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By: Zandra M. AquilatoJeorgette Patrice T. FranciscoKimberly Brooke P. Go

Memory Back up assistant in brain Without memory there is no past Without memory learning is lost Storage of all datas

Kinds of memory

A. EXPLICIT MEMORY/DECLARATIVE MEMORY Memory for specific information Explicit are clear Declarative states or reveal specific information Information are AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Two KINDS OF EXPLICIT MEMORY1. EPISODIC MEMORY (I remember)

Types of explicit memoryMemory of an event in ones lifeKind of memory systemMemory that happens to us or takes presence to usAUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

Two KINDS OF EXPLICIT MEMORY2. SEMANTIC MEMORY (I know)

General knowledgeConcern meanings

Kinds of memory

B. IMPLICIT MEMORYNon-declarative memoryHow to perform a taskSuggested ( imply) but not plainly stated or verbally expressedCan endure even not use them for years

PRIMING-Phenomenon that has a great deal of repetition that makes association automaticRETROSPECTIVE MEMORY-Recalling information that has previously learned or experienced; EPISODIC, SEMANTIC, AND IMPLICIT MEMORIES.PROSPECTIVE MEMORY-Remembering to do things in the future in a certain time when a certain event occurs-PROSPECTIVE MEMORIES Can be fail when ; PREOCCUPIED, DISTRACTED, STRESSED OUT-Moods and attitudes affects prospective memories; depression

PROSPECTIVE MEMORY TASKSHABITUAL TASK-Habitual things that EASIER to REMEMBEROCCASIONAL TASK-Remember Things that are in ARBITRARY time; MOTIVATION takes place.EVENT BASED TASK-Triggered by eventsTIME BASED TASK-Task that to be perform at a certain time

PROCESSES OF MEMORY-Perceive Information; change it into form that can be remember that takes place into our memory.ENCODING-FIRST part, processing information; changing information so that it can place it to MEMORY.-Encode information-VISUAL, ACOUSTIC, AND SEMANTIC CODES; codes that are using to encode information.-Modifying information so that it can be placed in memoryVISUAL CODES-Mentally represented as a picture; mental image of letters.

ACOUSTIC CODES-Representing the stimuli as the sequence of the soundsSEMANTIC CODES-Represents the stimuli in terms of their meaning; ACRONYMSTORAGE-Second process , maintaining information over timeMAINTENANCE REHEARSAL-Mentally repeating to keep it in memoryELABORATIVE REHEARSAL-Relating to something that you already know

RETRIEVAL -Third memory process, locating of information stored and returning it to consciousness MEMORY-Process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved.STAGES OF MEMORY- SENSORY MEMORY- SHORT TERM MEMORY- LONG TERM MEMORY

SENSORY MEMORY-First stage where stimulus is encountered; holds impressions briefly but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous.MEMORY TRACE-An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulusICON-A mental representation of a visual stimulus that held briefly in sensory memoryICONIC MEMORY-The sensory register that holds mental representations of visual stimuliEIDETIC IMAGERY-The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes

Theories of Forgetting1) Decay - forgetting due to memories fading over time. This does NOT apply to LTM. This often occurs in sensory storage and STM since we do not need to process and store all the information that we encounter. As a result, there is a lot of information we don't attend to, recognize, or rehearse, and so it simply fades away.2) Interference - hindrance of learning new information because of other information learned before or after the new information. There are two types:a) Proactive interference - information learned previously causes problems with new information.For Example - If you took Accounting 001 already with a different professor they may have presented information differently than your professor now. This may affect your ability to recall the information in the way I have explained it. You get them mixed together.

Theories of Forgettingb) Retroactive interference - new information cause recall problem with previously learned information.For example - Now you are learning in your present professor, you can not recall the information the way it was presented by your previous Accounting 001 instructor.3) Retrieval-Based Forgetting - information stored in LTM is not being accessed or brought out properly; however, if given enough time or cues, it is possible to retrieve the information.a) this suggests that LTM is permanent. Since the information is said to still be in LTM and not lost (the person has the information but just can't get to it).4) Storage-Based Forgetting - information in LTM was distorted, altered, or changed so it is no longer accessible when searching for what it "used to be". The information can be retrieved, but only if you look for it in its new form.5) Motivated Forgetting - a purposeful process of blocking or "suppressing" information.

Forgetting and Memory Disorder1)Agnosia is the inability to recognize certain objects, persons or sounds. It is typically caused by damage to the brain (most commonly in the occipital or parietal lobes) or from a neurological disorder. Recovery is possible depending on the severity of the disorder and the severity of the damage to the brain.

Specific types of Agnosia include: Associative visual agnosia, Astereognosis, Auditory agnosia, Auditory verbal agnosia, Prosopagnosia, Simultanagnosia, Topographical disorientation, Visual agnosia etc.

2)Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative and fatal brain disease, in which cell to cell connections in the brain are lost. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Globally approximately 1-5% of the population is affected.

Forgetting and Memory Disorder3)Amnesia is an abnormal mental state in which memory and learning are affected out of all proportion to other cognitive functions in an otherwise alert and responsive patient. There are two forms of amnesia that show hippocampal or medial temporal lobe damage. a) Anterograde amnesics show difficulty in the learning and retention of information encountered after brain damage. b) Retrograde Amnesics generally have memories spared about personal experiences or context independent semantic information.4)Traumatic brain injury often occurs from damage to the brain caused by an outside force, and may lead to cases of amnesia depending on the severity of the injury.

Forgetting and Memory Disorder5)Dementia refers to a large class of disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of thinking ability and memory as the brain becomes damaged. Dementia can be categorized as reversible (e.g. thyroid disease) or irreversible (e.g. Alzheimer's disease).6)Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited progressive disorder of the brain that leads to uncontrolled movements, emotional instability, and loss of intellectual faculties.7)Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease. PD and aging share a lot of the same neuropathology and behavioral features.8)Stress has become clear that aging negatively affects brain function and this can encompass a decrease in locomotors activities and coordination as well as affect in a negative way learning and memory. Certain responses to stress within the hippocampus can have negative effects on learning.

BIOLOGY OF MEMORY

Memory is a complicated phenomenon. Researchers still dont know exactly how it works at the physiological level. Long-term memory involves the hippocampus of the brain. Some researchers think the hippocampus binds together different elements of a memory, which are stored in separate areas of the brain. In other words, the hippocampus helps with memory organization. Other researchers think that the hippocampus helps with memory consolidation, or the transfer of information into long-term memory. The brain area involved in processing a memory may determine where memories are stored.

Four Memory Systems

1)Episodic memory system is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

2)Semantic memory system Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. It includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime

Four Memory Systems

3)Working memory system is the system that is responsible for the transient holding and processing of new and already stored information, an important process for reasoning, comprehension, learning and memory updating.

4)Procedural memory system is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike.