Fundamentals of Creep and Creep-Rupture in MetalsFrank Garofalo and Daniel B. Butrymowicz Citation: Phys. Today 19(5), 100 (1966); doi: 10.1063/1.3048224 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3048224 View Table of Contents: http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/PHTOAD/v19/i5 Published by the American Institute of Physics. Additional resources for Physics TodayHomepage: http://www.physicstoday.org/ Information: http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us Daily Edition: http://www.physicstoday.org/daily_edition

Downloaded 21 Apr 2013 to 128.175.13.10. This article is copyrighted as indicated in the abstract. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms

Advanced Quantum Mechanicsand Particle Physics

from an Elementary Approach

by John A. Eisele

The topics covered include: Schroe-dinger Equation; The Klein GordonEquation; The Dirac Equation; Feyn-man Techniques; Beta Decay andNon-Conservation of Parity; TheFoldy-Wouthuysen Transformation;Isotopic Spin and Pi Meson Scatter-ing; Transformation Theory.

Presents advanced subject matterin a simplified manner by filling inthe missing steps where the phrase"it can be shown" often appears.Mathematical methods such as integ-ral equations and matrix algebra aredeveloped and extensively used. Phys-ics majors from seniors throughPh.D.'s will find something of inter-est.

8" x 51/2" XVIII + 656 pp. Clothbound with a clear plastic jacket.$6.00 post paid on prepaid orders inthe United States. Distributed in theUnited States only by

THE NATIONAL BOOKCOMPANY OF AMERICA

P.O. BOX 18036, Wash., D.C. 20021

LOCATE THAT CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS FAST

References and citations to printedproceedings of conferences and sympo-sia are quite frequently inadequate,and do not tell whether the proceedingsappeared as a book, a journal issue,a report, or all three.

A much needed reference tool, nowin its third volume, is helping scientists,doctors, researchers and librarians tolocate proceedings FAST. Coveringconferences in all fields of science,technology, medicine and biology,PROCEEDINGS IN PRINT appearssix times a year in February, April,June, August, October and December,with an annual cumulative index inthe December issue. Volume 1 (1964)listed over 1000 citations. Volume 2(1965) has over 1350 citations. Vol-ume 3 (1966) is expected to be evenlarger.

Each volume is available on a sub-scription basis at $20.00 per volume(less than 2<? a citation). Subscribenow. Make checks payable to Aero-space Division, Special Libraries As-sociation, and send your order to:

PROCEEDINGS IN PRINTP.O. Box 247

Mattapan, Massachusetts 02126

GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION during creep of a carbon steel at 593 °Cunder stress of 4000 psi. Micrograph

is possible, and the author has prob-ably performed a service in workingone out and presenting it, if only toexhibit the difficulties involved.Whether the new treatment will provesufficiently advantageous to replacethe old remains to be seen. For onething, as is stated at the end of thepreface, the new treatment does notremove the necessity for students ofphysics and engineering to understandand use complex numbers.

For another, the treatment is notshort: the present exposition takessome 120 pages and is bedecked with167 problems. Finally, although thisnew approach is apparently intendedfor teaching to students of physicsand engineering, the author gives nohint that it has ever been tried outon a class. Favorable evidence fromsuch a field trial would give muchmore weight to these new proposals.Pasteur's way of promoting the ac-ceptance of a new idea remains thebest.

* * #An associate professor at American Uni-versity, Washington, D.C., Dr. Waterhousehas been active in the field of electro-acoustics since 1944.

350X. (Photo courtesy U.S. Steel Corpora-tion.) From Fundamentals of Creep andCreep-Rupture in Metals.

Metallic fractureFUNDAMENTALS OF CREEP ANDCREEP-RUPTURE IN METALS. By FrankGarofalo. 258 pp. Macmillan, New York,1965, paper $4.50.

by Daniel B. Biitrymowicz

Fundamentals of Creep and Creep-Rupture in Metals is one of the initialtitles in the MacMillan Series in Ma-terials Science—a series that attemptsto provide low-cost textbooks in a widerange of topics in materials science.The author, well known for his manycontributions in this area of metal-lurgy, has endeavored to gather, cor-relate and then systematically presentmuch of the published data dealingwith the fundamental aspects of creepand creep-rupture behavior of metalsand alloys. At present, this being oneof the more active fields of metal-lurgy, there is a genuine need for areview such as Garofalo's.

Intended as a textbook and refer-ence source, the volume contains anintroductory chapter supplying defini-tions and descriptions of deformation,creep, and creep-rupture. The nextfour chapters are concerned with the

100 MAY 1966 PHYSICS TODAY

Downloaded 21 Apr 2013 to 128.175.13.10. This article is copyrighted as indicated in the abstract. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms

FROM ADDISON-WESLEYINTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR REACTOR THEORY

BY JOHN R. LAMARSH, New York University

This new book is based on a one-year course innuclear reactor theory taught by the author to seniorand graduate students over a ten year period. It isintended to provide an understanding of the physicalprinciples underlying the operation of a nuclearreactor, as well as the elementary calculationsnecessary in reactor design. The prerequisites ofadvanced calculus and nuclear physics are assumed.

585 pp., 148 Illus., $15.00

PHYSICS OF NUCLEAR KINETICS

BY G. ROBERT KEEPIN, University of California,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

This book is intended to serve either as a text forsenior-graduate level courses in nuclear kinetics andreactor kinetics or as a reference for research work-ers in these fields. It assembles in one book, and inprecise, clear, and directly usable form, the latestand best basic fission and reactor kinetics data. Itthen develops in detail the role of these basic datain determining the dynamic behavior of nuclearchain reacting systems. Throughout the book, thereis a definite emphasis on the physics of reactorkinetics.

435 pp., 108 Illus., $12.50

INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC PHYSICS AND SPACESCIENCE

BY ALEX E. S. GREEN, University of Florida ANDPHILIP J. WYATT, Defense Research CorporationWritten at the senior-graduate level, this text is es-sentially concerned with atomic, atmospheric, andspace physics. It stresses, in particular, the impor-tance of atomic and molecular physics in dealingwith the applied aspects of space exploration. Theprincipal aim is to present an organized treatmentof space physics, the basic feature of which is theintegration of space physics with atomic physics.

679 pp., 220 illus., $18.75

INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLESOF MECHANICS

BY WALTER HAUSER, Northeastern UniversityDesigned for courses in intermediate mechanics—primarily for physics majors, this text requires the

traditional background in calculus and introductoryphysics. The subject matter is approached from thepoint of view of what is currently important inphysics. A good deal of mathematical material hasbeen included which helps form a basis for futurecourses—particularly in the modern physics area.

515 pp., Illus., $11.75

QUANTUM MECHANICS

BY A. S. DAVYDOV, MOSCOW UniversityTranslated, edited and with additions by D. ter HaarThe main emphasis in the present book is upon thephysical ideas and the mathematical formalism ofthe quantum theory of the non-relativistic and quasi-relativistic (up to terms of order v2/c2), motion ofa simple particle in an external field. Emphasis isplaced upon representation theory, the theory ofcanonical transformations, scattering theory, andquantum transitions.

680 pp., 28 Illus., $14.75

ADVANCED QUANTUM THEORY

BY PAUL ROMAN, Boston UniversityDesigned for advanced graduate courses on quantumtheory, this text presents a unified treatment of thesubject that takes the student from the realm of basicquantum mechanics to the peaks of present-day re-search methods and concepts. Thus, it serves aspreparation for further study in genuinely advancedspecial topics, such as relativistic field theory, theoryof elementary particles, and the many body problem.

704 pp., Illus., $17.50

KINETIC EQUATIONS OF GASES AND PLASMAS

BY TA-YOU WU, Polytechnic Institute of BrooklynThe object of this graduate level text is to introducethe student to some basic aspects of the theory ofirreversible processes in gases and some of the re-cent developments in the formulation of the kineticequation of plasmas. No attempt has been made tocover a wide range of topics in the rapidly growingfield of plasma physics. Rather, it is the hope of theauthor that by concentrating on a few topics, theaccounts may serve as a useful introduction tothese topics.

In Press

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

Reading, Massachusetts

PHYSICS TODAY MAY 1966 101Downloaded 21 Apr 2013 to 128.175.13.10. This article is copyrighted as indicated in the abstract. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms

PHYSICISTSand

ENGINEERS

Continued expansion has created out-standing opportunities in RESEARCH,DEVELOPMENT and PRODUCTION EN-GINEERING related to SEC cameratubes and other advanced photo elec-tronic image devices. Applicants' train-ing should range from B.S. to Ph.D.levels in any of the following areas,or equivalent related experience:

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERSTo design and construct specializedvideo circuitry for evaluation of imagetubes. Also to test these devices atlow light levels requiring familiaritywith video systems.

ELECTRON TUBE ENGINEERSFor mechanical and electron opticaldesign, and the construction of com-pact sensitive camera tubes usingfiber optics, channel intensifiers, etc.Also development and production inareas of camera tube processing,photo cathodes, and quality control.

ENGINEERS & PHYSICISTSFor R&D studies on secondary elec-tron emission, secondary electronconduction (SEC), photo conductivity,photo emission, physical optics, elec-tron optics, and other areas relatingto modern photo electronic devices.

Write or send resume io:Mr. William Kacala, Technical RecruitingP.O. Box 284, Elmira, N.Y.or phone collect: 739-3611

w ) Westi nghpuseAn Equal Opportunity Employer, M & F

phenomenological viewpoint of creepin metals and alloys, basing the dis-cussion on experimental results. Timedependence of creep deformation;stress relaxation; strain recovery; theeffect on the creep curve of grain size,of alloying environment, and of me-chanical-thermal treatments; andexperimental observations on the stressdependence of creep arc covered. Thetemperature dependence of creep andthe apparent activation energy forcreep are given over to another chap-ter. The modes of deformation aredescribed and an effort is made torelate them to creep-controlling proc-esses and creep strength.

A separate chapter exposes thereader to a host of theories, amongwhich arc transient creep theories,steady state creep theories, theories ofgrain boundary sliding, etc. Includedare the currently most popular theo-ries based on dislocation motion, aswell as others which have gained littleacceptance. The final chapter discussescreep-rupture, its relation to creep de-formation, the nucleation and growthof cavities at grain boundaries, andthe mechanisms of intergranular frac-ture.

Throughout the book discussion islimited to deformations produced bysimple tensile, compressive, or shear-ing forces: deformations produced bycomplex states of stress receive littlecomment. The author has reviewed theliterature exceedingly well and thedata are unbiasedly reported. His writ-ing is intelligible and concise and sup-plemented with considerable data andoccasional schematic diagrams and mi-crographs. Additionally, the bib-liographic collection should make thebook decidedly useful as a referencevolume. Periodic revisions to keepabreast of future developments willmaintain the value of the book.

If one were to find fault with thiscontribution of Garofalo's, it wouldbe the absence of his critical andauthoritative comments on some of thesubject matter. Some readers will ques-tion the utility of the alphabeticallyarranged references since the booklacks an author index and the two-page subject index is all too brief forthe wealth of material contained there-in. However, these admittedly are veryminor faults and detract little from

the book's worth when one considersit as a whole. This paperback is acreditable addition to the metallurgicalliterature and is recommended read-ing for the metallurgist and solid statescientist.

# * #

The reviewer is a metal physicist withthe metallurgy division of the NationalBureau of Standards in Washington.

Theory and PracticeFUNDAMENTALS OF SEMICONDUCTORDEVICES. By Joseph Lindmayer andCharles Y. Wrigley. 486 pp. Van Nostrand,Princeton, N. J., 1965. $11.95.

by H. J. Hugger

A great number of books have beeand will be published whose titles statethat they deal with "fundamentals."Different people mean quite differentthings when they use this word. Inmost cases such a book could havebeen published under the title "BasicPrinciples of . . . ", but not the bookby Lindmayer and Wrigley. Theauthors have succeeded in writing atext joining solid-state physics andelectronics and explaining the opera-tion of semiconductor devices, includ-ing even the most modern designs.

Chapter 1 is a very short qualitativediscussion of semiconductor properties.It just contains the minimum under-standing for most modern and futuresemiconductor work. In chapter 2 onsemiconductor junctions and in chap-ter 3 on transistors the reader entersthe primary field of solid-state elec-tronics and learns gradually the rea-sons for the electrical behavior ofjunctions, their low- and high-frequen-cy characteristics, equivalent circuits,etc. Chapter 4 is on inhomogeneousimpurity distributions, which lead totransistors with better performancethan the homogeneously doped devicesexplained in chapter 3. The propertiesof inhomogeneously doped crystals en-able one to manufacture drift, mesaand planar transistors. A very helpfultable compares the transistor param-

H. J. Hagger, who is associated withA Ibiswerk/Zurich, is a specialist in elec-tricity and electronics.

102 • MAY 1966 • PHYSICS TODAYDownloaded 21 Apr 2013 to 128.175.13.10. This article is copyrighted as indicated in the abstract. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms