Mk. LANDUSE PLANNING Soemarno - ppsub 2 maret 2013

Mk. LANDUSE PLANNINGSoemarno- ppsub 2 maret 2013

GREEN MANMADE

AREAS

ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES

APS Mold Inspection Service can check the insulation, windows, attic and many other areas to make sure that you

have the facts on where you are loosing heat. There are many ways to make a energy efficient home.

Designing and building an energy-efficient home that conforms to the many considerations faced by home builders can be a

challenge. However, any house style can be made to require relatively minimal amounts of energy to heat and cool, and be

comfortable and healthy. It's easier now to get your architect and builder to use improved

designs and construction methods. Even though there are many different design options available,

they all have several things in common: a high R-value, tightly sealed thermal envelope; controlled ventilation; and lower than

usual heating and cooling bills.

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Some designs are more expensive to build than others, but none of them need to be extremely expensive to construct.

Recent technological improvements in building elements and construction techniques, and heating, ventilation, and

cooling systems, allow most modern energy saving ideas to be seamlessly integrated into any type of house design

without sacrificing comfort, health, or aesthetics.

The following is a discussion of the major elements of energy-efficient home design and construction systems.

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The Thermal Envelope

A "thermal envelope" is everything about the house that serves to shield the living space from the outdoors. It includes the

wall and roof assemblies, insulation, windows, doors, finishes, weather-stripping, and air/vapor retarders.

Specific items to consider in these areas are described below.

Wall and Roof Assemblies

There are several alternatives to the conventional "stick" (wood stud) framed wall and roof construction now available and

growing in popularity. They include:

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Optimum Value Engineering (OVE)

This is a method of using wood only where it does the most work, thus reducing costly wood use and saving space for insulation. However,

workmanship must be of the highest order since there is very little room for construction errors.

Structural Insulated Panels (SIP)

These are generally plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) sheets laminated to a core of foam board. The foam may be 4 to 8 inches thick. Since the SIP acts as both the framing and the insulation, construction is much faster than OVE or it's older counterpart "stick-framing." The

quality of construction is often superior too since there are fewer places for workers to make mistakes.


Insulation

An energy-efficient house has much higher insulation R-values than required by most local building codes.

For example, a typical house in New York State might have haphazardly installed R-11 fiberglass insulation in the exterior walls and R-19 in the

ceiling, and the floors and foundation walls may not be insulated.

A similar, but well-designed and constructed house's insulation levels would be in the range of R-20 to R-30 in the walls (including the

foundation) and R-50 and R-70 in the ceilings.

Carefully applied fiberglass batt or roll, wet-spray cellulose, or foam insulations will fill wall cavities completely.


Insulation

An energy-efficient house has much higher insulation R-values than required by most local building codes.

For example, a typical house in New York State might have haphazardly installed R-11 fiberglass insulation in the exterior walls and R-19 in the

ceiling, and the floors and foundation walls may not be insulated.

A similar, but well-designed and constructed house's insulation levels would be in the range of R-20 to R-30 in the walls (including the

foundation) and R-50 and R-70 in the ceilings.

Carefully applied fiberglass batt or roll, wet-spray cellulose, or foam insulations will fill wall cavities completely.

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Air / Vapor RetardersThese are two things that sometimes can do the same job. How to design

and install them depends a great deal on the climate and what method of construction is chosen. No matter where you are building, water vapor condensation is a major threat to the structure of a house.

In cold climates, pressure differences can drive warm, moist indoor air into exterior walls and attics. It condenses as it cools. The same can be said

for very Southern climates, just in reverse.

As the humid outdoor air enters the walls to find cooler wall cavities it condenses into liquid water. This is the main reason why some of the

old buildings in the South that have been retrofitted with air conditioners now have mold and rotten wood problems.

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Air / Vapor RetardersRegardless of your climate, it is important to minimize water vapor migration by using a carefully designed thermal envelope and sound construction practices. Any water vapor that does manage to get into

the walls or attics must be allowed to get out again. Some construction methods and climates lend themselves to allowing the vapor to flow

towards the outdoors. Others are better suited to letting it flow towards the interior so that the house ventilation system can deal with it.

The Airtight Drywall Approach and the Simple CS system are other methods to control air and water vapor movement in a residential building. These systems rely on the nearly airtight installation of sheet materials such

as drywall or gypsum board on the interior as the main barrier, and carefully sealed foam board and/or plywood on the exterior.

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Air / Vapor Retarders

These are two things that sometimes can do the same job. How to design and install them depends a great deal on the climate and what method

of construction is chosen. No matter where you are building, water vapor condensation is a major threat to the structure of a house.

In cold climates, pressure differences can drive warm, moist indoor air into exterior walls and attics. It condenses as it cools. The same can be said

for very Southern climates, just in reverse. As the humid outdoor air enters the walls to find cooler wall cavities it condenses into liquid

water.

This is the main reason why some of the old buildings in the South that have been retrofitted with air conditioners now have mold and rotten

wood problems.

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Air / Vapor Retarders

Regardless of your climate, it is important to minimize water vapor migration by using a carefully designed thermal envelope and sound construction practices. Any water vapor that does manage to get into

the walls or attics must be allowed to get out again. Some construction methods and climates lend themselves to allowing the vapor to flow

towards the outdoors. Others are better suited to letting it flow towards the interior so that the house ventilation system can deal with it.

The Airtight Drywall Approach and the Simple CS system are other methods to control air and water vapor movement in a residential building. These systems rely on the nearly airtight installation of sheet materials such

as drywall or gypsum board on the interior as the main barrier, and carefully sealed foam board and/or plywood on the exterior.

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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMESFoundations and Slabs

Foundation walls and slabs should be at least as well insulated as the living space walls. Un-Insulated foundations have a negative impact on home energy use and comfort, especially if the family uses the lower

parts of the house as a living space. Also, appliances that supply heat as a by-product, such as domestic hot water heaters, washers, dryers,

and freezers, are often located in basements. By carefully insulating the foundation walls and floor of the basement, these appliances can assist

in the heating of the house.

Windows

The typical home loses over 25% of its heat through windows. Since even modern windows insulate less than a wall, in general an energy-efficient

home in heating dominated climates should have few windows on the north, east, and west exposures. A rule-of-thumb is that window area

should not exceed 8-9% of the floor area, unless your designer is experienced in passive solar techniques. If this is the case, then

increasing window area on the southern side of the house to about 12% of the floor area is recommended. In cooling dominated climates, its

important to select east, west, and south facing windows with low solar heat gain coefficients (these block solar heat gain). A properly designed

roof overhang for south-facing windows is important to avoid overheating in the summer in most areas of the continental United

States. At the very least, Energy Star rated windows or their equivalents, should be specified according to the Energy Star regional climatic

guidelines. In general, the best sealing windows are awning and casement styles

since these often close tighter than sliding types. Metal window frames should be avoided, especially in cold climates. Always seal the wall air/vapor diffusion retarder tightly around the edges of the window

frame to prevent air and water vapor from entering the wall cavities.


Air-Sealing

A well-constructed thermal envelope requires that insulating and sealing be precise and thorough.

Sealing air leaks everywhere in the thermal envelope reduces energy loss significantly. Good air-sealing alone may reduce utility costs by as

much as 50% when compared to other houses of the same type and age.

Homes built in this way are so energy-efficient that specifying the correct sizing heating/ cooling system can be tricky. Rules-of-thumb system

sizing is often inaccurate, resulting in over sizing and wasteful operation.


Controlled Ventilation

Since an energy-efficient home is tightly sealed, it's also important and fairly simple to deliberately ventilate the building in a controlled way.

Controlled, mechanical ventilation of the building reduces air moisture infiltration and thus the health risks from indoor air pollutants,

promotes a more comfortable atmosphere, and reduces the likelihood of structural damage from excessive moisture accumulation.

A carefully engineered ventilation system is important for other reasons too. Since devices such as furnaces, water heaters, clothes dryers, and

bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans exhaust air from the house, it's easier to depressurize a tight house if all else is ignored. Natural draft appliances, such as water heaters, wood stoves, and furnaces may be

"back drafted" by exhaust fans and lead to a lethal build-up of toxic gases in the house. For this reason it's a good idea to only use "sealed combustion" heating appliances wherever possible and provide make-

up air for all other appliances that can pull air out of the building.

ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMESControlled Ventilation

Heat recovery ventilators (HRV) or energy recovery ventilators (ERV) are growing in use for controlled ventilation in tight homes. These devices

salvage about 80% of the energy from the stale exhaust air and then deliver that energy to the fresh entering air by way of a heat exchanger inside the device. They are generally attached to the central forced air

system, but they may have their own duct system.

Other ventilation devices such as through-the-wall and/or "trickle" vents may be used in conjunction with an exhaust fan. They are, however, more expensive to operate and possibly more uncomfortable to use

since they have no energy recovery features to pre-condition the incoming air. Uncomfortable incoming air can be a serious problem if

the house is in a northern climate, and they can create moisture problems in humid climates. This sort of ventilation strategy is

recommended only for very mild to low humidity climates.


Heating and Cooling Requirements

Houses incorporating the above elements should require relatively small heating systems (typically less than 50,000 BTU/hour even for very cold

climates). Some have nothing more than sunshine as the primary source of heat energy. Common choices for auxiliary heating include radiant in-floor heating from a standard gas-fired water heater, a small

boiler, furnace, or electric heat pump. Also, any common appliance that gives off "waste" heat can contribute significantly to the heating

requirements for such houses. Masonry, pellet, or wood stoves are also options, but they must be operated carefully to avoid "back drafting."

If an air conditioner is required, a small (6,000 BTU/ hour) unit can be sufficient. Some designs use only a large fan and the cooler evening air

to cool down the house. In the morning the house is closed up and it stays comfortable until the next evening.


Beginning a Project

Houses incorporating the above features have many advantages. They feel more comfortable since the additional insulation keeps the interior wall temperatures more stable. The indoor humidity is better controlled, and

drafts are reduced. A tightly sealed air/vapor retarder reduces the likelihood of moisture and air seeping through the walls. They are also

very quiet because of the extra insulation and tight construction.

There are some potential drawbacks. They may cost more and take longer to build than a conventional home, especially if your builder and the

contractors are not familiar with them. Even though their structure may differ only slightly from conventional homes, your builder and the

contractors may be unwilling to deviate from what they've always done before. They may need education or training if they have no experience with these systems. Because some systems have thicker walls than a

"typical" home, they may require a larger foundation to provide the same floor space.

ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMESBeginning a Project

Before beginning a home-building project, carefully evaluate the site and its climate to determine the optimum design

and orientation. You may want to take the time to learn how to use some of the

energy related software programs that are available to assist you. Prepare a design that accommodates

appropriate insulation levels, moisture dynamics, and aesthetics.

Decisions regarding appropriate windows, doors, and heating, cooling and ventilating appliances are central to an efficient

design. Also evaluate the cost, ease of construction, the builder's limitations, and building code compliance.

Some schemes are simple to construct, while others can be extremely complex and thus expensive.

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www.apsmoldinspections.com/EnergyEfficientHom...

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The Most Desirable Housing on

CampusAll of these research components

and sustainable strategies will contribute towards

making this row house the most attractive residence on

campus. Residential education will be taken to a

new level with students engaged in learning about the

local and global impacts of their lifestyles on a daily

basis. The architectural design of the

dorm will be guided by respect for the residential

quality of neighboring row-houses. The highest levels of indoor environmental quality

and thermal comfort will foster health and happiness

amongst residents.

The Most Desirable Housing on Campus

The building will:

Be a popular row-house that places at the top of the housing draw

Use a design which balances privacy and community

Have access to programs and research contributes profoundly to the goals of

residential education

Provide building feedback loops to encourage sustainable lifestyles as students monitor the results of their

living habits

Be designed to the highest standards of thermal comfort, occupant health,

lighting and acoustic quality

wsdg.typepad.com/blog/2008/07/achieving-energ...

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According to the United States Green Building Council:

Buildings Consume: 12% of potable water 40% of raw materials 48% of U.S. carbon emissions 70% of U.S electricity

Green Buildings Save: 40% of water 70% of solid waste 35% of carbon emissions 30-50% of electricity

Average Payback: 12-24 months

Average Payback Over the Lifetime of the Building: 20%

Average Cost Premium for Building Green: 1-2%

www.masoncontractors.org/aboutmasonry/greenbu...

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Green RoofsIt has been long known that older,

large cities generate huge amounts of heat, dirty water and carbon dioxide. None of which is particularly good for us or our planet. One efficient way to help reduce the damage from these

"side effects" of civilization is to make better use the sun-lit tops of our

buildings. Today in Philly there is a green revolution taking place. People are beginning to use their roofs in a

lawn/garden capacity. Plants and soil are installed on the rooftops to

"harvest" sunlight, rainwater and atmospheric dusts. Inexpensive

irrigation systems that use rain water are easily installed and require

minimal maintenance. In return, these rooftop plants and gardens produce

oxygen, drink water that we pay dearly to treat and cool off the building below

and the earth as well.

Bentuk-bentuk komunitas tegakan pohon seperti apa yang paling sesuai untuk ruang-ruang publik dan ruang-

ruang privat di perkotaan

(tinjauan biofisik, estetika, ekonomi,

dan budaya) ?

FOTO: smno.kampus.ub. febr2013

26www.greenlifesolutions.co.uk/energy_performan...

The Hannover PrinciplesDesign for Sustainability

Sustainability:

The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well-being of the planet with continued growth and human development.

Though there is much debate as to what the word actually suggests, we can put forth the definition offered by the World Commission on Environment and

Development: "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs."

In its original context, this definition was stated solely from the human point of view. In order to embrace the idea of a global ecology with intrinsic value, the meaning must be expanded to allow all parts of nature to meet their own

needs now and in the future.

The Hannover Principles

Design for Sustainability

Design:The Hannover Principles aim to provide a platform upon

which designers can consider how to adapt their

work toward sustainable ends. Designers include all

those who change the environment with the inspiration of human

creativity. Design implies the conception and realization of

human needs anddesires.

FOTO: smno.kampus.ub. juli2011

The Hannover PrinciplesDesign for

Sustainability:

Designing for sustainability requires awareness of the

full short and long-term consequences of any transformation of the

environment.

Sustainable design is the conception and realization

of environmentally sensitive and responsible expression as a part of the evolving matrix of nature.

FOTO: smno.kampus.ub. jan2013


1. Insist on rights of humanity and nature to co-exist in a healthy, supportive, diverse and sustainable condition.

2. Recognize interdependence. The elements of human design interact with and depend upon the natural world, with broad and diverse implications at every scale. Expand design considerations to recognizing even distant effects.

3. Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of human settlement including community, dwelling, industry and trade in terms of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and material consciousness.

4. Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human well-being, the viability of natural systems and their right to co-exist.

5. Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations with requirements for maintenance or vigilant administration of potential danger due to the careless creation of products, processes or standards.


1. Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full life-cycle of products and processes, to approach the state of natural systems, in which there is no waste.

2. Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world, derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporate this energy efficiently and safely for responsible use.

3. Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever and design does not solve all problems. Those who create and plan should practice humility in the face of nature. Treat nature as a model and mentor, not as an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled.

4. Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage direct and open communication between colleagues, patrons, manufacturers and users to link long term sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility, and re-establish the integral relationship between natural processes and human activity.


Earth. In design, the earth is both the context and the material. A balance must be struck between

context and material which provides a meaningful and livable diversity of scale. A full range of experience from the "urban" to the "wild" is essential to the landscape within which human

culture evolves.Design solutions should benefit flora and fauna as much as humans, upon the notion that natural processes take care of themselves best when left alone. The overall sense of community, linking humanity and nature, should be enhanced. A premium value should be placed on unbuilt space, particularly existing undeveloped lands. Re-use and expansion of the existing fabric may offer

alternatives to new construction that will preserve the natural landscape.New construction, when necessary, should be seen as an extension of the present built fabric, not as independent, self-contained development. Building materials need to be considered for

their broadest range of effects, from emotive to practical, within a global and local context. Local production should be stressed, along with approaches that emphasize the regional, cultural, and historical uniqueness of the place. Designers should consider the interaction and implementation

of diverse materials within local climate and culture in a meaningful and productive way. They are encouraged to consider the use of indigenous materials and the practical and effective

utilization of modern technology, including advanced glazing, energy efficient fixtures and appliances, and non-toxic water treatment systems.


All materials used must be considered in the following terms:

Buildings should be designed to be flexible enough to accommodate many human purposes, including living, working or craft, allowing the materials to remain in place while serving different needs. The use of the site will change. Design should include

alternatives for how the site can be adapted to post-fair requirements.Materials should be considered in light of their sustainability; their process of

extraction, manufacture, transformation and degradation through proper resource management and biodiversity on a global and local scale. All materials should be

considered in terms of their embodied energy and characteristics of toxicity, potential off-gassing, finish and maintenance requirements.

Products used shall not be tested on animals.Recycling of materials is essential. But recycled materials should not be encouraged if they are the result of a product designed for disposability. Provision should be made for the disassembly and re-use of all products by the manufacturer if necessary. The

reuse of entire structures must be considered in the event that building fails to be adaptable to future human needs.


All materials used must be considered in the following terms:

1. Materials should be chosen to minimize hazardous chemicals.

2. Solid waste left after maximal avoidance must be dealt with in a non-toxic manner. In nature, waste equals food. The aim is to eliminate any waste which cannot be shown to be part of a naturally sustainable cycle.

3. Life-cycle analysis of all materials and processes is important. (Life-cycle assessment is a process in which the energy use and environmental impact of the entire life cycle of the product, process, or activity is catalogued and analyzed, encompassing extraction and processing of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation and maintenance, recycling, and return to the environment.

4. The design should qualify the environmental and economic costs such that the benefit of the project in relation to expense is understood in both the short and long terms.


UDARA.

The air is the element whose degradation we can sense most immediately. When the air is bad,

all can feel it. Local atmospheric pollution may have felt global consequences, so the overall design must not contribute to further atmospheric denigration of any kind.

Designs must be evaluated in terms of their atmospheric effects, including those on ozone depletion and global warming. Alteration of the micro-climate is equally

significant. Any possibility for the design to contribute to remediation of existing environmental damage should be explored.

Air pollution implications of all design systems will be considered in the evaluation of designs.

General air quality issues should also be considered to insure that no off-site or on-site air pollution results from the design.

Wind patterns in all seasons should be evaluated for both detrimental and beneficial effects on site configuration.


UDARA.

Noise pollution should be accounted for and minimized.Building design must accommodate ventilation systems suitable to the

issues of air quality.

This may involve strategies which show concern for dangerous outdoor air conditions as well as efficient indoor air exchange.

Natural ventilation patterns must be considered at every scale from the urban to the domestic as an alternative to artificial climate control.

The health effects from indoor air quality problems must be considered during the design process.


Api – Kebakaran

Fire is the most dramatic symbol of the human ability to harness natural energy. Energy is

required to achieve comfort and convenience and to transform materials to useful effect.

Designers are encouraged to instill their designs with the ability to operate based on on-site renewable energy sources, insofar as is possible, without reliance on fossil

fuels or remote electrical generation. It is possible, given technologies and materials available today, to create buildings which maintain comfort levels passively without

fossil fuels. This should be considered a minimum condition of energy design.

The design should be aware of its interaction with renewable natural energy flows. Solar energy should be evaluated in terms of its efficiency and its enjoyment by

inhabitants and visitors throughout the annual cycle. This implies an understanding of solar access and care for proper screening and shading techniques.

Possibilities for on-site energy production must be considered, and accommodations should be incorporated into design.


FireBuildings should, wherever possible, be net exporters of energy.

Water heating shall be from renewable resources and be efficiently incorporated into the design.

Transportation requirements will be considered in terms of their impact on overall energy consumption. Pedestrians and bicyclists should have priority. Mass transit

should be efficient and available, and private automobile use should be discouraged. Allowances for automobiles should be carefully considered for their present and

future implications with regard to energy use, urban planning and social effect. Auto services should anticipate alternative fuel strategies.

The relationship of the design and the power grid should be considered. Minimum impact on energy demand from the grid is a goal, as well as the value of decentralized

energy sources.

The energy "embodied" in the building materials can have a significant impact on the energy consumption of the project. Embodied energy refers to all the energy

necessary to extract, refine, transform and utilize the materials.


Water

Water is the most basic element of life on the planet— it will be celebrated as a fundamental life-giving resource. Opportunities to create understanding and enjoyment of water will be encouraged throughout the design of buildings,

infrastructure and landscapes. Elements which celebrate the profound value of this resource on both material and spiritual levels deserve serious consideration.

Designs will recognize the communal, cultural, historical, spiritual and poetic possibilities of the use of water and its central role as a precondition for life.

Water use must be carefully accounted for throughout the entire design process. Water sources must be protected from contamination and careful consideration given

to efficiency techniques at every step.

Potable water consumption should only be used for life-sustaining functions.


Water Water from aquifers, rain water, surface run-off water, gray water, and any water use

for sewage transport or processing systems should all be considered within a cyclical concept.

Waste water must be returned to the earth in a beneficial manner. Organic treatment systems should be considered.

No ground water contamination should result from any use of water resources related to the construction or operation of any of the project's facilities.

Design shall consider rainwater and surface run-off water as a possible resource for inhabitants and in building systems.

Design should minimize impermeable ground cover. Gray water can be treated and applied to practical or natural purposes suitable to its

characteristics. Water use in any process related activity shall be put back into circulation, and toxic

chemicals or heavy metals should be minimized. All discharges of process-related water shall meet drinking water standards.

Water, if used for sewage treatment or transportation, shall be restored to drinking water standards prior to distribution or re-use.


DESIGNING THE COMPETITIONDesigning for Sustainability implies an ecological method whose composite fabric has

implications and opportunities for the structuring of the competition rules and regulations. We propose that a spirit of cooperation and interconnectedness that

personifies the Hannover Principles of Design guide the design of the competition as well. We suggest that the competition be phased in three steps:

Phase 1: A symposium comprised of all competitors and a committee of international advisors to review the idea of sustainable design and to share information. The

Hannover Principles will be presented, debated and expanded there.

Phase 2: An independent design development competition based on the criteria contained herein, and the results of the symposium in Phase 1. After Phase 2 the jury

would select three proposals, which would be further developed in Phase 3.

Phase 3: Ecological success depends in the end on cooperation, not competition. So we envision the last step to be a collaborative, cross-disciplinary effort by the three winners, the Planungsbeirat of the City of Hannover, and committee of international advisors, to produce a workable, appropriate design in which none of the principles

are compromised.

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MATRIX OF SUSTAINABILITY-100 negative extreme positive extreme +100



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Mk. LANDUSE PLANNING Soemarno - ppsub 2 maret 2013