Types of Memory Types of Memory Declarative Memory:

- Episodic Memory- Semantic Memory

Implicit Memory

Procedural Memory

Prospective Remembering

The Information-Processing Model of The Information-Processing Model of MemoryMemory

Evidence for the Information- Evidence for the Information- Processing Model of MemoryProcessing Model of Memory

Physiological Evidence

Typical Confusion Errors

Serial Position Effect

Retrograde Amnesia

Why Does Forgetting Why Does Forgetting Occur?Occur?

STM – Primarily interference, although time plays a role

LTM – Almost entirely interference; It is usually a retrieval failure

Levels of Processing Theory:Levels of Processing Theory:A Popular Alternative to the A Popular Alternative to the Information-Processing Model Information-Processing Model

There is no separate STM & LTM

The depth at which you process an incoming stimulus Determines how well it is remembered

Deeper processing leads to better memory

Levels of Processing: An Levels of Processing: An ExampleExample

A memory experiment where subjects process information in one of three ways:

Physical Appearance: “Is the word printed in capital letters?

Acoustic Processing: “Does the word rhyme with ‘pain’?”

Semantic Processing: “Does the word fit in the following sentence?:Bill ate the ________ for lunch yesterday.”

K

Z

F

R F

W

CA

B X

U

D

Filter Models of AttentionFilter Models of Attention (Broadbent, 1954) (Broadbent, 1954)

Capacity Models of AttentionCapacity Models of Attention (Kahneman, 1973)(Kahneman, 1973)

Template Models of Pattern Template Models of Pattern RecognitionRecognition

Template Models of Pattern Template Models of Pattern RecognitionRecognition

Feature Detection Models of Pattern Feature Detection Models of Pattern RecognitionRecognition (Pandemonium Model: Selfridge, (Pandemonium Model: Selfridge,

1959)1959)

Feature Detection Models of Pattern Feature Detection Models of Pattern RecognitionRecognition (Pandemonium Model: Selfridge, (Pandemonium Model: Selfridge,

1959)1959)

Why is Eyewitness Testimony so Why is Eyewitness Testimony so Unreliable?Unreliable?Perceptual Errors

◦Inadequate Attention◦Less than ideal perceptual circumstances◦Selective Perception (e.g., Weapon Focus)

The Way Police Lineups are UsedThe Nature of QuestioningIneptitude with Numerical InformationRehearsal