MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK ......IPM Integrated Pest Management IVM Integrated Vector Management KATI Kasisi Agricultural Training Institute LDAHP Livestock Development

Livestock Development and Animal Health Project. Pest Management Plan Volume III.

ZERO DRAFT Report Page | 1

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL

HEALTH PROJECT

PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN Volume III

(without ESMF and RPF)

FINAL REPORT

DECEMBER 2011

Contents

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL HEALTH PROJECT ................................................................12

(I) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................67

1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1112

1.1 Objectives of PMP ..................................................................................................................1314

1.2 Purpose .............................................................................................................................1314

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1.3 Expected outputs ..............................................................................................................1415

2.0 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................1516

2.1 Field Work .........................................................................................................................1516

3.0 PEST AND VECTOR MANAGEMENT APPROACHES................................................................1617

3.1 Current and anticipated pest or disease problems.................................................................1617

3.2 Poultry Production ..................................................................................................................2122

3.3 Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area ..................................................2122

4.0 USE OF PESTICIDES, VETERINARY DRUGS AND MANAGEMENT ...........................................2425

4.1 Review of present, proposed and/ or envisaged pesticide use..............................................2425

4.6. Principles in Selecting Insecticides.........................................................................................2930

4.6.1 Pesticides to be procured by the Project.........................................................................2930

4.6.2 Proper Use of Pesticides ..................................................................................................2930

4.6.3 Environmental and Health Risks ......................................................................................3536

4.6.4 Mitigation Measures........................................................................................................3637

5.0 POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY .................................3839

5.1 Policies on Plant and Animal Protection .................................................................................3839

5.1.2 Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy....................................................................3839

5.2 Description and assessment of the national capacity to develop and Implement

ecologically-based IPM .................................................................................................................3940

5.3 Assessment of the country’s regulatory framework for the control of the distribution and

use of pesticides............................................................................................................................4041

5.4 Assessment of the institutional capacity to enforce the above mentioned legislation ...4041

6.0 STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL CAPACITIES........................................................................4142

7.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PMP.................................................................................................4344

8.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN AND BUDGET ...............................................................4546

8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation .....................................................................................................4546

8.2 Local Monitoring Activities during the Project Implementation .....................................4546

8.2 External supervision monitoring activities during the implementation period................4546



8.3. Budget (Tentative only to be upgraded in the next draft report after finalising the costs) .4647

9.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................4849

10.0 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................4950

10.1 ANNEX 1 Terms of Reference............................................................................................5051

10.2 Annex 2 Environmental Risk Assessment Matrix..............................................................6364

10.3 Annex 3 List of Stakeholders Consulted/or earmarked for consultations........................6566

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE 1: Breakdown of the major cattle diseases in Zambia TABLE 2: Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area TABLE 3: WHO hazard classification schedule for pesticides TABLE 4: Pesticides registered for use on livestock pests/vectors TABLE 5: Pesticide and Environmental legislation in Zambia TABLE 6: Assessment of Institutional and Financial capacity to enforce pesticide legislation TABLE 7.1: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to improve pesticide regulatory system and implement IPM/IVM TABLE 7.2: Action plan to strengthen the national capacities to promote implementation of IPM/IVM in the project TABLE 8: Budget summary for implementation of PMP FIGURE 1: Livestock diseases distribution map FIGURE 2: Current distribution pattern of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the main vector ECF



ACRONYMS AU African Union

CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia

CSO Central Statistical Office CVRI Central veterinary Research Institute.

ECF East Coast Fever

EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act

ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework

FAO Food Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations

FGDs Focus Group Discussions

FMD Foot and Mouth Disease

GIFAP International Federation of National Associations of Pesticide Manufactures

GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IVM Integrated Vector Management

KATI Kasisi Agricultural Training Institute

LDAHP Livestock Development and Animal Health Project

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MACO Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

MoH Ministry of Health

MOAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

MoLGH Ministry of Local government and Housing

MoLSS Ministry of Labour and Social services

MTENR Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources

NALEIC National Livestock, Epidemiology and Information Centre NEPAD New Partnerships for Africa’s Development

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

NIPs National Implementation Plans for the Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)in Zambia

NRDC Natural Resources Development College

OIE Office International des Epizooties

OP 4.09 Operational policy of World Bank on Pest Management

PATTEC Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign

PMP Pest Management Plan PPE Personal Protection Equipment

SANBIO Southern Africa Network on Biosciences

TOR Terms Of Reference

UNZA University of Zambia

US$ United States Dollar

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organisation ZARI Zambia Agricultural Research Institute

ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency

ZIAH Zambia Institute of Animal Health

ZNFU Zambia National Farmers Union



ZRA Zambia Revenue Authority



PMP

(I) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK (MOAL) is seeking a concessionary credit from the International Development Association (IDA) for implementing the Livestock Development and Animal Health Project (LDAHP). The Pest Management Plan (PMP) addresses the following major issues, namely:

(i) Pest and Vector Management approaches;

(ii) Pesticide use and management;

(iii) Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity; and

(iv) Monitoring and Evaluation

As a result of the potential negative impacts anticipated the World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 for Pest Management has been triggered by the project. The Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared to provide guidance for the management of (the) major livestock pests and diseases. The Plan will contribute to improved pest management, personal safety and environmental sustainability. The PMP has been prepared to meet the demands of the World Bank Operational Policy 4.09. The policy supports an integrated approach to pest management and the content has been guided by the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the PMP assignment (See Annex1.1). (II) Methodology Preparation of the Pest Management Plan has involved review of relevant literature and interaction

with key stakeholders (Government, NGOs, farmers‘organisations and Research institutions) using

structured and open-ended interviews. The process also involved field visits to the main chemical

companies supplying pesticides in Zambia. Farmers in selected provinces and districts were

consulted. Questionnaires were used to gather baseline data on the farmers’experiences on the use

of synthetic pesticides and nonchemical control methods used to protect their livestock from

animal diseases and pests.

(III) Pest and Vector Management Approaches 1.3.1 The current livestock population in Zambia consists of 3 million herds of cattle, 82,281 sheep, 953,757 goats, 343,195 pigs and 12 million chickens. Ticks and tick-borne diseases were a major constraint to cattle production and included East Coast fever, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Heartwater. Other cattle diseases included Foot and Mouth Disease(FMD), Contangious Bovine Pleuropneumonia(CBPP)(ECF) and Anthrax. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis in cattle and human was still a serious constraint to livestock production.

The soft tick, Ornithodorus moubata transmitted the serious viral disease the African Swine fever in pigs.



The major diseases for poultry, particulally in rural areas, are Newcastle Disease(ND), followed by worm infections, mycoplasmosis, mites, and coccidiosis.

(IV) Relevant IVM/IPM Experiences in Zambia Method Details Status/ scope for adoption 1.ECF vaccine Developed using local isolates of

ECF disease Successful and should be taken up by the project as an IPM approach

2.Strategic dipping of cattle with acaricides

Method involves monitoring of populations of tick vectors on the animals and in pasture and dipping of cattle only when set tick infestation thresholds on cattle are met

Successful and cost effective, Scope for expansion as an IPM initiative

3.Dipping of cattle with deltamethrin

Cattle are sprayed or a pour-on formulation of deltamethrin is applied along the back of the animal from head to the tail. The insecticide kills both ticks and tsetse fly. Biting flies are also controlled

Successful and most ideal in tsetse infested area to control both ticks and tsetse fly. The treated cattle are the so called mobile target. Ideal for adoption as an IPM approach

4.Use of herbal water extracts of local plants

Local plants such as Tephrosia Vogelii water extracts of leaves are used to spray cattle to control ticks Many other plants have been documented as acaricides in Zambia

Approach has been proven to be effective in controlling ticks on cattle. The method is being tested on a pilot scale in Zambia and the region. Very ideal as an IPM approach already being pilot tested by NEPAD.SANBIO

5. Pasture spelling of cattle

Grazing of cattle controlled using pasture spelling to starve ticks in the pasture to death by denying them the host cattle

Method has been successful in Australia where there is only one host tick. It is a big challenge in Zambia because of the presence of multi host ticks and that grazing areas are communal and not fenced. Poses a big challenge because of the issue of communal grazing land and the existence of multi-host ticks

6. Breeding for host resistance in cattle against ticks

Tick resistant cattle are selected by breeding especially using the local breeds for resistance to tick infestation

Has been tried but the biggest challenge is again with the multi-host ticks in Zambia. The potential for further development as an IPM approach is good.

7. The use of village chickens to detick cattle

The method involves using village chickens to detick cattle by eating the ticks when the cattle are at homesteads or in kraals. The method was tested by ICIPE

It was shown to be quite effective and with time cattle got used to being deticked and would actually lie down to allow the chickens climb on them. Method could be adopted at village levels.



Such animals should not be sprayed to safeguard the chickens

8.0 Use of Targets for tsetse control

Method involves the use of cloth material impregnated with a pyrethroid insecticide and baiting it with a tsetse fly attractant odour to lure the tsetse flies to the target and then get killed by the insecticide on the trap material. These targets are deployed in tsetse infested areas to control tsetse.

The technique has been shown to be very effective and has been used to create buffer zones between tsetse infested areas and those earmarked for eradication. It can also be used to mop-up residual populations of tsetse. Very ideal for use in the project area

9. Aerial spray by selective ULV formulation of deltamethrin against tsetse

Large tsetse infested areas were sprayed in the region involving Botswana, Namibia, Angola and Zambia using a ULV formulation of deltamethrin at very low doses of 0.26 g/ha by aircrafts. Tsetse has been cleared from Botswana, Namibia and parts of Zambia and Angola where spraying took place.

Method was successful and environmental impact against non target organisms not significant. Method is expensive and needs to be applied on an area-wide basis and not targeting small populations at a time.

10. Use of herbal extracts to control poultry diseases

Several rural households have been documented to use herbal extracts in drinking water to control Newcastle disease and other poultry diseases. Some plants are even smoked in poultry houses to control mites

Methods should be field tested in the project areas for the control of Newcaslte disease and others because of the challenges of maintaining the cold chain for vaccines in rural areas

(V) Pesticide use and management Several pesticides are registered for sale on the Zambian markert. However, most of the pesticides registered for use on livestock are classfied as class II ( moderately toxic, class III (slightly toxic) and others were in class IV (practically non-toxic in normal use) on the WHO classification of Pesticide hazards. Data of pesticide available on the market and the use pattern and the associated problems of handling, distribution, disposal and storage at the manufacturing companies and in the field are still being processed. (VI) Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity (a) Policies on plant and animal protection The Pest, Plant and Diseases Act of 1994 provides for the control of pests of locally grown crops and those likely to be brought through imported plant products. In the case of the Animal Health Act of 2010, serious outbreaks of diseases like CBPP, FMD, trypanosomiasis and Rinderpest among others are controlled by the Government. However, the Government has invited public-private partnership in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases with the Government providing extension services and the private sector providing veterinary drugs and pesticides. Cattle farmers have also been given the responsibility to control ticks and tick –borne diseases on their own. (b) Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy



The LDAHP has triggered the World Bank safeguard policy OP/BP 4.09, for Pest Management. However, Zambia does not have an Integrated Pest Management Policy to which stakeholders can relate to. The legislative tools currently being used in the country are not related to any IPM policy even though several IPM initiatives are being undertaken by many research programs (Table below) (VII) Pesticide and Environmental Legislation in Zambia Environmental component

Responsible Agency

Title and date of legislation

Purpose of the legislation

Agriculture MACO/ZARI Plant, Pests and Diseases control Act of 1994

Regulates the importation of plant products into Zambia and the exportation of the same. It also regulates the use of pesticides in crop protection.

Livestock MOAL/Veterinary Dept.

Animal Health Act of 2010

Control of animal diseases

Livestock

Veterinary and Para Veterinary Professions Act of 2010

Registration of veterinary professionals and maintenance of code of ethics

Livestock Herd Book Society/ Vet. Dept

The Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act of 2010

Ensure identity and traceability of cattle in the country

Livestock Cattle Slaughter Control Act of 2010

Control of cattle slaughter

Livestock The Dairy Industry Development Act of 2010

Development of the dairy industry

Agric,Livestock and Health

ZARI/Vet Dept/NISIR/SCCI

Bio-Safety Act of 2007

Protection of food safety and prevention of imports of GMO Food and Feeds

Health Ministry of Health Public Health Act No 22 of 1995

Prevention and suppression of diseases pertaining to public health

Water Resources Water Affairs Water Resources Management Act of 2010

Management of water resources through the Councils

Environment, Livestock, Agric, Health

ECZ Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990

Protection and Conservation of the Environment

Environment ECZ Pesticides and Toxic Substances Regulation of 1994

Registration of Pesticides and toxic substances

Environment ZEMA Act of 2011 environmental protection



(VIII) Conclusions � It is conclusive that the current pesticide legislation instruments in the Country are not

consistent with the WBIPM/IVM policy.

� It is therefore important that these instruments are revisited in order to put in place

supportive legislation to support the implementation of the IPM/IVM policy.

� Compliance with the safeguard policy OP 4.09 could be supported by research institutions.

� The Pesticides and toxic substances regulations of 1994 provide for a pesticide distributor

and user licensing scheme which should be revisited to allow for licensing of only IPM/IVM

compatible pesticides.

� The institutional and financial capacities to enforce the pesticide legislation is low and it is

important that support is provided for infrastructure development and training of human

resources.

� Local research institutions should be equipped to provide IPM technologies.

Implementation of the proposed PMP guidelines (a) Measures to promote the implementation of the IPM/IVM policy: � Reduce the use of chemical pesticides by strictly enforcing legal instruments by restricting

the sale or use of Class I(a) and I(b) pesticides to licensed end users.

� Submitting proposals to Government for strict observance of FAO guides on pesticides.

� Mobilize resources to support research into IPM technologies.

� To amend the pesticide legislation in order to provide for the registration of IPM compatible

pesticides.

� Upgrade the awareness of IPM policy implementation among farmers .

� Reinforce the construction of animal health protection facilities at grass-roots level.

� Measures should be taken to improve management capacity, training of staff on IPM

� Recruitment of more staff and enhance institutional arrangements to open up cooperation

and collaboration.

� Train farmers on IPM, safe use and disposal of pesticides and biomedical waste.

Monitoring & Evaluation � The main issues of the M&E are raised in the implementation plan so that IPM policy

becomes a reality in Zambia.



� The M&E plan for local monitoring and external monitoring would ensure that

implementation responsibilities facilitate action towards attainment of the objective for

preparing the PMP namely, improving livestock production by adopting IPM friendly

technologies, reducing health threats to human and environment and increasing farm level

incomes and trade in livestock products.

� The tentative budget for all activities related to PMP are estimated at US $ 800,000 per

province and for the seven provinces it comes to US$5.6 million, this budget will be adjusted

after consultations with MOAL.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK (MOAL) is seeking a concessionary credit from the International Development Association (IDA) for implementing the Livestock Development and Animal Health Project (LDAHP). The Livestock Development and Animal Health Project Component (1 Component 1: Livestock Services Provision (US$24.4 million). The objectives of this component are to: (i) strengthen the zoonotic and contagious animal diseases surveillance and control systems, including laboratory diagnostic capacities; (ii) build institutional capacity within the MoAL to improve service delivery; and (iii) improve the capacity to monitor food safety of facilities (slaughterhouses, milk collection centers, etc.) in the targeted project areas. These interventions will generate bio-medical waste and increased use of pesticides that could lead to adverse impacts on the environment and human health, if not properly managed. Component 2: Productive On-farm Investments (US$18 million): The objective of this component is to improve productivity of identified production systems through support to on-



farm investments. In the smallholder sector, the priority would be to introduce technologies that reduce livestock mortality particularly in young stock, improve reproductive efficiency and enable animals to quickly reach optimum slaughter weight. Smallholder access to services and markets would be improved through group formation, provision of essential livestock infrastructure, and delivery of improved technology packages by Ministry field staff augmented by Community Livestock Workers and private service providers. More specialized advisory services and technical packages would be made available through producer organizations. Support would also be provided for range and pasture improvement and utilization and dry season feeding technologies. This component will support the following sub-components:

(I) Support for the Livestock Improvement Grant Facility (US$16 million): A Livestock Improvement Grant Facility (LIGF) will be created to allow eligible smallholder producers (groups or cooperatives) and other livestock industry stakeholders to establish productive livestock investment packages (i.e., sub-projects). These packages would include, inter alia, essential infrastructure (e.g., communal cattle handling facilities, milk collection centers, feedlots, grass fodder production methods, etc.), enhanced genetic merit

(II) Strengthening Capacities of Non-Public Service Providers (US$2 million): This sub-component will co-finance activities which will specifically contribute to improved advisory, advocacy and information services for small-scale producers by organizations such as the Poultry Association of Zambia (PAZ), the Dairy Association of Zambia (DAZ), and two Commodity Committees (beef and pigs) of the Zambian National Farmers Union (ZNFU). Farmers who are unable to be in formal groups but require access to more specialized farm management and business planning advisory services on an individual basis, as well as access to credit for on-farm investments, will be supported by the project through the funding of technical assistance to enhance agri-business and technical farming skills, as well as to prepare investment packages for submission to other credit agencies for funding. This sub-component will also support the establishment of an independent Veterinary Statutory Body aimed at regulating the veterinary profession.

. Component 3: Project Management (US$3 million). The objective of this component is to ensure efficient and timely delivery of project resources in accordance with its objectives. It will support the establishment, operation, equipment and training of project coordination offices at both national and provincial levels, as well as the operational costs of the national Project Steering Committee and the Technical Committee. This component will also finance: (i) implementation and administration of the LIGF; (ii) M&E activities including regular impact evaluation studies and audits; management and oversight of safeguards issues; and (iii) preparation and implementation of a communication strategy for the project. Project support for various components and activities would be included in the general project management.As a result of the potential negative impacts anticipated from the issues raised above, the following four World Bank safeguard Policies are triggered by the project:

(I) Environmental Assessment OP4.01

(II) Natural Habitats OP 4.04

(III) Pest Management Safeguard OP 4.09

(IV) Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12.

However, the ones that directly apply to the PMP are OP 4.01 and OP 4.09



1.1 Objectives of PMP

The Pest Management Plan will therefore ensure that pest and vector management approaches, pesticides and veterinary drugs management including bio-medical waste management aspects are in conformity with an integrated pest/vector management policy (IPM/IVM). The plan will also focus on policy and institutional regulatory frameworks and their capacities including monitoring and evaluation. Key definitions

i. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) means a decision-making, record-keeping process for

managing pests that uses monitoring to determine pest injury levels and combines

biological, cultural, mechanical, physical and least toxic pesticides to manage pests in a

safe, cost effective and environmentally sound manner that contributes to the

protection of public health and environmental sustainability. Pesticides are only applied

when necessary, on an at-need basis.

ii. Pest in this report means any organism that adversely affects livestock production and

includes insect and mite pests/disease vectors and animal diseases that place substantial

constraints on livestock production.

iii. Veterinary drug is widely defined to include(FAO Legal papers,,2004) drugs, insecticides,

vaccines and biological products used or presented as suitable for use to prevent, treat,

control or eradicate pests or diseases, or to be given to animals to establish a veterinary

diagnosis, or to restore, correct or modify organic functions.

The overall objective of the Pest Management Plan (PMP) is to provide guidance for the screening of pesticides, veterinary drugs, other chemicals and their safe handling and disposal. The specific objectives can be listed as follows: (i) Promote ecologically based IPM and reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides (ii) Reduce health and environmental risks from use of pesticides,(including parathyroid

based pesticides), veterinary drugs and bio-medical waste. (iii) Build in-country capacity for (a) regulatory framework for pesticide distribution and

use (b) institutions to promote and implement safe, effective and environmentally sound pest management and (c) pesticide (dip) wash strength testing;

The Plan will also provide an improved biomedical waste management strategy to bring pest and vector management activities under the project in line with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) or Integrated Vector Management (IVM) and to avoid new infections from infectious bio-medical waste and ensure food security and higher incomes from livestock production at national and farm levels; the PMP will also ensure that risks to human health and the environment associated with biomedical waste and pesticide use are kept to an acceptable minimum level.

1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this Pest Management Plan is to provide guidance for the management of the major livestock pests and diseases and bio-medical wastes. The Plan will contribute to improved pest management, personal safety and environmental sustainability. Under the policy for Pest Management, OP4.09, the Bank assesses pest management and supports Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the safe use of pesticides. In Bank-financed



agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest.

1.3 Expected outputs

(i) Contribute to updating the approved list of pesticides and veterinary drugs for the

management of livestock pests and diseases

(ii) IPM packages for the management of livestock pests and diseases

(iii) Improved management of pesticides and veterinary drugs due to increase in

knowledge, institutional capacities to enforce appropriate pesticide legislation and

research into IPM technologies

(iv) Improved Monitoring and Evaluation for IPM

(v) Improved quality and output of livestock products due to reduced pest/disease

burden and high food safety

(vi) Increased livestock farm level incomes and safety of pesticide users at the

community levels



2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Field Work

The fieldwork included visits to key animal slaughter premises namely Zambeef in Chisamba, Country Chickens processing plant in Chongwe district and other slaughter houses in Lusaka. In addition, visits to the major agrochemical marketing companies in Lusaka were undertaken. Consultations with various key stakeholders such as MOAL staff, CVRI, Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Centre, Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), Central Statistical office (CSO), Livestock Services Ltd, Kasisi Agricultural Training Center (KATC). In addition, site visits to selected provinces and districts namely Namwala and Kalomo districts in Southern Province, Senanga and Kaoma districts in Western Province, and Petauke and Chipata districts in Eastern Province.

2.1 Key Informant Interview Guide and Farmer interview questionnaire were specifically developed as data collection tools to gather the relevant primary data required for developing the PMP.

2.2 Structured, semi-structured and open-ended interviews with Key stakeholders such as farmers’ organisations/Communities/Unions and Agrochemical companies as the main methodologies used. Annex 3 gives a list of institutions and individuals identified as interviewees and visited. Most of these institutions will also be invited to attend the stakeholders’ workshop on PMP. 2.3 Literature review is being undertaken to identify priority concerns on livestock pests/diseases, the legislation, use of pesticides and veterinary drugs and IPM initiatives currently being undertaken or envisaged. Various project, legislative, and policy documents have been reviewed including the following legal instruments:

a) Animal Health Act of 2010 b) The Veterinary and Para Veterinary Professions Act of 2010 c) The World Bank Safeguard Policy on Pest Management, O.P. 4.09 d) The Environmental Protection and Pollution control Act of 1990. e) Environmental Management Act N0. 12 of 2011 f) The Cattle slaughter Control Act of 2010 g) FAO International code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, 2002

and h) National profile on Chemicals Management Infrastructure in Zambia, ECZ, 2005



3.0 PEST AND VECTOR MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

3.1 Current and anticipated pest or disease problems

The current livestock population in Zambia is mainly constituted by 3 million herds of cattle, 82,281 sheep, 953,757 goats and 343,195 pigs (Sinyangwe and Fandamu, 2011). Poultry production is estimated at 12 million broiler birds of which 11 million are village chickens kept by smallholder farmers (Songolo and Katongo, 1999). Based on the interviews and literature review, the livestock industry experienced a variety of pest and disease problems in Zambia. The following tick-borne diseases constitute the major constraints to cattle production in Zambia (Sinyangwe and Fandamu, 2011):

• East Coast Fever(ECF)/Corridor is caused by the protozoan Theileria parva transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis tick species.

• Anaplasmosis is caused by the rickettsia transmitted by Hyalomma tick species.

• Babesiosis caused by the protozoan Babesia which is transmitted by Boophilus tick species.

• Heartwater caused by rickettsia Cowdria ruminantium which is transmitted by Amblyomma variegatum.

The soft tick, Ornithodorus moutbata transmits the serious viral disease, the African swine fever in pigs especially in Eastern Province. Table 1, figures 1 and 2 below give a breakdown of the major livestock diseases, figure 1 shows the distribution of the livestock diseases , figure 2 shows the current distribution pattern of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the main tick vector of ECF in the country . The major livestock disease in Southern Province was East Coast Fever (ECF) followed by Central, Eastern and Northern Provinces. Lusaka had the smallest outbreaks of ECF. Western Province showed the highest cases of CBPP followed by Southern Province. Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP) is a very destructive cattle disease of the lungs that is caused by the Mycoplasma bacteria and is spread from cattle to cattle. Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) and Anthrax cause serious mortalities in Cattle especially in Western Province and some parts of southern Province. It is also clear from figure 2 that the main tick vector of ECF was absent from Western Province. Ticks and tick-borne diseases are mainly controlled by dipping or spraying cattle with acaricidal solutions. Novel control methods currently used in Zambia include vaccination of cattle with live tick vaccines. The use of herbal aqueous extracts of indigenous plants such as Tephrosia vogelii are being piloted to spray cattle and control ticks and tick-borne diseases(Kaposhi, 1992, H. Chitambo, personal communication). The selective use of acaricides in strategic dipping/spraying of cattle targeting peak tick infestation periods are some of the IPM approaches that should be promoted. Tsetse and trypanosomosis also constitute a serious constraint to cattle production. Tsetse fly causes the disease known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. A third of Zambia total area of 752,000 km2 is infested with tsetse fly (SEMG, 1993). The MOAL in conjunction with African Union (AU) through the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign(PATTEC) embarked on a tsetse eradication campaign using the deltamethrin ULV aerial spraying technique at very selective doses of 0.26g - 0.3g per hectare (Kaposhi et al, unpublished). The MOAL is also using target traps impregnated with a pyrethroid insecticide and baited with a tsetse attractant to lure the tsetse fly to the trap where it is subsequently killed by the insecticide on the trap. These traps were successfully used to control tsetse from Senanga



West in Western Province and the MOAL has deployed these traps as a buffer between areas where tsetse has been cleared and those still infested (Mweempwa and Chilongo, personal Conversation). Table 1: Breakdown of the major cattle diseases and recorded deaths in Zambia(Source: NALEIC,2008)

Diseases Province

District

Cattle population

Deaths CBPP ECF FMD

Central Chibombo 221,026 906 820

Kabwe 56,637 533 1587

Kapiri Mposhi 98,869 295 622

Mkushi 249,002 808 747

Mumbwa 170,170 1629 2413

Serenje 9,346 391 487

Copperbelt Chngola 9,922 82 0

Kalulushi 1,194 7 1

Luanshya 1,526 0 0

Mufulira 1,097 16 14

Eastern Chadiza 63,095 632 816

Chipata 57,823 242

194

Katete 108,074 388 690

Nyimba 31,338 242 0

Lusaka Lusaka 186,542 203 56 432

Northern Chinsali 11,180 57 0 176

Isoka 35,268 220 0 1000

Kasama 12 1 3

Nakonde 15,038 189 0 150

Western Kaoma 84,531 532 167 0

Lukulu 157,000 983

684 0

Mongu 123,000 605

237 0

Senanga 334

23 0

Sesheke 63,000 43,117

24 0

Southern Choma 812,559 3,102 - 4,572

Gwembe 285,286 1,446

- 1,482

Itezhitezhi 303,968

690 - 1,591

Kalomo 626,852

2,612 3 3,283

Livingstone 416,322

49,239

278 1,344



416,322 49,239

Mazabuka 1,087,599

1,685 - 2,514

Monze 842,364

1,290 - 3,992

Namwala 873,117

8,566 - 3,059

Siavonga 320,064

3,755 - 728



Figure 1: Livestock Diseases Distribution map(NALEIC, 1998)



Figure 2: Current distribution pattern of Rhipicephalus appendiculus, the main tick vector of ECF in Zambia(Olwock et. al., 2008)



3.2 Poultry Production

The constraints to the production of village chickens include inadequate housing, nutritional deficiencies, predation and diseases. Newcastle disease (ND) has been identified in Zambia as the leading killer of village chickens, followed by Gumboro, worm infestation, mycoplasmosis, parasitic (external) infections and coccidiosis. The main treatment recommended for ND is by vaccination. However, the cold chain required to properly maintain the integrity of the ND vaccinate in rural areas reduces vaccination opportunities among village flocks. Both conventional and traditional remedies are used in the treatment of ND at village level. During a survey carried out in 1991 by CVRI and the University of Zambia it was found that 39% of farmers used traditional medicine and 14% used conventional medicine, amprolium and tetracycline being the most common (Songolo and Katongo, 1999). Almost all medicines were administered via drinking water. Traditional methods include the following trees and plants (in general leaves and stalks are added to drinking water offered to chickens): Agave sisalana, Aloespecies, Apodytes dimidiata, Cassia obtusifolia,Cissus quadrangularis, Capanifera baumiana, Diplorhynchus condyocarpon, Droogmansia

pteropus, Swartzia madagascariensis, Euphorbia tirucalli,Ficus species, Imulia glomerata, Isoberlinia anglonsis and Kigelia africana. Roots of Droogmansia pteropus and the bark of Swartzia madagascariensis were used occasionally and not the leaves. No work has been done to evaluate the efficacy of these remedies (Songolo and Katongo, 1999); Kaposhi and Phiri, 2001, Kaposhi, 1992).

3.3 Relevant IPM/IVM experiences within the project area

Table 2: Relevant IPM/IVM Experiences in the Country Method Details Status/ scope for adoption 1.ECF vaccine Developed using local isolates of

ECF disease Successful and should be taken up by the project as an IPM approach

2.Strategic dipping of cattle with acaricides

Methods involve monitoring of populations of tick vectors on the animals and in pasture and dipping of cattle only when set tick infestation thresholds on cattle are met

Successful and cost effective, Scope for expansion as an IPM initiative

3.Dipping of cattle with deltamethrin

Cattle are sprayed or a pour-on formulation of deltamethrin is applied along the back of the animal from head to the tail. The insecticide kills both ticks and tsetse fly. Biting flies are also controlled

Successful and most ideal in tsetse infested area to control both ticks and tsetse fly. The treated cattle are the so called mobile target. Ideal for adoption as an IPM approach

4.Use of herbal water extracts of local plants

Local plants such as Tephrosia Vogelii water extracts of leaves are used to spray cattle to control ticks Many other plants have been documented as acaricides in

Approach has been proved to be effective in controlling ticks on cattle. The method is being tested on a pilot scale in Zambia and the region. Very ideal as an IPM approach already being pilot



Zambia tested by NEPAD.SANBIO

5. Pasture spelling of cattle

Grazing of cattle controlled using pasture spelling to starve ticks in the pasture to death by denying them the host cattle

Method has been successful in Australia where there is only one host tick. It is a big challenge in Zambia because of the presence of multi host ticks and that grazing areas are communal and not fenced. Poses a big challenge because of the issue of communal grazing land and the existence of multi-host ticks

6. Breeding for host resistance in cattle against ticks

Tick resistant cattle are selected by breeding especially using the local breeds for resistance to tick infestation

Has been tried but the biggest challenge is again with the mult-host ticks in Zambia. The potential for further development as an IPM approach is good.

7. The use of village chickens to detick cattle

The method involves using village chickens to detick cattle by eating the ticks when the cattle are at homesteads or in kraals. The method was tested by ICIPE

It was shown to be quite effective and with time cattle got used to being deticked and would actually lie down to allow the chickens climb on them. Method could be adopted at village levels. Such animals should not be sprayed to safeguard the chickens

8.0 Use of Target for tsetse control

Method involves the use of cloth material impregnated with a pyrethroid insecticide and baiting it with a tsetse fly attractant odour to lure the tsetse flies to the target and then get killed by the insecticide on the trap material. These targets are deployed in tsetse infested areas to control tsetse.

The technique has been shown to be very effective and has been used to create buffer zones between tsetse infested areas and those earmarked for eradication. It can also be used to mop-up residual populations of tsetse. Very ideal for use in the project area

9. Aerial spray by selective ULV formulation of deltamethrin against tsetse

Large tsetse infested areas were sprayed in the region involving Botswana, Namibia, Angola and Zambia using a ULV formulation of deltamethrin at very low doses of 0.26 - 0.3g/ha by aircrafts. Tsetse has been cleared from Botswana, Namibia and parts of Zambia and Angola where spraying took place.

Method was successful and environmental impact against non- target organisms not significant. Method is expensive and needs to be applied on an area-wide basis and not targeting small populations at a time.

10. Use of herbal extracts to control poultry diseases

Several rural households have been documented to use herbal extracts in drinking water to control Newcastle disease and other poultry diseases.

Methods should be field tested in project areas for the control of Newcastle disease and others because of the challenges of maintaining the cold chain for



Some plants are even smoked in poultry houses to control mites

vaccines in rural areas



4.0 USE OF PESTICIDES, VETERINARY DRUGS AND MANAGEMENT

4.1 Review of present, proposed and/ or envisaged pesticide use

Tables 3 and 4 below give the WHO Classification of Pesticide hazards, 2009 and a list of pesticides registered for use on livestock Data from these tables will be used to screen and short list pesticides to be recommended for use by the project. In addition the screening will also be used as a Risk assessment matrix indicated in Annex 2. The list in table 3 is however not conclusive as registered products available on the market fluctuate on a yearly basis table 3 also shows that most pesticides used for the control of livestock pests and vectors ranged from class II to class IV on the WHO classification of pesticide hazards.

Table 3: WHO Hazard classification schedule based on WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009

LD50 for the Rat(mg/kg body mass) Distinctive label marking Oral Dermal

GROUP Solids* Liquids* Solids

* Liquids*

Hazard statement

Colour band

Ia Extremely hazardous

5 or less 20 or less 10 or

less

40 or less VERY

TOXIC

RED

Ib Highly hazardous

5-50 20-200 10-100 40- 400 TOXIC RED

II Moderately hazardous

50-500 200-2000 100-

1000

400-4000 HARMFUL YELLOW



III slightly hazardous

Over

500

Over

2000

Over

1000

Over

4000

CAUTION BLUE

IV Acute hazard unlikely in normal use

Over

2000

Over

3000

- - GREEN

Notes: - LD50 is the lethal dosage expressed in mg/kg body mass which will kill 50% of the

population of test animals and is expressed as mg/kg of the body weight of the test animal.

*The term “solid” and “Liquid” refer to the physical state of the product or formulation.

The average values of the oral toxicities can be explained as: LD50 mg/kg(oral) 1. Extremely hazardous/toxic Class Ia - 2000

Table 4: Pesticides Registered for use on pests/vectors (Classification of hazard is based on the WHO Recommended classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification, 2009)

Insecticide

Type LD50(Oral,Rat) Insecticide Name Trade Name WHO Hazard Classification Class I-IV

Use and Livestock

Lactone Abamectin/Avermectin Intermectin

Agricmec,Affirm, Dynamec/Cleaver

IV

Tick cattle and small ruminantsIntestinal worms in cattleruminants

500 -850 mg/kg Carbaryl, Carbaryl, Sevin Carbax, II

Poultry mite control

Carbamates

>4000 mg/kg Butacarb Butacarb ly/sheep dipScomol

IV Sheep dip, of ticks and mites




Insecticide


Use and Livestock

90-128 mg/kg Propoxur Baygon IV

Dog/cat (Collars) control of ectoparasitesfor and cockroaches

35-100 mg/kg Bendiocarb Ficam III Poultry housesmites and fly control

Benoxaphos Batestan/Benaxafos Tick controlcattle and small ruminants

Bromophos Brofene IV Control of ticks and mites on

52 mg/kg Bromophos –ethyl Nexagon/Nexagran II

Control of ticks / ectoparascattle and small ruminants

Chlorfernvinphos Supona, Birlane, Supona super,Supona aerosol

II Control of ticks, mites and flies on Cattle and sheep

163 mg/kg Chlorpyrifos Dursban II Control of ticks, mites, fleas on Cattle/Sheep/

Organophosphates

41 mg/kg Coumaphos Asunto/Baymix II Control of ticks on Sheep/cattle

300-500 mg/kg Diazinon Basudin III Control of ticks, mites and lice onCattle/ goats/pig

80 mg/kg Dichlorvos Vapona/Dedevap/Nuvan II Control of mites and lice animal houses

Organophosphate

43 mg/kg Dioxathion Delnav II Tick controlcattle




Insecticide


Use and Livestock

65-200 mg/kg Ethion Bovinox III Tick controlcattle

1746 mg/kg Fenchlorphos Ronnel/Lanokil IV Control of Ectoparasites on cattle/Sheep

250-500mg/kg Fenitrothion Sumithion/Dicofen III Control of flies,fleas and lice in house

190-315 mg/kg Fenthion Tiguvon/Baytex III Fly control and used as

150 mg/kg Oxinthiophos Bacdip/quintiophos III Cattle dip for resistant tickscattle

80-120 mg/kg Phosalone Benzphos/ Ambacide

II Tick and fly controlon cattle and small ruminants

2050 mg/kg Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic/Blex IV

Fruminants

500 – 2000 Propoxur Bayopet powder iii Control of ticks and fleas on cattle, dogs and cats

2000-4000 Temephos Abate/Biothion IV Control of Fleassmall ruminants

4000-5000 Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona IV

Control of and Barn fly control/poultry mites

Triazine derivatives

80 Amitraz Triatox/Mitac/Triatix/ Ecotraz/Milbitraz

II Tick and mange controlsmall ruminants

Natural Pyrethrum/ Pyrethroids

584-900 mg/kg Pyrethrins Pyrethrum IV

Control of flies and other ectoparasites on cattle and small ruminants




Insecticide


Use and Livestock

303-4123mg/kg Alphamethrin Paracide III Tick and fly controon cattle and small ruminants

303-4123mg/ kg/

Cypermethrin Cyrux,Cyperdip, Cypernel, Sectar

III Tick and flon cattle and small ruminants

135-140 mg/kg Deltamethrin Decis, Butox,Deltanex, K-Orthrine, Decatix

II Tick and tsetse fly control

303 - 4123 Flumethrin Deadline III Tick and tsetse fly control on cattle

132-1500 Fenvalerate Sumicidin/Fenkil IV Fly control

4000mg/kg Permethrin, Ambush/Coopex, IV Fly control



4.6. Principles in Selecting Insecticides.

Selection of pesticides under the project implementation will be guided by the principle that requires the consideration of several pest management approaches of cultural, physical, biological measures before the application of chemical pesticides is considered necessary. The use of pesticides must be guided by the principles of cost efficiency, safety to humans and the bio-physical environment and effectiveness in controlling the disease. The selection will be made in accordance with the World Bank guidelines for the selection of pesticides(World Bank Operational Manual, GP 4.03) as follows: (i) Selection of appropriate pesticides – pesticides requiring special precautions should

not be used if the requirements are not likely to be met. (ii) Approved list of pesticides taking into consideration the following: toxicity,

persistence, user experience, local regulatory capabilities, type of formulation, proposed use, and available alternatives.

(iii) Type and degree of hazard and availability of alternatives and the following criteria will be used to restrict or disallow types of pesticides under Bank loans: a. Toxicity: acute mammalian toxicity, chronic health effects, environmental

persistence, and toxicity to non-target organisms; b. Registration status in the country and capability to evaluate long-term health and

environmental impacts of pesticides.

4.6.1 Pesticides to be Acceptable to the Project

The selection of pesticides to be acceptable under the project will be in line with (a) the World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 on pest management, (b) the hazards and risks associated with pesticide use, and (c) the availability of newer and less hazardous products and techniques such as bio-pesticides, tsetse targets and traps. In addition to the toxic characteristics of the pesticide materials themselves, the hazards associated with pesticide use depend on how the pesticides are handled. Precautions to minimize environmental contamination and excess human exposure are needed at al stages, from manufacture, packaging and labelling, transportation, and storage to actual use and final disposal of unused and contaminated containers. The guidelines indicated below provide internationally accepted standards on pesticides to minimize the hazards associated with pesticide use.

4.6.2 Proper Use of Pesticides

The use of pesticides under the project will be guided by the following guidelines(FAO Publication International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, Rome, 1991; FAO Guidelines for the Packaging, Storage, Good Labelling Practice, Transportation and Disposal of Waste Pesticide and Pesticide Containers, Rome, 1985):

A. GUIDELINES ON USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT(PPE)

1. PPE must be kept separate (i.e. in different lockers) from

personal clothing. 2. Protective clothing must be thoroughly washed after each application or spray

operation before being worn again. 3. Contaminated protective clothing must under no circumstances be washed at

home and should not be removed from the store area. 4. Durable, light-weight and comfortable protective clothing that give splash and



droplet protection and are impervious to pesticide formulations must be provided to workers handling pesticides.

5. Overalls can be two-piece (jacket with hood and trousers) or one-piece

hooded garments. 6. Hood must close around gas mask.

7. Sleeves must close at wrists with elasticized cuffs and the trousers must have elasticized

closures around waist and ankles.

8. Jackets of two-piece suits should seal on the hips.

9. Overalls should preferably be light in colour so that contamination with

pesticides can be visible. 10. A clear transparent face shield, which is impervious to solvent and pesticide

vapours and which provides full face protection should be worn as indicated on the product label when preparing and applying spray mixtures.

11. Safety goggles are an acceptable alternative to a face shield.

12. Non-slippery gloves made of nitrile rubber, PVC, neoprene or butyl rubber that

are long enough to give cover to a minimum of 90 mm above the wrist must be used.

13. Lined gloves are not recommended as pesticides can accumulate in the lining material.

14. Gloves should preferably be light in colour so that contamination with pesticides can be

visible.

15. Before contaminated gloves are removed from the hands after use, they must first be

washed with soap and water. They should again be washed inside out after removal.

16. Unlined, rubber boots that are at least calf-high must be used.

17. To prevent pesticide from entering boots, trousers must be worn outside/over the boots.

18. At the end of each day’s spraying boots should be washed inside and outside.

19. A cotton hat with brim should be used for protection against spray drift.

20. A waterproof hat and cape must be worn by operators during overhead spraying.

21. A hood that covers the head, neck and shoulders of workers should be worn

for total skin protection during the application of irritant powders (e.g. sulphur). 22. Respirators should be worn when indicated on the product label

23. Tractors with closed canopies and air conditioning are recommended for

maximum safety and comfort during application. This could improve the productivity of operators and the quality of pesticide application and coverage.

Ablution facilities 24. Facilities must be provided for operators to wash or shower at the end of each

spray operation or shift. 25. Contaminated washing water generated at the ablution facilities shall not be

disposed of into any water source, including rivers, ground water sources and sewerage systems. This water can also be channelled into a mesh-covered evaporation pit like the one for the filling area.

B. GUIDELINES FOR SAFE USE AND HANDLING/APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES

Preparation and mixing of spray formulations 1. Application of pesticides should be selective and targeted (in space and time).

2. Pesticides must be prepared and used in the prescribed manner as

indicated on the label(s). Any other way is a criminal offence and this must be communicated to workers as such.



3. Only prepare the amount of spray mixture required for one specific application.

4. If containers with concentrated formulation are transported to filling points

further away from the agrochemical store, these containers must be locked into a secure metal or galvanized mesh trunk, which can be securely chained to the tractor and to the filling point during spray operations.

Filling points

5. The mixing and filling area for spray equipment must be well away from any

water sources. 6. The floor of the filling point must be of non-porous material (e.g. cement with

damp coursing) and must be bunded (retaining wall). 7. Rinse liquid from measuring vessels must be added to the spray tank.

8. Soil and water sources may not be contaminated by run-off and/or spillage.

Construct a non-permeable evaporation pit that is either filled with stones or covered with a metal grid, into which contaminated run-off water can be channelled. Add a handful of lime to increase the pH. Ultra-violet radiation from the sun, combined with the high pH will break down active ingredients and water will evaporate. Cover the pit when it rains, to prevent rainwater from filling up the pit. Alternatively, install a tank for contaminated water that can be emptied by a professional hazardous waste disposal company.

Worker health 9. Workers handling chemicals must be declared medically fit to work with

pesticides. This examination must be done by an Occupational Health practitioner that is a general practitioner with a post-graduate diploma in occupational medicine, and not by a clinic nurse or ordinary general practitioner.

10. All workers exposed to and handling pesticides must undergo routine medical

examinations (mostly involving a blood test) to test for signs of pesticide exposure. These should preferably be done annually at the end of the spraying season, but the interval between examinations may not exceed two years.

11. Any incident of exposure to pesticides must be documented according to

occupational health and safety regulations and labour regulations. 12. All medical records and records of pesticide exposure must be kept for at least

30 years for every worker exposed to pesticides. The work-exposure records should be sent to the regional labour representative if farming operations cease.

Training

13. All farm workers shall undergo training in the meaning of the signs, warning

and labels on containers of pesticides. 14. Formal training (i.e. certificates awarded) in the meaning of signs, warning

notices and labels on chemical containers, as well as on the interpretation of written instructions must be provided to all workers handling pesticides.

15. Spray operators must receive formal practical training in the safe handling and

application of pesticides and must understand the risks involved and precautions to be taken.

16. At least two members of each team of spray operators must receive basic first



aid training, particularly relating to pesticide exposure.

C. GUIDELINES ON FORMULATION AND REPACKAGING OF PESTICIDES

1. Distribution and use of pesticides may require local formulation and/or repackaging. In such

cases, industry should ensure that, in cooperation with the government, packaging or

repackaging conforming to industry standards is carried out only on licensed premises.

2. ZEMA should ensure that the staff working in such premises are adequately protected

against toxic hazards.

3. That the resulting pesticide products will be properly packaged and labelled, and that the

contents will conform to the relevant quality standards.

4. Formulators should be registered, certified, and regulated.

5. National pesticide regulations should be strictly enforced.

D. GUIDELINES ON GOOD LABELLING PRACTICE FOR PESTICIDES

1. LABEL CONTENT : The purpose of the label is to provide the user with all the essential

information about the product and how to use it safely and effectively. The minimum

information on the label should THEREFORE tell the user:

• What is in the container,

• The Hazard it represents and

• Associated safety information Instructions for use.

2. 1 What is in the container?

The following information identifying the contents of the container should appear on all labels: (a) Product or Trade name, associated with the product category (e.g. herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, etc.). (b) Type of formulation -name and code, as per International Formulation Coding System . c) Active ingredient, name (ISO) or other locally used common name or in the absence of either the chemical name as used by IUPAC and content. This should normally be expressed as "contains x g ai per kg" (for solids, viscous liquids, aerosols or volatile liquids) or "contains x g a.i. per liter" (for other liquids), or just "y%". (d) Net contents of the pack. This should be expressed in metric units (e.g. liter, gram, kilogram, which can be abbreviated to l, g and kg. . 2.2 Safety information There should be a clear warning on the label in relation to: * Reading the safety instructions before opening the pack. * Handling, transport and storage warning symbols * Hazard classification/symbol. There may be a necessity to classify the product with relation to its toxicity. 2.3 The following safety precautions should appear on all labels - preferably in black

print on a white background: 2.3.1 Safety Precautions The safety text must cover the following product specific advice:



• good agricultural practice

• relevant protective clothing

• precautions when handling the concentrate (if applicable)

• precautions during and after application

• environmental safety during and after application

• safe storage

• safe disposal of product and used container

• how to clean equipment (if a potential risk exists)

2 .3.2 Safety Pictograms Safety pictograms reinforcing the safety text should be included.

2.3.3 Warning The following must appear on all labels:

• Keep locked up and out of reach of children

• Other warning phrases may be aimed at good agricultural practice and/or steps which need to be taken to avoid adverse environmental effects.

2.3.4 First Aid Advice and Medical Treatment

• Most labels should carry first aid and medical advice, where relevant.

• Additional information regarding symptoms, special tests and antidotal measures may be added, where appropriate, for particular products.

2.3.5 Leaflets Any safety text on the label must also appear on any leaflets associated with it.

E. GUIDELINES ON STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF PESTICIDES

1. ZEMA is obliged to promulgate, update and enforce rules and regulations for safe,

responsible storage and transport. Areas covered by these rules include maintenance of the original product labels, spill prevention, container adequacy, proper marking in storage, facility specifications, product separation, protection from moisture and contamination by other products, restriction of access, and other measures to ensure product integrity and safety.

2. Pesticide stores must be located away from areas where people or animals are housed and

away from water sources, wells, and canals.

3. Pesticide stores should be located on high ground and fenced, with access only for

authorized persons.

4. There should be easy access for pesticide delivery vehicles and – ideally – access on at least

three sides of the building for fire-fighting vehicles and equipment in case of emergency.

5. Pesticides must not be kept where they would be exposed to sunlight, water, or moisture,

which could affect their stability.

6. Storehouses should be secure and well ventilated.

7. Pesticide stocks should be arranged such that the oldest are used first (“first in first

out”[FIFO] principle), to avoid the accumulation of obsolete stock.

8. Containers should be arranged to minimize handling and thus avoid mechanical damage

which could give rise to leaks.



9. Containers and cartons should be stacked safely, with the height of stacks limited to ensure

stability.

10. Pesticides should not be transported in the same vehicle as items such as agricultural

produce, food, clothing, drugs, toys, and cosmetics that could become hazardous if

contaminated.

11. Pesticide containers should be loaded in such a way that they will not be damaged during

transport, their labels will not be rubbed off, and they will not shift and fall off the transport

vehicle onto rough road surfaces.

12. Vehicles transporting pesticides should carry prominently displayed warning

notices. 13. Pesticides should not be carried in the passenger compartments of transport vehicles and

should be kept tightly secured and covered at all times during transport.

14. The pesticide load should be checked at intervals during transportation, and any leaks, spills,

or other contamination should be cleaned up immediately using accepted standard

procedures.

15. In the event of leakage while the transport vehicle is moving, the vehicle should be brought

to a halt immediately so that the leak can be stopped and the leaked product cleaned up.

16. Containers should be inspected upon arrival at the receiving station.

17. WHO/FAO guidelines (FAO, 1995a) should be followed for handling pesticide-related

products during storage, transport, fires, and spills;

18. There should be official reports to ZEMA and follow-up enquiries in the event of fires, spills,

poisonings, and other hazardous events; and

19. Rules and regulations laid down in the Recommendations on the transport of dangerous

goods: model regulations (United Nations, 2002) and by international organizations

concerned with the specific modes of transport and ZEMA should be respected.

F. GUIDELINES ON DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDES

1. Distribution of pesticides should be carried by trained personnel or under proper

supervision. Misdirection or mishandling can result in the product falling into the hands of

uninformed recipients or causing human or environmental risk.

2. Proper packaging is also important to ensure the confinement of the product and its safe

handling.

3. The original package is intended to ensure safe distribution; when repacking is necessary,

the new packing should meet the specifications of the original packaging as well as

complying with the ZEMA 2011 legislation.

4. Packaging (original or repackaging) should conform to ZEMA requirements to ensure safety

in distribution and prevent unauthorized sale or distribution of vector control pesticides.

5. The distributor should be aware that the shipment is a hazardous product.

6. The distributor must provide a timely service to ensure that products are available on an

agreed date that takes into consideration the time of the original order and other related

shipment matters.

7. The procurement process should anticipate shipment and distribution schedules.

8. A distribution scheme for pesticide products should be developed that reduces hazards

associated with multiple handling and transportation.

9. The distribution of pesticide products to the point(s) of storage by the supplier should

therefore be included in tender documents; and

10. All distributors of pesticides should be licensed.



G. GUIDELINES ON DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDES

1. When pesticides have passed their expiry date, specific methods of disposal must be

followed (FAO, 1995c; FAO/WHO/UNEP, 1999, ZEMA, 2011) to ensure compliance with

international standards for disposal of hazardous materials.

2. Similarly, any equipment that is no longer serviceable should be removed from inventory,

decontaminated and disassembled to ensure that it will not be subsequently diverted to

other uses.

3. Adherence to International treaties such as the Basel Convention on the Control of

Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their

Disposal (UNEP, 1989). 4. Avoid accumulation of obsolete pesticides by provision for phasing-out when pesticides are

to be banned or deregistered, refusal of donations in excess of requirement; and spelling out

of product specifications, including required

packaging and labelling (long-life label). 5. Adherence to WHO/FAO guidelines for handling pesticide-related products during storage,

transport, fires, spills and disposal.

6. Consultation with ZEMA for disposal of obsolete pesticides.

7. Prevention of risk to human and environmental health from emptied packaging and

containers, rinsates, and outdated products.

8. Ensure provision of instructions for disposal of pesticide containers as label requirements.

9. Leftover agrochemical formulations must not end up in rivers, streams,

ditches, storage dams, etc. and should not be emptied out on the ground. 10. Empty pesticide containers must not be re-used and must be disposed of in a

manner that avoids exposure to humans and contamination of the environment. 11. Relevant guidelines appearing on the label(s) should be followed. 12. Empty containers may not be burnt/incinerated on the farm. 13. Empty containers must be rinsed with integrated pressure rinsing devices on

the sprayer, or triple-rinsed (rinsed at least three times) with water, and the rinsate added to the spray/race tank/Diptank or kept secure until disposal is possible.

14. Triple-rinsed containers can be punctured (in the case of plastics), shattered

(in the case of glass) or otherwise rendered unserviceable so as to prevent reuse, whereafter it may be disposed of in a registered hazardous waste landfill site (operated by a registered hazardous waste removal company).

15. Empty triple-rinsed plastic containers can also be collected and removed for recycling by a registered recycler. 16. Obsolete or unwanted chemicals should preferably be sent back to local suppliers or alternatively be removed by certified or approved chemical waste disposal companies. 17. Leftover formulations should never be combined or mixed while being stored for later removal /disposal.

4.6.3 Environmental and Health Risks

(a) The risks of pesticide use on the bio-physical environment and human health in the Project mainly include: (I) Pesticide residues can deteriorate soil quality; (II) The pesticide residues in the soil can pollute the water body nearby, which will

potentially increase the pesticide residues in the aquatic fauna and flora;



(III) The overflow drain from spraying pesticides can pollute the drinking water resources nearby;

(IV) Over-use of pesticides can reinforce drug resistance in pests; (V) The use of high-toxicity pesticides can generate adverse impact on non-target

species, (particularly in honey bees, birds, livestock and natural enemies). (VI) Poisoning of operators without personal protective equipment; (VII) Pollution of water bodies from spraying of pesticides at places close to

drinking water sources; (VIII) Eating or smoking when applying pesticides could poison operators; (IX) Upwind spraying of pesticides would poison the operator and pollute the

environment; and (XI) Treated animals marketed before the end of the withdrawal period could poison consumers of meat and animal products.

(b) Risks from Biomedical waste from livestock slaughterhouses Most animal wastes from public slaughterhouses are commonly sold to informal sector recyclers who make animal feed, among other products, with minimum controls. While washwater and unrecycled blood are discharged to sewers, usually with little or no wastewater treatment. Non-recyclable solid wastes, carcasses from diseased rejected livestock, blood, hides, hones and viscera/manure are typically discharged to open dumps where domestic animals, rodents and some wildlife species like the Pied Crow scavenge for food. (c) Risks from Bio-medical waste from laboratories and treatment of sick animals Proper management of bio-medical waste from artificial insemination (AI), laboratories and animal diseases treatment to avoid pollution and new infections. (i) The main health risks from slaughter houses is from animal diseases, such as anthrax,

brucellosis, acute and chronic respiratory syndrome, Avia influenza(AI), skin diseases and Q-

fever.

(ii) Feeding slaughter waste to animals and open dumping of livestock and slaughter wastes

where wild birds and animals may forage poses a potential risk to health.

(iii) The main environmental risks are from the wastewater from slaughter houses include: biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), pH, total suspended solids(TSS), and faecal coliform bacteria.

4.6.4 Mitigation Measures

a. Pesticide spraying will be properly applied according to the label and monitored. b. No toxic chemicals will be sprayed at places close to water sources. In addition, the

local community will be informed of such an operation; c. The spraying equipments procured must be safe in operation; d. Integrated Pest Management(IPM)approaches (i.e. cultural, farming, physical,

biological and chemical measures) will be adopted to avoid environmental and health risks as well as pesticide resistance in pests;

e. The local communities will be sensitized on IPM technology. The chemical control measures should be demonstrated to farmers and the pesticide dealers;

f. The use of highly toxic substances should be avoided whenever possible(Class I WHO Classified list of Pesticide hazards restricted to licensed users);

g. The use of torn protective clothing should be avoided;



h. Pesticides should be stored away safely in locked boxes and kept in places where children have no access to;

i. The packaging materials of pesticides and other empty containers should be disposed of safely in accordance with FAO guidelines on disposal of pesticides; and

j. Sensitization of farmers on safe handling and application of pesticides should be strengthened.

k. Location of animal slaughter houses in rural areas should be sited away from water sources, wetlands, residential or other ecologically sensitive habitats and natural resource agencies should be involved in the review of siting alternatives.

l. Consideration of alternative site should aim at minimizing environmental effects and not preclude beneficial use of the water bodies by using the following siting guidelines:

(i) On a watercourse having a maximum dilution and waste absorbing capacity (ii) In an area where wastewater can be reused with minimal treatment for

agricultural or industrial purposes (iii) Within a municipality which can accept the animal wastes in their sewer

treatment system m. Wildlife access to infectious biomedical waste must be minimized by incorporating

the following guidelines in site selection: (i) Plot size should be sufficient to provide for a landfill or on-site disposal where

waste treatment technologies like incinerators could be installed in accordance with the public health regulations.

(ii) Proximity to a suitable disposal site (iii) Convenient for public/private contractors to collect and haul solid wastes for

final disposal. n. Location of slaughter houses on a high elevation above topography to minimize air

pollution. o. Observe World Bank Effluent Guidelines for Slaughterhouses for liquid effluent

parameters: Slaughterhouse Maximum Daily Effluent Limitations,

Plant type BOD /kg live weight killed

TSS/megagram live weight killed

O/G pH Fecal coliform count

Simple 0.12 0.20 0.06 6 - 9 < 400 per 100 ml

Complex 0.21 0.25 0.08 6 - 9 < 400/100ml

Source: World Bank Technical Paper number 140. p. Sensitizing consumers on livestock and slaughter waste management could lead to improved

health, animal welfare, and environmental conditions at farms and slaughter facilities

supplying local markets.



5.0 POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

5.1 Policies on Plant and Animal Protection

The Pest, Plant and Diseases Act of 1994 provide for the mandatory control of invasions of serious pests such as migratory insect pests like the Armyworm, Spodoptera Spp. In instances/circumstances where such invasions occur, the Government may source pesticides from the international Donor agencies like FAO for the supply of pesticides. In the case of the Animal Health Act of 2010, the control of serious outbreaks of diseases like CBPP, FMD, Rinderpest among others, the Government through the MOAL may source support from International Donor agencies to contain these emergencies. Furthermore, the control of tsetse fly is still a Government mandate and funded wholly by the MOAL. However, the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases has now been downgraded and government has invited the private sector to provide the services. Cattle farmers have also been given the responsibility to control ticks and tick –borne diseases on their own. The Government provides extension services to the farmers. These circumstances do not seem to distort market prices for pesticides because they do not involve the market forces. These measures are also meant to secure food security in the country. The control of tsetse is also a Government policy because no farmer can manage to undertake such big scale operations. However, an IPM policy once put in place would give guidance on the type of pesticides or pest control approaches adopted when tsetse control operations are planned. In short these programmes should be integrated into the national agricultural development policy to ensure IPM initiatives like pest monitoring using sex pheromones traps to monitor populations of the pest are strengthened to provide an early warning mechanism. In the case of tsetse control, farmers in tsetse infested areas could be supported to use the targets and mobile targets(cattle treated with insecticides).

5.1.2 Existence of a National IPM/IVM Policy

The LDAHP has triggered the World Bank safeguard policy OP/BP 4.09, for Pest Management. However, Zambia does not have an Integrated Pest Management Policy to which stakeholders can relate to. The legislative tools currently being used in the country are not related to any IPM policy even though several IPM initiatives are being undertaken by many research programs. Table 5 below gives a catalogue of pieces of legislation on pesticide use but under different Ministries. Moreover, coordination in the enforcement of these different legislative pieces is weak. Zambia Environmental Management Agency(ZEMA) has not instituted any IPM policy to guide the registration of pesticides under the Pesticides and Toxic Substances Regulation of 1994. There are pesticides that are currently registered and yet according to the WHO classification of Pesticides hazards, Class Ia and Ib pesticides should be severely restricted (Table 3 and need to be registered and followed by conditionalities that severely restrict their use to licensed persons and regular monitoring of their use. Furthermore, the different pesticide legislation tools cited below were made to regularise and control the importation and use of pesticides in the country and do not reflect any IPM principle. They do not therefore mirror the World Bank Safeguard Policy on pest management (OP 4.09). Table 5.0: Pesticide and Environmental Legislation in Zambia Environmental component

Responsible Agency

Title and date of legislation

Purpose of the legislation



Agriculture MACO/ZARI Plant, Pests and

Diseases control Act of 1994

Regulates the importation of plant products into Zambia and the exportation of the same. It also regulates the use of pesticides in crop protection.

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Documents

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK ......IPM Integrated Pest Management IVM Integrated Vector Management KATI Kasisi Agricultural Training Institute LDAHP Livestock Development