1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction
Micro controller based speaking system for patient is designed
to give the signs, which are preloaded in the device. It is a micro
controller based device, which gives the alert sounds just by using
a touch screen, which are given some predefined messages like
asking for water, washroom etc., here the person need to touch the
touch screen which indicates the sign of water (example) then the
device sounds the same with some output volume.
Micro controller is the heart of the device. It stores the data
of the needs of the person. So that it can make use of the data
stored whenever the person uses the device. This device helps the
deaf and dumb people to announce their requirements. By this the
person who is near can understand their need and help them. This
saves the time to understand each other and ease in communication.
Touch screen based devices can be easily reachable to the common
man due its simpler operation, and at the same time it challenges
the designers of the device. These touch screen sensors can be used
as a replacement of the existing switches in home which produces
sparks and also results in fire accidents in few situations.
Considering the advantages of touch screen sensors an advanced
automation system was developed to control the appliances in the
house. This device is designed to provide with a greater advantage
producing voice based announcement for the user i.e. the user gets
the voice which pronounces his need as and when it is required.1.2
Project overview
An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to
perform a dedicated task. Some of the main devices used in embedded
products are Microprocessors and Microcontrollers.
Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose
processors as they simply accept the inputs, process it and give
the output. In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts the
data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with
various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the
result.
The Haptic based speaking microcontroller using PIC16F73
microcontroller is an exclusive project which is used to control
the devices in an apartment using touch screen sensor.
1.3 Organization of Project reportThe thesis explains the
implementation of Haptic based speaking microcontroller using
PIC16F73 microcontroller. The organization of the report is
explained here with:
Chapter 1 Presents introduction to the overall report and the
overview of the project. In the project overview a brief
introduction of Touch screen based nurse/ attendant calling system
interfacing touch screen to Micro Controller, voice module and its
applications are discussed.
Chapter 2 Presents the hardware description. It deals with the
block diagram of the project and explains the purpose of each
block. In the same chapter the explanation of Micro Controller,
touch screen, voice module, power supplies are considered.
Chapter 3 Presents the software description. It explains the
implementation of the project using PIC C Compiler software.
Chapter 4 Presents the project description along with touch
screen, voice module interfacing to microcontroller, advantages and
applications..Chapter 5 Presents the advantages, and applications
of the project.Results are presented in Chapter 6.Chapter 7
Presents the conclusion and future prospects of the project
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 2.1 Block diagramFig.2.1: Block diagram of
Haptic based speaking using microcontroller The main blocks of this
project are1. Micro controller (16F73)2. Reset button
3. Crystal oscillator
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED indicator
6. Touch screen7. voice module. 2.2 Microcontroller A
Microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary
peripherals. Both microcontrollers and microprocessors are complex
sequential digital circuits meant to carry out job according to the
program / instructions. Sometimes analog input/output interface
makes a part of microcontroller circuit of mixed mode (both analog
and digital nature).
1. A smaller computer
2. On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
Example: Motorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X
2.2.1 Internal Structure of a Microcontroller
Fig 2.2.1: Internal architecture of a microcontroller2.2.2 PIC
Microcontroller Clock
Most of the PIC microcontrollers can operate up to 20MHz. One
instructions cycle (machine cycle) consists of four clock
cycles
Relation between instruction cycles and clock cycles for PIC
microcontrollers
Instructions that do not require modification of program counter
content get executed in one instruction cycle.
2.2.3 Memory unit
Memory is part of the microcontroller whose function is to store
data.The easiest way to explain it is to describe it as one big
closet with lots of drawers. If we suppose that we marked the
drawers in such a way that they can not be confused, any of their
contents will then be easily accessible. It is enough to know the
designation of the drawer and so its contents will be known to us
for sure.2.2.4 Central Processing Unit
Let add 3 more memory locations to a specific block that will
have a built in capability to multiply, divide, subtract, and move
its contents from one memory location onto another. The part we
just added in is called "central processing unit" (CPU). Its memory
locations are called registers.
2.2.5 Microcontroller PIC16F73
The PIC16F73 CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller is upward
compatible with the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77,
PIC16F873/874/876/877devices. It features 200 ns instruction
execution, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of
8-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM
functions, a synchronous serial port that can be configured as
either 3-wire SPI or 2-wire I2C bus, a USART, and a Parallel Slave
Port.
High-Performance RISC CPU
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which
are two-cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction
cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes
of Data Memory (RAM)
Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
Pin out compatible to the PIC16F873/874/876/877
Interrupt capability (up to 12 sources)
Eight level deep hardware stack
Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes
Processor read access to program memorySpecial Microcontroller
Features
Power-up Timer (PWRT) and oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for
reliable operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
Selectable oscillator options
In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two Pins
Peripheral Features
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented
during SLEEP via
external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register,
prescaler and postscaler
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max resolution is 10-bit
8-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital converter
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C
(Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
(USART/SCI)
Parallel Slave Port (PSP), 8-bits wide with external RD, WR and
CS controls (40/44-pin
Only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Program memory (FLASH) is used for storing a written
program.Since memorymade in FLASH technology can be programmed and
cleared more than once, it makes this microcontroller suitable for
device development.EEPROM - data memory that needs to be saved when
there is no supply. It is usually used for storing important data
that must not be lost if power supply suddenly stops. For instance,
one such data is an assigned temperature in temperature regulators.
If during a loss of power supply this data was lost, we would have
to make the adjustment once again upon return of supply. Thus our
device looses on self-reliance.RAM- Data memory used by a program
during its execution.In RAM are stored all inter-results or
temporary data during run-time.PORTS are physical connections
between the microcontroller and the outside world.
PIC16F73.FREE-RUN TIMER is an 8-bit register inside a
microcontroller that works independently of the program. On every
fourth clock of the oscillator it increments its value until it
reaches the maximum (255), and then it starts counting over again
from zero. As we know the exact timing between each two increments
of the timer contents, timer can be used for measuring time which
is very useful with some devices.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT has a role of connective element between
other blocks in the microcontroller. It coordinates the work of
other blocks and executes the user program.Crystal oscillator
The crystal oscillator speed that can be connected to the PIC
microcontroller range from DC to 20Mhz. Using the CCS C compiler
normally 20Mhz oscillator will be used and the price is very cheap.
The 20 MHz crystal oscillator should be connected with about 22pF
capacitor. Please refer to my circuit schematic.
There are 5 input/output ports on PIC microcontroller namely
port A, port B, port C, port D and port E. Each port has different
function. Most of them can be used as I/O port.
Applications
PIC16F73 perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries
and controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote
sensors, electrical door locks and safety devices. It is also ideal
for smart cards as well as for battery supplied devices because of
its low consumption.
PIC16F73 has a total of 28 pins. It is most frequently found in
a DIP28 type of case but can also be found in SMD case which is
smaller from a DIP. DIP is an abbreviation for Dual In Package. SMD
is an abbreviation for Surface Mount Devices suggesting that holes
for pins to go through when mounting aren't necessary in soldering
this type of a component.Pins on PIC16F73 microcontroller have the
following meaning:There are 28 pins on PIC16F73. Most of them can
be used as an IO pin. Others are already for specific functions.
These are the pin functions.1. MCLR to reset the PIC2. RA0 port A
pin 03. RA1 port A pin 14. RA2 port A pin 25. RA3 port A pin 36.
RA4 port A pin 47. RA5 port A pin 58. VSS ground
Fig 2.2.5: Pin Diagram of PIC 16F73
9. OSC1 connect to oscillator10. OSC2 connect to oscillator11.
RC0 port C pin 0 VDD power supply12. RC1 port C pin 113. RC2 port C
pin 214. RC3 port C pin 315. RC4 - port C pin 416. RC5 - port C pin
517. RC6 - port C pin 618. RC7 - port C pin 719. VSS - ground20.
VDD power supply21. RB0 - port B pin 022. RB1 - port B pin 123. RB2
- port B pin 224. RB3 - port B pin 325. RB4 - port B pin 426. RB5 -
port B pin 527. RB6 - port B pin 628. RB7 - port B pin 7
By utilizing all of this pin so many application can be done
such as:1. LCD connect to Port B pin.2. LED connect to any pin
declared as output.3. Relay and Motor - connect to any pin declared
as output.4. External EEPROM connect to I2C interface pin RC3 and
RC4 (SCL and SDA) 5. LDR, Potentiometer and sensor connect to
analogue input pin such as RA0.6. GSM modem dial up modem connect
to RC6 and RC7 the serial communication interface using RS232
protocol.Ports Term "port" refers to a group of pins on a
microcontroller which can be accessed simultaneously, or on which
we can set the desired combination of zeros and ones, or read from
them an existing status. Physically, port is a register inside a
microcontroller which is connected by wires to the pins of a
microcontroller. Ports represent physical connection of Central
Processing Unit with an outside world. Microcontroller uses them in
order to monitor or control other components or devices. Due to
functionality, some pins have twofold roles like PA4/TOCKI for
instance, which is in the same time the fourth bit of port A and an
external input for free-run counter. Selection of one of these two
pin functions is done in one of the configuration registers. An
illustration of this is the fifth bit T0CS in OPTION register. By
selecting one of the functions the other one is disabled.
All port pins can be designated as input or output, according to
the needs of a device that's being developed. In order to define a
pin as input or output pin, the right combination of zeros and ones
must be written in TRIS register. If the appropriate bit of TRIS
register contains logical "1", then that pin is an input pin, and
if the opposite is true, it's an output pin. Every port has its
proper TRIS register. Thus, port A has TRISA, and port B has TRISB.
Pin direction can be changed during the course of work which is
particularly fitting for one-line communication where data flow
constantly changes direction. PORTA and PORTB state registers are
located in bank 0, while TRISA and TRISB pin direction registers
are located in bank 1.PORTB and TRISB
PORTB has adjoined 8 pins. The appropriate register for data
direction is TRISB. Setting a bit in TRISB register defines the
corresponding port pin as input, and resetting a bit in TRISB
register defines the corresponding port pin as output.
Each PORTB pin has a weak internal pull-up resistor (resistor
which defines a line to logic one) which can be activated by
resetting the seventh bit RBPU in OPTION register. These 'pull-up'
resistors are automatically being turned off when port pin is
configured as an output. When a microcontroller is started,
pull-ups are disabled.Four pins PORTB, RB7:RB4 can cause an
interrupt which occurs when their status changes from logical one
into logical zero and opposite. Only pins configured as input can
cause this interrupt to occur (if any RB7:RB4 pin is configured as
an output, an interrupt won't be generated at the change of
status.) This interrupt option along with internal pull-up
resistors makes it easier to solve common problems we find in
practice like for instance that of matrix keyboard.2.3 Regulated
power supply2.3.1 Introduction
Power supplyis a supply ofelectrical power. A device or system
that supplieselectrical or other types ofenergyto an output loador
group of loads is called a power supply unitorPSU. The term is most
commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to
mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
A power supply may include a power distribution system as well
as primary or secondary sources of energy such as conversion of one
form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage,
typically involving convertingACline voltage to a well-regulated
lower-voltageDCfor electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC
power supply units are commonly integrated with the devices they
supply, such ascomputersand household electronics.
Batteries.
Chemicalfuel cellsand other forms ofenergy storagesystems.
Solar power.
Generators oralternators. 2.3.2 Block Diagram Fig 2.3.2(a):
Regulated Power Supply Fig 2.3.2(b): Circuit diagram of Regulated
Power Supply with Led connection The components mainly used in
above figure are 230V AC MAINS
TRANSFORMER
BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)
CAPACITOR
VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805)
RESISTOR
LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned
above is as follows:
Transformation The process of transforming energy from one
device to another is called transformation. For transforming energy
we use transformers.
Atransformeris a device that transferselectrical energyfrom
onecircuitto another throughinductively coupledconductors without
changing its frequency. A varyingcurrentin the first or
primarywinding creates a varyingmagnetic fluxin the transformer's
core, and thus a varyingmagnetic fieldthrough thesecondarywinding.
This varying magnetic fieldinducesa varyingelectromotive force
(EMF)or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is
calledmutual induction.
If aloadis connected to the secondary, an electric current will
flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be
transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the
load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the same
shape as a bar magnet.
If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards
from the coil. If the current is reduced, the lines of force move
inwards. The input coil is called the PRIMARY WINDING, the output
coil is the SECONDARY WINDING.
Fig 2.3.2(c): Step-Down Transformer
Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a
constantly changing current and moving field. DC has a steady
current and therefore a steady field and there would be no
induction.
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary
and secondary. This is to prevent some types of interference being
fed from the equipment down into the mains supply, or in the other
direction. Transformers are sometimes used for IMPEDANCE MATCHING.
We can use the transformers as step up or step down.
Step Up transformer
In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less
compared to secondary winding. Because of having more turns
secondary winding accepts more energy, and it releases more voltage
at the output side.
Step down transformer
In case of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more
flux than the secondary winding, and secondary winding is having
less number of turns because of that it accepts less number of
flux, and releases less amount of voltage.
Battery power supply
Abatteryis a type of linear power supply that offers benefits
that traditional line-operated power supplies lack: mobility,
portability and reliability. A battery consists of multiple
electrochemical cells connected to provide the voltage desired.
Fig: 3.3.5 shows Hi-Watt 9V battery. Fig 2.3.2(d): Hi-Watt 9V
Battery
The most commonly useddry-cellbattery is thecarbon-zincdry cell
battery.Dry-cell batteries are made by stacking a carbon plate, a
layer of electrolyte paste, and a zinc plate alternately until the
desired total voltage is achieved. The most common dry-cell
batteries have one of the following voltages: 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 22.5,
45, and 90. During the discharge of a carbon-zinc battery, the zinc
metal is converted to a zinc salt in the electrolyte, and magnesium
dioxide is reduced at the carbon electrode. These actions establish
a voltage of approximately 1.5 V.
Fig 2.3.2(e): Pencil Battery of 1.5VRectification
The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating
direct current is called as rectification. For rectification
purpose we use rectifiers.Rectifiers
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as
rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of
power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be
made of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves,
and other components.A device that it can perform the opposite
function (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter.Bridge full
wave rectifier The Bridge rectifier converts an ac voltage to dc
voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is
applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load
resistance is connected between the other two ends of the
bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1
and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state.
The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL
and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2
and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes
D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence
the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the
previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a
unidirectional wave.
Input
Output
Fig 2.3.2(f): Full wave bridge rectifier& its input and
output waveformsDB107 Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in
IC with a number of DB107. In our project we are using an IC in
place of bridge rectifier. Features Surge overload rating - 30
amperes peak
Ideal for printed circuit board
Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded
Polarity symbols molded on body
Mounting position: Any Weight: 1.0 gram
Fig 2.3.2(g): DB107 Filtration
The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure
direct current using filters is called as filtration. Electronic
filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing
functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components
from the signal, to enhance wanted ones.Introduction to
Capacitors
TheCapacitoror sometimes referred to as aCondenseris a passive
device, and one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic
field which produces a potential (static voltage) across its
plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel
conductive plates that are not connected but are electrically
separated either by air or by an insulating material called
theDielectric.
Fig 2.3.2(h): Construction Of a Capacitor Fig 2.3.2(i):
Electrolytic Capaticor Units of Capacitance Microfarad(F)1F =
1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6F Nanofarad(nF)1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 =
0.000000001 = 10-9F
Pico farad(pF)1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 =
10-12F
Regulation The process of converting a varying voltage to a
constant regulated voltage is called as regulation. For the process
of regulation we use voltage regulators. Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator (also called a regulator) with only three
terminals appears to be a simple device, but it is in fact a very
complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input voltage
into a constant regulated output voltage. Voltage Regulators are
available in a variety of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The
LM78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive
input. For applications requiring negative input, the LM79XX series
is used. Using a pair of voltage-divider resistors can increase the
output voltage of a regulator circuit.
It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated
rating. You cannot use a 12V regulator to make a 5V power supply.
Voltage regulators are very robust. These can withstand
over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In
both cases, the regulator will cut off before any damage
occurs.
Fig 2.3.2(j): Voltage Regulator 2.4 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are
increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red
light, but modern versions are available across the visible,
ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Fig 2.4(a): Inside a LED Fig 2.4(b): Parts Of a LEDWorking
The structure of the LED light is completely different than that
of the light bulb. Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong
structure. The light-emitting semiconductor material is what
determines the LED's color. The LED is based on the semiconductor
diode.
When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able
to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the
color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is
usually small in area (less than 1mm2), and integrated optical
components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in
reflection.
LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved
robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability
and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require
more precise current and heat management than traditional light
sources. Current LED products for general lighting are more
expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable
output. They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as
replacements for traditional light sources in automotive lighting
(particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size
of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be
developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology.
Fig 2.4(c): Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED
LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources
High-levels of brightness and intensity
High-efficiency
Low-voltage and current requirements
Low radiated heat
High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration.Applications
of LED fall into three major categories1. Visual signal application
where the light goes more or less directly from the LED to the
human eye, to convey a message or meaning.2. Illumination where LED
light is reflected from object to give visual response of these
objects. 2.5 Touch screen
Touch screens emerged from academic and corporate research labs
in the second half of the 1960s. One of the first places where they
gained some visibility was in the terminal of a computer-assisted
learning terminal that came out in 1972 as part of the PLATO
project. They have subsequently become familiar in kiosk systems,
such as in retail and tourist settings, on point of sale systems,
on ATMs and on PDAs where a stylus is sometimes used to manipulate
the GUI and to enter data. The popularity of smart phones, PDAs,
portable game consoles and many types of information appliances is
driving the demand for, and the acceptance of, touch screens.
Touch screens are popular in heavy industry and in other
situations, such as museum displays or room automation, where
keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a satisfactory, intuitive,
rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's
content.2.5.1 Technologies of touch screen There are a number of
types of touch screen technology.
1. Resistive
A resistive touch screen panel is composed of several layers,
the most important of which are two thin, metallic, electrically
conductive layers separated by a narrow gap. When an object, such
as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer surface
the two metallic layers become connected at that point: the panel
then behaves as a pair of voltage dividers with connected outputs.
2. Surface acoustic wave
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sumit technology uses ultrasonic
waves that pass over the touch screen panel. When the panel is
touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change in the
ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and
sends this information to the controller for processing. Surface
wave touch screen panels can be damaged by outside elements. 3.
Capacitive A capacitive touch screen panel consists of an insulator
such as glass, coated with a transparent conductor such as indium
tin oxide (ITO). As the human body is also a conductor, touching
the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the body's
electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance.
Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the
touch. The location can be passed to a computer running a software
application which will calculate how the user's touch relates to
the computer software.4. Surface capacitance
In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is
coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the
layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a
conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a
capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor's controller can
determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in
the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. 5.
Projected capacitance
Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive
technology which permits more accurate and flexible operation, by
etching the conductive layer. An XY array is formed either by
etching a single layer to form a grid pattern of electrodes, or by
etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive material
with parallel lines or tracks to form the grid (comparable to the
pixel grid found in many LCD displays).
6. Infrared
Conventional optical-touch systems use an array of infrared (IR)
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on two adjacent bezel edges of a
display, with photo sensors placed on the two opposite bezel edges
to analyze the system and determine a touch event. The LED and
photo sensor pairs create a grid of light beams across the display.
An object (such as a finger or pen) that touches the screen
interrupts the light beams, causing a measured decrease in light at
the corresponding photo sensors. 7. Strain gauge
In a strain gauge configuration, also called force panel
technology, the screen is spring-mounted on the four corners and
strain gauges are used to determine deflection when the screen is
touched.[7] This technology has been around since the 1960s but new
advances by Vissumo and F-Origin have made the solution
commercially viable.[8] It can also measure the Z-axis and the
force of a person's touch. Such screens are typically used in
exposed public systems such as ticket machines due to their
resistance to vandalism.8. Optical imaging
A relatively-modern development in touch screen technology, two
or more image sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the
corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in the
camera's field of view on the other sides of the screen. A touch
shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be
triangulated to locate the touch or even measure the size of the
touching object (see visual hull). This technology is growing in
popularity, due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability,
especially for larger units.
2.5.2 Construction
There are several principal ways to build a touch screen. The
key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching a display,
to interpret the command that this represents, and to communicate
the command to the appropriate application.
In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive
approach, there are typically four layers1. Top polyester layer
coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the bottom
2. Adhesive spacer 3. Glass layer coated with a transparent
metallic conductive coating on the top 4. Adhesive layer on the
backside of the glass for mounting.
When a user touches the surface, the system records the change
in the electrical current that flows through the display. In each
case, the system determines the intended command based on the
controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the
touch.
Resistive Touch screen Technology
Resistive LCD touch screen monitors rely on a touch overlay,
which is composed of a flexible top layer and a rigid bottom layer
separated by insulating dots, attached to a touch screen
controller. The inside surface of each of the two layers is coated
with a transparent metal oxide coating (ITO) that facilitates a
gradient across each layer when voltage is applied. Pressing the
flexible top sheet creates electrical contact between the resistive
layers, producing a switch closing in the circuit. The control
electronics alternate voltage between the layers and pass the
resulting X and Y touch coordinates to the touch screen controller.
The touch screen controller data is then passed on to the computer
operating system for processing.
Working of Resistive Touch screens Fig 2.5.2(a): Diagram of
touch screen working
A four-wire resistive touch screen panel consists of two
flexible layers uniformly coated with a transparent resistive
material and separated by an air gap. Electrodes placed along the
edges of the layers provide a means for exciting and monitoring the
touch screen.
Fig 2.5.2(b): Block Diagram of Touch Screen Interface
Fig 2.5.2(c): Four-wire touch Screen
When a position is measured on a 4-wire touch screen, voltage is
applied across the screen in the Y direction; and a touch presses
the layers together, where a voltage can be read from one of the X
electrodes. The contact made as a result of the touch creates a
voltage divider at that point, so the Y coordinate can be
determined; the process then repeats with the X direction being
driven, and a reading is taken from one of the Y electrodes. A
touch-screen controller is simply an ADC that has built-in switches
to control which electrodes are driven and which electrodes are
used as the input to the ADC.
An Analog Devices AD7843 scans the X and Y axes and determines
the unique voltage drop for each axis. The four electrodes for
scanning are labeled X+, X-, Y+, and Y-. These electrodes are
connected to the AD7843 touch screen controller and the touch
sensor is scanned and the analog voltages read.Graphic LCD with
Touch Screen
These GLCD have common display drivers like KS0108 and T6963C
and 4 wire resistive touch screen. There is no need for touch
screen digitizer/controller for micro controllers having on chip
ADC with four analog channels. Just connect the four wire of touch
screen to analog inputs and read the respective digital data for X
and Y direction of touched point.
Fig 2.5.2(d): Graphic LCD with Touch Screen
Fig 2.5.2(e): Diagram of finger representation with Touch
Screen
They are all constructed similarly in layers-a back layer such
as glass with a uniform resistive coating plus a polyester
coversheet, with the layers separated by tiny insulating dots. When
the screen is touched, it pushes the conductive coating on the
coversheet against the coating on the glass, making electrical
contact. The voltages produced are the analog representation of the
position touched. An electronic controller converts these voltages
into digital X and Y coordinates which are then transmitted to the
host computer.
Fig 2.5.2(f): Diagram of four wires resistive
Four-Wire Resistive
Four-wire resistive technology is the simplest to understand and
manufacture. It uses both the upper and lower layers in the touch
screen "sandwich" to determine the X and Y coordinates. Typically
constructed with uniform resistive coatings of indium tin oxide
(ITO on the inner sides of the layers and silver buss bars along
the edges, the combination sets up lines of equal potential in both
X and Y.
In the illustration below, the controller first applies 5V to
the back layer. Upon touch, it probes the analog voltage with the
coversheet, reading 2.5V, which represents a left-right position or
X axis. 4-wire analog resistive touch technology is suitable for
applications that require ease of integration, low power
consumption, lightweight, portability, cost effectiveness and
compact mechanism. Affordable, durable and versatile, the 4-wire
resistive touch screens are primarily used in mobile applications,
such as smart phones, PDAs, e-books, web pads, digital cameras,
GPS, and other consumer or office electronics. 2.6 Voice module
2.6.1 APR9600 multi-section sound recorder/replay IC and
experimental board
APR9600 is a low-cost high performance sound record/replay IC
incorporating flash analogue storage technique. Recorded sound is
retained even after power supply is removed from the module. The
replayed sound exhibits high quality with a low noise level.
Sampling rate for a 60 second recording period is 4.2 kHz that
gives a sound record/replay bandwidth of 20Hz to 2.1 kHz.
However, by changing an oscillation resistor, a sampling rate as
high as 8.0 kHz can be achieved. This shortens the total length of
sound recording to 32 seconds. Total sound recording time can be
varied from 32 seconds to 60 seconds by changing the value of a
single resistor. The IC can operate in one of two modes: serial
mode and parallel mode. In serial access mode, sound can be
recorded in 256 sections. In parallel access mode, sound can be
recorded in 2, 4 or 8 sections. The IC can be controlled simply
using push button keys. It is also possible to control the IC using
external digital circuitry such as micro-controllers and
computers
The APR9600 has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between
4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and replaying, current consumption
is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current drops to 1 A. The APR9600
experimental board is an assembled PCB board consisting of an
APR9600 IC, an electret microphone, support components and
necessary switches to allow users to explore all functions of the
APR9600 chip. The oscillation resistor is chosen so that the total
recording period is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of 4.2 kHz. The
board measures 80mm by 55mm.
2.6.2 APR 9600 Experimental Board
Fig 2.6(a): APR 9600 chip board
2.6.3 Description of APR9600
During sound recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A
microphone pre-amplifier amplifies the voltage signal from the
microphone. An AGC circuit is included in the pre-amplifier, the
extent of which is controlled by an external capacitor and
resistor. If the voltage level of a sound signal is around 100 mV
peakto- peak, the signal can be fed directly into the IC through
ANA IN pin (pin 20). The sound signal passes through a filter and a
sampling and hold circuit. The analogue voltage is then written
into non-volatile flash analogue RAMs. It has a 28 pin DIP package.
Supply voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and
replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current
drops to 1 A.
Fig 2.6(b): Pin diagram description of APR 9600
Features of APR9600 module
1. Parallel mode recording and replaying(i) Record sound tracks
This is an example of recording 8 sound tracks. The mode switch
should have the following pattern: MSEL1=1(switched to left-hand
side of the mode selection switch), MSEL2=1 (left-hand side). M8=1
(left-hand side). RE=0 (right-hand side). The maximum length of the
8 tracks is 7.5 seconds. Press M1 continuously and you will see
BUZY LED illuminates. You can now speak to the microphone.
Recording will terminate if M1 is released or if the recording time
exceeds 7.5 seconds. Similarly, press M2 to -M8 to record other
sound tracks.
(ii)Replay sound tracks Now make RE=1 (switched to Left-hand
side of the mode selection switch) while keep other switches at the
same location. Toggle M1 to M8 (press key and release) causes a
particular sound track to replay once. While the sound is playing,
press the same key again or press CE key will terminate the current
sound track. Press other key while a sound is being played causes a
new sound track to be played. If a key from M1 to -M8 is pressed
continuously, the particular sound track will be played
continuously. Press CE to stop playing the sound track.
2 Serial mode recording and replaying
(i)Record sound tracks sequentially This is an example of
recording sequential sound tracks. The mode switch should have the
following pattern: MSEL1=0(switched to right-hand side of the mode
selection switch), MSEL2=0 (right-hand side). M8=1 (left-hand
side). RE=0 (right-hand side). Press CE first to reset the sound
track counter to zero. Press and hold M1 down and you will see BUZY
LED illuminates. You can now speak to the microphone. Recording
will terminate if M1 is released or if the recording time exceeds
60 seconds (in this case you will run out the memory for your next
sound track). Press M1 again and again to record 2nd, 3rd , 4th and
other consecutive sound tracks. Each sound track may have different
lengths, but the accumulated length of all sound tracks will not
exceed 60 seconds.
(ii)Replay sound tracks sequentially Now make RE=1 (switched to
Left-hand side of the mode selection switch) while keep other
switches at the same location. Toggle M1 (press key and release)
causes the 1st sound track to be played once. Toggle M1 again and
again will play the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and other consecutive sound
tracks. Press CE to reset the sound track counter to zero.
(iii)Record sound tracks with forward control This is an example
of recording sound tracks with forward control. The mode switch
should have the following pattern: MSEL1=0(switched to right-hand
side of the mode selection switch), MSEL2=0 (right-hand side). M8=0
(right-hand side). RE=0 (right-hand side). Press CE first to reset
the sound track counter to zero. This mode is rather similar to the
above sequential sound recording. The only difference is that after
M1 is pressed and released; the sound track counter does not
increment itself to the next sound track location. To move to the
next sound track, M2 should be toggled. So if M1 is not toggled
again and again without toggling M2, sound will be recorded at the
same sound track location.
(iv) Replay sound tracks with forward control Now make RE=1
(switched to Left-hand side of the mode selection switch) while
keep other switches at the same location. Toggle M1 (press key and
release) causes the 1st sound track to be played once. Toggle M1
again and again will still play the 1st sound track. Once M2 is
toggled, the sound track counter is incremented and the next sound
can be played. Press CE to reset the sound track counter to
zero.
3. Sampling rates
The sampling rate is determined by the value of the OSC resistor
(R8 in the circuit diagram). It can be adjusted by users to suit
their specific requirements.
Application tips of APR9600 for better sound replay quality1.
Use a good quality 8 Ohm speaker with a cavity such as speakers for
computer sound systems. Do not use a bare speaker which gives you
degraded sound.
2. For better sound replay quality, speak with a distance to the
on-board microphone and speak clearly. Also keep the background
noise as low as possible.
Speaker
Fig2.6(c): Diagram of a dynamic loudspeaker
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer
that converts an electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in
accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and causes
sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water
.After the acoustics of the listening space, loudspeakers (and
other electroacoustic transducers) are the most variable elements
in a modern audio system and are usually responsible for most
distortion and audible differences when comparing sound
systems.
It is an inexpensive, low fidelity 3-inch speaker, which is
typically found in small radios. The terms for different speaker
drivers differ, depending on the application. In two-way systems
there is no mid-range driver, so the task of reproducing the
mid-range sounds falls upon the woofer and tweeter. Driver
design
Fig.2.6(d): Diagram of cut away view of a dynamic
loudspeaker.
3. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION 3.1 Software implementationThis
project is implemented using following softwares: Express PCB for
designing circuit
PIC C compiler - for compilation part
Proteus 7 (Embedded C) for simulation part
3.1.1 Express PCB
Breadboards are great for prototyping equipment as it allows
great flexibility to modify a design when needed; however the final
product of a project, ideally should have a neat PCB, few cables,
and survive a shake test. Not only is a proper PCB neater but it is
also more durable as there are no cables which can yank loose.
Express PCB is a software tool to design PCBs specifically for
manufacture by the company Express PCB (no other PCB maker accepts
Express PCB files). Express PCB has been used to design many PCBs
(some layered and with surface-mount parts. Print out PCB patterns
and use the toner transfer method with an Etch Resistant Pen to
make boards. However, Express PCB does not have a nice print
layout. Here is the procedure to design in Express PCB and clean up
the patterns so they print nicely.
3.1.2 The Interface When a project is first started you will be
greeted with a yellow outline. This yellow outline is the dimension
of the PCB. Typically after positioning of parts and traces, move
them to their final position and then crop the PCB to the correct
size. However, in designing a board with a certain size constraint,
crop the PCB to the correct size before starting.
Fig 3.1.2: Tool bar necessary for the interface
The select tool: It is fairly obvious what this does. It allows
you to move and manipulate parts. When this tool is selected the
top toolbar will show buttons to move traces to the top / bottom
copper layer, and rotate buttons.
The zoom to selection tool: does just that.
The place pad: button allows you to place small soldier pads
which are useful for board connections or if a part is not in the
part library but the part dimensions are available. When this tool
is selected the top toolbar will give you a large selection of
round holes, square holes and surface mount pads.
The place component: tool allows you to select a component from
the top toolbar and then by clicking in the workspace places that
component in the orientation chosen using the buttons next to the
component list. The components can always be rotated afterwards
with the select tool if the orientation is wrong.
The place trace: tool allows you to place a solid trace on the
board of varying thicknesses. The top toolbar allows you to select
the top or bottom layer to place the trace on.
The Insert Corner in trace: button does exactly what it says.
When this tool is selected, clicking on a trace will insert a
corner which can be moved to route around components and other
traces.
The remove a trace button is not very important since the delete
key will achieve the same result.3.1.3 Design Considerations
Before starting a project there are several ways to design a PCB
and one must be chosen to suit the projects needs. When making a
PCB you have the option of making a single sided board, or a double
sided board. Single sided boards are cheaper to produce and easier
to etch, but much harder to design for large projects. If a lot of
parts are being used in a small space it may be difficult to make a
single sided board without jumper over traces with a cable. While
theres technically nothing wrong with this, it should be avoided if
the signal travelling over the traces is sensitive (e.g. audio
signals).
A double sided board is more expensive to produce
professionally, more difficult to etch on a DIY board, but makes
the layout of components a lot smaller and easier. It should be
noted that if a trace is running on the top layer, check with the
components to make sure you can get to its pins with a soldering
iron. When using a double sided board you must consider which
traces should be on what side of the board. Generally, put power
traces on the top of the board, jumping only to the bottom if a
part cannot be soldiered onto the top plane (like a relay), and
vice- versa. 3.2 PIC compiler
PIC compiler is software used where the machine language code is
written and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is
converted into hex code which is to be dumped into the
microcontroller for further processing. PIC compiler also supports
C language code. Its important that you know C language for
microcontroller which is commonly known as Embedded C. As we are
going to use PIC Compiler, hence we also call it PIC C. The PCB,
PCM, and PCH are separate compilers. PCB is for 12-bit opcodes, PCM
is for 14-bitopcodes, and PCH is for 16-bit opcode PIC
microcontrollers. Due to many similarities, all three compilers are
covered in this reference manual. Features and limitations that
apply to only specific microcontrollers are indicated within. These
compilers are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of the
PIC microcontroller. PIC C is not much different from a normal C
program. If you know assembly, writing a C program is not a crisis.
In PIC, we will have a main function, in which all your application
specific work will be defined. In case of embedded C, you do not
have any operating system running in there. So you have to make
sure that your program or main file should never exit. This can be
done with the help of simple while (1) or for (;;) loop as they are
going to run infinitely. We have to add header file for controller
you are using, otherwise you will not be able to access registers
related to peripherals.3.3 Proteus
Proteus is software which accepts only hex files. Once the
machine code is converted into hex code, that hex code has to be
dumped into the microcontroller and this is done by the Proteus.
Proteus is a programmer which itself contains a microcontroller in
it other than the one which is to be programmed. This
microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it
accepts the hex file from the pic compiler and dumps this hex file
into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. As the Proteus
programmer requires power supply to be operated, this power supply
is given from the power supply circuit designed and connected to
the microcontroller in proteus. The program which is to be dumped
in to the microcontroller is edited in proteus and is compiled and
executed to check any errors and hence after the successful
compilation of the program the program is dumped in to the
microcontroller using a dumper.3.4 Procedural steps for
compilation, simulation and dumping3.4.1 Compilation and simulation
stepsFor PIC microcontroller, PIC C compiler is used for
compilation. The compilation steps are as follows: Open PIC C
compiler.
You will be prompted to choose a name for the new project, so
create a separate folder where all the files of your project will
be stored, choose a name and click save.
Fig 3.4.1(a): Picture of opening a new file using PIC C
compiler
Click Project, New, and something the box named 'Text1' is where
your code should be written later.
Now you have to click 'File, Save as' and choose a file name for
your source code ending with the letter '.c'. You can name as
'project.c' for example and click save. Then you have to add this
file to your project work.
Fig 3.4.1(b): Picture of compiling a new file using PIC C
compiler
Fig 3.4.1(c): Picture of compiling a project.c file using PIC C
compiler
You can then start to write the source code in the window titled
'project.c' then before testing your source code; you have to
compile your source code, and correct eventual syntax errors.
Fig 3.4.1(d): Picture of checking errors and warnings using PIC
C compiler
By clicking on compile option .hex file is generated
automatically.
This is how we compile a program for checking errors and hence
the compiled program is saved in the file where we initiated the
program.
Fig 3.4.1(e): Picture of .hex file existing using PIC C
compiler
After compilation, next step is simulation. Here first circuit
is designed in Express PCB using Proteus 7 software and then
simulation takes place followed by dumping. The simulation steps
are as follows:
Open Proteus 7 and click on IS1S6.
Now it displays PCB where circuit is designed using
microcontroller. To design circuit components are required. So
click on component option.
10. Now click on letter p, then under that select PIC16F73
,other components related to the project and click OK. The PIC
16F73 will be called your 'Target device, which is the final
destination of your source code. 3.4.2 Dumping stepsThe steps
involved in dumping the program edited in proteus 7 to
microcontroller are shown below1. Initially before connecting the
program dumper to the microcontroller kit the window is appeared as
shown below.
Fig 3.4.2(a): Picture of program dumper window
2. Select Tools option and click on Check Communication for
establishing a connection as shown in below window
Fig 3.4.2(b): Picture of checking communications before dumping
program into microcontroller
3. After connecting the dumper properly to the microcontroller
kit the window is appeared as shown below. Fig 3.4.2(c): Picture
after connecting the dumper to microcontroller4. Again by selecting
the Tools option and clicking on Check Communication the
microcontroller gets recognized by the dumper and hence the window
is as shown below.
Fig 3.4.2(d): Picture of dumper recognition to microcontroller
5. Import the program which is .hex file from the saved location by
selecting File option and clicking on Import Hex as shown in below
window.
Fig 3.4.2(e): Picture of program importing into the
microcontroller6. After clicking on Import Hex option we need to
browse the location of our program and click the prog.hex and click
on open for dumping the program into the microcontroller.
Fig 3.4.2(f): Picture of program browsing which is to be
dumped7. After the successful dumping of program the window is as
shown below.
Fig 3.4.2(g): Picture after program dumped into the
microcontroller4. OPERATION OF HAPTIC BASED SPEAKING
MICROCONTROLLER4.1 Operation of Haptic based Speaking
MicrocontrollerIn this chapter, schematic diagram and interfacing
of PIC16F73 microcontroller with each module is considered.
Fig. 4.1: Schematic diagram of Haptic based speaking
microcontroller
The above schematic diagram of Haptic based speaking
microcontroller explains the interfacing section of each component
with micro controller and touch screen. Crystal oscillator
connected to 9th and 10th pins of micro controller and regulated
power supply is also connected to micro controller and LEDs also
connected to micro controller through resistors. 4.2 Advantages1.
Touch screen based user-friendly interfacing.2. Basic needs can be
served by gentle touch.
3. Low power consumption.
4. Very effective and efficient design.
5. Can be used with any language.
6. Fast response.
7. Life time is more
8. Very useful even for illiterates.
9. User friendly and easy to install.
10. Helpful in abroad to express users needs.
11. Deaf and dump people also can interact with others 4.3
Applications This project can be implemented in real time for
security based applications
1.Hospitals
2.Star hotels3.organisations
5. RESULTS The project Haptic based speaking microcontroller was
designed a user friendly multi-language communication system for
illiterate/dumb people using touch screen and voice module. This
system provides user-friendly environment for the users with a kind
of image interaction this may be easy for the illiterates to
remember.
Fig.5.1: PROJECT KIT
Fig.5.2: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON WATER Here, the patient touch on
the WATER then, the announcement(I need water)will be sent to the
person, who is responsible to the patient.
Fig.5.3: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON FOOD
Here, the patient touch on the FOOD then, the announcement(I
need food)will be sent to the person, who is responsible to the
patient. Fig.5.4: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON MEDICINE Here, the patient
touch on the MEDICINE then, the announcement(I need medicine)will
be sent to the person, who is responsible to the patient. Fig.5.5:
RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON WASH ROOM Here, the patient touch on the
WASH ROOM then, the announcement(I need wash room)will be sent to
the person, who is responsible to the patient. Fig.5.6: RESULT FOR
TOUCHING ON HELPHere, the patient touch on the HELP then, the
announcement(I need help)will be sent to the person, who is
responsible to the patient. Fig.5.7: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON
SLEEP
Here, the patient touch on the SLEEP then, the announcement(I
want to sleep)will be sent
to the person, who is responsible to the patient6. CONCLUSION
AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 6.1 Conclusion
Integrating features of all the hardware components used have
been developed in it. Presence of every module has been reasoned
out and placed carefully, thus contributing to the best working of
the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs with the help of
growing technology, the project has been successfully implemented.
Thus the project has been successfully designed and tested.
Secondly, using highly advanced ICs with the help of growing
technology, This project has been successfully Implemented and
Designed and also Tested.6.2 future prospects
It can be extended by using GSM modem to get the alerting
message to the mobile from anywhere in the world.REFERENCES B. Ali,
S. Munawwar, B. Nadeem, "Electronic Speaking Glove for Speechless
Patients", August 2010, Bachelor of Electronic Engineering FYP
Report, FEST, HIIT, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
N. P. Bhatti, A. Baqai, B. S. Chowdhry, M. A. Unar, "Electronic
Hand Glove for Speech Impaired and Paralyzed Patients", EIR
Magazine, May 2009, pp. 59-63, Karachi, Pakistan
B. B. Edin, L. Ascari, L. Beccai, S. Roccella, J. J. Cabibihan,
M. C. Carrozza, "Bio-Inspired Sensorization of a Biomechatronic
Robot Hand for the Grasp-and-Lift Task", Brain Research Bulletin,
Volume 75, Issue 6, 15 April 2008, pp. 785-795[CrossRef]
M. Wald, "Captioning for Deaf and Hard of Hearing People by
Editing Automatic Speech Recognition in Real Time", Proceedings of
10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with
Special Needs ICCHP 2006, LNCS 4061, pp. 683-690
L. K. Simone, E. Elovic, U. Kalambur, D. Kamper, "A Low Cost
Method to Measure Finger Flexion in Individuals with Reduced Hand
and Finger Range of Motion", 26th Annual International Conference
of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2004 (IEMBS
'04), Volume 2, 2004, pp. 4791-4794
Jingdong Zhao, Li Jiang, Shicai Shi, Hegao Cai, Hong Liu, G.
Hirzinger, "A Five-fingered Underactuated Prosthetic Hand System",
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on
Mechatronics and Automation, June 2006, pp. 1453-1458
Flex Point Inc. USA, "http://www.flexpoint.com", Last Accessed
on September 06, 2010
Magnevation SpeakJet Inc. USA, "http://www.speakjet.com", Last
Accessed on September 06, 2010 B. Ali, S. Munawwar, B. Nadeem,
"Electronic Speaking Glove for Speechless Patients", August 2010,
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering FYP Report, FEST, HIIT, Hamdard
University, Karachi, Pakistan
N. P. Bhatti, A. Baqai, B. S. Chowdhry, M. A. Unar, "Electronic
Hand Glove for Speech Impaired and Paralyzed Patients", EIR
Magazine, May 2009, pp. 59-63, Karachi, Pakistan
B. B. Edin, L. Ascari, L. Beccai, S. Roccella, J. J. Cabibihan,
M. C. Carrozza, "Bio-Inspired Sensorization of a Biomechatronic
Robot Hand for the Grasp-and-Lift Task", Brain Research Bulletin,
Volume 75, Issue 6, 15 April 2008, pp. 785-795[CrossRef]
M. Wald, "Captioning for Deaf and Hard of Hearing People by
Editing Automatic Speech Recognition in Real Time", Proceedings of
10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with
Special Needs ICCHP 2006, LNCS 4061, pp. 683-690
L. K. Simone, E. Elovic, U. Kalambur, D. Kamper, "A Low Cost
Method to Measure Finger Flexion in Individuals with Reduced Hand
and Finger Range of Motion", 26th Annual International Conference
of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2004 (IEMBS
'04), Volume 2, 2004, pp. 4791-4794
Jingdong Zhao, Li Jiang, Shicai Shi, Hegao Cai, Hong Liu, G.
Hirzinger, "A Five-fingered Underactuated Prosthetic Hand System",
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on
Mechatronics and Automation, June 2006, pp. 1453-1458
Flex Point Inc. USA, "http://www.flexpoint.com", Last Accessed
on September 06, 2010
Magnevation SpeakJet Inc. USA, "http://www.speakjet.com", Last
Accessed on September 06, 2010PROGRAMProgram CodeThe program code
which is dumped in the microcontroller of our project is shown
below.
#include
#include
#include
#use delay(clock=20000000)
void main()
{
int i=0;
unsigned int data;
output_high(PIN_C3);
delay_ms(1000);
output_low(PIN_C3);
delay_ms(1000);
output_high(PIN_C3);
delay_ms(1000);
output_low(PIN_C3);
play_voice(8);
while(1)
{
x_coord = GetX();
delay_ms(50);
if((x_coord < 80) && (x_coord > 0))
{
output_high(PIN_C3); play_voice(7);
}
else if((x_coord < 160) && (x_coord > 85) )
{
output_high(PIN_C3);
play_voice(6);
}
else if((x_coord < 250) && (x_coord > 165) )
{
output_high(PIN_C3);
play_voice(5);
}
delay_ms(100);
output_low(PIN_C3);
}
}
8
