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Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Superior de Cómputo

Electronics Laboratory

Project 3erDepartamental

Audio Mixer

Group: 3cm1

Students Name: Fernández Pérez José Eduardo

González Reyna Alfredo

Date

Junio – 2010

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INDICE

Project Objective ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 Theoretical framework ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 Simulations ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .5 Diagram of project ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...6 Ishikawa Diagram ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...7 Images of development ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 8 Schedule ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..9 Specification Sheet ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ................ 9 Chemical Waste Treatment ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 13 Conclusion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 13 Bibliography ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 13

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OBJECTIVE Allows you to blend the signals generated by different audio sources, such as compact disk players, cassette desck, mp3 players or microphones with their respective preamplifie

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Operation of the mixer. The block diagram in Figure 1.0 helps to explain how does the audio mixer. The project consists of three stages, which are as follows.

STAGE 1 . Microphone The microphone is a transducer that allows us to perform a conversion between changes in depression and level variations in an electrical current. To capture the sound, the microphone converts pressure variations in air (ondassonoras), into electrical impulses of alternating electrical current, so the podamosmanipular and stored on a carrier either in analog or digital. This is done Through a process called modulation. Subsequently reprocessed electrical esosimpulsos pressure waves through the speakers. Thus it is said that the microphone transducer. Used Microphone. Moving coil microphone . Also called dynamic microphone. It is a type of microphone electrodinámico .El moving coil microphone consists of a rigid diaphragm imánpermanente suspends against a powerful, with a slot in which a coil is coupled móvilsolidaria. When sound waves excite the diaphragm (20-30 mm dediamétro), the bobinasolidaria turn moves (forward and backward) into the slot of the magnet, with cate generates a magnetic field whose fluctuations are transformed into currentAC. There are two types of micro: • Those with sufficient fine wire wound to the coil to deliver a sufficient level of current output. • Others with less turns that require pre amplification. In this case, the preamp is housed in the body of the microphone. The capsules are often omnidirectional or cardiodes.La frequency or resonance peak (peak also called presence) is in lasfrecuencias

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average, around 5 kHz, and from 8 to 10 kHz response in frecuenciadecae quickly This is because the structure of the coil prevents eldiafragma move fast enough to capture the high frequencies.

STAGE 2 Mixer It is an electronic device which connects various audio emitting elements, talescomo microphones, line inputs, samplers, synthesizers, turn vinyl discs, CD players, tape players, mp3 players, etc. Once the sound signals entering the mixer they can be processed and treated dediversos modes for output result a mix of audio, mono, multichannel oestéreo. The usual processing of mixers includes the variation of the input sound level decade, EQ, effects send, insert effects, panning (for canalesmono) and balance (for the stereo channels.) Other types of mixers allow combining several coding channels mix groups (known as groups) to be treated as a whole, the hard disk recording, mixing between two or more channels with a crossfader. Practice: Of all the input currents flowing through power resistance (Rf = 150KOhms). Estosignifica that does not affect I2 I1 or I3 or I4. Generally speaking, inflows do not affect each the other because each sees the potential of land in the sum node. Therefore, the corrientesde input and therefore input voltages E1, E2, E3 and E4 is not inserted. AC voltages of each microphone is added to or blended with each moment. So if unmicrófono inducing guitar music that is not eliminated by a second microphone in front of the aircraft may be a singer. STAGE 3 Amplifier Generally, an amplifier is a device that, using energíaexterna,magnifies the amplitude or intensity of a physical phenomenon. Although the term amplificadortiene its wider use in the electronics field, there are also other Amplifiers, such as mechanics. Some examples of mechanical amplifiers are losamplificadores hydraulic and servo brakes used in cars. Electronic Amplifiers The most common type of amplifier is the electronic amplifier, used in almost all equiposelectrónicos, as issuers yreceptores radio and television, computers, decomunicación, musical instruments, etc. An electronic amplifier is a device to increase the current, voltage or

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signal potenciade. The amplifier does this by taking power from a source of alimentacióny controlling the output to match the waveform of the input signal with the desalination plant, but with a larger range. We could say, figuratively, that an ideal amplifier would be a small piece of hiloconductor a profit, so that the output is an exact replica of the entrance but másgrande. The relationship between input and output of the amplifier (usually expressed, depending on your frequency of input signal) is called the transfer function and its magnitude delamplificador profit. As its frequency-dependent amplification is lessuele run at a given frequency range, typically where laamplificación is constant or linear. The key component of these amplifiers is the active element, which can be devacío tube or a transistor (BJT normally, but also used MOSFET). The role of BJTes amplify the electric current at its base has a particular value in the collector yen the issuer. The gain value depends on the type of transistor and circuit design (component values, common-base configuration, common collector, etc). With transistors can be made more complex devices that also comply deamplificar function as operational amplifiers, and these again others as amplifiers instrumentation. Another type of electronic amplifiers are designed specifically for audio, they prefer sesuelen vacuum tubes to transistors for its best sound characteristics. These amplifiers are for audio preamplifiers and power amplifiers.

SIMULATIONS

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DIAGRAM OF PROJECTS Circuit description. The mixer has four signal inputs, which pass through stages of coupling idénticas.La basic idea is that each signal using a circuit to adjust the level or volume of the same, while serving as impedance matching. All output coupling circuits are added in the output operational amplifier, which delivers its signal to the next stage of the audio system, usually a potencia.El amplifier operational amplifier used in the circuit is the lf353, the which is suitable for almost any audio application and it has excellent features such as high input impedance, good frequency response and low impedance circuit salida.Este be supplied with a dual source, ie positive and negative voltage (V, GND,-V). The capacitor connected in series in all signal inputs (C1, C3, C5, C7) is used to remove the DC level of the same, while the grounded resistors (R1, R5, R9, R13), used to establish an input impedance sufficiently high. The resistors connected in the feedback network of operational, they give a margin of amplification to the input signal. The output coupling circuits have signal at its output 100kohm potentiometer (P1 to P4), which serves to adjust the voltage level of the signal supplied to the adder. This allows the user to calibrate, as needed, the type of mixture is obtained at a given time. For its part, the output circuit is configured as a summing amplifier. This is responsible for adding or mixing the received signals and deliver the result to the next stage. In the printed circuit terminal is a marked short, at this point is available on the input signal of summing amplifier. Its purpose is, if the user requires to add another external signal source to be mixed with those already obtained in this circuit. Obviously, the external signal to connect must comply with the appropriate voltage levels. In addition, you must connect through a resistance of 100 kohm, like the other signs. With this circuit can be obtained very special audio effects, which can be used at parties, clubs or just for simple fun. If you want to mix the human voice with some music, use a microphone preamplifier that conditions that signal.

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ISHIKAWA DIAGRAM

TRACKS LM353 HOME PLATE

CONFIGURATION

SUPPLY VOLTAGE

WELDING

TOOL

INSTALLATION RIGHT MATERIALS

TRAINING

SPARE PARTS

PEOPLE

CONECTIONS

MATERIALS

CIRCUIT

SALE NO AUDIO

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IMAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Placa en proceso de acido

Placa recién planchada

Placa terminado el

proceso de acido

Circuito armado y

soldado

Circuito armado y

soldado, vista inferior

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SCHEDULE

SPECIFICATIONS SHEET Material

• 4 resistors 1/4w 2.2 mΩ to • 4 to 10 Kohms resistors 1/4w • 9 to 100kΩ to 1/4w resistors • 1 resistance of 22 kΩ to 1/4w • 4 100kΩ potentiometers • 8 0.1μF ceramic capacitors • 3 integrated circuits lf353 • 3 bases for integrated 8-pin • a phenolic board 10cm x 10cm

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Electric resistance

Usually symbolized as R, the difficulty or opposition presented by a body passage of an electric current to flow through it. In the International System of Units, its value is expressed in ohms, which is designated by the uppercase Greek letter omega, Ω. For as there are several methods, among

which is the use of an ohmmeter. This definition is valid for direct current and alternating current in the case of pure resistive elements, that is, without inductive or capacitive components. From there these reactive components, the opposition presented to the current flow is called impedance. Depending on the magnitude of this opposition, the substances are classified as conductors, insulators and semiconductors.There are also some materials in which, under certain conditions of temperature, there is a phenomenon called superconductivity, in which the resistance value is almost zero. The value of resistance can be identified by a color code where the first line is the first digit, the second is the second digit, the third is a multiplier and, finally, the fourth line of tolerance.

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CERAMIZ CAPACITOR Usually symbolized as R, the difficulty or opposition presented by a body passage of an electric current to flow through it. In the International System of Units, its value is expressed in ohms, which is designated by the uppercase Greek letter omega, Ω. For as there are several methods, among which is the use of an ohmmeter. This definition is valid for direct current and

alternating current in the case of pure resistive elements, that is, without inductive or capacitive components. From there these reactive components, the opposition presented to the current flow is called impedance. Depending on the magnitude of this opposition, the substances are classified as conductors, insulators and semiconductors. There are also some materials in which, under certain conditions of temperature, there is a phenomenon called superconductivity, in which the resistance value is almost zero. The value of resistance can be identified by a color code where the first line is the first digit, the second is the second digit, the third is a multiplier and, finally, the fourth line of tolerance. POTENCIOMETER A potentiometer is a resistor whose resistance value can be adjusted. Thus, indirectly, you can control the intensity of current flowing through a circuit when connected in parallel, or the potential difference when connected in series. Normally, the potentiometers are used in low current circuits. For larger circuits, resistors are used, which can dissipate more power. There are two types of potentiometers: • Potentiometers print, made with a hint of carbon or cermet hard as a support role baquelizado, fiber, alumina, etc. The track has two separate contacts on end and a cursor connected to a stand which slides along the resistive track. •Potentiometers petados. It consists of a toroidal winding a resistive wire (eg, note) with a cursor that moves a skate on it.

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LF353 Lf353 Wide Bandwidth JFET Input Dual Operational Amplifier General Description These devices are low cost, high speed, dual JFET amplifiers inputoperational with an input offsetvoltage Internally trimmed (BI-FET IITM technology). They require low supplycurrent yet Maintain a large gain bandwidth product and fastslew rate. In Addition, well matched high voltage JFET InputDevice Provide very low input bias and offset currents. TheLF353 is pin compatible with the standard LM1558 Immediately allowingdesigners to upgrade the performanceof overalls Existing LM1558 and LM358 designs. These amplifiers May be Used in Applications Such as highspeed integrators, fast D / A converters, sample and holdcircuits and Other circuits requiring many offsetvoltage low input, low input bias current, high input impedance, wide bandwidth and highslew rate. The devices exhibit Also Lownoise and offset voltage drift Features

Internally trimmed offset voltage 10 mV

Low input bias current 50pA

Low input noise voltage 25 nV/0Hz

Low input noise current 0.01 pA/0Hz

Wide gain bandwidth 4 MHz

High slew rate 13 V/ms

Low supply current 3.6 mA

High input impedance 1012X

Low total harmonic distortion AVe10, k0.02%

RL=10k, VO=20Vpbp, BW=20 Hz-20 kHz

Low 1/f noise corner 50 Hz

Fast settling time to 0.01% 2 ms

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WASTE TREATMENT CHEMICALS

Ferric chloride to produce printed circuit boards in small quantities. Ferric chloride reacts with copper to give cupric chloride and ferrous chloride as shown in the following redox reaction. There are two procedures for this. One is to manually draw a picture on a plate with a face of copper, using a permanent marker resistant to acids. They also often apply various methods replacing more effective use of the pen, as is the use of foleo acetate (also known as "transparent" ), printed on pre-designed circuit image on a computer. This method is convenient to use laser printers or copiers, as it contains toner, and this is resistant to acid attack. Once the circuit printed on the acetate, is necessary to heat the copper plate (by using an iron or similar) and then place the acetate on it and attach the toner to it. To end plate is introduced in the ferric chloride solution. The iron chloride or iron trichloride (traditionally called ferric chloride) is a chemical compound used on an industrial scale in the group of metal halides, with the formula fecl3. Also mistakenly called bichloride of ferric iron and even perchloride. The color of the crystals of iron chloride (iii) depend on the viewing angle: when the crystals reflect light have a dark green color, but when transmit light color is purplish red. Moreover, the hexahydrate (fecl3 • 6 h2o) is colored yellow or orange. Iron chloride (iii) anhydrous is deliquescent and form a mist of hydrogen chloride in the presence of moist air. Very rarely is seen in its natural form, the mineral molisita, which can be found at some vents

CONCLUSION Basically it is a very important project, because we had some complications in creating this mixer is something that will continue to use, and well it is a project to detail, and unlike other projects we had used, if indeed this will be continued, perhaps to a meeting, party, or just have some fun, mixing the signals emitted by any mp3 player, cd player, cassette, or simply a signal from a microphone, sound the human voice in real time while reproducing a signal of an mp3.

Bibliography:

Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design (2nd Edition). Ned Mohan.,

Principles of Power Electronics. Jhon G. Kassakian, Martin F. Schlecht, George C.