mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; - Information and Library ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33214/9/09_chapter_2.pdf · ,ay; 2 mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; ‘ehlfnk cyfk;’

,ay; 2

mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs;

‘ehlfnk cyfk;’ vd;gJ khwpj; jpiuna cyfk;/ fhl;rpna cyfk;

vDk; fhyk; ,J. “MLeh;f; fHpa[k; cyfk;” vd bka;apay; fhl;oaJ

gHe;jkpH;g; g[wehD]W.

,aypDk; ,ira[k;/ ,irapDk; Tj;Jk;/ bghJ kf;fisad;wpg;

g[yth; bgUkf;fisa[k;/ ,isah;/ Kjpnahh; Mfpnahiua[k; xU';nf

fth;jy; bka;g;glf; fhl;Lk; rpwg;ghnyahk;.

“Tdpahf eoj;jtd; kPJ brUg;ig vLj;J vwpe;jhd; ghh;itad;

xUtd;. ‘,Jtiu vdf;Ff; fpilj;j vg;ghpRk;/ ,g;ghpR nghyhfhJ’

vd;W ghuhl;o/ milahsg; bghUshf;fpf; bfhz;lhd; Tdpahf

eoj;jtd;. mtd; bka;ahf czh;e;J eoj;jJkd;wpg; ghh;g;gtd;

jd;ida[k; jd;id kwe;J nghfr; bra;Jtpl;lhd; bka;k;kwe;J nehf;fr;

bra;JtpLtJ bka;g;ghL MFk; epiy ,J”1 vd;w Tw;wpw;nfw;g/

bjhy;fhg;gpah; bka;g;ghLfs;/ mit njhd;Wk; epiyf;fs';fs;/

mfthH;t[ g[wthH;t[ ,uz;oYk; bka;g;ghl;od; g';fspg;g[/ Mfhj

bka;g;ghLfs; ,d;dit gw;wp MHkhff; TwpapUf;fpwhh;. mth; jk;

Ez;khz; EiH g[yj;jpw;Fk;/ fiyahh;tj;jpw;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;

‘bka;g;ghl;oay;’ mike;Js;sJ.

mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; (fst[)

kf;fs; jk; kdj;jpy; vGk; fhk czh;r;rpna cyfj;jpbyGk; vy;yhr;

bray;fSf;Fk; fhuzk; vd;gJ bjhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;jhFk;. fhkk;

vd;Dk; brhy; bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; gy ,l';fspy; bjhy;fhg;gpauhy;

1 ,uh.,s';Fkudhh;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ g.97.

81

vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ. mfj;jpizapaypy; Kjy; E]w;ghtpy; fhkj;ijf;

iff;fpis/ Ie;jpiz/ bgUe;jpiz vd mth; _d;whfg; gphpj;Js;shh;.

Ie;jpiz vd;w brhy;Yf;F Ie;J xGf;fkhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L

tH';Fk; xj;j fhkk; vd;W bghUs; TWth;. ,jw;F md;g[ilf;fhkk;

vd;Wk; eLtz; Ie;jpiz vd;Wk; bgah; cz;L.

Mrphpah; bjhy;fhg;gpadhh; mfide;jpizf;nf

bgUk;ghd;ikahf cs;s bka;g;ghLfSs; fstpw;Fk; fw;gpw;Fk;

chpadtw;iwj; jdpj;jdpna gphpj;njhJth;. ,';'dk; TWk;nghJ

Kjypy; ‘fst[’ vd;Dk; xGfyhw;wpw;Fr; rpwe;J tUk; ‘bka;g;ghLfis’

MW TWgLj;jpf; TWfpwhh;.

ey;Y]Hpd; Mizahy; xUtDk; xUj;jpa[k; vjph;g;gLk; nghJ/

fhl;rp bjhl';fp g[zh;r;rp tiu epfGk; bka;g;ghLfis _d;W Twhft[k;/

g[zh;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; kiwtpy; epfGk; fst[ btspg;gLk;tiu epfGk;

bka;g;ghLfis _d;W Twhft[k; gphpj;Jf;TWfpwhh;.

nkYk; mth;/ ,e;j MW gFjpfSk; xt;bthd;Wk; ee;ehd;F

gFjpa[iladthfp xd;wd;gpd; xd;wha; elf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;.

,e;j MW TWfl;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; epfHhjnghJ ntW rpy

bka;g;ghLfSk; elf;Fk; vd;W ,UgJ bka;g;ghLfisj; jdpahf xU

E]w;ghtpy; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

,tw;Ws; vjph;g;gLjyhfpa fhl;rp Kjy; g[zh;r;rp tiuapYKs;s

_d;W gFjpfSf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfisf; fhz;nghk;.

82

Kjy; bka;g;ghL

Kjypy; jiytDk; jiytpa[k; vjph;g;gLk;nghJ jiytpapd;

cs;sj;jpy; vGk; fhjy; Kjw;Fwpfis czh;j;JtJ ,J.

g[JKfk; g[hpjy; bghwpEjy; tpah;j;jy;

eFea kiwj;jy; rpijt[gpwh;f; fpd;ikbahL

jFKiw ehd;nf xd;bwd bkhHpg2

vd;w E]w;ghthy; mwpag;gLk;.

1. g[JKfk; g[hpjy;

jiytDk; jiytpa[k; vjph;g;gl;lnghJ jiytp/mtd; jd;idf;

fhz ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gj;njhL epw;ghs;. mJ g[JKfk; g[hpjy;

vd;Dk; bka;g;ghlhFk;. Kfk; vd;gJ jd; ,lk; vd;Dk; bghUs;

cilaJ. jiytp jd; Kfj;ijj; jiytd; fhQjiy tpUk;g[jy;

vdg;bghUs; bfhs;syhk;. Kjypy; jiytd; fz;lt[ld; jiytpaplk;

njhd;WtJ ,t;tpUg;gnk.

Tw;wnkh fz;nzh gpiznah kltuy;

nehf;fk;,k; _d;Wk; cilj;J3

vd;w jpUf;Fws; ,k;bka;g;ghl;ilr; Rl;LfpwJ.

2. bghwpEjy; tpah;j;jy;

bghwpEjy; tpah;j;jy; vd;gJ jiytd; jd;idg; ghh;f;Fk;

epiyapy; mr;rKk;/ ehzKk; tUtjhy; tpah;it mUk;gpa bew;wpia

cilatshjy;. “gpw ,l';fs; Milahy; kiwf;fg;gLjypd;

btspg;gilapy; Ejy; tpah;g;ng njhd;Wjypd; bghwpEjy; tpah;j;jy;

bka;g;ghL Twg;gl;lJ”4 vd;ghh; rptyp';fdhh;.

2 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E].13.

3 Fws;. 1085.

4 M.rptyp';fdhh;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak; ciutsk;/ g.57.

83

bgUk;g[Gf; Fw;wepd; gpiwEjw; bghwptpa

UWtsp ahw;wr; rpWtiu jpwbtd5

vd;w ghlypy; “bghpa g[Gf;fj;jhy; te;j gpiwnghYk; bew;wpapy; cs;s

g[s;spfs; nghd;w tpah;itiaf; fhw;W Mw;WkhW me;Ejiyf;

fhl;Lthahf” vd;W jiytd; TWtjpy; ,k;bka;g;ghL czug;gLfpwJ.

3. eFeakiwj;jy;

eFeakiwj;jy; vd;gJ mjd;gpd; jiykfdplk; njhd;wpa

Fwpg;g[fshy; mtDld; ngrp kfpH ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gk; jiytpapd;

cs;sj;nj njhd;wpa nghJk;/ mjida[k;/ mg;nghJ Vw;gLk; rpW

eifg;iga[k; jiytp kiwg;ghs;.

Kifbkhf;Fs; cs;sJ ehw;wk;nghy; ngij

eifbkhf;Fs; cs;sbjhd; Wz;L6

vd;w Fwspy; ,f;Fwpg;g[ te;js;sJ.

4. rpijt[ gpwh;f;fpd;ik

rpijt[ vd;gJ kdk; epiwjsh;jy;. jiykfs; jdJ tpUg;gj;jpid

kiwj;jhYk;/ mtsJ kdk; jiytdpd;ghy; <Lgl;L epiw jsh;jypd;

mjid mts; gpwh;f;Fg; g[ydhfhky; kiwg;ghs;. gpwh;f;F vd;wJ

jiytidj; jtph;j;J fhz;ghh;f;F vdg;bghUs; bfhs;sntz;Lk;.

mjdhy; jiytpapd; rpijitj; jiytd; mwpthd; vdyhk;.

kiwg;ngd;kd; fhkj;ij ahndh Fwpg;gpd;wpj;

Jk;ky;nghy; njhd;wp tpLk;7

vd;w Fwl;ghtpy; ,f;Fwpg;ig mwpayhk;.

,it ehd;Fk; jiytdplj;jpny jiytpf;F ntl;if epfH;tjw;F

Kd; epfH;td Mjypd; fhl;rp bka;g;ghLfshfpd. ,e;j ehd;F

Fwpg;g[fSk; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf Kiwg;go epfGk;.

5 mfk;./ gh.136.

6 Fws;. 1274.

7 Fws;. 1253.

84

,uz;lhk; bka;g;ghL

fhl;rpiar; rhh;e;j ehd;F bka;g;ghLfSk; epfHnt jiytd;

beU';fp bka;bjhly; Kjypad nkw;bfhs;Sk;nghJ mtd; kPJ

ntl;if kPJ]Uk;. mg;nghJ epfGk; ehd;F gw;wpf; TWtij/

TiH tphpj;jy; fhbjhd;W fisjy;

CHzp ijtuy; cilbgah;j; JLj;jbyhL

bfHP,a ehd;nf ,uz;bld bkhHpa8

vd;w E]w;ghthy; ,jid mwpayhk;.

1. TiH tphpj;jy; vd;gJ nkw;Fwpj;j tz;zk;/ jiykfs; jdJ kdr;

rpijtpidg; gpwUf;Fg; g[yg;glhky; kiwj;j nghJk;/ cs;s

befpH;r;rpapdhy; clk;nghL bjhlh;g[ilajhfpa mtsJ Te;jy; jd;

taj;jjd;wp befpH;e;J jhH;jy; (TiH-kaph;).

2. fhbjhd;W fisjy;

Te;jiyg; nghyd;wp fhjpny mzpag;bgw;w njhL Kjypa

mzpfSs; xd;W epw;g kw;bwhd;W befpH;e;J tPH;jy;. ,jidr; “brtpapy;

g{l;lhJ brUfpa njhL xd;iwj; jpUj;Jths; nghyf; fHw;Wjy;”9 vd;gh;

lhf;lh; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;.

3. CHzp ijtuy; vd;gJ jdJ clk;gpd; ntWghLzh;e;j jiykfs;

iftis/ nkhjpuk; Kjypa mzpfyd;fisf; fHd;W tpHhjgo ,Wfr;

brwpg;gJ nghyj; jlt[jy;. CH;-,ay;g[.

4. cilbgah;j;JLj;jy; vd;gJ jdJ clk;gpd; befpH;r;rpia czh;e;j

jiykfs; jhd; cLj;j cilapidf; Fiyj;Jf; Fiyj;Jg; gyKiwa[k;

,Wf cLj;jf; bfhs;Sjy;.


9 r.nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;/ bka;g;ghl;oay; ciu.

85

tpz;Qah; tpwy;tiuf; fthmd; xUtd;

fz;zpd; nehf;fpa jy;yJ jz;bzd

ciuj;jJ kpy;iy khnjh mtnd

tiug;ghw; flt[S ky;yd; mjw;nf

Xjp Ke;Jwf; fhbjhd;W b"fpH

epHytph; kzpg;g{z; be";brhL fHyj;

JfpYk; gd;Kiw beoJepkph;e; jdnt/

ePawp Fitajd; Kjny/

ahnjh njhHpmJ TWkh bwkf;nf10

vd;w ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; gHk;ghlypy;/

‘XjpKe;Jw b"fpH’ TiHtphpj;jy;

‘fhbjhd;W b"fpH’ - fhbjhd;W fisjy;

‘epHytph; kzpg;g{ bz";brhL fHy’ - CHzp ijtuy;

‘beoJ epkph;e;jd JfpYk; gd;Kiw’ - cilbgah;j;JLj;jy;

vd tps';fj; njhd;Wtijf; fhzyhk;.

_d;whk; bka;g;ghL

jiytid vjph;g;gl;l jiytp/ Kjw;fhl;rpf;Fg; gpd; mtd;ghy;

ntl;if njhd;w/ mt;ntl;ifapny epd;W ,iltplhJ tpUk;gpa

tpUg;gnk ‘xUjiy a[s;Sjy;’ vd;Dk; _d;whk;go epiyahFk;.

mg;goepiy ehd;F tifg;gl;lJ vd;gij/

my;Fy; ijtuy; mzpe;jit jpUj;jy;

,y;typ a[Wj;jy; ,Uifa[k; vLj;jbyhL

brhy;ypa ehd;nf _d;bwd bkhHpg11

vd;w E]w;ghthy; Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

10 ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; ghly;/ 532.


86

1. my;Fy; ijtuy;

‘nkny cil bgah;j;JLj;jyhfyhd; mjd;tHpj; njhd;WtJ

cil bghpJk; b"fpH;e;J fhl;ljyhapw;W; mjidg; ghJfhj;jyhd;

mt;tw;wk; kiwf;Fk; ifapid my;Fy; ijtuy; vd;whbdd;gJ.’12

2. mzpe;jit jpUj;jy;: miur;r';fpyp Kjyhapd jpUj;jy;.

3. ,y;typa[Wj;jy;: jiykfs; jd; typaw;w epiyapYk; jhd;

g[zh;r;rpia ntz;lhjhs; nghy;tbjhU bra;if bra;jy;.

4. ,Uifa[k; vLj;jy;: jd; be";rj;jpd; epiwaHpjyhy; jd; ,U

iffSk; jiytid Ka';Fk; tpUg;gj;jhy; jhnk vGtd nghy;tnjhh;

Fwpg;g[ cilatshjy;.

Xjpa[k; EjYk; ePtp ahd;wd;

khjh; bkd;Kiy tUlypw; fy';fp

cs;sj; JFes; nghy my;Fypd;

b"fpH;E]w; fyp';fbkhL g[Fkpld; mwpahJ

bkype;jpys; Mfp type;Jbgha;j; bjhL';ft[k;

ahbkLj; jizj;bjhWe; jhkpiae; bjGjypd;

,k;ik a[yfj; jd;wpa[k; ek;ik

ePshp beL';fz; ngijbahL

nfswpe; jdbfhy; ,ts; nta;bkd; nwhns13

,jDs;/

“clk;g[k; cs;sj;JFes; nghy” - my;Fy; ijtuy;

“my;Fypd; b"fpH;E]w; fyp';fk;” - mzpe;jit jpUj;jy;

“bkype;jpyshfp type;J bgha;j; bjhL';ft[k;” - ,y;typa[Wj;jy;

“ahbkLj; jizj;bjhWe; jhkpiae;bjGjy;” - ,Uifa[bkLj;jy;

vd;w tpsf;fj;ija[k; mwpayhk;.

12 nkyJ. (nguh.). 13 ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; gHk;ghly;/ 532.

87

,t;thW _d;W TWfshfg; gFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ,g;gd;dpuz;L

bka;g;ghLfSk; ,aw;ifg; g[zh;r;rpahfpa Kjw; Tl;lj;jpw;F Kd;nd

epfH;tdthFk;. “xUtDk; xUj;jpa[k; vjph;g;gL';fhy; jdJ

kdf;fUj;jpid ehQk; epiwa[khfpa Fz';fshy; g[wj;jhh;f;Fg;

g[ydhfhJ kiwf;Fk; epfH;r;rp bgz;ikapd; ,ay;ghjypd; ,tz;

Twg;gl;l bka;g;ghLfs; bgUk;ghd;ika[k; jiykfs; fz;nz rpwe;J

epfGk;.”14

nkYk; g[zh;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;Dk; fst[ btspg;gLk; tiua[Ks;s

bka;g;ghLfisf; fhzyhk;.

ehd;fhk; bka;g;ghL

,aw;ifg; g[zh;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh;j; jiytd; gphpthd;. mjdhy;

jiytpf;F ‘bkypt[’ vDk; goepiy njhd;Wk;. mJ ehd;F

bka;g;ghLfisf; bfhz;ljhFk;. ,jid/

ghuhl; blLj;jy; kle;jg t[iuj;jy;

<ukpy; Tw;wk; Vw;wyh; ehzy;

bfhLg;git nfhly; csg;glj; bjhif,

vLj;j ehd;nf ehd;bfd bkhHpg15

vd;w bjhy;fhg;gpa E]w;ghthy; mwpayhk;.

1. ghuhl;blLj;jy; vd;gJ ,aw;ifg; g[zh;r;rp g[zh;e;J eP';fpa

jiytidg; gw;wpj; jiytp ghuhl;Lk; cs;sf; Fwpg;gpds; Mjy;. ,J

jiykfDf;Fk; bghUe;Jk;.

2. kle;jg ciuj;jy; vd;gJ ,sikf;fhyj;J klk; (mwpahik) bflr;

rpwpJ mwpt[ te;jtsha; ciuahLjy;. (jg[jy;-bfLjy;)

3. <ukpy; Tw;wk; Vw;wyh; ehzy; vd;gJ Cuhh; jd;idg; gw;wpf;TWk;

,uf;fkpy;yhj myh;r; brhw;fisf; nfl;L ehzk; bfhs;Sjy;.

14 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;. 17 (nguh.). 15 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E].17.

88

4. bfhLg;git nfhly; vd;gJ jiytd; md;gpdhy; bfhLj;j jiH/

nfhij/ jhh;/ fz;zp/ njhs;khiy Kjypatw;iw kWf;fhJ

Vw;Wf;bfhz;L mtw;iwg; ghuhl;Lk; cs;sKilashjy;.

xUehs; te;J gyehs; tUe;Jk;

epd;nd nghYepd; jiHna vd;tapd;

epw;gh uhl;oa[k; brhw;bfhsy; ,d;wpa[k;

aha; vjph; fHwypy; nguyh; ehzpa[k;

kay;Th; khjh;f;Fj; Jah;kUe; jhapDk;

neha;bra; jd;why; jhnd

ePbjhlf; fhpjypd; Xhplj; jhnd16

vd;W ifa[iw kWj;jjhf te;j ghlypy;/

“epw;ghuhl;o” - ghuhl;blLj;jy;

“brhw;bfhsypd;wp” - kle;jgt[iuj;jy;

“ahbajph; fHwypw; nguyh; ehzp” - <ukpy; Tw;w nkw;wyh; ehzy;

“Jah;kUe; jhapDk;” - bfhLg;git nfhly; vDk; TWfis

mwpayhk;.

Ie;jhk; bka;g;ghL

bkypt[ epiyf;F mLj;J mjdhy; jiytp cwf;fk; ,d;ik Kjypa

epiyf;F Ml;gLths;. mg;goepiya[k; ehy;tif bka;g;ghLfisf;

bfhs;Sk; vDk; fUj;ij/

bjhpe;Jlk; gLjy; jpisg;g[tpid kWj;jy;

fue;jplj; bjhHpjy; fz;ltHp ctj;jbyhL

bghUe;jpa ehd;nf Ie;bjd bkhHpg17

vd;w E]w;ghtpy; Ie;jh';Twpy; cs;stw;iw mwpayhk;.

1. bjhpe;Jlk;gLjy; vd;gJ jiytp myh; Vw;gLtjhy; ehzKWths;.

,t;bthGfyhw;iwj; jd; bgw;nwhh;f;Fj; bjhptpj;jy; my;yJ kiwj;jy;

16 ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; gHk;ghly;/ 533. 17 bjhy;.bghUs;.bka;g;./ E].17.

89

vdj; jLkhwpg; gpd; Muha;e;J njhHpaplKk; mts; brtpypaplKk;

TWjy;. ,J mwj;bjhLepw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

2. jpisg;g[tpid kWj;jy; jpisg;g[-To tpisahly;.

tpisahl;lhabkhL jphpa[k; jiytp ntl;if eypjyhy;

mt;tpisahl;L tpidia kWj;jy;.

3. fue;jplj; bjhHpjy; jiytidf; fhQk; tpUg;gj;jpdhy; jhd;/ mtd;

fhzhjthW kidapny kiwe;jpUe;j ,lj;jpdpd;W eP';fptUjy;.

4. fz;ltHp ctj;jy; vjph;ghuhj epiyapy; jiytidf; fhQk;nghJ

vy;iyaw;w bgUkfpH;r;rp cilatshjy;.

mwpaha; bfhy;nyh ePna bjWtu

nehf;FbjhWk; gdpf;Fk; be";rbkh otns

aha;f;fwp t[whypd; epd;bdjph; ehzp

kidtapw; gphpayz; kd;nd ajw;nf

epidtpys; ,tbsd t[iuj;jp

g[idjhh; khh;g fhz;onah mJnt18

vd;w ghlypy;/

‘aha;f;fwpt[whypd;’ - bjhpe;Jlk;gLjy;.

‘epd;bdjph; ehzp’ - jpisg;g[tpid kWj;jy;

‘kidtapw; gphpays;’ - fue;jplj; bjhHpjy;

‘g[idjhh; khh;g fhz;onah tJnt’ - fz;ltHp ctj;jy; vd;w

tpsf;fk; njhd;Wk;.

,it ehd;Fk; ,aw;ifg; g[zh;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; epfGk;

g[zh;r;rpfspd; epkpj;j';fshfpa Mf;fk; Mjypd; mit Mf;fk; brg;gy;

vDk; goepiyahapd.

18 ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; gHk;ghly;/ 534.

90

Mwhk; bka;g;ghL

jiytp ntl;ifapd; kpFjpahy; ehzpd; vy;iy flg;ghs;.

mg;nghJ ‘ehQtiu apwj;jy;’ vd;Dk; goepiy njhd;Wk;. mg;go

epiyahdJ ehd;F tifahd bka;g;ghLilaJ vd;fpd;wJ

bjhy;fhg;gpak;. ,jid/

g[w";brar; rpijjy; g[yk;gpj; njhd;wy;

fy';fp bkhHpjy; ifaw t[iuj;jy;

tpsk;gpa ehd;nf Mbwd bkhHpg19

vd;w E]w;ghthy; mwpayhk;.

1. g[w";brar;rpijjy; vd;gJ jdpikahy; tUe;Jk; jiytp g{/ rhe;J/

g{z;/ Jfpy; bfhz;L jd;idg; g[wj;nj mHFgLj;jpf; bfhz;lhYk;/

jiytidf; Tlg; bgwhikahy; jd; mfj;nj kfpH;r;rpapd;wp be";rHpjy;.

2. g[yk;gpj; njhd;wy;: mof;fo jiytidf; fhzhikahYk;/ tiut[

ntz;oa[k; jhd; jdpika[zh;t[ilatsha;j; njhd;Wjy;.

3. fy';fp bkhHpjy;: jdpikahy; tUe;Jk; jiytpiar; Rw;wk;

tpdt[k;nghJ/ mts; fs;tiug; nghd;W kdj;jLkhw;wj;Jld; FHwpr;

brhy;Yjy;.

4. ifawt[iuj;jy;: ,dp ahd; ahJ bra;ntd; vd;W brayw;w

epiyapy; tUe;Jjy;.

,tns/ mzpapDk; g{rpDk; gpzpa[He; jir,g;

gy;fpis ehg;g zpy;fpis nghy

bkhHptif awpahs; bghHpfz; zPh;Jilj;

jpahnd ifaw tykU';

Twha; bgUkepw; nwW khnw20

vd;w ghlypy;/

19 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E].19. 20 ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; gHk;ghly;/ 535.

91

‘mzpapDk; g{rpDk; gpzpa[He; jir,’ - g[w";brar; rpijj;jy;

‘ky;fpis ehg;g zpy;fpis nghy’ - g[yk;gpj; njhd;wy;

‘bkhHptif awpahs;’ - fy';fp bkhHpjy;

‘ahnd ifaw tykUk;’ - ifaw t[iuj;jy; vdyhk;.

,itaht[k; ehzpd; vy;iy fle;j epiyapy; tUk;

bka;g;ghLfshk;.

‘ifawt[iuj;jy;’ njhd;wpajd; gpd;dh; epfH;td xUjiyf;

fhkkhfpa iff;fpisf;Fk; xt;thf; fhkkhfpa bgUe;jpizf;Fk;

bka;g;ghlhtdtd;wp eLtize;jpiz vdg;gl;l ew;fhkj;jpw;F

Vw;g[ilad my;y vd;gh;.

“,e;epfud mtj;ij gw;wp epfH;e;jdthapd; VHhtJ Kjyhfg;

gj;jhtJ <whff; Twbtdpd;/ VHhktj;ij ehz; eP';fpa

fhjypw;nwWjbyhHpe;j fhkj;J kpFjpahfpa bgUe;jpizg;ghw;gLk;.

xj;j fhkj;J epfHhJ; vl;lhtJ cd;kj;jk;; xd;gjhtJ kaf;fk;;;

gj;jhtJ rhf;fhL; Mjyhd; eLtize;jpizf; fz; tUtd MW vdf;

Twpdhh; vd;W bfhs;f.”21 gpd;Twpa ehd;Fk; mfide;jpizapd;gj;jpw;F

chpadtd;ikapd; ,tw;iwa[k; nrh;j;Jg; gj;J mtj;ijfs; vd;W

bjhy;fhg;gpah; tiuaiw bra;atpy;iy.22

nkw;Twpa ,Ugj;Jehd;F bka;g;ghLfSs; fw;gpDs;

,k;Kiwahnd tuy;ntz;Lk; vd;w epajp ,y;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhfnt

,it fstpw;nf tpje;J Twg;bgw;wd.

21 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;. 19 (,sk;.). 22 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;. 20 (nguh.).

92

ntW rpy bka;g;ghLfs;

nkw;Twpa bka;g;ghLfs; epfHhjtplj;J moapw; Twg;bgWk;

bka;g;ghLfs; epfGk;. ,t;tpUgija[k; bgUe;jpizf;Fhpad vd

,sk;g{uzh; TWfpwhh;. ,J Vw;g[ilj;jd;W vd;gnj mwp"h; gyhpd;

fUj;jhFk;. ,ita[k; md;gpd; Ie;jpizf;nf chpait vd;gJ

nguhrphpahpd; fUj;J. ,k; bka;g;ghLfis/

,d;gj;ij btWj;jy; Jd;gj;Jg; g[yk;gy;

vjph;bga;J ghpjy; Vjk; Ma;jy;

grpal epw;wy; griy gha;jy;

cz;oapw; Fiwjy; clk;g[edp RU';fy;

fz;Japy; kWj;jy; fdbthL ka';fy;

bgha;ahf; nfhly; bka;na vd;wy;

Ia"; bra;jy; mtd;jk Utj;jy;

mwdHpj; Jiuj;jy; M';Fbe"; rHpjy;

vk;bka; ahapDk; xg;g[ik nfhly;

xg;g[tHp a[Wj;jy; cWbgah; nfl;ly;

eyj;jf ehow; fyf;fKk; mJnt23

vd;w E]w;ghthy; mwpayhk;. ,tw;Ws;/

1. ,d;gj;ij btWj;jy; vd;gJ nfhy";bra;jy; Kjypadtw;iw

btWj;jYk;/ bjd;wYk; epyt[ Kjyhapdtw;iw btWj;jYk;. ,d;gk;

jUtdbty;yhk; Jd;gk; jUtdthfj; njhd;Wjyhy; mjidj; jiytp

btWf;fpwhs;.

ghYk; cz;zhs; ge;Jld; nkths;

tpisah lhabkh lah;nths;24

vd;w FWe;bjhifaofspy; ,k;bka;g;ghL g[yg;gLfpwJ.

23 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E].22. 24 FWe;./ gh.396.

93

2. Jd;gj;Jg; g[yk;gy; vd;gJ Jd;gj;jpd; fz;nz g[yk;g[jy;.

,d;g'; fly;kw;Wf; fhkk; m~jL';fhy;

Jd;gk; mjdpw; bghpJ25

vd tUk; jpUf;Fwis ,jw;Fr; rhd;bwdyhk;.

3. vjph;bga;J ghpjy; vd;gJ cUt[ btspg;ghL. mJ jiykfida[k;

mtd; njh; Kjyhapdtw;iwa[k; jd;bdjph; bga;Jbfhz;L ghpe;J

ifaWjy;.

thuh jhapDk; tUtJ nghyr;

brtpKj ypirf;Fk;mutbkhL

Japy;kwe; jdthy; njhHpbad; fz;nz26

vd;w FWe;bjhif mofspy; ,k;bka;g;ghL te;Js;sJ.

4. Vjk; Ma;jy; vd;gJ Tl;lj;jpw;F tUk; ,ila{W cz;bld;W gyt[k;

Muha;jy;.

gphpbtz;zpg; bghUs;tapw;

brd;we'; fhjyh;

tUth;bfhy;? ta';fpHhma;!

typag;gy;ahd; nfvspdp27

vd;w fypaofspy; ,f;Fwpg;g[ te;Js;sJ.

5. grpal epw;wy; vd;gJ grp tUj;jt[k; mjw;Fj; jsuhJ Cz; cz;zhik.

md;dha; thHpntz; ld;id epd;kfs;

ghYk; cz;zhs; gH';fz; bfhz;L

edpgre; jds;vd tpdt[jp28

vd;w mfg;ghl;ofspy; ,k;bka;g;ghL te;Js;sJ.

25 Fws;. 1126. 26 FWe;./ gh.301. 27 fyp./ gh.11. 28 mfk;./ gh.48.

94

6. griy gha;jy; vd;gJ griy guj;jy;.

fd;W Kz;zhJ fyj;jpDk; glhJ

ey;yhd; wPk;gh dpyj;Jf; fhm';

bfdf;F khfhbjd;idf;F KjthJ

griy a[zP,ah; ntz;Le;

jpjiy ay;Fbyd; khikf; ftpnd29

vd tUk; FWe;bjhifg;ghly; ,jw;Fr; rhd;bwdyhk;.

7. cz;oapw; Fiwjy; vd;gJ grpal epw;wy; nghyd;wp rpwpJ czt[

cz;Qjy;.

jPk;ghy; Cl;oDk; ntk;gpDk; iff;Fk;

thuh badpDk; Mh;tbkhL nehf;Fk;

epd;dpw; rpwe;jbjhd; wpyns

bad;dpDk; glhms; vd;dpjw; glny30

vd tUk; ghlyofspy; ,k;bka;g;ghL Rl;lg;bgWfpd;wJ.

8. clk;g[ edp RU';fy; vd;gJ cz;zhik fhuzkhfj; jd; clk;g[ kpfr;

RUf;fKWjy;.

gizeP';fpg; ige;bjho nrhUe; JizeP';fpj;

bjhy;ftpd; thoa njhs;31

vd tUk; Fwsofs; ,k;bka;g;ghL fhl;o epw;fpd;wd.

9. fz;Japy; kWj;jy; vd;gJ ,ut[k; gfYk; cwf;fj;ij nkw;bfhs;shik.

kd;Daph; vy;yhk; Japw;wp mspj;jpuh

vd;dy;y jpy;iy Jiz32

vd;w Fwspy; ,k;bka;g;ghL te;Js;sikia mwpayhk;.

29 FWe;./ gh.27. 30 ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; gHk; ghly;/ 537.

31 Fws;. 1234. 32 Fws;. 1168.

95

10. fdbthL ka';fy; vd;gJ fdit edbtd ka';Fjy;.

edtpdhy; ey;fhf; bfhoahh; fdtpdhy;

vd;bdk;ikg; gPHpg; gJ33

vd tUk; Fwl;gh ,k;bka;g;ghL fhl;o epw;fpd;wJ.

11. bgha;ahf; nfhly; vd;gJ bka;ia bgha;ahf; nfhly;.

thdp dpy';F kUtpj;nj jhDw;w

Nd;ngzhd; bgha;j;jhd; kiy34

vd tUk; mfg;ghl;ofspy; ,k;bka;g;ghL czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

12. bka;nabad;wy; vd;gJ Kd;djw;F khwhfj; jiytd; bgha;g;gpDk;

jiytp mtd; brhy; bka;badj; Jzpjy;.

fhdk; fhbudf; TwpDk;

ahndhnj nwdth; bgha;tH'; fynu35

vd tUk; FWe;bjhifaofs; ,k;bka;g;ghl;il czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wd.

13. Iak; bra;jy; vd;gJ jiyth; ek;ikj; Jwg;ghnuh vd;W Ia[Wjy;.

J]jth; tpLjuhh; Jwg;ghh;bfh ndhjf

tpU';Fap yhY knuh36

vd tUk; fypg;ghl;lofshy; ,k;bka;g;ghL btspg;gLfpwJ.

14. mtd; jkh; ctj;jy; vd;gJ jiytdpd; cwtpdh;fisf; fz;lnghJ

kfpH;r;rpailjy;.

Cu D]ud; nghYe;

njUk; ghzd; bwUtp dhnd37

vd;w mofshy; ,k;bka;g;ghl;il mwpayhk;.

33 Fws;. 1217. 34 mfk;./ gh.144. 35 FWe;./ gh. 21. 36 fyp./ gh.33. 37 ,yf;fz tpsf;f nkw;nfhs; gHk; ghly;/ 537.

96

15. mwdHpj;Jiuj;jy; vd;gJ mwj;ijg; gHpj;Jiuj;jy;.

tpspa[bkd; ,d;Daph; ntwy;yk; vd;ghh;

mspapd;ik ahw;w epide;J38

vd;w Fwspy; ,k;bka;g;ghL te;Js;sJ.

16. M';F be";rHpjy; vd;gJ mwd; mHptJ nghyf; TwpdhYk; mjw;fhf

cs;sk; cise;J tUe;Jjy;.

bgwhmik m";Rk; bgwpw;gphp t";Rk;

mwhm tpLk;igj;bjd; be";R39

vd tUk; Fwl;ghtpy; ,k;bka;g;ghL czug;gLfpwJ.

17. vk;bka;ahapDk; xg;g[ik nfhly;: ahjhDk; xU bghUs;

fz;ltplj;Jj; jiykfndhL xg;g[ik nfhly;.

g[d;fz;iz thHp kUs;khiy v';nfs;nghy;

td;fz;z njhepd; Jiz40

vd tUk; Fwl;gh ,jw;Fr; rhd;bwdyhk;.

18. xg;g[tHp ctj;jy;: jiykfndhL xf;Fbkdg; gpwpbjhd;W fz;l tHp

ctj;jy;.

ghy;bfhs ypd;wpg; gfy;nghd; Kiwf;bfhy;fh

nfhy;brk;ik bahj;jp bgUkkw; bwht;thjp41

vd tUk; fypg;ghl;lofis ,k;bka;g;ghl;ow;Fr; rhd;whff; Twyhk;.

19. cWbgah; nfl;ly; vd;gJ jiykfd; bgUk;g[fH; nfl;L kfpH;jy;.

gytpd; gHj;Jl; l';F kiybfG btw;gidg;

ghLfk; th42

vd tUk; fypg;ghl;lofshy; ,k;bka;g;ghL czug;gLfpwJ.

38 Fws;. 1209. 39 Fws;. 1295 40 Fws;. 1222. 41 fyp./ gh.86. 42 fyp./ gh.41.

97

20. fyf;fk; vd;gJ brhy;yj;jfhjd brhy;Yjy;. kdk; fy';fp epw;Fk;

epiyahFk;.

igbadf; fhz;F tpHpg;gahd; gw;wpa

ifa[ns kha;e;jhd; fue;J43

vd;w jiytpapd; Tw;wpy; ,k;bka;g;ghl;ilf; fhzyhk;.

,itbay;yhk; fst[ epiy bka;g;ghLfs;. ,e;j ,UgJ

bka;g;ghLfSk; jiykfDf;Fk; chpadthff; bfhs;sg;gLk;.

mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; (fw;g[)

bjhy;fhg;gpah; fw;gpw;Fhpadthff; TWk; bka;g;ghLfisa[k;

,uz;L gphptpy; TWfpd;whh;. mit (1) kidaw thH;f;if ntl;ifahy;

tiut[ tw;g[Wj;Jk; bka;g;ghLfs; (2) tiue;jgpd; epfGk; bka;g;ghLfs;

vdj; jdpj;jdpahff; TWfpd;whh;.

tiut[ ntl;iff;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs;

Kl;Ltapw; fHwy; Kdpt[bka;e; epWj;jy;

mr;rj;jpd; mfwy; mtd;g[zh;t[ kWj;jy;

J]JKdp tpd;ik J";rpr; nrh;jy;

fhjy; ifk;kpfy; fl;Liu apd;ikbad;

whapU ehd;nf mHptpy; Tl;lk;44

vd;gjpy; mHptpy; Tl;lk; vd;gJ tiue;bja;Jk; Tl;lk;.

1. Kl;Ltapw; fHwy; vd;gJ fsbthGf;fj;jpw;F epyt[btspg;ghL/

fhtyh; fLFjy;/ jha;J";;rhik/ Ch; J";rhik Kjypatw;why;

,ila{W Vw;gLk;nghJ ,oj;Jiuj;jy;.

43 fyp./ gh.142. 44 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E]. 23.

98

behr;rp ntypj;jpj;j Dwe;ijf;

fd;Kjph; g[w';fhl; ld;d

gd;Kl; od;whw; nwhHpe'; fsnt45

vd;gJ jiykfd; nfl;gj; jiykfs; fHwp ciuj;jjhFk;.

2. Kdpt[bka;e;epWj;jy; vd;gJ jiykfs; cs;sj;J btWg;g[

btspg;gl epw;Fk; epiyikahFk;.

nehbkd; be";nr nehbkd; be";nr

,ikjPa;g; gd;d fz;zPh; jh';fp

mikjw; fike;je'; fhjyh;

miktpy uhFjy; nehbkd; be";nr46

vd;w ghlypy; jiykfs; jd; gphpt[j;Jaiu ,k;bka;g;ghl;lhy;

czh;j;Jfpwhs;.

3. mr;rj;jpd; mfwy; vd;gJ “jiykfd;fz; tUk; Vjk; m";rp mtid

ePf;Fk; Fwpg;g[.”47 “,t;bthGf;fk; gpwh;f;Fg; g[ydhk; vdf; Tl;lj;jpd;

mfd;bwhGfy;.”48

FW";Ridf; Ftis tz;Lglr; Nof;

fhd ehld; t%ck; ahidf;

fapw;Wg; g[wj; jd;d fd;kpirr; rpWbewp

khhp thde; jiy, ePh;thh;

gpl;lF'; fz;z gLFHp apatp

dpUspil kpjpg;g[Hp nehf;fpath;

jsuo jh';fpa brd;w jpd;nw49

vd;w ghl;odpy;/ “ehk; mth; ,Uspil tUk;nghJ Vw;gLk; Vjk; m";rp

mfd;W mtypj;jpUg;gt[k; vd;ida[k; epd;ida['; nfshJ vd;bd";R

45 mfk;./ gh.122. 46 FWe;./ gh.4. 47 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E].23 (nguh.). 48 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E].23 (,sk;.). 49 mfk;./ gh.128.

99

nghthndd;” vd;w jiytpapd; Tw;wpypUe;J ,k;bka;g;ghl;il

mwpayhk;.

4. mtd; g[zh;t[ kWj;jy;: ,J ,ut[f;Fwpa[k;/ gfw;Fwpa[k;

tpyf;Fjw;bfGe;j cs;s epfH;r;rp.

ey;tiu ehl ePthpd;

bky;ypa nyhUe; jhd;th Hyns50

vd;w ghlypy; jiykfs; Fwpg;gpidj; njhHp Twpajhfyhd; m~J mtd;

g[zh;t[ kWj;jbydg;gLk;.

5. J]J Kdptpd;ik: tiut[ fUjp jiytDf;Fj; J]J tplt[k;/ mtd;

J]jpidg; bgwt[k; tpUk;g[jy;.

,d;d dhapds; ed;Djy; vd;wth;j;

Jd;dr; brd;W brg;g[eh;g; bgwpnd

ed;Wkd; thHp njhHp51

vd;w FWe;bjhifg; ghlypy; jiytDf;Fj; jiytp J]JtpLtij

mwpayhk;.

6. J";rpr; nrh;jy;: vd;gJ kidafj;Jg; bgha;j; JapnyhL koe;J

itFjy;. ntz;oathW Tl;lk; epfHg;bgwhikapd; jiykfbdhL

g[ye;jhs; nghy koe;bjhd;Wkhjypd; “J";rpr; nrh;jy;” vdg;gl;lJ.

vd;kiye; jdd;bfhy; jhnd jd;kiy

ahuk; ehW khh;gpdd;

khhp ahidapd; te;Jepd; wdnd52

vd;w FWe;bjhifg; ghlypy;/ vd;d fhhpak; nkw;bfhz;L te;jhd;

vd;wikapd; ,J J";rpr; nrh;jy; Mapw;W.

50 mfk;./ gh.12. 51 FWe;./ gh.98. 52 FWe;./ gh.161.

100

7. fhjy; ifk;kpfy; vd;gJ g[zh;t[ bgwhky; tiut[ ePl;oj;jtHp

fhjYzh;t[ tuk;gpfe;j epiyapy; epfGk; cs;sf;Fwpg;g[.

cs;spd; cs;sk; ntnk/ a[s;sh

jpUg;gpbdk; msitj; jd;nw tUj;jpd;

thd;nwha; tw;nw fhkk;

rhd;nwh uy;yh;ahk; khP, nahnu53

vd;w FWe;bjhifapy; jiytpiag; gphpe;J brd;w jiytd; beL';fhyk;

ePl;of;Fk;nghJ/ mjid czh;e;J mtdJ gphpitj; jiytp

jh';fkhl;lhs; vdj; njhHp ftiyg;gl;lij mwpe;j jiytpapd; Tw;wpy;

,k;bka;g;ghL njhd;wpa[s;sJ.

8. fl;Liuapd;ik vd;gJ Tw;W epfH;j;Jjypd;wp/ cs;sf; fUj;jpid

kiwj;J mkh;e;jpUe;jy;.

ifap dhw;brhyf; fz;fspw; nfl;oLk;

bka;bfhs; rpe;ijapd; _';ifa[ khapndd;54

vd;w Fzkhiyapd; Tw;wpy; fhjyhy; ciu kWj;jiyf; fhzyhk;.

ciu ntWghLfs;

‘mHpt[f; Tl;lk;’ vd;gJ kdk; befpH;e;J g[zh;r;rpia tpUk;gp

mjw;fhd bka;g;ghLfisf; bfhz;L TLk; Tl;lk; vd;Wk; ‘mHptpy;

Tl;lk;’ vd;gJ kdk; befpHhjpUe;J khWgLtJnghy; rpy

bka;g;ghLfis nkw;bfhz;L TLk; Tl;lk; vd;Wk; ,sk;g{uzh;

bfhz;lhh;. mjw;nfw;g Kl;Ltapw; fHwy; Kjypad mHptpy;

Tl;lj;Jf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; vd;whh;.

nguhrphpah; mHpt[f;Tl;lk; vd;gJ fst[f;Tl;lk; vd;Wk; mHptpy;

Tl;lk; vd;gJ tiue;J va;Jk; Tl;lk; vd;Wk; bfhz;lhh;. mHpjy;

vd;gJ g[zh;r;rpia tpUk;gp kdk; befpH;jy;. mHptpd;ikahtJ

53 FWe;./ gh.102. 54 rpe;jh./ gh.997.

101

Kiwahf tiue;J TLjiyna Fwpf;bfhz;L mjdhy; kdk; g[zh;r;rp

xd;iwna fUjhik. ,e;E]w;ghtpw;Fg; nguhrphpah; ciuna rpwf;Fk;.

tiue;j gpd; epfGk; bka;g;ghLfs;

tiue;J cld;thGk; fw;g[f;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfshf/

bja;tk; m";ry; g[iuawe; bjspjy;

,y;yJ fha;jy; cs;s Jth;j;jy;

g[zh;e;JHp a[z;ikg; bghGJkWg; ghf;fk;

mUz;kpf cilik md;g[bjhf epw;wy;

gphpthw; whik kiwe;jit a[iuj;jy;

g[w";brhd; khzhf; fpstpbahL bjhif,r;

rpwe;j gj;J"; brg;gpa bghUns55

vd;w E]w;ghthy; Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mtw;Ws;

1. bja;tk; m";ry; vd;gJ bja;tj;jpid m";Rjy;. guj;ijah; Tl;lk;

Kjypa jiytd; jtWfSf;Ff; flt[s; mz';Fbkdj; jiytp m";Rjy;.

ePa[Wk; bgha;r;Ns; mz';fhfpd; kw;wpdp

ahh;nky; tpspa[nkh TW56

vd;w mofspy; ,f;Fwpg;g[ te;Js;sJ.

2. g[iuawe; bjspjy; vd;gJ jdf;F xj;j ,y;ywk; ,d;dbjd;W

jiykfsJ cs;sj;nj gLjy;.

tphpa[isf; fypkhd; nwnuhLk; te;j

tpUe;bjjph; nfhlypd; kwg;g byd;Wk;57

vd;w fypg;ghl;ofspy; ,f;Fwpg;g[ te;Js;sJ.

3. ,y;yJ fha;jy; vd;gJ jiykfdplk; ,y;yhj Fw;wj;ij ,Ug;gJ

nghyf; fUjpf; bfhz;L Cly; bfhs;Sjy;.

55 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E]. 24. 56 fyp./ gh.88. 57 fyp./ gh.75.

102

ew;wh ufyj;Jf; nfhh;rhh; nktpa

bel;oU'; Te;jw; flt[s buy;yhh;f;Fk;

Kl;Lg;gh lhfYk; cz;L.58

vd;w mofspy;/ “ey;y jhuzpe;j khh;gpd; xU gf;fkhfg; bghUe;jpa

beoa fhpa Te;jYila guj;ijauhfpa flt[sh;f;bfy;yhk; eP ,';F

tUjy; Kl;Lg;ghlhFk;. Mjypd; m';Fr; bry;f” vd;w jiytpapd;

Tw;wpy; new;Wf; flt[siu tHpgl;likapd; m';nf j';fpndd; vd;w

jiytid mJ cz;ik vd;W bfhs;shJ guj;ijahplk; j';fpdhd; vd;W

,y;yhjjijf; Twpf;fha;e;jjhy; ,J ,y;yJ fha;jyhk;.

4. cs;sJ cth;j;jy; vd;gJ jiytDila fUizia btWj;jhs;

nghyf; TWjyhFk;.

bta;ahUk; tPH;thUk; ntwhff; ifapd;

Kifayh;e; jd;d Kaf;fpd; bjhifapd;nw

jz;gdp itfy; vkf;F59

vd;w mofspy; guj;ijah; nrhpapw; brd;W te;j jiytndhL Coa

jiytp jiytdpd; Kaf;fk; cz;ikad;g[ bfhz;lJ md;W vd;W

TWfpwhs;.

5. g[zh;e;JHp a[z;ik vd;gJ Toa fhyj;jpUe;j cs;s epfH;r;rpiaf;

TWjy;.

FspUk; gUtj;nj ahapDe; bjd;wy;

tspbawpapd; bka;apw; fpdpjhk; - xspapHha;

Co apUg;gpDk; Cu eWnkdp

Tly; ,dpjhk; vdf;F60

vd;w Ie;jpiz Ik;gjpy; jiytp g[zh;e;JHp cz;ik TWfpwhs;.

58 fyp./ gh.93. 59 fyp./ gh.78. 60 Ie;. Ik;./ gh.30.

103

6. bghGJ kWg;ghf;fk; vd;gJ fstpd;fz; gfw;Fwpa[k; ,ut[f;Fwpa[bkd

tiuaWj;jhw; nghy;tnjhh; tiuaiwapd;ikapd; mg;bghGjpid

kWj;jyhfpa Mf;fk;. vdnt/ fst[f;fhyj;Jg; bghGJ tiue;Jgl;l

,lh;g;ghl;od; eP';fpa kdkfpH;r;rp Mf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

mapiu gue;j me;jz; gHdj;J

Ve;bjHpd; kyu J]k;g[ilj; jpus;fhy;

Mk;gy; FWeh; ePh;ntl; lh';fpts;

,ilKiyf; fple;J eL';f yhdPh;

bjhGJfhz; gpiwapw; nwhd;wpa Ekf;F

mhpnak; Mfpa fhiyg;

bghpa nehd;wsph; nehnfh ahnd61

vd;w ghl;oy;/ “bjhGJ fhz; gpiwapy; njhd;wpdk;” vd;gJ/

fst[f;fhyj;J ,ilaPL bgUfpw;bwdf; Twp m';'dk; tiue;j

bghGjpid kWj;j fhyj;J eL';fyhdPh; vd;wikahy; ,J bghGJ

kWg;ghf;fj;jpd;ghw;gLk;.

7. mUs;kpf cilik vd;gJ fst[f;fhyj;ijg; nghyj; Jd;gk; ,y;yhky;

mUs; epiwe;j be";Rilatshjy;.

epd;w brhy;yh; ePLnjhd; wpdpah;

vd;Wk; bkd;nwhs; gphpgwp aynu62

vd;w ghl;oy; jiytdJ gphpitawpe;J Twpa njhHpf;Fj; jiytp jd;id

tUj;Jk;go tpl;Lg;gphpfpd;w Fzf;FiwghL jiytdplk; ,y;iy vd;W

TWtjpy; ,k;bka;g;ghL g[ydhfpwJ.

8. md;g[bjhf epw;wy; vd;gJ fst[f;fhyj;J tphpe;j md;bgy;yhk;

,y;ywj;jpd;nkw; bgUfpa tpUg;gj;jhy; xU';Fbjhf epw;wy;.

..........................bgU';fy; ehld;

,dpa dhfypd; ,dj;jpd; ,ad;w

61 FWe;./ gh.178. 62 ew;./ gh.1.

104

,d;dh ikapDk; ,dpnjh

,dpbjdg; g^ck; g[j;njs; ehnl63

vd;w ghlypy; jiytp jiytDld; md;g[bjhf epw;wy; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

9. gphpthw;whik vd;gJ fstpy; gphpthw;Wjy; ntz;LkhW nghyf;

fw;gpDs; gphpthw;Wjy; ntz;lg;glhikapd; jiytd; gphpitj;

jh';fhJ mG';Fjy;.

,ldpd;wp apue;njhh;f;bfhd;

wPahik ahHpbtdf;

fldpwe;J bray;NH;e;j

bghUs;bghU shFnkh

tlkPd;nghy; bjhGnjj;j

ta';fpa fw;gpdhs;

jlbkd;nwhs; gphpahik

bghUshapd; my;yij64

vd;w jhHpirapy; njhHp jiytdplk;/ gphpthw;whikahy; jiytp

,we;JtpLths;. gpd; eP bfhz;L tUk; bghUisf; bfhz;L Mw;Wk;

,y;ywk; VJ? vd;W TWtjpy; ,k;bka;g;ghl;il mwpayhk;.

10. kiwe;jita[iuj;j g[w";brhy; khzhf;fpstp vd;gJ jiytdJ

kiwe;j xGf;fj;ijg; gw;wp mayhh; TWk; g[w";brhy;ypd; jPik Fwpj;J

vGe;j myh;. “mtw;F tUk;gHp fhj;jYe; jdf;F mwkhjypd; mJt[k;

fw;gpd; fz;nz epfGk;.”65

eLehs; t%ck; ,ay;njh;f; bfhz;fbdhL

brytah;e; jprpdhy; ahnd

myh;Rke; bjhHpf,t; mG';f Y]nu66

63 FWe;./ gh.288. 64 fyp./ gh.2. 65 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;./ E].24 (nguh.). 66 ew;./ gh.149.

105

vd;w ew;wpizapy; myh;kpfhik TWk; Tw;wpy; fw;g[f;flk; g{z;L

ciug;gij mwpayhk;.

,it gj;Jk; fw;gpw;Fr; rpwe;j bka;g;ghLfshFk;. vdnt “rpwe;j

gj;Jk; brg;gpa bghUns” vd;W Twg;gl;lJ.

xg;gpdJ tif

mjd; gpwF fhk epfH;r;rpapd; fz; xj;j md;gpduha;f; TWtjw;Fhpa

jiytDk; jiytpa[k; Mfpa ,t;tpUth;ghYk; mika ntz;oa gj;Jf;

TWfis Mrphpah; TWfpwhh; mit/

gpwg;ng Foik Mz;ik ahz;nlhL

cUt[ epWj;j fhk thapy;

epiwna aUns a[zh;bthL jpUbtd

Kiwa[wf; fpse;j bthg;gpdJ tifna67

vd;gdthk;. gpwg;g[/ Foik/ Mz;ik/ ahz;L/ cU/ md;g[/ epiw/ mUs;/

czh;t[/ jpU Mfpa ,g;gj;J xg;g[ tiff; Fz';fSk; jiytd;/ jiytp

Mfpa ,Uth;ghYk; mike;jhy; jhd; jiyaha fhjy; epiybgWk;

vd;gij czh;j;j mit ,';Ff; Twg;gl;ld. Kd; fstpaypy;/

xd;nw ntnw vd;wpU ghy;tapd;

xd;wp cah;e;j ghy jhizapd;

xj;j fpHtDk; fpHj;jpa[k; fhz;g68

vd;w E]w;ghtpy;/ fhjy; epiyj;J tiuf; fhuzk; jiykf;fspd; xg;g[

vd;gJ Rl;lg;gl;lJ. ,';nf me;j xg;gpdJ tif

tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. gpwg;g[ vd;gJ Fog;gpwj;jy;. ew;Foapny gpwe;jpUj;jy;.

mtDe;jh

ndd ypjizj; jfpw;g[if a[z;o a';fk;


68 bjhy;. bghUs;. fstpay;/ E].2.

106

thD]h; kjpak; tiunrhp dt;tiuj;

njdp dpwhbyd ntzp apiHj;jpUf;F';

fhdf ehld; kfd;69

vd;w ghlypy; “mtd; jpizg;g[dj;jpy; guz;kpirapUe;J kfsph; g[ifj;j

mfpw;g[ifiaf; fye;J ,a';Fk; thd;kjpahdJ kiyiar; nrhpd; mijj;

njd;TL vd;W vz;zp mjidf; bfhs;s Vzpiar; rhp bra;J

ghh;j;jpUf;Fk;goahd fhl;L thH;thh; kfd; Mthd;” - ,J jiytd;

gpwg;g[ gw;wpaJ. ,jd; Kd;dh;j; jiytpapd; gpwg;g[ gw;wpf; Twp ,J

Twypd; gpwg;g[ xg;g[ikahapw;W.

2. Foik: Foik vd;gJ mf;Fof;Fs;s ew;gz;g[fis vy;yhk;

bgw;wpUg;gJ.

cs;spbd bdy;yndh ahnd a[s;spa

tpidKoj; jd;d tpdpnahs;

kidkhz; rlbuhL glh;bghG bjdnt70

vd;w ghlypy;/ “epidj;j tpidia Koj;jhy; cz;lhFk; ,d;gk;

nghd;w vd; jiytp kidf;fz; ,Ue;J tpsf;bfhL jphpa[k;

khiyf;fhyk; ,J vd epidj;njd; my;yndh?” vd;W jiykfd; jdJ

,y;ywj;ijj; jiykfs; nky; itj;Jr; brhy;ypaikahy; ,J

Foikahapw;W.

3. Mz;ik vd;gJ ,';nf Mz;jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. xU braiy

Vw;W MSk; jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,~J Ie;jpizf; fhkj;

jiykf;fl;nf chpa rpwe;j gz;ghFk;.

nfs;nf ^d;wt['; fpis" uhut[';

nfsy; nfsph; bfHPapd buhGft[

khs;tpidf; bfjphpa t{f;fbkhL g[fy;rpwe;J71

69 fyp./ gh.39. 70 ew;./ gh.3. 71 mfk;./ gh.93.

107

vd;w ghlypy;/ “cwtpdh; Jd;gk; jh';ft[k;/ fpis"h; cz;zt[k;/

cwty;yhUk; To kfpHt[k;/ Ms;tpidia Vw;w Cf;fj;njhL tpUg;gk;

kpf;F bghUs;tapw; gphpe;J nghe;J tpid Koj;jdkhapDk; mtis

“Ka';Ff"; brd;nkh” vd;wikahy; jd; Ms;tpidf;Fj; jf;f

bgz;ikats; mts; Mw;wpapUe;jhs; vd;W fUjpa fUj;jpdhy;

fhkf;Fwpg;g[g; gpwe;jikahy; ,J Mz;ikahapw;W.

4. ahz;L vd;gJ fhkk; Efh;tjw;Fhpa gUtk;.

vd;nwh bsGjpa bjha;apYk; ahHepd;

ike;Jil khh;gpw; Rz';F epidj;Jf;fhz;72

vd;gjpy; bjha;apy; vGJk;goahfj; jiytp njhSk; jiytd; khh;gpw;

Rz';Fk; vd;wikahy; ,UtUk; ahz;lhy; xj;jdh; vd;gjhk;. ahz;L

vd;wJ ,Uthpd; fhkt[zh;t[g; gUtk;. “ahz;bld;gJ xj;jthW

vd;idbadpd; gd;dPhpahz;Lk;/ gjpdhwpahz;Lnk bgz;ika[k;

Mz;ika[k; gpwf;Fk; gUtk;.”73

5. cUt[ vd;gJ totHF. ,Uth; tdg;g[k; xj;j mstpy; ,Uj;jy;.

Ky;iy Kifa[ KUe;Jepiuj; jd;d

gy;Yk; gizj;njhSk; nguk Uz;fz;Q

ey;nyd;ah bdd;W eyj;jif ek;gpa

brhy;yhl;o epd;bdhL brhy;yhw;w rpw;ghhpahh;74

vd;gJ cUt[.

6. epWj;j fhkthapy;: fhkj;jpw;F VJthapUf;fpd;w ,UtuJ md;g[.

,t;td;ng ,y;ywj;jpw;F mog;gil. “bgz;ik tot[k; Mz;ik

tot[k; gpwH;r;rpapd;wp mike;j tHp mtw;Wnky; epfGk; ,d;gj;jpw;F

thapyhf md;g[.”75

72 fyp./ gh.18. 73 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;. 25 (nguh.). 74 fyp./ gh.108. 75 bjhy;. bghUs;. bka;g;. 25 (nguh.).

108

epd;kf Sz;fz; gd;kh nzhf;fpr;

brd;nwhd; kd;wtf; Fd;WfpH nthnd

gfd;kh ae;jpg; gLRl uikaj;

jtd;kiw njv nehf;fp kw;wptd;

kfnd njhHp bad;wdd;76

vd;gJ cUt[ epWj;j fhkthapy;.

7. epiw vd;gJ kiw g[yg;glhky; epWj;Jk; cs;sk; vd;gh;

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;. fhg;gd fhj;J fotd foe;bjhGFk; xGf;fk; vd;gh;

fstpay; ciuahrphpah;.

mtd;tapw;

nrnad;kd; ahDe; JaUHg;ngd;77

vd;gjpy; “mtDf;F nrashfpa ahDk; Jd;g[Wntd;” vd;gJ

jd;dpiwa[ilik fhuzj;jhy; fhkf;Fwpg;g[ epfH;tjhk;.

8. mUs; vd;gJ vy;yht[aph;f;Fk; ,Lf;fz; bra;ahj

mUSilauhapUj;jy;. mJt[k; fhkj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjnjhh; Fwpg;g[.

jhJz; gwit ngJw y";rp

kzpeh thh;j;j khz;tpidj;njud;78

vd;gjpy; “tpidKw;wp kPSk; jiykfd; kyhpy; jhJ cz;Qk; tz;Lfs;

kzpnahir nfl;fpd; m";Rk; vd;gjw;Fj; jhd; m";rp kzpapd; ehf;if

Mlhjgof; fl;oa njUilahd;” vd;gJ mUs; gw;wp te;j fhkf;Fwpg;g[.

9. czh;t[ vd;gJ fhkt[zh;r;rpia mwpjy;. czh;btd;gJ mwpt[ilik.

m~jhtJ cyfpayhw; bra;aj;jFtJ mwpjy;.

mz';Fil beLtiu a[r;rpap dpHpjUk;79

76 mfk;./ gh.48. 77 fyp./ gh.37. 78 mfk;./ gh.4. 79 mfk;./ gh.22.

109

vd;w ghlypy; “jd;dir a[s;sj;J ee;eir tha;g;g” vd;gJ

,UtUzh;t[k; xj;jijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jiykfd; Fwpg;g[ czh;e;J

te;jhd; vd;gjhy; fhkj;jpw;nf chpj;jhfpa czh;thfpaJ.

10. jpU vd;gJ bghUSilika[k;/ bghUs; bfhzh;e;J Ja;j;jYkpd;wp

v";"hd;Wk; jpUj;jftpw;whfpanjhh; cs;s epfH;r;rp. mJ

tpida[Silik vdt[k; gLk;. jpU vd;gJ Mf;f Kaw;rp.

bea;j bdwpf;ft[k; ty;y bdLbkd;nwhl;

bga;fUk; gPh;f;ft[k; ty;y dpsKiynkw;

bwha;ap byGjt[k; ty;yd;wd; ifapw;

rpiyty;yhd; nghY"; brwptpdh dy;y

gyty;yd; nwhshs; gtd;80

vd;gjpy;/ “vd; njhis Ms;gtdhd jiytd; bea;jy; kyh;fis ,jH;

gphpj;Jf; fl;lt[k; ty;yd;; vd; njhspy; fUk;g[ vGjty;yd;; vd;

,sKiynky; bjha;apy; vGjty;yd;; jd; mlf;fj;jhy; ifapy;

fUk;g[tpy;Yila kd;kjd; nghy;thd;; vdf;F ey;y gyt[k; bra;a

ty;ytd;” vd;gJ jpUtpdhy; fhkf;Fwpg;g[k; gpwe;jjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

vdyhk;.

nkw;Twpa xg;g[ik gj;Jk; Ie;jpizf; fhkj;jpw;F Mf;fk;

jUtdthk;.

fhjYf;fhfhj Fw;w';fs;

Ie;jpizf; fhkj;jpw;F Mf;fk; juhj mHptpidj; jUk;

bka;g;ghLfSk; cs;sd. mit/

epk;gphp bfhLik tpag;bghL g[wbkhHp

td;brhy; bghr;rhg;g[ klikbahL Foik

80 fyp./ gh.94.

110

,d;g[wy; ViHik kwg;ngh blhg;g[ik

vd;wpit apd;ik vd;kdhh; g[yth;81

vd;w E]w;ghtpy; Twg;bgWfpd;wd.

1. epk;gphp vd;gJ gpiH bghwhg;bgw;wp. mjhtJ rfpg;g[j;

jd;ikapd;ik.

2. bfhLik vd;gJ mwd; mHpag; gpwiur;NGk; NH;r;rp.

xUtUf;bfhUth; nfLNH; vz;Qk; jPtpida[s;sk;. fL";rpdKk;

,jDs; ml';Fk;.

3. tpag;g[ vd;gJ xUthplj;jpy; xUth; tpaf;fj;jf;f Fz';fs;

,Ug;gjhff; fUJjy;. ,J xj;Jg;gHFtjw;Fj; jilahFk;.

4. g[wbkhHp vd;gJ gHpJ]w;Wjy;. xUtiu xUth; fhzhjtplj;nj

gHpj;Jf; TWjy;.

5. td;brhy; vd;gJ tUj;jKWj;Jk; fL";brhy;. mjhtJ

fz;nzhl;lkpd;wpr; brhy;Yk; brhy;.

6. bghr;rhg;g[ vd;gJ jk; xGf;fj;ijf; filg;gpoahik.

7. klik vd;gJ nrhk;gy;. Kaw;rpapy;yhj cs;sk;.

8. Foik ,d;g[wy; vd;gJ ,UtUs; xUth; jk; Foik nkyhf

kjpj;bjhGFtJ.

9. ViHik kwg;g[ vd;gJ vspikia kwg;gJ.

10. xg;g[ik vd;gJ Mz;ghyhapDk; bgz;ghyhapDk; jd;dhy;

fhjypf;fg;gl;lth; nghy; vjph;g;gl;ltiua[k; tpUk;g[jy;. ,J

fPH;kf;fs; khl;L epfGk;. ,';Fg; gpwnuhL jiykf;fspd; xg;g[

epidg;gJ cz;ikf;fhjYf;fhfhg; gpiHahjyhy; mJ foag;gl;lJ.

ciu Kuz;fs;

nkw;Twpatw;Ws; “Foik ,d;g[wy;” xU bjhluhft[k;/ ViHik

kwg;ig - ViHik/ kwg;g[ vd btt;ntwhfg; gphpj;J Fw;wk; gjpbdhd;W

vd;W bfhs;th; ,sk;g{uzh;. nguhrphpanuh/ ‘Foik ,d;g[wy;’ vd;w


111

bjhliuf; Foik/ ,d;g[wy; vd btt;ntW gphpj;Jg; gd;dpU Fw;wk;

vd;ghh;.

Foik fhjyh;f;F ntz;lg;bgWk; xg;g[ tifa[s; xd;W vdt[k;

(bka;g;. E]w;. 25) ,d;g[wy; cz;ikf;fhjw; Fwpg;g[ vd;W vz;zg;gLk;

bka;g;ghLfSs; xd;W vdt[k; (bka;g;. E]w;. 12) Kd;dh;f; Fwpg;gjdhy;

mtw;iwf; fhjYf;F xt;thj Fw;w';fbsdj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; ,tz;

foe;jhbudf; nfhly; Kd;bdhL gpd; Kuzhtjhy; mt;thW

bfhs;Sjy; TlhJ.

Mjypd; ‘Foik ,d;g[wiy’ xnu bjhluhff; bfhz;L gpwg;gpd;

bgUkpjk; jiytpf;F Mfhj jtW vdf; TWjny bjspt[. mt;thnw

kwg;ig ViHikapd; ntwhfg; gphpj;jYk; bghUe;jhJ. nkny

bghr;rhg;g[ bka;f;fhjw;FwpfSs; xd;W vdf; Twg;gLtjhy; mjidna

kwg;bgdr; brhy; khw;wpf; fhjYf;F Vyhj Fw;wbkdf; fUJtjw;fpy;iy.

nkw;Twpa gj;Jf; Fw;w';fs; cs;tHp cz;ikf;fhjy; epiyahJ.

bka;g;ghLfspd; El;gk;

bjhy;fhg;gpah; ntl;if/ jk; mwpitf; fw;ghh; ghuhl;Lthh;

vd;gjd;W. fw;ghh; epw;ghuhjy; ntz;Lk; vd;gnj. mjid/

fz;zpDk; brtpapDk; jpz;zpjpd; czUk;

czh;t[il khe;jh;f;F my;yJ bjhpapd;

ed;dag; bghUs;nfhs; vz;zU'; Fiuj;nj82

vd;w bka;g;ghl;oay; epiwt[ E]w;ghthd; czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

fz;zpdhYk;/ brtpapdhYk; ed;whf mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; mwpt[il

kf;fl;F my;yJ bka;g;ghl;Lg; bghUs; bfhs;Sjy; Muha;jw;F mUik

cilaJ vd;fpwhh;. czh;t[il khe;jnu czh;th;; gpwh; vz;zp mwpjy;


112

mhpJ. Mjyhy; czh;e;J nghw;Wf vd;fpwhh;. “czh;r;rp thapy;

czh;nthh; typj;nj” vd;gJk; mth; ciu (876).

czh;tJ cilahh;Kd; brhy;yy; tsh;tjd;

ghj;jpa[s; ePh;brhhpe; jw;W83

vd;gJ ts;Sth; ciu.

ftpij ,d;gj;jpd; bfhLKoia czh;tjw;F ,j;jifa

bka;g;ghLfis mwpjy; kpft[k; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

,k;bka;g;ghLfSf;bfy;yhk; r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; ,Ue;J

vLj;Jf;fhl;L tH';Ffpd;wdh; ,sk;g{uzUk;/ nguhrphpaUk;. r';f

,yf;fpak; thH;tpay; ,yf;fzkhf ,Ug;gjd; rhd;W mJ. mjd;

,yf;fzk; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; cz;L vd;why; bjhy;fhg;gpah;f;F

Kd;dnu gutpf;fple;j tHf;fhWk; ,yf;fpa';fSk; ,yf;fz';fSnk

mth; bjhif E]Yf;F _yg;bghUs;fshf ,Ue;jd vd;gij nehf;fj;

jkpH;khe;jh; bjhd;ika[k;/ fiyr;rpwg;g[k;/ gz;ghl;L Kjph;t[k;

g[yg;gLfpwJ.

bjhFg;g[iu

mfj;jpizapy; fst[f;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs;/ fw;g[f;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs;

Fwpj;J mwpag;gl;ld.

tiut[ ntl;iff;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs;/ tiue;jgpd; epfGk;

bka;g;ghLfs; Fwpj;J Muhag;gl;ld.

fhjyh;f;F ntz;oa xg;g[ikf; Fz';fs;/ Mfhj gj;Jtif Fz';fs;/

bka;g;ghLfspd; El;gk; Mfpait Fwpj;J mwpag;gl;ld.

83 Fws;. 718.

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mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; - Information and Library ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33214/9/09_chapter_2.pdf · ,ay; 2 mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bka;g;ghLfs; ‘ehlfnk cyfk;’