Micro History - Nbs

8/8/2019 Micro History - Nbs

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Historical IntroductionHistorical Introduction

Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology

Dr.N.Bharathi Santhose MD.,

Assistant Professor of Microbiology


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What is Microbiology?

Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye

Bio - life

ology - study of

Microbiology Science about small living things

The morphology and structures Physiology

Pathogenesis and Immunology (medical microbiology)

Treatment and prevention (medical microbiology)


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Organisms included in the study

of Microbiology1. Bacteria

2. Parasites

3. Yeasts and Molds

Fungi

4. Viruses

Bacteriology

Parasitology

Mycology

Virology


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Organisms Related To Medical

Microbiology

Acellular microbes

Viruses

Prokaryotic microbes

Bacteria

Eubacteria Chlamydia

Spirochetes Rickettsiae

Mycoplasma Actinomycetes

Eukaryotic microbes

Fungi


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Brief History of Microbiology


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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

In 1674 -1st person to actually see living microorganisms

wee animalcules


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Robert Hook -1678

Developed compound microscope & confirmed


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Spontaneous Generation Theory that life just

spontaneously

developed from non-livingmatter

Example:

toads, snakes and mice -

moist soil

flies and maggots - manure

and decaying flesh


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Spallanzani -1769

O pposed spontaneous generation theory

- Organic contents supported the microbial growth

when exposed to air


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Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi 1668

Rudolph Virchow 1858

Theory of Biogenesis - Cells can only arise

from preexisting cells

Louis Pasteur 1861


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Louis Pasteur designed special swan-necked flasks

with a boiled meat infusion

Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped

dust particles which may contain microbes


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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French chemist

Interest in fermentation

experiments

Established that

fermentation was caused

by microbial agents

Father of Microbiology


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Important contributions Microbial theory of fermentation

Proved that life including microorganisms arise

from their like not spontaneously Principles & Practices of sterilization

Development of initial bacteriological techniques& methods

Principle of Attenuation of Micro organism Developed vaccine against chicken cholera,

Anthrax & Rabies.


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Germ theory of Diseases

1867 -Father of Antiseptic Surgery1846 discovered importance of sterilityin medical operations


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Important Contributions Perfected Bacteriological Techniques

Introduced methods for isolation of pure strains of

bacteria Introduced staining techniques for visualization ofmicroorganisms

Discovery & use of solid medium in Bacteriology

Discovery of causative agents of Tuberculosis,Anthrax & Cholera

Use of laboratory animals for ExperimentalInfections


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Kochs Postulates1. The same organisms must be found in all

cases of a given disease.

2. The organism must be isolated and grown

in pure culture.

3. The isolated organism must reproduce thesame disease when inoculated into a healthy

susceptible animal.

4. The original organism must again bere-isolated from the experimentally infected

animal.


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Exceptions to Kochs Postulates

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)


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Paul Ehrlich (1854 -1915) German Scientist

Father of Chemotherapy

Discovered salvarsan-as a

chemotherapeutic agent for

syphilis

Opened the new branch ofmedicine chemotherapy


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Important Contribution Refined the science of staining the organism

Identified that mycobacteria have acid fastness

nature

Proposed the theory for antibody production

Side chain theory

Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and

antitoxin


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Discovery of Virus By the end of 19th century existence of

ultra microscopic microbes was

proved

Dimitri Iwanovski (1892)

a Russian chemist

Father of Virology

Martinus Beijerinck confirmed

Walter Reed, USA (1902)

Yellow fever virus

Ist human disease of viral origin

Tobacco mosaic disease, caused by the

tobacco mosaic virus


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Contd.. Good Pasture (1930 )developed techniques for

viral cultivation in chick embryo

Ruska (1934) introduced Electron Microscope

Enders (1940) developed Tissue culture

techniques for viral isolation


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Micro History - Nbs