Minor training report.doc

8/14/2019 Minor training report.doc

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CONTENTS

1. An Introduction to BHEL, Bhopal

2. Water Turbine

2.1 elton Turbine

2.2 !ranci" Turbine

2.# $aplan turbine

#. %al&e"

#.1 Butter'l( %al&e

#.2 Ball %al&e


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AN INT)O*+CTION TO

B.H.E.L.

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LMITED a" "et up in Bhopal in

Au-u"t, 1/0,

ith a &ie to reach "el' "u''icienc( in indu"trial product" and

poer

euipent". Thi" plan a" "etup in collaboration ith 34S AE5, +.$.

3ore

plant" ere "etup at Tiruchi, H(derabad ith C6echo"lo&a7ian andSo&iet

+nion a""i"tance in 3a( 1/0, *ec. 10/, and 5an. 108

re"pecti&el(. Toda(

B.H.E.L. ha" becoe the lar-e"t en-ineerin- plant eplo(in- o&er

9/:::

eplo(ee". It" headuarter i" located at Ne *elhi.

BHELi" the lar-e"t en-ineerin- and anu'acturin- enterpri"e in

India in the

ener-(;related4in'ra"tructure "ector, toda(. BHELa" e"tabli"hed

ore than


3/28

9: (ear" a-o, u"herin- in the indi-enou" Hea&( Electrical

Euipent indu"tr(

in India ; a drea that ha" been ore than reali6ed ith a ell;

reco-ni6ed

trac7 record o' per'orance. The copan( ha" been earnin-pro'it"

continuou"l( "ince 181;82 and pa(indi&idend" "ince 180;88.

The hi-h le&el o' ualit( < reliabilit( o' it" product" i" due to the

epha"i" on

de"i-n, en-ineerin- and anu'acturin- to international "tandard"

b( acuirin-

and adaptin- "oe o' the be"t technolo-ie" 'ro leadin-

copanie" in the

orld, to-ether ith technolo-ie" de&eloped in it" on )


4/28

euipent operatin- in Tran"i""ion < *i"tribution netor7

up to 9:: 7% >AC < *C?

Supplied o&er 2/,::: 3otor" ith *ri&e Control S("te to

oer pro@ect", etrocheical", )e'inerie", Steel, Aluinu,!ertili6er, Ceent plant", etc.

Supplied Traction electric" and AC4*C loco" to poer o&er

12,::: 7" )aila( netor7.

Supplied o&er one illion %al&e" to oer lant" and other

Indu"trie".

BHEL" operation" are or-ani"ed around three bu"ine"" "ector",

nael(

oer, Indu"tr( ; includin- Tran"i""ion, Tran"portation and

)eneable

Ener-( ; and O&er"ea" Bu"ine"". Thi" enable" BHEL to ha&e a"tron- cu"toer

orientation, to be "en"iti&e to hi" need" and re"pond uic7l( to

the chan-e" in

the ar7et.


5/28

BHEL" &i"ion i" to becoe a orld;cla"" en-ineerin- enterpri"e,

coitted

to enhancin- "ta7eholder &alue. The copan( i" "tri&in- to -i&e

"hape to it"

a"piration" and 'ul'ill the epectation" o' the countr( to becoe a

-lobal

pla(er.

The -reate"t "tren-th o' BHEL i" it" hi-hl( "7illed and coitted

9/,/:/

eplo(ee". E&er( eplo(ee i" -i&en an eual opportunit( to

de&elop hi"el'

and -ro in hi" career. Continuou" trainin- and retrainin-, career

plannin-, a

po"iti&e or7 culture and participati&e "t(le o' ana-eent all

the"e ha&e

en-endered de&elopent o' a coitted and oti&ated

or7'orce "ettin-

ne benchar7" in ter" o' producti&it(, ualit( and

re"pon"i&ene"".


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B.H.E.L= AN O%E)%IEW

>Bird" E(e &ie o' B.H.E.L., Bhopal?

BHEL i" the lar-e"t en-ineerin- and anu'acturin- enterpri"e in

India in the

ener-( related4in'ra"tructure "ector toda(. BHEL a" e"tabli"hedore than

9/ (ear" a-o hen it" 'ir"t plant a" "et up in Bhopal u"herin- in

the

indi-enou" Hea&( Electrical Euipent indu"tr( in India, a drea

that ha"

been ore than reali6ed ith a ell;reco-ni6ed trac7 record o'per'orance.

The Copan(" inherent 'inancial "tren-th" can be "een 'ro it"

net orth,

*ebt Euit( ratio and ca"h "urplu". The Copan(" ca"h "urplu"


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"tood o&er

)" #D,//,D:0 crore ca"h "urplu" a" on #1"t 3arch 2:1:. The

*ebt Euit( ratio

o' the Copan( i" at :.

BHEL cater" to core "ector o' Indian econo( &i6. oer Feneration and

Tran"i""ion,

Indu"tr(, Tran"portation, Telecounication, )eneal ener-( de'en"e etc.

The ide

netor7 o' BHEL ", 19 anu'acturin- di&i"ion", 9 oer "ector re-ional

center", D

"er&ice center" ,1D re-ional o''ice and a lar-e nuber" o' pro@ect "ite"

"pread all o&er

India and abroad enable the copan( to proptl( "er&e it" cu"toer and

pro&ide the

ith "uitable product", "("te and "er&ice" at copetiti&e price".

BHEL ha" alread( attained ISO ::: and all the a@or unit"4di&i"ion" o'

BHEL ha&e been

up-raded to the late"t ISO;::1= 2::: &er"ion ualit( "tandard

certi'ication 'or ualit(

ana-eent. All the a@or unit"4di&i"ion" o' BHEL ha&e been aarded

ISO;19::1

certi'ication 'or en&ironental ana-eent "("te" and OHSAS;1D::1

certi'ication 'or


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occupational health and "a'et( ana-eent "("te".

POWER SECTOR:

Generation: oer "ector copri"e" o' theral, nuclear and h(dro

poer plant bu"ine"".

Toda( BHEL "upplied "et" account 'or nearl( 098# 3W or 0D o' the total

in"talled

capacit( o' 190 3W in copan( a" a-ain"t nil in 10;8:.

TRANSMISSION:

BHEL al"o pro&ide" a ide ran-e o' tran"i""ion product" and "("te" o'

upto 9:: $%

cla"". The"e include hi-h &olta-e poer and di"tributed tran"'orer ,

capacitor, in"ulator

etc. 'or econoic tran"i""ion o' bul7 poer o&er lon- di"tance" Hi-h

&olta-e *irect

Current >H%*C? "(" te" are "upplied.

INDUSTRY SECTOR:

BHEL i" a a@or contributor o' euipent and "("te" to

indu"trie" li7e

ceent, 'ertili6er", re'iner(, petrocheical", etc.

TRANSPORTATION:

3o"t o' the train" operated b( the India )aila(" includin- 3etro

in $ol7ata

are euipped ith BHEL" traction control euipent.


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TELECOMMUNICATION:

BHEL al"o cater" to the telecounication "ector b( a( o'

"all, ediu

and lar-e "itchin- "("te".

RENEWABLE ENERGY:

Technolo-ie" that can be o''ered b( BHEL 'or it" eploitin- non;

con&entional

and reneable "ource" o' ener-( include= ind;electric-enerator, "olar

poer ba"ed ater pup", li-htin- and heatin- "("te".

INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS:

BHEL ha" o&er the (ear", e"tabli"hed it" re'erence in o&er 0:countrie" orldide, ran-in- 'ro the +SA to Ne Gealand in the

'ar ea"t.

NATIONAL CUSTOMERS OF BHEL:

+N5AB STATE ELECT)ICIT BOA)*>SEB?

+TTA) )A*ESH STATE ELECT)ICIT BOA)*>+SEB?

NATIONAL THE)3AL OWE) CO)O)ATION>NTC?

AOLO T)ES


10/28

BA$CO

SAIL

BI)LA T)ES AN* BI)LA CE3ENT

F)ASI3 IN*+ST)IES

IOC

ESSA) OIL

ONFC

NATIONAL CUSTOMERS OF BHEL(CONTD!:

LA)SEN AN* T+)BO

5$ CE3ENT

$I)LOS$A)

SIE3ENS, etc.

INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMERS OF BHEL:

34S ESBA)A CO)O)ATION, 5AAN

34S GEECO IN CO)O)ATION, +SA

SI33CO INTE)NATIONAL

SIE3ENS, FE)3AN

SIE3ENS, SINFAO)E

BIE5I )O5ECT, I)A

L3G, )+SSIA, etc.


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TECHNOLOGICAL UPGRADATION AND RESEARCH "

DEVELOPMENT:

To reain copetiti&e and eet cu"toer" epectation", BHEL

la(" -reat

epha"i" on the continuou" up-radation o' product" and related

technolo-ie", and de&elopent o' ne product". BHEL"

coitent to

ad&anceent o' technolo-( i" re'lected in it" in&ol&eent in the

de&elopent

o' 'uturi"tic technolo-ie" li7e 'uel cell" and "uperconductin-

-enerator".

BHEL" in&e"tent in )


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HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:

BHEL" Huan )e"ource *e&elopent In"titute >H)*I? ha" "7ill"

in the area"

o' 3ana-eent trainin-, )e"earch, Con"ultanc(, Or-ani6ational

*e&elopent

and 3anpoer lannin-. O&er the (ear", the in"titute ha"

acuired

pro'icienc( in ipartin- trainin- to pro'e""ional" in the 'ield o'

Strate-ic

ana-eent, Contract ana-eent, 3ar7etin- ana-eent,

ro@ect

ana-eent, Huan )e"ource ana-eent, Acti&it( ba"ed

co"tin-,

er'orance ana-eent, Eotional Intelli-ence, %alue"

Laborator(,

Huan;proce"" Laborator(, Leader"hip *e&elopent, Tea

Buildin-, Trainer

*e&elopent, and other 'unctional and beha&ioral area" o'

ana-eent.


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BHEL OB#ECTIVES:


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WATER TURBINE

A ater turbine i" a rotar( en-inethat ta7e" ener-('ro o&in-ater. Water turbine"ere de&eloped in the 1th centur( andere idel( u"ed 'or indu"trial poer prior to electrical -rid". Nothe( are o"tl( u"ed 'or electric poer-eneration. The( harne"" aclean and reneable ener-("ource.

History

Water wheelshave been used for thousands of years for industrial power. Their

main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and headthat can be harnessed.

The migration from water wheels to modern turbines took about one hundred years.

Development occurred during the Industrial revolution, using scientific principles

and methods. They also made extensive use of new materials and manufacturingmethods developed at the time.

Theory of operation

lowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on

the blades. !ince the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance "force

acting through a distance is the definition of work#. In this way, energy is

transferred from the water flow to the turbine

Water turbines are divided into two groups$ reactionturbines and impulseturbines.

The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of

water, and the type of impeller selected.

Reaction turbines

%eaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves

through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the

water pressure "or suction#, or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.

&ewton's third lawdescribes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. (ost water

turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low ")*+m- ft.# and medium

"*+/*++m-0-1 ft.# head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in

both fixed and moving blades.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_third_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_third_law


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Impulse turbines

Impulse turbines change the velocityof a water 2et. The 2et pushes on the turbine's

curved blades which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change inmomentum "impulse# causes a force on the turbine blades. !ince the turbine is

spinning, the force acts through a distance "work# and the diverted water flow is left

with diminished energy.

3rior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure "potential energy# is

converted to kinetic energyby a nozzleand focused on the turbine. &o pressure

change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't re4uire housing for

operation.

&ewton's second lawdescribes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.

Impulse turbines are most often used in very high "5*++m-1 ft.# head applications

T(pe" o' turbine" anu'actured at BHEL, Bhopal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_second_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_second_law


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PELTON WHEEL

A""ebl( o' a elton heel at Walchen"ee oer lant

Introduction:-

The 3elton wheel is an impulse turbine which is among the most efficient types of

water turbines. It was invented by 6ester 7llan 3eltonin the 89+s. The 3elton

wheel extracts energy from the impulse "momentum# of moving water, as opposed

to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. 7lthough many variations ofimpulse turbines existed prior to 3elton's design, they were less efficient than

3elton's design$ the water leaving these wheels typically still had high speed, and

carried away much of the energy. 3elton's paddle geometry was designed so that

when the rim runs at : the speed of the water 2et, the water leaves the wheel with

very little speed, extracting almost all of its energy, and allowing for a very efficient

turbine.

Function:

The water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. &ozzles direct forceful

streams of water against a series of spoon/shaped buckets mounted around the edge

of a wheel. 7s water flows into the bucket, the direction of the water velocity

changes to follow the contour of the bucket. When the water/2et contacts the bucket,

the water exerts pressure on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a ;


18/28

turbine. or maximum power and efficiency, the turbine system is designed such

that the water/2et velocity is twice the velocity of the bucket. 7 very small

percentage of the water's original kinetic energywill still remain in the water$

however, this allows the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled, "see

conservation of mass#, thus allowing the water flow to continue uninterrupted.

=ften two buckets are mounted side/by/side, thus splitting the water 2et in half "see

photo#. This balances the side/load forces on the wheel, and helps to ensure smooth,efficient momentum transfer of the fluid 2et to the turbine wheel.

>ecause water and most li4uids are nearly incompressible, almost all of the

available energy is extracted in the first stage of the hydraulic turbine. Therefore,

3elton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines that operate with

compressible fluid.

Applications:

3elton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro/power, when the available water

source has relatively high hydraulic headat low flow rates. 3elton wheels are made

in all sizes. There exist multi/ton 3elton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad

bearingsin hydroelectric plants. The largest units can be up to ?++ megawatts. The

smallest 3elton wheels are only a few inches across, and can be used to tap power

from mountain streams having flows of a few gallons per minute. !ome of these

systems utilize householdplumbingfixtures for water delivery. These small units

are recommended for use with thirty meters or more of head, in order to generatesignificant power levels. Depending on water flow and design, 3elton wheels

operate best with heads from 8@ meters to 8,++ meters, although there is no

theoretical limit.

The 3elton wheel is most efficient in high headapplications "see the ;Design %ules;

section#. Thus, more power can be extracted from a water source with high/pressure

and low/flow than from a source with low/pressure and high/flow, even though the

two flows theoretically contain the same power. 7lso a comparable amount of pipe

material is re4uired for each of the two sources, one re4uiring a long thin pipe, andthe other a short wide pipe.

BHEL Bhopal manufacturing details and running projects:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)


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Pelton Turbine

Large Pelton Turbine

Unit Rating(MW) 1.5~300

Head(m) 200~1500

Runner iameter(mm) 1000~5000

!o. o" Unit# $rder# %& 1501 MW

'ommi##ioned 30 MW

Project Rating(No.xmw

Hea!(m

"pee! (rpm Runner #ia. (mm

*+R+H, 2 - 115 %&0 250 %500

H+R+*+TH/ 2- %%0 300 3&0

'HUH+ %-% %35 300 3&0

T,L+R, 1-&0 &25 500 2&%0

H+H+ 3-%0 500 2&0

M+L+!+ 2-%3 %0 500 2300

P/+R+ 3-50 102& &002&&5

$R%N&I" T'RINE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_vs_francis_schnitt_1_zoom.jpg


20/28

Side;&ie cutaa( o' a !ranci" turbine

rancis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a

headrange of ten meters to six hundred and fifty meters and are primarily used for

electrical power production. The power output ranges from 8+ to 9@+(W, mini/

hydro excluded. %unner diameters are between 8 and 8+ meters. The speed range of

the turbine is from * to 8+++ rpm. (edium size and larger rancis turbines are

most often arranged with a vertical shaft. Aertical shaft may also be used for small

size turbines, but normally they have horizontal shaft.

Theory of operation

The rancis turbine is a reactionturbine, which means that the working fluid

changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. 7 casement

is needed to contain the water flow. The turbine is located between the high/pressure water source and the low/pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam.

The inlet is spiral shaped. Buide vanes direct the water tangentially to the turbine

wheel, known as a runner. This radial flow acts on the runner's vanes, causing the

runner to spin. The guide vanes "or wicket gate# may be ad2ustable to allow efficient

turbine operation for a range of water flow conditions.

7s the water moves through the runner, itCs spinning radius decreases, further

acting on the runner. or an analogy, imagine swinging a ball on a string around ina circle$ if the string is pulled short, the ball spins faster due to the conservation of

angular momentum. This property, in addition to the water's pressure, helps rancis

and other inward/flow turbines harness water energy efficiently. 7t the exit, water

acts on cup/shaped runner features, leaving with no swirl and very little kineticor

potential energy. The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow

and recover the pressure.

Application

rancis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along

with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the

world. rancis type units cover a head range from ?+ meters to 9++ meters, and

their output power varies from 2ust a few kilowatts up to one gigawatt. 6arge

rancis turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest

possible efficiency, typically over -+.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy


21/28

In addition to electrical production, they may also be used forpumped storage,

where a reservoir is filled by the turbine "acting as a pump# during low power

demand, and then reversed and used to generate power during peak demand.


$rancis Turbine

Large $rancis Turbines

Unit Rating(MW) 5~300

Head(m) 30~&00

Runner iameter(mm) 1000 ~ 500

!o. o" Unit# $rder# 10 122%1 MW

'ommi##ioned 12 115 MW


Hea!(m

"pee! (rpm Runner #ia. (mm "piral Inlet(mm

4H+R & - 1&5 320

300

330 2&00

R+!,T +6+R % - 150 100

1&&.

%550 5000

R+!6+!+, 3 - 135 30%

300

350 2%00

,!,R+ +6+R - 125 &0

115.%

5&50 000

+L,!+, & - 135 350

35

302 20&0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity


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)%PL%N T'RINE

A Bonne&ille *a$aplan turbine a'ter 01 (ear" o' "er&ice

The $aplan turbine i" a propeller;t(pe ater turbinehich ha"

ad@u"table blade". It a" de&eloped in 11# b( the Au"trian

pro'e""or %i7tor $aplan, ho cobined autoaticall( ad@u"ted

propeller blade" ith autoaticall( ad@u"ted ic7et -ate" to

achie&e e''icienc( o&er a ide ran-e o' 'lo and ater le&el.

The Eaplan turbine was an evolution of the rancis turbine. Its invention allowedefficient power production in low/headapplications that was not possible with

rancis turbines. The head ranges from 8+/9+ meters and the output from @ to 8?+

(W. %unner diameters are between ? and meters. The range of the turbine is

from 9- to 1?- rpm. Eaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world in

high/flow, low/head power production.

Theory of operation

The Eaplan turbine is an inward flow reactionturbine, which means that the

working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its

energy. The design combines radial and axial features.

The inlet is a scroll/shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water

is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped

runner, causing it to spin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kaplanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaplan_turbine_bonneville.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kaplanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)


23/28

The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and

recover kinetic energy.

The turbine does not need to be at the lowest point of water flow as long as the draft

tube remains full of water. 7 higher turbine location, however, increases the suction

that is imparted on the turbine blades by the draft tube. The resulting pressure drop

may lead to cavitation.

Aariable geometry of the wicket gate and turbine blades allows efficient operation

for a range of flow conditions. Eaplan turbine efficiencies are typically over -+,

but may be lower in very low head applications.

Furrent areas of research include FDdriven efficiency improvements and new

designs that raise survival rates of fish passing through.

>ecause the propeller blades are rotated by high/pressure hydraulic oil, a criticalelement of Eaplan design is to maintain a positive seal to prevent emission of oil

into the waterway. Discharge of oil into rivers is not permitted.

Applications

Eaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power

production. They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited for

high flow conditions.

Inexpensive micro turbines on the Eaplan turbine model are manufactured for

individual power production with as little as two feet of head.

6arge Eaplan turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the

highest possible efficiency, typically over -+. They are very expensive to design,

manufacture and install, but operate for decades.

Variations

The Eaplan turbine is the most widely used of the propeller/type turbines, but

several other variations existG

ropeller tur!ineshave non/ad2ustable propeller vanes. They are used in where

the range of head is not large. Fommercial products exist for producing several

hundred wattsfrom only a few feet of head. 6arger propeller turbines produce more
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Fluid_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_Fluid_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)


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than 8++ (W. 7t the 6a Brande/8 generating stationin northern Huebec, 8?

propeller turbines generate 8* (W J8K.

Bul! or Tu!ular tur!inesare designed into the water delivery tube. 7 large bulb

is centered in the water pipe which holds the generator, wicket gate and runner.

Tubular turbines are a fully axial design, whereas Eaplan turbines have a radial

wicket gate.


)aplan Turbine

Large a7lan Turbine#

Unit Rating(m8) 2 ~150

Head(m) 10~0

Runner iameter(mm) 1200~500

!o. o" Unit# $rder# 22%3 MW

'ommi##ioned 2 150 MW


Hea!(m

"pee! (rpm Runner #ia. (mm "piral Inlet(mm

'+!+L 5 - 50 3&.0 13&.% %00 &200

U+, % - 5 %. 150 5&%0 &500

$R+ 3 - 33 20.% 115.% 512 2

+R+ 3 - 50 32.0 1%3 %00 &50

T+!+PUR 3 - %0 25.0 13&.% %00 &500
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande-1_generating_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande-1_generating_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0


25/28

T$%e& o' a)e& *an+'a,t+reat BHEL:.

'TTER$L* +%L+E

Lar-e butter'l( &al&e

7 butterfly valve is a valvewhich can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The

closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. =peration is similar to that of aball

valve, which allows for 4uick shut off. >utterfly valves are generally favored

because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter inweight, meaning less support is re4uired. The disc is positioned in the center of the

pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the

valve. %otating the actuatorturns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the

flow.


26/28

positioned, which increases the valve's sealing ability and decreases its tendency to

wear. The valve best suited for high/pressure systems is the triple offset butterfly

valve, which makes use of a metal seat,Jclarification neededKand is therefore able to

withstand a greater amount of pressure.

"tructure

>utterfly valves are valves with a circular body and a rotary motion disk closure

member which is pivotally supported by its stem. 7 butterfly valve can appear in

various styles, including eccentric and high/performance valves. These are normally

a type of valve that uses a flat plate to control the flow of water. 7s well as this,

butterfly valves are used on firefighting apparatus and typically are used on larger

lines, such as front and rear suction ports and tank topumplines. 7 butterfly valve

is also a type of flow control device, used to make a fluid start or stop flowing

through a section of pipe. The valve is similar in operation to a ball valve. %otating

the handle turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the flow of water,

shutting off the flow. It is a very well/known and well used design.


utter,l- +ale

T-pe "i/e (mm Hea!(m

'on9entionalingle eal Latti:e oorouble eal Latti:e ooParallel ;a:e oor 8it< ;lo8 6uide.

1500 ~ 000 20 ~ 300

Large utter,l- +ales

Project +ale #iameter

(mm

0ax. Hea!

(m

#oor T-pe

(rpm

+L,M4L+ 5000 %.

L4!R+!,T +6+R 5000 10

L+TT,'4R,+,L+M 5300 210

L+TT,'4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation


27/28

%LL +%L+E

Cut;aa( &ie o' a ball;&al&e echani" Cutaa( &ie o' a

"iple anual

ball &al&e.

1? Bod( 2? Seat

#? *i"c >ball?9? Handle >Le&er?

/? Ste

7 ball valve is a valvewith a sphericaldisc, the part of the valve which controls the

flow through it. The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the

port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is

closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. Thehandle or lever will be inline with the port position letting you ;see; the valve's

position. The ball valve, along with thebutterfly valveandplug valve, are part of

the family of quarter turn valves.

>all valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years

of disuse. They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications "and are

often preferred to globe valvesand gate valvesfor this purpose#. They do not offer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphericalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ball.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seccion_valvula_de_bola.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphericalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valve


28/28

the fine control that may be necessary in throttling applications but are sometimes

used for this purpose.

>all valves are used extensively in industrial applications because they are very

versatile, supportingpressuresup to 8+++barsand temperaturesup to ?++LF. !izes

typically range from +.@ cm to *+ cm. They are easy to repair and operate.

The body of ball valves may be made of metal,plasticor metal with a ceramic

center. The ball is often chrome platedto make it more durable.

7 ball/check valve is a type of check valvewith a ball without a hole for a disc, and

is not covered in this article.


"p1erical +ales

T-pe

"i/e (mm Hea!(mPi#ton T=7e eal

i#: T=7e eal 500~%000 200~1200

Total 7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_platinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve

Documents

Minor training report.doc