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Management Information Systems
Definitions of Management Information Systems
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Definitions• What is management?• What is Information?• What are systems?• What is an Organization?• What are Information Systems?• Management Information Systems
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Management Information Systems
• MIS as an evolving concept• Levels of management: • What do information systems do?• MIS and Organizational Fit• MIS as a Discipline
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Definitions of Management Information Systems
• Management: What is management?– Planning– Organizing– Leading– Controlling– Communicating
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Management
1. Planning– Goal setting– Environmental scanning– Forecasting– Data collection
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Management
2. Organizing– Staffing– Coordinating– Delegating– Understanding– Procedures/ Policies
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Management
3. Leading– Authority–Motivating– Directing: Delegation of responsibilities activating– Supervising– Negotiation– Persuading
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Management
4. Controlling: Resources- Money (capital), manpower (people), materials, machines, movement (Distribution, flow), and Information–Measuring– Evaluating– Reporting– corrective action– feed back
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Management
5. Communicating: Goals/Objectives, standards of desirability– Informing– Persuading– Negotiation– Corrective action– Listening
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Definitions of Management Information Systems
Information: What is information?– 1. Data (raw material)– Alpha-numeric – Symbolic • Stored facts• inactive (they exist)• technology based• gathered from various places
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Information: What is information?
2. Processed data• meaningful• perceived value• motivating action• HAS SURPRISE VALUE• HAS NEWS VALUE• Presented facts• active (it enables doing)• business based (Domain based)• transformed form data
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Information: What is information?
– 3. Model• entity • attribute• relationship
– 4. Reduces Uncertainty?– 5. Reduces Equivocality?– 6. Knowledge/Power– 7. Send/Receive Messages
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Information: What is information?
– A definition: Information is data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to
the recipient (USER) and is of real or perceived value in current or prospective actions or decisions.
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Transforming Data Into InformationTransforming Data Into Information
Data Inputs Information Outputs
Capture
Manipulation
Storage
Provision of Accessat User Location
ExternalData
InternalData
Information System
Query Response
Decision Outcome
Expert-System Advice
Transaction Document
Report
OrganizationEnvironment
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Definitions of Management Information Systems
• C. Systems Concepts: • 1. What are systems?
• a. input-process-output an orderly arrangement of interdependent ideas or constructs (ABSTRACT SYSTEM)• b. a set of elements which operate together to
accomplish an objective (PHYSICAL SYSTEM)
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Systems Concepts
• c. Network: An Integrated environment for a specific set of tasks – A definition of a system: A physical system is a set
of components (subsystems or elementary parts) that operate together to achieve a common objective (or multiple objective).
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Systems Concepts
• d. General Model of a System: Input, process and output.– The features which define and delineate a system
form its boundary. The system is inside the boundary and the environment is outside the boundary.– a system is composed of subsystems– Examples: stereo system. PC, automobile.
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Systems Concepts
– The interconnections and interactions between the subsystems are the INTERFACES.– Example of a system: An information system:– subsystems: PC Monitor, PC software, PC hard disk,
User.–What is the boundary between the software and
the User?
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System
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A System: A Black Box or General ViewA System: A Black Box or General View
System
Environment
Inputs Outputs
Constraints
Objectives
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A System and its SubsystemsA System and its Subsystems
EnvironmentSystem
Interconnection
Subsystems(components)
Constraints
Inputs Outputs Objectives
System Boundary
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Systems Concepts
– 2. Systems Approach:• a. Identify & establish the objective of the
system• b. Consider the totality of its relationships with
its environment• c. Can not ignore the importance of the
environment internal or external
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Systems Concepts
• d. Identify its components and their interactions.• examples:
– 1. Human Resources» skills inventory system» managerial promotion system» should they be separate or linked?
– 2. brokerage house» central client or» individual broker system
– 3. A TPS that has a very long response time
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Systems Concepts
– 3. Classifications of Systems: • a. Natural and Artificial– Natural»Occur in nature without human intervention» Biological systems- immune systems, digestive
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Systems Concepts
– Artificial» Human made or modified » Information systems, stereo»What about the immune system?» Artificial systems are measured
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Systems Concepts
» Effectiveness: the extend to which a systems achieves its objectives» Efficiency: consumption of inputs relative to
outputs» Usability: the ability of the uses to use the
system» Satisfaction: A subjective measure of "like" or
usability or effectiveness
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Systems Concepts
• b. Deterministic versus probabilistic– deterministic: The interaction between the parts or
subsystems is known for certain;» example: a computer program which performs
exactly to a set of instructions– probabilistic: A system that can be described in
terms of probable behavior (a certain degree of error);» examples: An inventory system, a five year old
(who does not follow a certain set of instructions).
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Systems Concepts
• c. Closed and open systems:– Closed system: self contained, one that does not
exchange material, information, or energy with its environment.– Examples:» A freshman in an 8:00 AM class;» A chemical reaction in a sealed, insulated
container.
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Systems Concepts
– Relatively closed systems: in organizations and in information processing, there are systems that are relatively isolated from the environment, but are not completely closed, these will be considered closed systems. – Examples:» a pre 1990 manufacturing system» a computer program with well defined inputs, a
process and an output (No agents)
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Systems Concepts
–Open Systems: exchange information, material, or energy with the environment, including random and undefined inputs. – Examples:» Biological Systems, and Organizational Systems
–Open systems tend to have form and structure – Adapt to changes in environment so as to continue
to exist
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Systems Concepts
• d. Human-Machine Systems: They both perform some of the activities in the accomplishment of a goal (making a decision).– the Machine elements are - hardware and software
are relatively closed and deterministic.
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Systems Concepts
– the human element are open and probabilistic» Examples: The computer doing the
computations, the human having a cup of coffee and thinking about the answers.
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SYSTEM INTERDEPENDENCE
BUSINESS
Strategy
Rules
Procedures
ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEM
INTERDEPENDENCE
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
DATABASE
TELE-COMMUNICATIONS
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