKT)?ar4 3aKoHr,rrocrr xoje um4ajy y trpupoAuao KoHKperHr4x perrrelia aa noje4lruenpo6zerr e. My zn u 4vtcrlmr^ A\r:aapHacapaAr\a ca cPoAHr{M l{arr-rllll]|.4 uTexHozorrrKvtu Ar,rcr\unavrHaMa raxof e ce
r04pa3yMeBa.Brme Aeraha o cBeMy oBoMe Mo)Ke ce
uahu y Kt+vtgvr (Dusurca u erconoruja, H.a cajryOrasu.xor Qaryzrera y Eeorpa4y, Kao r4 Ha
n e6- a 4p e cvt http ://www epa. gov.
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On3nKa lA MaTeMaTnKaJb. Pucwoecrcu
ilSWTKNM 3AKOHI,{MA CE
ycuocraraajy QyurrlroHazuerese raruefy o4pefeHux Qlr-3r4lrKrrx BeAurrr lr'a.llplr roue,
r{aKo ce ao6wjajy vrcrttrrwBarr,eM KoHKper-Hrrx cr4creMa/ Tr4 3aKoHr4 ce sanuryjy yorrrrrreM o6twry. Hajje4uocravutqu, aztw
v. uajow:nujvr zartuc Qvzwtrc,rx 3aKoHaje y rraareruarr4irKoM o6tuxy. Taro ce ua-TeMarr4trKr,{M 3arrr4coM Ap>rror Fbyruonor3aKOHa ma=F ycnocT aB/r,a QyuxqzoHazHaneaa usuely Mace rez4 y6pzarcarelaucmte xoja Ha rezo Ae^y'Je. Ha ro 4a je pevo orrrrrreM santr ry yrasyje qrrbeHrarla 4ace Qualrvra je4nauvua ma=F He o4Hocrr Ha
KOHKpeTHO TeAO TTAU CVrAyt XITO 3HaI{r[ Aace Mo)Ke rrpuMeHrf'tr,r Ha cBaKo Tezo rr cBaKy
cw y.Csaxa Qvrzwuxa je4Haqr4Ha roja ua 6vtoxojn Havru uoneayje o4pefeHr cryn Qu-3rfqKr4x BeAWq]l4:H'a r/rcToBpeMeHo je r va-reuarnvra je4uasu:na. Atu, cnaxa naoryhaMareMarr4lrK a je 4ttauwua roj a ua MareMa-'tl'l.qrKvt AotrycTr/rB Haqr{H uonesfe QnsuvreBeawrrrlle I :nttle Qwzwtra je4uavlru a. lTpw-MepapaAlz 3a MareMarrrvapa cy je4uaroMareMarrrrrKm ucttp aaue je4Haiu4He:
aF-m Fm=a ma=Fjep ry 3a Fr,era m, e rr F rpu, Ha npr4Mep/peazHa 6poja, norrrlr{o o4peleHa cauocnojrrvr 6pojHlrtr Bpe4Hocrr{Ma. Mefyr.rvr,za Qwzuuapa I m, a w F npe4u3Ho 4e-
QnnvrcaHe u uMeHoBaHe Qusuurce BenwuHe.
Oue ry o4pefeHe He caMo cnojrarvr 6pojnnuBpe4Hocrr4M4 Hero u cuojwv. Qrzsrvxrarr,r4vrvreuuqawa. To Haruehe o4pefeue Aon)/H-CKe 3aXTeBe nO rlI{Tarby rbrdXOBI4X rr,rOryhraX
Qyr.tlronazHr4x Be3a. @usu"rcu cy ucupalHe
CBAKA O14314q KA JEAHAq n HAKOJA HA EYI'IO KOJ]4 HAI{]4HnoBE3yJE Ofl PEREH ],t CKyno14314qK14X BEnnqnHA]4CTOBPEMEHO JEMATEMETnqKA JEAHAqytHA,A'I14 CBAKA MOTYhAMATE MAT]4 q KA J EAHAq 14 HAKOJA HA MATEMATI4qK]4AOnycTl4 B HAql4H nOBE3yJEo14314rtKE BE'l 14rt 14H E HI4JEo14314qKA JEAHAq]4HA
camo jeguauuue rcog rcojux cy fiuauurce gum.eusuje
rre6e u gecHe clupaHe jegHarce. /pyrutrrr peqr{Maaro je peu o Quslrvroj je4uautruu, oHZa ceuopajy rro3HaBarr4 He caMo MareMarrrirKr{cMr4cao Beavruuna xoje y moj Qurypwruy(peazaH 6poj, nerrop...), Hero mrcwxon Qv-zwrKvr Ha3rdB r4 rbr{xoBe Qralrvre 4uureuzule.Kaxo vu4wtvto, Qvrzuuapu Lr v'ar eMartrcra-pvrlre r,iltlutrranajy ua je4HaK Haiu{H ,rcryje4nauurry. Taro, Quar,rvxy je4uauuue ma=F
Qvzuuap wrJrr\rraaa ua czre4eFlu HaqrrH:npor,r3Bo4 Mace m wy6pzatsarena a je4uaxje cw-tw roja ua ro rezo Ae^r,Je. Aro ruyuanu urere j e 4l:.auwrry F m = a, p et-m he 4aje ar.q1prya,jep y6psame ne uo>re 6rzruje4Haro npor{3Bo4y Mace reza wcnne.CApFe crpaHe/ MaTeMaTrr\rap Te ABel 3arbera MareMarrrrrKe/ je4uavlrHe utrfttt[TaBaua cte4et-m Haqr4H: m, A vr F qr rpw peazHa6poja, rarna 4a je:
ma=F u Fm=a, ila czeAu 4a je a=F.Ono je ca craHoBr{rlra MareMarraKe Ko-peKTHo/ aAu ca craHoBr4rrrra Qtnzwre nr-nreHo je 6mzo rarror cv^vcta. @rrrsuqxa
rv{na.q,.r0harrs nilffi*Wffi
E
aoCD
o
oaF
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je4uavuua ce He Moxe pa3yMerr{ yKozr{Koce ue noaHajy Qnaruxm cMr{cao n Qusnvxe4wweuu,geBetrrrtuHa roje oHa uonesfe. Ys
ro/ cBr{ AeAoBu Qlranvrce je4Haqr{He Kojr4
ce ca6upajy utrroAy3rrMajy wropajy wv,a'ruucre Qnslrvxe 4uueuauje. Kaxo BaM Mo)K4a
Ka)Ky Barru{ HacraBHr{rlr{ Qlrsnxe, He Mory ce
ca6uparu u oAy3r\Marw 6a6e vt x<a6e.
3anvc Qualrvrux 3aKoHa y rr.rarelraruvroj
Qopun upr<uo je ancrpaKraFL ulro je,y wz-
BecHoM cMrrcAyt o4pa3 rbr{xoBe q/rxrr4He.
Harvre, nprrMepa paAu, y MareMarr4qKoM
sanwq lpyror Fbyruonor 3aKoHa Qrryp^-Dte crlAaxoja 4e,ry1e Ha rrocMarpaHu cu-
crena. Tlaroje raj aaroH 4o6tgeuHa ocHoBy
,rcttu t\[Bat5a MexaHr{ilKr{x c\r^a, oH Ba>Kr,[
Ja cBe crrue/ He3aBr4cHo oZ rr,r{xoBe Qualrvrerrpupo Ae. flpyrrlrlr' peqr{Mq MareMarr{qKr{
3afrr4c Tor 3aKoHa ce/ y q/rxTnHv, He o4Hocr
uu ua je4rry KoHKperHy ct4Ay rruttua je4auKoHKperaH Qnsrur<lr cr{creM/ atrraKBa)Kr{ 3a
ilrrl:r.:t,.Fll .u,,nsx orsrqop
I
6um xojy ctr^y \4 za6yrzto rojlr Quelrvrncr,rcreM. Y rou cuucay tAeAaHo, Mo)KeMo
roBopr{Tr{ o ancrpaKTHot t, cwt6onr4qKoMMareMarr{qKonr jesrrcy Qrsravrux jeaHaquHa.
Mo;re ce pehr 4a MareMar\rytKu sailucrl
Qnsravrorx 3aKoHa ne 4ajy onnc QeHolreuaua roje ce o4Hoce, Hero rpe4crannajy rcnyu
(*"fipy) r<ojn onroryhaBa oHrrMa roju suajy
Aatrxuulurlrajy aa 40 ror onr{ca taxo 4o\y.Cauronlrro peqeHo/ oHtr cy rronyr ilAaHatpa4a. Ko sHa 4a ce Fbr4Me Kopuc-rr\ nuaheHeKy czr,{Ky o rpa4y v c:ual-rw he ce y rbeMy.
Azn Hehe ra yno3Harr4 AoK He yno3Ha oHornro je ilperxoAnAo 4o6r,\arcy nnaua, n.AOK He npoileTa CBaKOM r1eTOBOM yAUr\Ol|'{.
CalrqHo rolre, ouaj Ko 3Ha Aa \rrtf'-rraraBa
Qnslrvxe je4uavnue nrvrahe u3BecHy npe4-craBy o Quel,rvrnl"r QeHoueuurr,ra Ha roje ce
oHe o4Hoce/ azr,r,uehe re QeHonreHe yno3-HaTr{ AOK He yno3Ha rr CBe OHO Ha rxTa Ce Te
je4uavrue o4Hoce.
pe Herrrro Marbe oA 20 ro4wua,Harlra ca3Harba o nzaHeTaMa ycBeMupy 6vta q orpaHrrqeHa Hauaur CozapHu crrcreM. 3uatu
cMo 3a Maze cTeHoBr4Te frzaHeTe AO]],U_
paue 6nw>xe HarrreM Cyruy r4 3a Macr,rBHe
IaCOBI4T€ IJI{HOBe ,{3 CnO,4,aIXrbeT AeAaCJ,'rr.renor crlcreMa. Toxov reher 4ezaucropwje acrpoHouuje ro q/ 6ute je4uuenzaHere y HarxeM BuA,lrrBola 4ety ue6a.fo4uue 1992. orrpuBeHe cy npBe eKcrpa-cozapHe rrzaHere oKo 3Be34e ny,tcapa,9g0cBerzocHr{x toAuHa 04 Hac (1 cnerzocHa
I HA]XA TAflAKC]4JA CAAP)(l,lI nPEKO 2OO MnnnJAPAnI sergAn
roArrHa = 10 rpwnwoHa Kr{zoMer apa), aneh 1995. ro4r{He rrrrpBanzauera xojaKpy>Kvr oKo 3Be34e cAvtsne Haureu Cyu_rIy, caMo 50 cnerzocHr,rxroAu:aa oa Hac.Ora orrpnfi a cy ogHa,,\,r.Aa Bezr{Ke no-M aKe y acTpoHoMCKUM I'lCTq a>KrrB ar$r[M,a,r<oja cy ao AaHac npepacza y HoBo ro,.beecKrpacozapHr{x HayKa. Kpajwu 4un
oBr{x ,{crpaxuBar+,aje 4a ce o4roBopr4 HaTrwrarna \rMa Av )Kr4Bora r{BBaH CS,,rruenorcr4cTeMa u Aa Au cMo caMrr y KocMocy.
!a6w oAtoBoptrAu Ha oBa rrrlTarba,HaysnuL\w auazvzwp ajy aruoceepe lrop6tn atue KapaKTepr{crr4Ke rocMarpaHerraaHer e / rp ar ajyttw 3a reM nepar)?a-rraa r<oje um4a1y ua moj, cacraBoM rbeHearlrocQepe v ilpvcycrBoM raKo3BaHr4x6vovruAuxarop4 racoBa xojvy ce6u uoceo6eze>r<je )Kr4Bora Kao rrrro ry osou (e),MeraH (CI{) r asor-ArroKcua (NOr).Aou4w Ha ecKrpacoAapHe rrzaHere rpehyce 04 aMarepa nocMarpa,qa Ao HACACnennpcre Kenzep Mnczje. lo 4auacyHanroj rataxc$vr, Mze.rHoM llg;r, or-rpnneuo je n nornpbeHo Br{rxe oa700eKcrpacozapHr{x rzaHera r npero 2300rr aaHer ap r:trx KaH Au Aar a (uen ornpleuuxTtAaHeTa/ yrzaBHoM OTKPT4BeHZX CBeMr{p_cKrrM rezecKonou Kenz ep, Aot\upa:auwy uparehoj op6mru 3eu,ae Ha IbeHoMn).ny oKo CyHua). llpoqemeHo je 4a uaruaratarcwja caAp>t<u npeKo 200 wu,rtwjapav3Be34a. Meby HlrMa no reopercKr4Mnpe4nu\av,uMa uv'a npeKo S0 wt,rr,\apAvr
Mncsl,,0xsx"oe EFI X*
ftAaHera, 04 Kojrfi qaK 50 Mrr/rarroHa
}r'Iory 6ilTu cMerrrreHe y raKo3BaHr{M
IJ'ace,br,lBr[MI SoHaMa oKo cBoje 3Be34e/ rAe
ce )Kr4BoT c^vrl{al] HarrreM Mo)Ke TeopeTcKI4
PasBuTu r,r f Ae ce BoAa HaAasm y TeqHoM
crarby.
BPYTI4 JYNUTEPI4
I Behr4Ha orKpnBeHr{x eKcrpacoaapHtrx
I nAaHeTa g/ racoBl,{Tr4 rJIlHoBt[, ilAame-re lyrlrrepoBor rr{rra HasBaHe upyhw
Iynwrepw. OHe ry AorlvrpaHe BeoMa 6twzycnojux Marr4qHrlx zBesAa/.rax 10 nyra6tw-><e Hero MepKyp (0,4 AU, 1 AU = 150 uu-AuoHa Kr{zoMerapa), r'oceayy jaKo Br{coKe
reMneparype/ 04 oKo 1000"C ao 3000'9 no6uuase oro cnojrax 3Be34a BeoMa 6pzo, za
2 ao 10 4aua. Oue Heruajy vnpcry noBp-rnuLryt neh rax reMneparype w ilpvtr:,[s\vrHa rrrxoroj rroBprxr4Hr{ rrr4He racoBuruM.Ha 4auautreM creneHy rexHozorrrKerraohlg oBe rofrze/ MacI,IBHe/ vr BeAuKe
rrzaHere ry QaropraoBaHe y orKpr{Barby r4
ocMarparby. Ho, ro He 3Harrr4 Aa qr rraa-uere 3elr,or,rHor rrrfra Marbe 3acryn.tbeHe
y cBeMlrpy oAtacoBr,rrvrx ur4HoBa/ neh 4aherrao jon Mazo rrpr{qeKarr{ AoK ce reze-cKoucKa uoh uaurrx ype\aja noneha
AOBO./bHO 4a r4X MO)KeMO OCMaTpaTr4.
Hanr CyHqeB cr{creM yAaL,eH je 26 000cBerzocHr{x ro4r,rna 04 rIeHTpa tatarcujeMzeqHra llyr,Ayravre rpeKo 100 000
cBerzocHr4x roAvIHa. lanatm+tt rezecKo-[r,r Ha 3eM,,],uvty cBelr,rtrpy Mory BuAerr,r
HalAa,,be 40 3000 cBerzocHr(x ro4r4Ha oKoHarler C)'rr.renor cl4creMa/ rxro uoKprrBacav,o 4ewth oBor orpoMHor cBeMrrpcKornpo crp aHcr v a. I4tax, nosu4wj a Cylnve-
I uor cr4creMa y raKo3BaHoM Hace,ibr{BoM
i u"zy Harre ranaxcuje, orraoryhara 4a
i rezecKorrz vurajy ynv4y je4au 04 rseHr4x
I rujr{HrepecaHruwjwxno4py\a, r4e )Kr{Bor
I
F ?41^nnosrar0rgr,ropI
I
tI
MO)Ke UOCTOJaTT{ r4 BaH Harle frzaHeTe3erra,,le.
Hayuuw1,r wcrp a>x71y apyre BBe3AaHe
cr{creMe xaro 6u cal:g'aAvr Herrrro Br4rrre
o HaMa caMIlMa: "KaKo cMo :,:'acrazlvrl
r<yAavrAeMo, r4 KaKBa je uarua 6ztu>raw
4ana gr46uua" ,A,a 6racuo ro 3HaA\r, Mvr
racrpa;rferuo KaKo cy QopuupaHu Apyrr,r.
cBeroBrl, nor<yrlanajyhlr 4a pa3yMeMoyHrrBep3yM Kao r\eatrHy, Ilo'rBpAIrMo wLvr
ocnopr{Mo AocaAat]f}ia cxBaTarba/ tr ycaBp-
AAHAC CE HAyqHhqhII14TAJY: AA nn JE )C4BOT,AKO nOCTOIU HErflE APyrAE,YONII|TE CN]4qAH HA1UEMUNN TE HAMA HENOJM'b]4B
rrrr4Mo nocrojehe reopuje. Ocuarpan e
vr aHaAuSa orKpuBeHrrx eKcTpacozapHr4x
fIZaHeTa oTKpr4Ar4 q/ HaM 3Be34aHO-nZaHe-
rapHe rouQrrypaq vge ro twxo p az Au.ulrr e04 Harrre/ 4a je cre Srvecrazrje cxBararbe Zaje uarrr C)'rr.ren cr4creM/ caql4rbeH Ha Haqr4H
KaKO AaHaC USfAeAa,3anpaBo peTKocT/ a He
nPaBtr^o y cBeMr{Py.
3aro ce AaHacHayqHrr4r{ rarofe ilurajy,4a tu je >Kr,tBo't, aro nocrojv Her4e Apyr4e,yorrrxre cAusaH HarxeM. Ka4a je xpajeunporxze roi4r,rHe orKpr{BeHa 6arreplrjaxoja t<wuw y apceHr{Ky y jeaepy Mouay KaznQopurtju, onaj r43a3oB je uocraocrBapHocr npe4 Mr,{Kpo6uotoswra,npr{po4barlvrua u acrpoHoMrrMa. Onaran,nonuo6tux3vrBorat Ao caAa Heno3Har Ha
Sewnvt orBopr{o je Hono rrr4rarbe: !,a nu. jeruoryhe 4a6votolsxr4 xrdBor 6y4e sacro-BaH Ha Apyr aw,luw trprtHrJvlJ],r'rl'/la oA o:Hr/Ix
xoje rpa4e learna AocaAarrrlba y6efema?
Y cnegehem 6pojy: ErcctupaconapHetinaHetrte - ycnogu sa nacfitausrc flcueofrs
o npoMeHe cuAere>Ke Ao
4e npoMeHa reoQr,rsuvrrxcnojcrana 3ev,ae r{ rpoMeHeFbeHor uozo;xcaja y o4Hocy
ua Cy'nue Meceq I,r HeKe oAr'zraluera.3aro je ycraHoB,.beHa rro4eAa Ha Herrepr{
o4urlHe npoMeHe cr^ze Te)Ke/ u3a3BaHe
reoQnsr,wrnM npoqecr4M a y 3ev nv:nojyHyrPa[rrbocTut tr Ha ilePuo4urrHe npo-MeHe/ r{3a3BaHe poraqlrjou 3elnrz,e oroCyuqa ra Meceqa oxo 3euzue.
Heuepno4uvHenpoMeHe cl4ze re)Ke
o4peffy ce Ha
ocHoBy reopujcrux\{OAe1la, 3aCHOBaHr{X
Ha I'lCTIt{'l I'\B aH,UM a
TCKTOHCKI4X
uopeuehajay 3ervtmwnoj
).HyrParxrr,ocru.Ha npulrep,noHoB.^,eHa Meperba
norasyjy 4a ce HeKr4 AeAoBvr 3elnr,alrue
KOPe BePTT4KaZHO ysAu>Ky HeKOZT{KO
rleHTrdMerapa ro4urrrrbe. Vxynua ilpoMe-Ha Br4cr4He sa 1 m vaa3vrBa npoMeuy cr4ze
rexe 3a oro 2'10-6m/s2 (2rwu:touwra4eta ml sz). lloHon,aeua Meperba y wcrojrar{Kr y OpaHrlycxoj noraaaza cy 4a cy renPoMeHe nePilo4ul{Ire/ ca nep},ro4oM 046 ro4uua w av.rTAuryAoM 04 U.1g-eorftz (6
l.lvravronvt'rvtx Aezror,a m/s2). To 3HaqI,r ce
cr4za Te)Ke y ToM BpeMeHcKoM IIePuo4y
yKynHo rrpoMeHr4 za 12 ww,rwoHrrtrrxAeAoBamf s2.r{wrtlt ce Aa q oBe rrpoMeHezaHel'zapz.uBo v'aAe, aur/r. olrre neh 4ocru-)Ky AorryxrreHy rperrrKy y Ae|:zH\rcamyeTaloHa 3a Ku1lorpaM.
Ilope4 nperxo/,Hot, ytcrro A qBpcre
3ev,alrHe r<ope nocroje xrtTKe Mace,
vraje nonaeparr,e MeFba rycrr^Hy uarepnjey toje4wrlwv' Aez.oBtrv'a 3ena,orneyH)"TparrrFr,octlr, a Tr,{Me r,f cl4zy Te)Ke.
Taro, ua r'pl,zMep, npoMeHa rycrr{He ycnojy Ae6nrlrne50 km y3erv'nvuojyHyrPauEbocTr,r oAcanao 0,001 g/cm3
AoBeAa6u 4orrpo-MCHE CI4ZE TEXC 3A
2'1,05 mfs2, urro jeITPVTA]/4]q^HO BeALrKa
BPeAHocT.
Tlzpauyuare Bpe4-HOCTT4 neptroAr/H-Hr{x [poMeHa cr,lAe
Te)Ke r43a3Ba uux por aqt\ou 3euzle oroCynua uorasyjy 4a jercuxona MaKCr4Maz-
Ha Bpe4Hocr je4uara 0.9.10-6 m/s2. 3a rrar-cuMaAHy nPoMer{y cr{llre Te)Ke t3a3BaHeporaqujorra Meceqa oro 3euzre 4o6v\enaje npe4uocr oA2.4'10-6 mlsz.Me$1'napo4ru,r npororr{rr Kr,rAorpaMa,HarIpaB,4,eH oa90o/" rr&aru]He w 10%wpw4vtjywa Halazu ce y Mefynapo4HoM6vpoy 3a reroBe r{ Mepe y OpauqycrourpaAy Cenpy.
MnosnQrsr*p [Hre
Wffirffi*ffiwynyTcTBo
Y oeoj py6pa4u Hana3e ce rpr Bpcre 3a-
AaraKa: Mo3rarnlle, nilranilLle (recroen) hpaqyHcKr4 3a4aLlyr. Moaranuqe v nvranvqe cyHaMeFbeHe yrreHilqilMa cBilx pa3peAa cBytx
cpe4Fbr4x uJKofla, Ma.qa ce nnefy rururrvra uoryaahw n 3agal{yt npilMepeHr 3HaFby yqeHilKaocHoBHe uKofle. Ogroeoprrr Ha Mo3ranilqev nnranA1e 6rahe o6jaeroeHLA y cnegehenn
6pojy Mnagor $msvrvapa. Oao Hilcy raKMyt-qapcKl4 3aAaqil, na 3aro ne rpe6a Aa HaM
uJarbere csoje ogroeope Ha rurx. Pavyncxu3aAaqil cy pa3BpcraHil no pa3peAilMa, no-qeBlulr o4 6. pa:pega ocHoBHe uKore na.qo4. pa:pe4a rurunarrje. Oao cy raKMrqapcKt43a1aqn, na 3aro ovexyjerrno aaua go6po o6-pa3noxeHa peuJeFba. Ularulrre ilx eneKTpoH-cKoM nourorrn na [email protected] vnno6rqsom nouJroM Ha a.qpecy:
l4rgaeavxa ryha KLETT g.o.o.MnaguQrarravap : : r :
Ceeroeapa hopoer,rha i5llv , '
1 1 000 Eeorpag
Ys eaua peuJeFba npunoxflre m cnegehenoAaTKe: Baue nyHo vMe v npe3rMe, Ha-3ilB BaUe UKOne V VMe il npe3ilMe BauerHacraBHuKa, oAHocHo npo$ecopa $rursr,l-re. Peulerua yqeHnKa ilcre uJKone xoja cy4o6rjeHa u o6paaloxeHa Ha ilcroBeraH Ha-.{r4H Hehelro y3uwarvy o6zup.
Baua peLueFba 3a4araKa rura osor 6pojanpilMaMo go 15. 4eqervr6pa 2012. ropw-ne. Y cnegehenn 6pojy Mnagor Su:nuapa,y noce6noj py6pv4n,,6ygyhu onvivnnj4u",o6jasrrrhervro ilMeHa no ner Haj6orunx pe-uaBaqa il3 cBaKor pa3pe4a. l1pe4 xpaj oeeurKorcKe rogilHe, y a. 6po)y Mna4or $ra-3[qapa, gogenrheuo noce6He AunnoMe ilnpilroAHe Harpa.qe Haj6oruurrvr peuaBaqilMa3a cBaKh pa3peg, uKonil ca tajerue peua-eava urja cy ilMeHa 6rna HaeegeHa y py-6pn4w,,6ygyhn onwunnj1u" tA HacralHnKy,oAHo.cHo npoQecopy Qusraxe vr,rje cy vrnne
r.ajveu:he HABenil., 6yAyhv onur,anujqil. OA-roBopyr Ha cBe HaBeAeHe 3arqaTKe il3 oBor6poja 6r,rhe o6jaeruenr,r y cnegehen 6pojyMnagor Qraauruapa.
EannMfinBoGTn} Axo 6z jesrpo aroMa 6nno nonrraqa [perrHzKa lmm, onaaluilpeqHvK aroMa
h3Hocuo oro l0m.
) V jeauotr rpaMy BoAoHHKa r{Ma raKo MHoto aroMa Aa 6ucnao. xaAa 6ucnlo r.rx
HaHu3aril4 capa3MaKoM og 1mm, 4o6utm aroMcKr{ uus roju 6vt6uo qervpr4rr,rznujaple nyra Ayxr.,r o4 pacrojarra nsrrlefy 3elrrle ra Cynqa.
) llpoceuna tunujcxa1pzuwa Kperarba 3errrre or<o Cyuqa j e 107154 Kr4JroMerpaHa r{ac. flopeferua palu, tnnujcxa 6paxHa care"flHra raHcupaHHX y op6nry oro3enlre n3Hoct4 oxo 30000 KunoMerapa Ha qac.
aocootroaF
illosranilqGf) Xlaleme 6oqe ca sarpejauoM BoAoM Ha cyHrly: Bpeo nerrrz ra*, aBr4 cre HerAe
na neroj rrJraxv. Oxe4ue:ru cre, a y paHrly r4Mare 6oqy eo4e, xoja ce sarpeja:ra, uKyxrrrbcKy Kprry y rojy cre yMorarru qailry 3a no4y. flpnjara 6u sav- qaura xnaAHeBoAe, aJrr4 eenNxoj epyhznz Hrrrura oA Tora. Lll:m;n<, Moxrere, 3a Aecer Ao rrerHaecr
Mr4HyTa, OXJIAI'IdTLT
BoAy y 6oqu. 3aTO I2IMATC CBC IIITO
nanrje norpe6no.Paglruc:rzre, KaKo
ce Ha Bpenonr CynqyMoxte oxJraAzrN 6oqaca BoAoM, aKo rrpt4
pyur4 r4MaTe caMoKyxr.irbcKy Kprry uqarrry 3a no4y?
@ X:ralene sarpejane ny6enilqe Ha BpenoM cyHqy: Oner je Bpeo nerrf,r4 ra:a, aBr4cre oner HerAe Ha rrJra)Klr. Xe4nu cre, a y paHqy r4Mare calro sarpejany ny6enuqy uKyxrr*,cKrr noN. Earu 6x ea\a npujana oxnaleua :ry6eHuqa, anv rorrrro je u:yseruoTorIJIo, qwlav ce, HVIIITa o.4 Tora. Huje raxo. 3a 4ecer Ao nerHaecr MrrHyra oxJlaAIrrrrny6enzrqy. 3a ro nanr je AoBoJbaH caMo Ho)r(, ailMale ra. flNrarre je: xaro ce Mo)Ke
oxJraAr{Trr ry6euuqa Ha BpenoM cyHrly, aKo r4Mare caMo Kyxt4rbcrz nox?
@ O4ronopure urra je rexe:a) xotfa Ao Bpxa HanyrbeHa BoAoM,
b) ncra rarea no$a, oner Ao Bpxa nyHa BoAe, caMo rrro ce y rsoj Hara3vt
AervMr4rrHo yporbeH KoMaA JraKor Aprera?
@ Hexa ce Cyuqe Ha vcroKy nojanrsyje rarrHo y 6 caru.3sauo 4a Cylruenu 3parlzao 3evrse flyryjy oxo 8 nanHyra. Kaaa 6u osu 3paux rpeHyrHo crt,:,arrv no 3enarue, aMeceq je rryH, KoJrr4Ko pauzje 6n ce Cynqe nojanuno na r,rcroxy?
($ Acrpouayr ce y 6esnas4yruHoM npocropy Hana3r{ ua pacrojamy oA HeKoJrr4Ko
Merapa oA cBeMr4pcKe craHzrle. Xe:rn Aa ce Bparr.r y 6po,q, atnMaJwr paKerHr{Moropu, xojuua peryJrr{ue Kperarbe y 6e:ea:gyurHoM npocropy, cy rroKBapeHr4.
Acrpouayr crojn ca xyrujovr aruray pyqu, pa:rr,ruurrajyhu xaxo Aa ce Bparr4 ycraHr4uy. la tn Bn 3Hare. r(aKo My ro Mome nohn sa pyrona?
Ilpuap emuo Ib. Pucu.ro e crcu
&cirogx$rerqop
llnraffrqeMapuua Pagojeeuh
l) lee jeaHaKe Kyrrre rpehy ceje4naxrair,r 6psuuanra (vo); 6e:rperba, rrpeMa srz4y xojz ce r'arasLtHa rcpajy ryraFbe. Toron Kperarba,je4ria Kyrrra Mopa Aa npefe rpeKor4cnynqeHof AeJla [yTarbe, a ApyfarrpeKo y4y6,neuoq npu uervry jeBvtczrna 14 crryrqen,a (ho) j e4uarca
ty6nuu yay6ruersa (crnrca). Koja he
KyrJra rrpe cruhu go suga?
a) O6e r<ynre he crut'm ucronpeueno jepr4M ce KrrHerrrlrKa enepruja n:ry6,rena nay s6paw\u na4oxHaf yj e ua uus6p Auw.
6) O6e qrr,re he cruhu ncroBpeMeHo. irnuhe nvarn pa3nr4qHry eneprnjy.
e) flpe he cruhy Kyrna Koja rpeJra3r4 rpe-KO fiC[)mqef5a.
r) IIpe he crzhu qrrna rcoja rpeJra3r4 npe-xo y4y6,.sema.
l) He rr.roNe ce Ha ocHoBy AaruK [oAaraKaoApeAr{rrr xoja he KyrJra rrpe cruhu.
Ao roraJrHe pe$rexczje cBerJrocrl{, TaKo AaBH44Mo caMo Mabr,r 4eo o46r.rjeH on noBp-IIII,[HC KAMCHA.
r) Bo4a Ha rroBprur4Hr4 KaMeHa crBapa co-uuno roje plcrrrire rberoBe .4y6oxe raMHenope.
4) Tanruu MrrHepaJrra Ha noBprrrr4Ht4 Mo-Kpor KaMeHa ce oranajy u lmrajajy cner:rocr,uro noBoAu Ao raMHor oAcjaja.
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@ MoNeuo naxo rrpvMerr4rt4 4a je rraoxap
KaMeH ran,rHnjn on cyBox 3axna-ruyjyhLa
KOJOJ OTTTUTTKOJ nOJaBu yOr{aBaMO
pa3[r4Ky nruefy MoKpor 14 cyBorxaueHa?
a) Bo4a ancop6yje unSpaqpBeHo 3paqerbe
roje rpeje KaMeH na oH nocraje rarvHujra.
6) Oa cyBor KaMeHa ce Bprrre ol6ujajycneu uj n aenoBil Br{AJbHBor cneKrpa.
e) Ha rpaHVuH Bo.4e il Ba3Alxa Aona3u
rlt4Jw Je eneKTpI,IqHt4 OTnOp
qr\v Je ererflpr.rrrHu oTnop
Illamutue uam ceoje ogloeope.Peruerua he 6uiilu gatrra y cnejeheu 6p6jy.
O rtu qerr4pr4 perxoa HirJra3e cena6oparoprajcKe qa[re ca HcroMKoJrr4rrr4HoM no4e. Ha cnuqz jenpr4Ka3aH HaqI{H Ha KoJr4 Cy peuor4
noBe3aHr{ rr BpeAHocTt4 rbr4xoBr4x
orfiopa. Ha ron,t peuoy he eorauaj6pxe npoxryrarz?
a) Ha ceuu peuor4Ma r,rcroBpeMeHo.
6) Ha peuoy unju je eneKTpHrrHU orrrop40 f).
e) Ha peuoy urzjn je eneKrpr.rLrHt4 orrrop30 c).
r) Ha penoy20 a.
A) Ha penoyl0 f).
{lf n*ncnr.rqhsrqop
ParUHGHlt oflflaq]t
3AAA{U: Vl PA3PEA OCHOBHE lllKOtlE
Q rprau je cra3y nyx{vne L : 720m rperpqao raKo utro je noJroBr4Hy cra3e rpqao6pszrroM v, : 8m/s, rpehuny crase 6p:znoM v2 : 7mls, a ocraraK 6pszuonavr:6mls. Konuxa je cpeAma 6pzuua rpKaqa na qenoj crasu?
@ Ayro6ycje xpenyo H3 Mecra A y naecro B, a ncroeper,,reHoje u: E xa A xpeHyoKaMrroH. o6a so:lura ce rpehy craJrHr{M 6psunaua. Pacrojarre usuefy A z B usHocu462krn. Bosilra cy ce cpena rocJle 3,5 uacaBox{rbe. Ko:ruxe cy rbr4xoBe 6p:uue aroje 6p:una ayro6yca sa 1-2kmlh neha o4 6p:une xauuona? Koruro BpeMeHa cBaKoBo3r,rJro nyryje Ao ur{Jba aro HacraBrr 4a ce rpehe HenpoMerbenonr 6psuno*r?
@ V no:y xojz ce xpehe 6p:zuovr v = 15m/s ceArr rryrHr4K 14 rneAa xpo: nporop. Vcycper oBoM Bo3y (no napanennoj npy:u) Aona3r4 Apyru Bo3, Ayx{r,rHeL:200m. flyrnur ras rrpBor rosa je rl3Mepr{o Ia 1pylu Bo3 rropeA mera npole:a5 cexyu4lE. Konrara je 6psuna Apyror aosa?
3AAAHH: Vll PA3PEA OCHOBHE lU KOrIE
([) Terio ce xpehe paBHoMepHo y6psano ca roqerHolr 6psuuor,r 1m/s. Ilocnenpef enor rryra AyxrrHe s reJro zrua 6p:zny 5m/s. O4pe gurv lpsvuy reJra yrper{yrKy xa4a je oHo nperuJro qerBprr{Hy nyra. Konr,nca je cpe4rralpznnauanyry s?.
@ V pyurz.4pr*(ure KaHa[ Ha KoMe BilcA BVcv reJro Mace m:2kg. Kasan Mo]Ke Aarr3Apxr4 MaKcrrMa-lrHy cr4ry 3are3aBa oA F-u^: 22N. 3a xoje BpeMe cMere uo4zhnpyKy 3a h : 30cm paBHoMepHo y6p:auo r{3 MrrpoBama, a Aa KaHarr He nyKHe.(g : 9.81 m/s'z)
@ nyruvauo 3pHo, npn 6psnuu oA v:400m/s, Wapa y npBo rz 3apr4Ba ce y lberago 4y6zne s: 0,2m. Konuro BpeMeHa ce 3pHo Kperano yrryrap ApBera aKo Myje ycnoperre KoHcraHrHo? Koluxa je 6utn lpzvrna 3pHa Ha 4y6uuu s : 0,1m?
3AflA{l'l: Vlll PA3PEfl OCHOBHE lilKOnE
Q JeaHo MareMarr4qKo KJlarHo 3a HeKo BpeMe HanpaBil l6 nyHrzx ocunlaunja. aorApyro KJrarHo, 3a r4cro BpeMe, HarrpaBz 14 nynzx ocqzlaqzja. Je4uo rcnaruo jeAyrme oA Apyror:a 15cm. Konune cy Ayxr4He oBa ABa nnarrra?
Q Cu 6a,rroua BilcfiHe 30m Xersro je racnycrno KaMeH. floc,re KonHKo epenreHa heqy"ruyAaparl KaMeHa o uo? Bpszua 3ByKa y nas4lxy je 330m/s.
a,rnosN grsr*op [FI;${1i
9 gu BpeMe o,4 2s, [peAMer ce ca pacrdama oA 30cm npz6nuxu ca6upuoM coqr,rBynrr4xcHe AaJbrrHe 10cm, na pacrojarre 20cm. Konlrxa je cpeArba 6p:una KperarbaJrr{Ka ror upe4uera? [a tu ce Jrr4K yqaJbaBa ulu npu6lvxaea courzny?
3AAAHI4: I PA3PEA CPEAFbE tllKonE
(! AyroHao6nr ce xpehe y Kpr.rBhHr4 6p:nHov vn:90km/h. 36or Kor{ema r4Ma
y6psame a,: -8rnls2. Haron f : 1s yrynno y6p:arre ayrouo6nna je a.:8,4mls.KolNxu je rroJrylpeqHr4K Kpr{Br{He u Holraro je ytaoHo y6psarre ayronro6ula?
@ Xoaajyhr4 rro rroKperHuM creneHHuaMa oA rbr,rxoBor rroqerra 4o xpaja, rryrHr4KrrpBn ryr npefe n,: 50 crerreHl.rKa, a Apyru nye rpehyhr4 ce Ha ,cry
"tpu"y.aJfii rpt4 nyra 6pxe nr:75, cr€reHnra; Konnno 6z crenenzxa (n) [pemao KaAa6H norperue creneHHqe vnponale?
O Hu ur4JrHHAap nonyrpeqHr4xa r : 0, I m, xoju uroxe Aa porlrpa oKo xopr43oHr€urHeoce, HaMorauaje nur vzju clo6ogan rpaj noqHe Aa ce Rpehe ca y6p3arreMa = 0.5m1s2. Ogpeauru yrao q :a rojn ce ul.tJrr,rHAap o6pHe oro cnoje oce ra
FberoBy yraoHy 6p:nHy o y rpeHyrr(y t: 2s on roqerKa Kperarra. O4pe4urr,r,raxole, yKyrIHo y6psarre raqre A xoja ce lnanasvr Ha rroBprrraHt4 rlraJ'rr4HApa yrr croM TpeHyrry f (uslrefy Hrrrvr u rJrrnvH4pa HeMa rrpoKJru:anama).
3AflA[14: ll PA3PEI CPEAFbE lllKorlE
Q nocyaa ca xenraj5rvoM, KoHcraHrHe 3arpeMHHe. npu reMneparypLttt:-3oCurrpr4rr4cKyp,= 6,5. I06 Pa vMa Macy m,:21kg, a na ucroj reuneparypu npurrpr4rt4c{y pr:2. 106 Pa vwevrac! mr:20 kg. tr{spauyHarr.r Macyx"*jWa yIIocyAI{HaIIpI1TI1cKyp:7,5.107PaIITeMIIepaTyput:27"C.
@ V BeprnKanHo rrocraBJbeHoM ur4Jrr4HApy rJrarKutx 3r4AoBa. uuja je roBprxHHanonpeqHor rpeceKa 5 = 9.81 !Q
5.{ ucuoA Knr{na vrace mt: 4kg Hana3r.r ce
"s^:AyI Ha reMreparypv Tr:400 K. Kaga ua KJrr4rr_craBrrM_o ret vrace m2: 6 kg,
pacrojarse KJl4tra oA AHa u[lJrHHApa cMabrz ce n : 2 nyra.3a rolnxo creneuu cenoeehara reMneparypa Ba3Ayxa y uun14HApy? Arrr,toc$epcKn npr,rrlrcaK r,r3Hochpo : 105 Pa. Vseril m je g: 9.8 I m/s2.
O np, noeeharuy reMneparype HnearrHor taca 3a AT,: 150 K cpeAFbaKBaAparHa 6p:una rberoBt4x MoJreKyJra uopacna je ca yskl: 400 m,/s na4u, : 500 m/s. 3a KonvKo crerreHlr rpe6a sarpejaru ucii raj rac ga 6u cecpeArr,a KBaAparHa 6psNua meroBr,tx MoJreKyJra nosehana cav.or= 500 m/s Ha v.oo= 600 m/s?
3A[ALlh: lll PA3PEE TUMHA3I4JE
Q tero uace M: 100 g Rtv3n 6er rpersa HH3 crpMy paBaH
sarz6nor yrna o : 30o. Ka4a reno npele nyr /: 20cm, ylr'etayrapa rgrrnr4rla vrace m: 10g, xoja lern Ka reny yxopr43oHraJrHoM npaBrly. Ko:rzrcy 6p:ulry rpe6a Aavl.r'a KyTJII{qa
ra 6u ce rocJre rrJracrrrqHor (auconyrHo HeenacrxqHor) cy4apareno:aycranzro?
@ MarepujaJrHa raqKa xapnonujcxr4 ocrrunupa npeua je4naqt4Ht4
x: A sin crrf. V Hercona rpeHyrKy erourauuja raqKe H3Hocr4
x,: 5cm. Ka4a ce Sa:a ocquroBalr'a noeeha rBarryra, e:ronraqujara!{Ke rr3rrocu x r: 8cm. OApelzrz aMrIJIrrryAy ocqvnoBalba.
9 Hu Hwrlr n;vxlHe / orcaqeua je rcyrruua 3aHeMapJbr{eux 4uueH:nja14 Mace m. Ky rm.tqaje uae,renrpl4caHa KoJI il q h HoM HaeneKrpilcaFbaq14Hana3v ce ur:uefy ABe rlapanenHe xopl{3oHTuulHe MeraJIHe
nJloqe HaeJIeKTpr{caHe rroBprnuHcKoM fycTktHoM HaeneKTpl{calbao. Oapeaurl4 rIepI4oA MaJII4x ocuranaqr,rja KyrJII4ue aKo ce oHa
r,BBeAe r43 paBHoTexHof rroJroxaJa.3a ManI{ yrao.
3A[A[14: !v PA3PEACPE[rbE uKOnE,
$ Acrponayrfi cy KpeHynI{ ca 3enrrse KocMI4uKt4M 6po4ol,l rojrz cerpehe 6psuuou v:0,8c. Ha 3ertry ce,pa1rn4enrNSuraqraje,rrraJby ABa cBerirocua r4Mrrynca xoju npeua qacoBHr4Ky na 6po4ycle4e je4an 3a ApyrIrM y^LIHTepBaJIy oa Ato : 10 s. Konprruje npeuencrrL r4HTepBan At uslrefy AoJracKa HMrlynca lpeMaqacoBHr4Ky sa 3errru?
@ 3pa.rene aproHcxor nacepa Sorycupauoje y qeHrap paBHe
fi oro raroAe BaKyyM c Ko r Soroe,r enreura. l't:v ef y paBH e aHoAe.
napaJrenHe $oroxarogn, z $ororaroAe nprrKJbyveu je cranaHHarroH U. I4gnasHra paA eneKrpoHa I43 MarepNjala Qoroxaro4er{3Hocr4 A, ralacua Ap{tr4Ha 3par{elba Jlacepa u3HocLt }", 4ox je Dpacrojarre aHole u Qoroxaro4e. O4pe4uu{ nonyrpeqHzK Kpyra /Ha aHoAr{ y noju nagajy SoroerexrpoHz KaAa eneKrputlHo noJbe
rrBopa ylpsasa Soro e:rerrpoue.
@ V ra6oparopujcxom peSepeHrHoM cucreMy K xpehe ce uran6psunolr v : 0,8 c y npaBrly Jr-oce. Ha ocnony Mepema y I4croMToM cvcreMy, Iyxu:rra uraua je l: 10 m, a yrao Hojrl nnau3aKJra[a ca x-ocoM r43Hocpl e:30". Llspauyuarn co[crBeHyAyxrr,rHy l0 mrana y cxcreMy K'ee3aHor4 3a [Irarl 14 yrao eo nojn. oH 3aKJIaIra ca x'-ocoM.
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noKpoBtrTeDApyurBo Otr3uqapa Cp6ilje
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TRl=CIF Karanoru3aqnja yny6ruKaLlxjr HapoAHa6u6nnorexa Cp6rje, BeorpaA 53Mfl Agt4 Qrir:uuap : vaconnc:a cee npnjarere Qu:uxel.rnaBHn n oArosopHil ypeAHuK
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