Microsoft Power Point - 0910 S1 CC2413 L56 Learning Standard StudentV

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2009/10/6 CC2413_0910_S1_L5&6_Learn 1

CC2413FundamentalPsychologyto HealthStudies

Lecturer:

Lecture 5 & 6To learn is a natural pleasure.-- Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC)

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What is learning? Do these phenomena represent Learning?

Why or Why not?

1) Chicks follow whoever they saw first after they are born.

2) A child acquires language.

3) After 30 years of smoking, John quitted smoking after he wasdiagnosis with lung cancer.

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Lesson Plan

(A) Definitions

(B) Classical Conditioning

(C) Operant Conditioning

(D) Observational Learning

(E) Conclusion

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(A) Definitions What is learning?

Learning (

)refers to any relatively permanent(

)__________ in behaviors (overt actions

) or mental processes (thought

/feelings

) resulting from experiences (

)

Behaviorism (

) focus on observable, measurable behaviors

(without reference to unobservable mentalprocesses)

Conditioning (

)involves learning _____________ (

) between events that occurin an organisms environment (

)


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(B) Classical Conditioning 1) Basic Ideas

a process in which an originally neutralstimulus (NS -

) becomes___________________( ) with anunconditioned stimulus (UCS -

)through repeated pairing with that stimulus

primarily applied to visceral responses (ofinternal organs); involuntary reaction toenvironmental influences / stimuli

Key Person: Ivan Pavlov (

)

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(B) Pavlovs Experiment

Fig 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus

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2) Mechanism ( 3 phases)Before conditioning

Neutral stimulus

(NS)

Unconditioned stimulus

(UCS)

No response (NR)

Unconditioned

response (UCR)

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2) Mechanism ( 3 phases)During conditioning

Neutral stimulus

(NS)

Unconditioned stimulus

(UCS)

Unconditioned

response (UCR)

(pairing)


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2) Mechanism ( 3 phases)After conditioning

Conditioned stimulus

(CS)

Conditioned response

(CR)

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(B) Classical Conditioning

3) Processes

Acquisition( )

The trials during which the CS-UCS association islearned

_______________ (

)

If CS is presented alone with no UCS repeatedly,the CR will gradually diminished

___________________________ ( )

Reappearing of an extinguished responseaftera period of non-exposure to the CS

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Fig 6.6 Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery


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Conditioned emotionalresponsese.g. fear / phobia ( /

)

Little Albert feared(UCR CR) furry objectLoud sound (US) + rat (NS)

4) An Example of Classical conditioning

John Watson Little Albert 2009/10/6 CC2413_0910_S1_L5&6_Learn 14

(B) Classical Conditioning 5) Other conditioning conceptsStimulus generalization

(

((

(

)

))

)

Tendency to respond to other stimuli (e.g. tuning fork) that aresimilar to the CS (e.g. bell) CS

Stimulus discrimination(

((

(

)

))

)

Ability to distinguish between a CS and similar but irrelevant

stimulus CS

Any daily examples of CC?

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ClassExercise#1

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Class Exercise #1

Identify the following terms for the assigned case:

Before conditioning

NS ( ) No response

UCS ( ) UCR ( )

During conditioning

NS ( )

+

UCS ( ) UCR ( )

After conditioning

CS ( ) CR ( )


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(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning

/

1) Basic Ideas A learning process through which the frequency

of a behavior increases or decreases as aresult of its _________________________

Thorndikes Law of Effect (

) says that if some random actions are followed by

pleasurable consequences or reward, suchactions are strengthened and will likely occur inthe future

primarily applied to skeletal responses;voluntary action (emitted behavior )

Key Person: B.F. Skinner (

)

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(C) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning 1) Basic Ideas (Cont.)

Acquisition through ____________( ): thereinforcement of closer and closer approximations ( ) of a desired response

Skinner (trainer) trained (shaped) a rat ( trainee) toprogress from mere standing to actual lever-pressingthrough a series of short steps

___________ (contingent) consequence is moreeffective than the delayed ones

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The Skinner Box

Skinner Box - Shaping 2009/10/6 CC2413_0910_S1_L5&6_Learn 20


2) Mechanism

Behavior/Response

Press lever

Consequences

1) Pleasant /Unpleasant Stimulus

2) Present (+) /Remove (-)

Effects on Behavior/Response

Press lever

or


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3) Two Types of Operant ConditioningReinforcement (

)____________ thelikelihood of the particular behaviors

BehaviorFavorableconsequence

Increases inbehavior

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3) Two Types of Operant Conditioning (cont.)

Punishment (

) ____________ the likelihood of theparticular behaviors

BehaviorUnfavorableconsequence

Decreases inbehavior

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4) Four ways to modify behavior

1) Positive reinforcement (

)

presenting (+) of favorable stimulus as aconsequence

e.g. give a raise/prize to

goodperformancein the job

2) Negative reinforcement (

)/ Escape & Active avoidance

removal (-) of unfavorable stimulus as aconsequence

e.g. terminate headache to takingaspirin

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4) Four ways to modify behavior

3) Negative Punishment /Punishment by Removal (

)

removal (-) of favorable stimulus as aconsequence

e.g. remove favorite toys to

misbehavior

4) Positive Punishment /

Punishment by Application (

)

presenting (+) of unfavorable stimulus as aconsequence

e.g. give spanking to eliminate

misbehavior



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(+ presenting)

(- removing /do not apply)

(

response) (

response)

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Fig 6.15

(-)

(

response)

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5) Schedules of Reinforcement Ratio (

): certain ___________ ofresponses (effort)

Interval (

): certain period of________

4 combinations

Fixed ratio schedule (FR) (

)

reinforcement provided after a fixed number ofresponses

Variable ratio schedule (VR) (

)

reinforcement provided after a unpredictablyvarying number of responses

Fixed interval schedule (FI) (

)

reinforcement provided after a fixed amount of

time

Variable interval schedule (VI) (

)

reinforcement provided after a unpredictablyvarying amount of time

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Fig 6.13Schedules of

reinforcementand patterns of

response.

A steeperslope

indicates afaster rate of

response.


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Class Exercise #2 Identify the following schedules of

reinforcement.

Last month, Judy has applied for a number ofdegree programs at various local universities. Sofar, she received conditional offers from two

universitiesprograms.

Mark brought a stock which gives dividends to itsshareholders every six months.

You are calling a very busy 24-hour customerhotline and waiting for someone to answer yourcall.

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1) Basic Ideas

the learning of new behaviors through______________ (

) and imitation(

) of a model

usually consisted of novel andcomplex sequences of actions(emitted behavior

)

Key Person: Albert Bandura (

)

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2) Banduras Bobo dollexperiment (1961)

In the classic study, children

either viewed a film in which anadult model behavedaggressively to an inflatable doll

orthe adult model ignored the

doll.

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2) Banduras Bobo doll experiment

(cont.)After, viewing the film, each child was then left alonein a playroom with an inflatable doll in the room

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMwOexrV6fM&feature=related



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(D) Observational Learning 2) Banduras Bobo doll experiment

(cont.) He found that children who had watched

the film of the aggressive model behavedmore / less aggressively toward theBobo doll than those children who hadwatched the film of the nonaggressivemodel

Banduras study demonstrated that we canlearn through observation or imitation,with no reinforcement necessary

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3) Learningvs. Performance

To perform is based on the ___________ toreproduce that learned behavior

4) 4 Key elements

Attention ( ) models behavior

Memory / Retention ( )

Imitation( ) / Reproduction ( )

Motivation ( )

5) Applications in daily lives?

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(E) Conclusion1) 3 Types of Learning Theories

2) Focus of Next Topic: Motivation and Emotion

3) References***Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009). Psychology

(International edition, 2nd ed). Upper Saddle River,N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Weiten, W. (2008). Learning. In Psychology: Themes and variations(Briefer version, 7th ed., pp. 168 - 203). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

*** Assigned Readings - Ch. 5 pp.176 - 219

4) Video Demonstration BBC Predatorspart 3 (15:30 20:15)

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(E) Conclusion5) Web Resources

1) An Animal Trainer's Introduction To Operant and ClassicalConditioning

http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/

2) Behaviour Analysis and Learninghttp://psych.athabascau.ca/html/aupr/ba.shtml

3) Albert Bandura

http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/bandura.htm

4) Computer Demonstration of Classical Conditioninghttp://www.uwm.edu/~johnchay/cc.htm

5) Tutorials on the Science of Behaviorhttp://www.bfsr.org/elements.html

Documents

Microsoft Power Point - 0910 S1 CC2413 L56 Learning Standard StudentV