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Meiosis
I Definition:
*The formation of Gametes(sex cells) that separates the two sets of genes so that each gamete ends up with just one set. *Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its “parents.”
II Chromosome NumberAll organisms have different
numbers of chromosomes.
These sets of chromosomes are homologous.
Each of the chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent.
• Common Name--Diploid Chromosome #--Do not copy this down FYI
• Buffalo—60• Fruit fly--8• Cat--38• Cattle-60• Dog--78• Donkey--62• Goat--60• Horse--64• Human--46• Pig--38• Sheep--54
What are the minimum and maximum number of chromosomes?
Do not copy down, just FYI
• The record for minimum number of chromosomes belongs to a subspecies of the ant Myrmecia pilosula, in which females have a single pair of chromosomes. This species reproduces by a process called haplodiploidy, in which fertilized eggs (diploid) become females, while unfertilized eggs (haploid) develop into males. Hence, the males of this group of ants have, in each of their cells, a single chromosome.
• The record for maximum number of chromosomes is found in found in the fern family. Polyploidy is a common conduction in plants, but seemingly taken to its limits in the Ophioglossum reticulatum. This fern has roughly 630 pairs of chromosomes or 1260 chromosomes per cell. The fact that these cells can accurately segregate these enormous numbers of chromosomes during mitosis is truly remarkable
Chromosome Number
A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes is said to be diploid.
The number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is sometimes represented by the symbol 2N.
Ex. Fruit Fly, the diploid number is 8, which can be written as 2N=8.
Chromosome Number
The gametes of sexually reproducing organisms contain only a single set of chromosomes, and therefore only a single set of genes.
These cells are haploid. Haploid cells are represented by the symbol N.
Ex. Fruit FLy, the haploid number is 4, which can be written as N=4.
Phases of Meiosis
III Phases of MeiosisMeiosis is a process of reduction
division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Meiosis involves two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II.
By the end of meiosis II, the diploid cell that entered meiosis has become 4 haploid cells.
Phases of Meiosis
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and
Cytokinesis
Interphase I
Meiosis I
First division of meiosis• Prophase 1: • Each chromosome duplicates and remains closely
associated.• These are called sister chromatids. Crossing-over can
occur during the latter• part of this stage.• Metaphase 1: • Homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.• Anaphase 1: • Homologous pairs separate with sister chromatids
remaining• together.• Telophase 1: • Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter
containing• only one chromosome of the homologous pair.
Phases of Meiosis
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes.
Interphase I
Phases of Meiosis
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
There are 4 chromatids in a tetrad.
MEIOSIS I Prophase II
Phases of Meiosis
When homologous chromosomes form tetrads in meiosis I, they exchange portions of their chromatids in a process called crossing over.
Crossing-over produces new combinations of alleles.
Nondisjunction may also occur, chromosomes fail to separate properly, causing extra or missing crhomosomes within the gametes.
Phases of Meiosis
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
MEIOSIS I Metaphase I
Phases of Meiosis
MEIOSIS I Anaphase I
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.
Phases of Meiosis
MEIOSIS I Telophase I and CytokinesisNuclear membranes form.
The cell separates into two cells.
The two cells produced by meiosis I have chromosomes and alleles that are different from each other and from the diploid cell that entered meiosis I.
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis IIThe two cells produced by meiosis I now enter a
second meiotic division.
Unlike meiosis I, neither cell goes through chromosome replication.
Each of the cell’s chromosomes has 2 chromatids.
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis II
Telophase II and
CytokinesisProphase II
Metaphase II Anaphase IITelophase I and Cytokinesis I
Meiosis II
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
MEIOSIS IIProphase II
Phases of Meiosis
The chromosomes line up in the center of cell.
MEIOSIS II Metaphase II
Phases of Meiosis
Centromeres divide and sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
MEIOSIS II Anaphase II
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
MEIOSIS II Telophase II and Cytokinesis
IV Gamete FormationIn male animals, meiosis results in four equal-
sized gametes called sperm. Spermatogenesis
In many female animals, only one egg results from meiosis. The other three cells, called polar bodies, are usually not involved in reproduction. Oogenesis
V Comparing Mitosis and MeiosisMitosis results in the production of two
genetically identical diploid cells. Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis• Cells produced by mitosis have the same number
of chromosomes and alleles as the original cell.• Mitosis allows an organism to grow and replace
cells.• Some organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis.
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis• Cells produced by meiosis have half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.• These cells are genetically different from the
diploid cell and from each other.• Meiosis is how sexually-reproducing organisms
produce gametes.
END OF SECTION