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THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF A PAPER: ARGUMENT AS A CONVERSATION WITH READERS All papers should do the following seven things (Booth et al. 2005:109) Establish common ground Make a claim Explain why the claim matters Support the claim with reasons Support the reasons with evidence Acknowledge alternatives, complications, and objections Respond to the alternatives, complications, and objections
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Michel EstefanDepartment of Sociology
University of California, [email protected]
WRITING PAPERS:LEARNING HOW TO BECOME PART OF A
CONVERSATIONAL COMMUNITY
WHAT IS ACADEMIC INTEGRITY?• It’s about being part of a community
Participating in a conversationCooperatively exploring an issueAcknowledging the contributions of othersBeing transparent about your own contribution
• Knowledge is a collective enterprise
THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF A PAPER:ARGUMENT AS A CONVERSATION WITH READERSAll papers should do the following seven things (Booth et al.
2005:109)• Establish common ground• Make a claim• Explain why the claim matters• Support the claim with reasons • Support the reasons with evidence• Acknowledge alternatives, complications, and objections• Respond to the alternatives, complications, and objections
THE CORE OF AN ARGUMENT (BOOTH ET AL. 2005:112)
CLAIM REASON EVIDENCE because of based on
THE FORMAT OF A PAPERIntroduction
• Common Ground
• Question or Puzzle
• Significance
• Answer, Claim, Solution
• Road Map
Context
Problem
Response
THE FORMAT OF A PAPERBody: How will you organize your analysis? (Booth et. al. 2005:183)
• Simple to complex
• More familiar to less familiar
• Less contestable to more contestable
• Earlier understanding to prepare for later understanding
Define key concepts early in your paper
• General analysis followed by specific applications
THE FORMAT OF A PAPERParagraph Construction:
• Focus on a single point (topic sentence)
• Avoid redundancies and digressions
• Explain
• Provide examples and evidence
• Support points with references
• Precise word choice
• Moderate length
THE FORMAT OF A PAPERConclusion
• Restate your central claim with more nuance (i.e. in a more specific and contestable way)
• Restate its significance in broader terms
• Pose questions left unanswered (Keep the conversation going!)
READING AND WRITINGWriting well implies knowing how to read texts critically.
• Scan and scope the text beforehand• Read with a purpose• Identify the logic of the piece
It’s not only about what the text says, but about how the text works.
• Decide what matters and what doesn’t (You don’t have to read everything!)
• Annotate
THANK [email protected]
Center for Student Conduct
Julio Oyola
Student Conduct Specialist
UNDERSTANDING PLAGIARISM
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?• Plagiarism means using another’s work without
giving credit.
• You must put others’ words in quotation marks and cite your source(s).
• Citation must also be given when using others’ ideas, even when those ideas are paraphrased into your own words.
WHY DO STUDENTS PLAGIARIZE?• Maybe you didn’t learn proper citation styles before coming to Cal.
• Maybe you procrastinate and wait until the last minute to do the assignment.
• Maybe you are experiencing stress in your personal life and didn’t have the time to prepare the assignment.
• Maybe you thought copying and submitting “something” was better than submitting “nothing.”
• Maybe there are cultural differences in the acceptable standards in how to prepare academic work.
• Maybe you’re in a class or major that you are not interested in.
• Maybe you’re being pressured by your family to be in a certain major.
WHY SHOULD YOU BE CONCERNED ABOUT PLAGIARISM?• Some companies and professions (medicine, engineering) require employees to
operate under a code of ethics which includes honesty and integrity.
• Plagiarism devalues others’ original work. Submitting a professional writer’s work in place of your own is taking an unfair advantage over other students who do their own work.
• It is wrong to take or use property (an author’s work) without giving the owner the value or credit due. Copyright violations can also result in fines or damages.
• Plagiarism violates the Berkeley Campus Code of Student Conduct.
• UC Berkeley’s reputation affects the value of your degree: academic misconduct hurts Berkeley’s standing and can make your diploma worth less.
EXAMPLES
The Original Source:
“In research writing, sources are cited for two reasons: to alert
readers to the sources of your information and to give credit to
the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas.”4
4 Diana Hacker, A Writer’s Reference (St. Martin’s Press, 1995).
EXAMPLES
Plagiarism
(same words, no quotation marks):
In research writing, sources are cited to alert readers to the sources
of your information and to give credit to the writers from whom you
have borrowed words and ideas.
EXAMPLES
Also Plagiarism
(incorrect paraphrase):
In research writing, we cite sources for a couple reasons: to notify
readers of our information sources and give credit to those from
whom we have borrowed. (Hacker).
EXAMPLES
A Solution
(appropriate paraphrase):
A researcher cites her sources to ensure her audience knows where
she got her information, and to recognize and credit the original
work. (Hacker, 1995, p. 260).
EXAMPLESA Different Solution
(quotation with cite):
In her book A Writer’s Reference, Diana Hacker notes, “In research writing,
sources are cited for two reasons: to alert readers to the sources of your
information and to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words
and ideas.” (1995, p.260).
PLAGIARISM RESOURCES
Avoiding Plagiarism: Purdue Online Writing Lab
• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/930/01/
Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It
• http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml
Using Sources (Hamilton College)
• http://www.hamilton.edu/writing/writing-resources/using-sources
ASUC Student Advocate’s OfficeSuraj Bhogal: Conduct Division Director
Alice Lin: Conduct Division Policy Coordinator and Caseworker
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY AND THE
CONDUCT PROCESS
TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
• Cheating
• Plagiarism
• Course Materials
• False Information and Representation, Fabrication or Alteration of Information
• Theft or Damage of Intellectual Property
• Alteration of University Documents
• Disturbances in the Classroom
RESOLVING AN ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT CASE
• Faculty Disposition: If a professor or GSI believes that academic misconduct has occurred, he/she can file a Faculty Disposition Form
If the student does not dispute the violation and accepts the academic sanctions, the Faculty Disposition Form will be sent to the Center for Student Conduct, but a formal conduct record will not be created
If the student denies the allegation or does not accept the academic sanctions, the form will be sent to the Center for Student Conduct for Review
• Center for Student Conduct Process
CONDUCT PROCESS• Receive Notice of Possible Violation from the Center for Student Conduct briefly
describing the incident and stating the specific violations of the Code of Student Conduct
• Meet with a conduct specialist from the Center for Student Conduct for an informal meeting to discuss the incident
• Conduct specialist decides whether student is “more likely than not” responsible for the violation If found not responsible, the case will be dropped and no conduct record will
exist If found responsible, the student will receive a conduct sanction in addition to
the grade adjustment suggested by the professor• Students have a right to attend a formal hearing if they do not accept the decision of
the conduct specialist
POSSIBLE SANCTIONS• For a minor, first time academic violation (undergraduate), the student
will most likely receive a “non-reportable” warning in addition to a plagiarism website referral. This does not create a conduct record, but the recommended grade adjustment will still be applied.
• If students feel that the grade adjustment recommended by the professor is unfair, the Student Advocate’s Office also has an Academic decision dedicated to assisting students with grade appeals.
• For a second time academic violation (undergraduate), the student will most likely receive a suspension of at least one semester.
• For graduate students, there is a “No Tolerance” policy towards academic misconduct. Such a violation would likely result in dismissal.
THE STUDENT ADVOCATE’S OFFICE
The Student Advocate’s Office provides free and confidential representation for students accused of academic misconduct as well as help with grade appeals, sexual harassment, residency, withdrawals, hate crimes, university and UCPD grievances, and all other Code of Conduct violations.
Contact us: M-F 10am – 5pm in 204 Eshleman
Website: advocate.berkeley.edu
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 510.642.6912