meeting target eight – ex situ conservation of croatian threatened

professionalpaper/stručnirad

MEETING TARGET EIGHT – EX SITUCONSERVATION OF CROATIAN THREATENED

AND STATUTORILY PROTECTED PLANT SPECIES IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF THE FACULTY

OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB (CROATIA)

Dubravka Sandev*, Darko Mihelj & Sanja Kovačić

BotanicalGarden,DivisionofBiology,FacultyofScience,UniversityofZagreb, Marulićevtrg9a,HR-10000Zagreb,Croatia (*e-mail:[email protected])

Sandev, D., Mihelj, D. & Kovačić, S.: Meeting Target Eight – Ex situ conservation of Croatian threatened and statutorily protected plant species in the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Scien-ce, University of Zagreb (Croatia). Nat. Croat., Vol. 22, No. 2, 343–362, 2013, Zagreb.Accordingto„Target8”ofGlobal Strategy for Plant Conservation(GSPC,2011-2020),atleast75%of

threatenedplantspeciesmustbepreservedinex situgarden-collections,preferablyinthecountriesoftheirorigin,until2020.TheaimofthepresentstudywastoexaminethelistofCroatianthreatenedandstatutorilyprotectedplantspeciesinex situconservationoftheBotanicalGarden(FacultyofSci-ence,UniversityofZagreb).Outof668indigenoustaxaoftheGarden’snative-plantcollections,wefound208strictlyprotectedandprotectedspecies,whichis12.7%ofallstatutorilyprotectedtaxainCroatia.InthecategoriesRE,CR,ENandVUthereare31species,constituting13.1%ofthreatenedtaxainCroatiainthosecategories.Inallcategories,wefound80taxalistedintheRed Book of Vascular flora of Croatia,24taxaareidentifiedintheEuropeanRed List of Vascular Plants,while12taxaarefoundintheIUCN-Red List of Threatened Species in the World.Seriouseffortsareyettobemadeinex situ conser-vationofCroatianthreatenedspecies,inordertoachievethegoalsof„Target8”.

Key words:Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, „Target8”,ex situ,plantcollections,ZagrebBota-nicalGarden

Sandev, D., Mihelj, D. & Kovačić, S.: Ususret „Cilju broj osam”: Ex situ očuvanje hrvatskih ugroženih i zakonom zaštićenih biljaka u Botaničkom vrtu Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulte-ta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Nat. Croat., Vol. 22, No. 2, 343–362, 2013, Zagreb.NajnovijaGlobalna strategija očuvanja biljaka (GSPC2011.-2020.)postavilajepredbotaničkevrtove

jasnesmjernicezaex situzaštituugroženihbiljnihvrsta.Međunjimaseposebnoističe„Ciljbrojosam”(„Target 8”),kojitražidasedogodine2020.barem75%ugroženihbiljnihvrstačuvauex situzbirkamabotaničkihvrtova,pomogućnostiuzemljamanjihovapodrijetla.UBotaničkomvrtuPrirodoslovno-matematičkogfakultetaSveučilištauZagrebupoprviputaizrađenjedetaljanpopishrvatskihugro-ženihizakonomzaštićenihbiljakauex situzaštiti.Utvrđenoje668autohtonihbiljnihsvojtipodrijetlomshrvatskihstaništa,odkojih208pripadakategorijistrogozaštićenihizaštićenih,štoje12,7%svihzakonomzaštićenihvrstanašezemlje.UkategorijamaRE,CR,ENiVUnalazise31svojtaiznašihzbirki,štočini13,1%ugroženihbiljnihvrstaHrvatskeunavedenimkategorijama.Ukupno,uCrvenojknjizivaskularnefloreHrvatskenalazise80svojtiizzbirkiBotaničkogvrta,naeuropskomCrvenompopisu24svojte,a12naIUCN-ovompopisuugroženihvrstasvijeta.Jasnojedaćemozarealizaciju„Ciljabrojosam”moratiuložitiznatnedodatnenapore.

Ključne riječi:Globalna strategija zaštite biljaka,„Ciljbroj8”,ex situ,botaničkezbirke,BotaničkivrtZagreb.

NAT. CROAT. VOL. 22 No 2 343–362 ZAGREB December 31, 2013

344 Sandev, D. et al.: Meeting Target Eight – ex situ conservation of Croatian plant species

INTRODUCTIONApproximatelyone-thirdofallknownplantspecies(between60,000to100,000)

worldwidearethreatenedwithextinction(Oldfield,2010).Overthecomingcentury,asmanyastwo-thirdsoftheworld’splantspecieswillbeindangerofextinction,whilelessthan20%ofplantspeciesgainedtheirconservationstatus(WyseJackson,2011).Themosteffectivewaytoguaranteethelong-termsurvivaland evolutionofplantspecies,andtheirassociatedecologicallinks, istoensurethatplantsaremaintainedinvigorouspopulationsintheirnativehabitatorin situ conservation (Kramer et al.,2011).Unfortu-nately,thethreatstobiodiversitycontinuetoincreaseandactionsonthegroundhaveremainedinadequate,givingtheprinciplesandtheoryofex situconservationtheleadingroleinconservation(Given,1987;Heywood,1990;Maunder,1994;Maunderet al., 2004:Marris,2006;Sharrock &Oldfieldeds.,2010).Facingtheglobalplantextinctioncrises,theGlobal Strategy for Plant Conservation

(GSPC2010)wasfirstadoptedin2002bythePartiestotheConvention on Biological Di-versity(CBD),followedbytheEuropean Strategy for Plant Conservation(cp.Anonymous,2003;Nikolić,2006).The16output-orientedTargetsofGSPC(Heywood ed.,1989)werethefirstinternationallyagreedforbiodiversityconservation.By2010,over800botanicalgardensin110countries(aroundone-thirdofallexistingbotanicalgardens)contrib-utedtotheBotanic Gardens Conservation International(BGCI)on-linePlantSearch-databasewww.bgci.org/plant_search.php,providingdataonthelivingcollectionsofbotanicalgardensaroundtheglobe.Manyofthemonlyrecentlyfocusedtheirconservationworkonlocalorregionalflora(Anonymous,2001;Kim,2006;Huang,2010;Sharrock&Old-field eds.,2010;Anonymous,2012c).Followinganin-depthreviewofprogresstowardsthe16Targetsin2010,theParties

totheCBDrecognizedthatitwasinsufficient,inspiteofthefactthatsignificantprogresshadbeenmadeatalllevels.ItwasthereforerecommendedthataconsolidatedupdatetotheGSPCshouldbedevelopedandextendedtotheyear2020,includingupdatestothe16Targets(BGCI,2012).Oneofthemostsignificantaimsforbotanicalgardens,outofthenew19TargetsoftheGSPC2011-2020,is„Target8”,callingfor75%ofthreatenedplantspeciestobeconservedinex situcollectionsby2020,and20%availableforrecov-eryandrestorationprograms.Obviously,forsomecountriesinthelessbiodiversere-gionsoftheworldthattaskisnottoochallenging–forothers,exceptionallyso.Croatiaishometomorethan5000speciesandsubspecies,whichputsourcountryin

thirdpositioninEurope,afterAlbaniaandSlovenia,consideringplantlifediversity(Nikolić,2005).AsignificantpartofCroatianplantdiversityisuniquetotheregion,underthreat,andofglobalimportancetoconservation(Topić&Šegulja,2005).Wehave377(7.56%)endemics,amongwhich112(2.24%)areCroatianstenoendemics(Nikolić ed.,2013a),aswellas1061statutorilystrictlyprotectedand572protectedwildplantspe-ciesandsubspecies(Anonymous,2009a),whichis33%oftotalCroatianflora.AccordingtotheRed Book of Vascular Flora of Croatia (Nikolić&Topić eds.,2005;Nikolić ed.,2013b-therevisioninpreparation),CroatiannationalRed List contains814plantspecies.Onespecies (Dianthus multinervis Vis.),anendemicfromthesmallislandofJabuka,isconsid-eredtobeextinct(EX)sincethebeginningof20thcentury,whileninespeciesareconsid-eredregionallyextinct(RE).Lastestimations(Nikolić ed.,2013b)calculatethatofthe226Croatianplantspeciesdirectlythreatenedbyextinction,92arecriticallyendangered(CR),62endangered(EN)and72areconsideredtobevulnerable(VU).Thereareafurther184plantspecieswhichareexpectedtobethreatenedwithextinctioninthenearfuture(NT),46categorisedasleastconcern(LC),and348asdatadeficient(DD).

Nat. Croat. Vol. 22(2), 2013 345

Despitethesmallsize(4.65ha)oftheBotanicalGardenoftheFacultyofScience,UniversityofZagreb(infurthertext„BotanicalGarden”),andthefactthatlargergardensareabletosupportmorespecies,ourolderbotanistsbecomeawareofthevalueofCroatianvascularfloraveryearly.Thefirstcollection(„therockery”)withindigenouskarsticplantswasraisedin1926(Regula,1997).However,inthefirsthalfofthe20th century,thefocuswasnotonex situconservationmanagement,butoncollectingandgrowingnativeplantspeciesforexhibitionandeducationalpurposes(Regula,1997;Kim,2006).TheBotanicalGardenalsohasalongtradition(since1936)ininternationalseedexchange,includingofnativeseedcollectedinthewild,viaDelectus Seminum-publications.Todevelopamodelfortheacquisitionandexchangeoflivingplantmate-rial,thebotanicgardenscommunityimplementedacodeofconduct,International Plant Exchange Network(IPEN),duringtheThird European Botanic Gardens Congress (Robbrecht&Bogaerts,2004;Hohn,2007).In2009,weintroducedtheIPEN-numberstoourBo-tanicalGardenforallplantsindistribution,whichweupdateyearly.Inthisregard,theaimofourstudywasto:i) lookthroughtheBotanicalGarden’s

native-plantcollections,inordertoinventorythreatened,statutorilyprotectedandothernationallyandgloballyimportantspecies,ii) establishhowfarourBotanicalGar-denhasprogressedinachieving„Target8”ofGSPC2011-2020,andiii) considerfurthersteps for ex situplantconservation.

METHOD

Toanswerthequestion„HowfaralongistheBotanicalGardeninmeeting„Target8”ofGSPC2011-2020?”,wecross-checkedournativeplant-liststhroughthefollowing:1.Red List of Threatened Species in the World (Anonymous,2012a),2.AppendixIIoftheEuropean Red List of Vascular Plants (Bilz et al.,2011),3.Red Book of Vascular Flora of Croatia (Nikolićed.,2013b),4.List of strictly protected and protected native plant species of the Republic of Croatia

(Anonymous,2009a),5. Important Plant Areas (IPA) in Croatia (Alegro et al.,2010),basedontwoofitsthreecriteria:A–Presenceofthreatenedplantspecies:thesiteholdssignificantpopulationsofoneormorespeciesthatareofglobalorregionalconservationconcern(con-tainsfoursubcriteria);B–Presenceofbotanicalrichness:thesitehasanexceptionallyrichflorainaregionalcontextinrelationtoitsbiogeographiczone;assembling:B1:threatenedspecies,listedintheofRed Book of Vascular Flora of Croatia,andB2:endemicspecies,sensu lato (Nikolić,2010).

6.Draftof Proposal for Ecological NetworkNATURA2000Croatia(Anonymous,2013a–theOrdinanceforEcological Network „Natura 2000”forCroatiahasnotyetbeenproclaimedbytheGovernment),

7. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES-regulative):ournativeplantcollectionsfitsAppendixII,whichlistsspeciesthatarenotthreatenedwithextinctionatpresent,butmaybecomesoifuncontrolledtradecontinues(http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html;Bilz et al.,2011).

NomenclatureofplanttaxafollowsFlora Croatica Database (Nikolićed., 2013a)


RESULTSAttheglobalscale,thebestsourceofinformationontheconservationstatusofplants

andanimalsistheIUCNRed List of Threatened Species in the World (Anonymous,2012a). TheRedList-categoriesarebasedonasetofquantitativecriterialinkedtopopulationtrends,populationsizeandstructure,andgeographicrange.Comparingthelistofna-tiveplantsgrowinginourBotanicalGardenwiththeglobalRed List,wefound12spe-cies.TwotaxafromourcollectionarerecentlylistedasNT(Eryngium alpinumL.andGalanthus nivalisL.)andnineasLC(Marsilea quadrifoliaL., Salvinia natans(L.)All., Scirpus maritimus L., Acorus calamusL., Ephedra major Host, E. fragilis Desf.,Ophrys bertolonii Moretti, Taxus baccata L.andTrapa natans L.)(Tab.1).TheCroatianmonotypicstenoen-demDegenia velebitica(Degen)HayekislistedintheolderIUCN-documents(Walter& Gillett,1998) asvulnerable(„V”).TheEuropean Red List of Vascular Plants (Bilz et al.,2011)isareviewoftheconserva-

tionstatusof1826selectedspeciesofvascularplantsnativetoEurope,ornaturalizedbeforethe16thcentury(AD1500)(Anonymous,2011).Amongthose,23speciesofalowerriskofthreathavebeenidentifiedinourBotanicalGarden:fourasNT,and19asLC.Again,Degenia velebiticaislistedintheolderdocuments(Anonymous,1991)asvulnera-ble(„V”)(Tab.1).

Tab. 1.Statusoftheindigenousplantspeciesinex situcollectionsofBotanicalGarden,Fa-cultyofScience(UniversityofZagreb,Croatia).IUCN – Red List of Threatened Species of the World. EU-RL – AppendixIIoftheEuropean Red List of Vascular Plants.HR-RDB – Red Book of Vascular Flora of Croatia:RE–RegionallyExtinct;CR–CriticallyEndangered;EN–Endan-gered;VU–Vulnerable;NT–NearThreatened;LC–LeastConcern;DD–DataDeficient.Statutorily protected:SP-strictlyprotectedspecies;P-protectedspecies.IPA – Important Plant Areas:A-globallythreatenedspecies;B1-threatenedspeciesfromtheRed Book of Vascu-lar Flora of Croatia;B2-endemicspeciess. l. NEM-National Ecological Network.Natura 2000:EU-plantspeciesimportantforEU;HR-plantspeciesimportantforHR.CITES – AppendixII ofthe Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

No. Scientificname

IUC

N

EU-RH

HR-RDB

Statutorily

protected

IPA

NEM

Nat

ura

2000

CIT

ES

1 Acanthus balcanicusHeywoodetI.Richardson P

2 Acorus calamusL. LC LC P

3 Adiantum capillus-venerisL. NT P

4 Allium victorialisL. LC P

5 Anemone hortensisL. P

6 Anemone nemorosaL. P

7 Anemone ranunculoidesL. P

8 Anemone sylvestrisL. CR SP B1 + HR

9 Anemone trifoliaL. SP

10 Anthyllis vulnerariaL.ssp.praepropera(A.Kern.)Bornm. SP

Nat. Croat. Vol. 22(2), 2013 347

11 Aquilegia vulgarisL. P

12 Arum italicumMill. P

13 Arum maculatumL. P

14 Aruncus dioicus(Walter)Fernald P

15 Asarum europaeumL. P

16 Asparagus tenuifoliusLam. LC NT P

17 Asphodelus albusMill. P

18 Aster sedifoliusL.ssp.illyricus(Murb.)Merxm. DD SP B2

19 Astragalus muelleriSteud.etHochst. NT SP B2

20 Astragalus monspessulanusL.ssp.illyricus (Bern-hardt)Chater SP B2

21 Berberis vulgarisL. P

22 Betonica officinalisL. P

23 Butomus umbellatusL. LC NT P

24 Calamintha glandulosa(Req.)Benth. P

25 Calamintha nepetoidesJord. P

26 Caltha palustrisL. LC P

28 Campanula fenestrellata Feer NT SP B2

29 Campanula istriaca Feer NT SP B2

30 Campanula justinianaWitasek NT SP B2

31 Campanula portenschlagianaRoem.etSchult. NT SP B2

32 Campanula poscharskyanaDegen NT SP B2

33 Campanula tommasinianaC.Koch NT SP B2

34 Carex divisaHuds. EN SP B1 + HR

35 Carex paniceaL. VU SP B1 HR

36 Carum carviL. P

37 Centaurea crithmifoliaVis. NT SP B2

38 Centaurea fridericiVis.ssp.jabukensis(Ginzb.etTeyber)Greuter NT SP B2

39 Centaurea ragusinaL. NT SP B2 +

40 Centaurea spinosociliata Seenus NT SP B2

41 Clematis integrifoliaL. VU SP B1 HR

40 Clematis rectaL. P

42 Colchicum autumnaleL. P +

43 Colutea arborescensL. P

44 Convallaria majalisL. P

45 Convolvulus lineatusL. CR SP B1 + HR

46 Corydalis bulbosa(L.)DC. P

47 Corydalis solida(L.)Swartz P

48 Cotinus coggygriaScop. P


49 Crocus vernus(L.)Hill P

50 Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton P +

51 Cyclamen purpurascensMill. NT P +

52 Dactylorhiza majalis(Rchb.)P.F.HuntetSummerh. LC EN P B1 HR +

53 Degenia velebitica(Degen)Hayek V* V** EN SP A,B1,B2 + EU

54 Dianthus carthusianorumL. SP

55 Dianthus caryophyllusL. SP

56 Dianthus integerVis. VU SP A,B1,B2 HR

57 Dianthus petraeusWaldst.etKit. SP

58 Dianthus petraeusWaldst.etKit.ssp.petraeus VU SP B1 HR

59 Dianthus sylvestrisWulfeninJacq.ssp.nodosus (Tausch)Hayek SP

60 Dianthus sylvestrisWulfeninJacq.ssp.sylvestris SP

61 Dianthus velebiticusBorbás SP B2

62 Digitalis ferrugineaL. VU SP B1 HR

63 Digitalis grandifloraMill. NT P

64 Doronicum orientaleHoffm. NT P

65 Dryopteris filix-mas(L.)Schott P

66 Ephedra fragilisDesf.ssp.campylopoda(C.A.Mayer)Asch.etGraeb. LC NT P

67 Ephedra major Host LC NT P

68 Eranthis hiemalis(L.)Salisb. NT P +

69 Erica herbaceaL. P

70 Eryngium alpinumL. NT NT LC SP A + EU

71 Eryngium campestreL. P

72 Erythronium dens-canisL. P

73 Euonymus europaeusL. P

74 Fritillaria meleagrisL. VU SP B1 + HR

75 Galanthus nivalisL. NT NT LC P +

76 Galium odoratum(L.)Scop. P

77 Galium verumL. P

78 Genista tinctoriaL. P

79 Gentiana asclepiadeaL. NT P

80 Gentiana clusiiPerr.etSong. NT P

81 Gentiana cruciataL. P

82 Gentiana luteaL.ssp.symphyandra(Murb.)Hayek EN SP A,B1 + HR

83 Geranium dalmaticum(Beck)Rech.f. CR SP A,B1,B2

84 Geranium macrorrhizumL. P

Nat. Croat. Vol. 22(2), 2013 349

85 Geum urbanumL. P

86 Gladiolus illyricusW.D.J.Koch SP

87 Globularia alypumL. NT P

88 Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br. LC P +

89 Helichrysum italicum(Roth)G.Don SP

90 Helleborus atrorubensWaldst.etKit. LC SP B2

91 Helleborus multifidusVis. SP

92 Helleborus multifidusVis.ssp.istriacus(Schiffn.)Merxm.etPodl. SP B2

93 Helleborus nigerL.ssp.macranthus(Freyn)Schiffner VU SP A,B1,

B2 HR

94 Hepatica nobilisSchreber P

95 Herniaria glabraL. P

96 Hieracium pilosellaL. P

97 Hippophaë rhamnoidesL. RE SP

98 Ilex aquifoliumL. VU SP B1 HR

99 Iris adriaticaTrinajstićexMitić NT SP B2

100 Iris croaticaHorvatetM.D.Horvat VU SP A,B1,B2 HR

101 Iris germanicaL. SP

102 Iris gramineaL. SP +

103 Iris illyricaTomm. LC SP B2 + HR

104 Iris pallidaLam. SP

105 Iris pseudacorusL. LC SP

106 Iris pseudopallidaTrinajstić SP B2

107 Iris sibiricaL. SP B1 +

108 Laurus nobilisL. P

109 Lavandula latifoliaMedik. P

110 Leucanthemum atratum(Jacq.)DC.ssp.platylepis (Borbás)Heywood SP +

111 Leucojum aestivumL. P

112 Leucojum vernumL. P

113 Lilium carniolicumBernh.exKoch VU SP B1 + HR

114 Lilium martagonL. VU SP B1 + HR

115 Lilium martagonL.ssp.cattaniae(Vis.)Degen SP B2 HR

116 Limonium dictyophorum(Tausch)Degen NT SP B2

117 Linaria vulgarisMill. P

118 Lonicera caprifoliumL. P

119 Lythrum salicariaL. LC P

120 Marrubium vulgareL. P

121 Marsilea quadrifoliaL. LC NT EN SP A,B1 + EU


122 Matteucia struthiopteris(L.)Tod. SP

123 Melissa officinalisL. P

124 Melittis melissophyllumL. P

125 Melittis melissophyllumL.ssp.albida(Guss.)P.W.Ball P

126 Menyanthes trifoliataL. LC EN SP B1 HR

127 Micromeria juliana(L.)Benth.exRchb. P HR

128 Moltkia petraea(Tratt.)Griseb. SP

129 Myricaria germanica(L.)Desv. CR SP B1

130 Nepeta catariaL. SP

131 Nuphar luteaSibth.etSm. LC P

132 Nymphaea albaL. LC P

133 Onosma echioides(L.)L.ssp.dalmatica(Scheele)PeruzzietN.G.Passal. SP B2

134 Ophrys bertoloniiMoretti LC LC VU SP B1 + HR +

135 Ophrys sphegodesMill. LC VU SP B1 HR +

136 Orchis morioL. NT SP +

137 Ornithogalum comosumL. P

138 Osmunda regalisL. CR SP B1

139 Paeonia mascula(L.)Miller NT SP

140 Papaver rhoeasL. P

141 Parapholis incurva(L.)C.E.Hubb. VU SP B1 HR

142 Paris quadrifoliaL. P

143 Petteria ramentacea(Sieber)C.Presl SP B2

144 Phlomis fruticosaL. NT P

145 Physalis alkekengiL. P

146 Pinguicula alpinaL. P

147 Pinus nigraArnoldssp.dalmatica(Vis.)Franco NT SP A, B2

148 Plumbago europaeaL. P

149 Polygonatum multiflorum(L.)All. P

150 Polygonatum odoratum(Mill.)Druce P

151 Polypodium vulgareL. P

152 Polystichum aculeatum(L.)Roth P

153 Primula auriculaL. NT P

154 Primula verisL.ssp.columnae(Ten.)Lüdi NT P

155 Pulicaria dysenterica(L.)Bernh. P

156 Pulsatilla pratensis(L.)Millerssp.nigricans (Störck)Zam. CR SP B1 + HR

157 Ranunculus acrisL. P

158 Ranunculus ficariaL.ssp.calthifolius(Rchb.)Arcang. P

Nat. Croat. Vol. 22(2), 2013 351

159 Ranunculus lanuginosusL. P

160 Ranunculus repensL. LC P

161 Reseda luteaL. P

162 Rosa caninaL. P

163 Rosa gallicaL. P

164 Rosa pendulinaL. P

165 Ruscus aculeatusL. LC LC P

166 Ruscus hypoglossumL. NT P

167 Ruta graveolensL. P

168 Salvinia natans(L.)All. LC LC NT P A

169 Sanguisorba minorScop.ssp.muricataBriq. P

170 Sanicula europaeaL. P

171 Saponaria officinalisL. P

172 Satureja subspicataVis. LC P

173 Satureja visianiiŠilić SP B2

174 Scirpus maritimusL. LC NT P + HR

175 Scopolia carniolicaJacq. P

176 Sedum acreL. P

177 Sedum telephiumL.ssp.maximum(L.)Krock. P

178 Sempervivum tectorumL. SP

179 Serapias istriacaPerko SP B2 +

180 Serapias linguaL. LC SP +

181 Seseli tomentosumVis. NT SP B2

182 Sesleria tenuifoliaSchrad.ssp.kalnikensis(Jav.)Deyl SP B2

183 Sibiraea altaiensis(Laxm.)C.K.Schneid.ssp.croatica(Degen)Degen NT SP B2 + HR

184 Sternbergia lutea(L.)KerGawl.exSpreng. LC NT P +

185 Stipa bromoides(L.)Dörfl. SP

186 Stipa pennataL.ssp.eriocaulis(Borbás)MartinovskýetSkalický SP

187 Stratiotes aloidesL. LC VU SP B1 HR

188 Suaeda maritima(L.)Dumort. VU SP B1 HR

189 Symphytum tuberosumL. P

190 Tamus communisL. P

191 Tanacetum cinerariifolium(Trevir.)Sch.Bip. SP B2

192 Taxus baccataL. LC VU SP B1 HR

193 Teucrium chamaedrysL. P

194 Teucrium montanumL. P

195 Thalictrum minusL. P


196 Thymus pulegioidesL. P

197 Trapa natansL. LC NT NT P A

198 Triglochin maritimumL. CR SP B1 HR

199 Trollius europaeusL. NT P + HR

199 Tulipa sylvestrisL. NT P

200 Verbascum sinuatumL. P

201 Veronica austriacaL.ssp.jacquinii(Baumg.)Eb.Fisch. SP

202 Viburnum lantanaL. P

203 Vicia ochroleucaTen.ssp.dinara(K.Malý)Rohlena SP B2

204 Vinca minorL. P

206 Vincetoxicum hirundinariaMedik.ssp.adriaticum (Beck)Markgr. LC SP A, B2

207 Viola odorataL. P

208 Viola suavisM.Bieb.ssp.adriatica(Freyn)Haesler SP B2

*acc.toWalter&Gillett,1998**acc.toAnonymous,1991

ThecollectionofCroatiannativestatutorilystrictlyprotectedandprotectedspecies(Anonymous,2009a)inourBotanicalGardencurrentlyincludes208speciesandsubspe-cies(Tab.1),belongingto75familiesand141genera.Thefamilieswiththelargernum-beroftaxaare:Ranunculaceae(22species),Lamiaceae(16species),Iridaceae(11species)andAsteraceae(10species).Itisimportanttonotethat87%ofstrictlyprotectedandprotectednativespeciesgrowninBotanicalGardenarewelldocumented,withreferen-cetooriginanddateofcollection,whichisapreconditionforavaluableex situ collecti-on.Outofthetotalof208statutorilyprotectedtaxa,80(38%)arelistedintheRed Book of Vascular flora of Croatia (Nikolić ed.,2013b).OutofthenineCroatianregionallyextin-ct(RE)species,onestillgrowsinourBotanicalGarden:aSea-buckthorn(Hippophaë rhamnoidesL.)collectedin1954attheoriginallocality(Dravariverbanks,NWCroatia).SevennativetaxafromtheBotanicalGardencollectionsarecriticallyendangeredinCroatia(CR):Anemone sylvestrisL.,Convolvulus lineatusL.,Geranium dalmaticum (Beck)Rech.f.,Myricaria germanica(L.)Desv.,Osmunda regalisL.,Pulsatilla pratensis (L.)Millersubsp.nigricans (Störck)Zam.andTriglochin maritimumL.Sixothertaxaareendangered(EN):Carex divisaL.,Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.)P.F.HuntetSummerh., Degenia velebi-tica (Degen)Hayek,Gentiana luteaL.subsp.symphyandra (Murb.)Hayek,Marsilea qua-drifoliaL.andMenyanthes trifoliataL.,while17areconsideredtobevulnerable(VU)(Tab.1).Intotal,31taxagrowinginBotanicalGardenarelistedinthecategoriesRE,CR,ENandVU,representing13.1%ofdirectlythreatenedtaxaofCroatianindigenousflora.Furthermore,49speciesfromournativecollectionsarelistedinlessconcerncategories(NT,LCandDD)(Tab.1).StatutorilyprotectedareasinCroatiaincludetwoStrictReserves,eightNationalPar-

ks,11NatureParksand80SpecialReserves,whichcover5.95%ofCroatianterritory(Anonymous,2013c;Tab.2).Croatiaalsohas94ImportantPlantAreas(IPAs),covering

Nat. Croat. Vol. 22(2), 2013 353

16.9%ofthecountry(Alegro et al.,2010;Tab.2).Inthisinvestigation,IPA-criteriaA,B1andB2werecheckedfortaxaofournativeplantcollections.From621speciesincludedinobservedIPA-criteria,thecollectionsofBotanicalGardeninclude:12(21.1%)taxaofcriterionA,31(13.7%)ofcriterionB1and38(11.2%)taxaofcriterionB2(Tab.1).Tenthreatenedspeciesinex situconservationinourBotanicalGardenarepresentinonlyoneIPA,suchastheendemicsGeranium dalmaticum (Beck)Rech.f.(Pelješacpeninsula,S Croatia), Centaurea fridericii Vis.subsp. jabukensis(Ginzb.etTeyber)Greuterand C. crithmifoliaVis. (bothfromtheislandofJabuka,S.Croatia).FivespeciesofCampanula genusarerecordedinlessthanfiveIPAs,whileCampanula tommasinianaC.KochexistsinonlyoneIPA(MtUčkaNaturePark,SWCroatia).Afurther24threatenedspeciesarepresentinlessthanfiveIPAs,f.e.Degenia velebitica (Degen)Hayek(foundinonlythreesitesinCroatia)orgloballythreatenedEryngium alpinumL. (foundinfiveIPAsinCro-atia).Asmuchas75%ofthreatenedspeciesgrowninourBotanicalGardenarefoundinfewerthan10IPAs,f.e.globallythreatenedMarsilea quadrifolia L.andSalvinia natans (L.)All.CollectionsoftheBotanicalGarden’snativeplantsinclude34taxafromtheDraftof

Proposal for Ecological Network NATURA 2000 (Anonymous,2013a).Tab.1showsthat79.4%ofthesespecies(bothofEUandCroatian(HR)nationalsignificance)arefacingtheriskofextinctioninthefollowingcategories:fourascriticallyendangered(CR:Anemone sylvestris, Convolvulus lineatus, Pulsatilla pratensis subsp.nigricans andTriglochin maritimum),sixasendangered(EN:Carex divisa, Dactylorhiza majalis, Degenia velebitica, Gentiana luteasubsp.symphyandra, Marsilea quadrifoliaand Menyanthes trifoliata),17asvulnerable(VU),twoasleastconcerned(LC)andtwoasnearlythreatened(NT;Tab.1).CITES-regulationsconsidertheinternationaltradeofendangeredspecies,providing

aframeworkforcountriestoestablishnationallegislationtoimplementtheconvention.

Tab. 2.StatutorilyprotectedandconservednatureareasinCroatiawiththenumberofthreatenedplanttaxaoriginatingfromthoseareas,growingintheBotanicalGarden,Facul-tyofScience(UniversityofZagreb,Croatia).pSCI-proposedSitesofCommunityImpor-tanceinaccordancewiththeHabitatDirective;BG–BotanicalGarden,FacultyofScience(UniversityofZagreb,Croatia).

TypeofprotectedareasinCroatia

Totalnumberofprotectedareasin

Croatia

%ofcountryarea NumberoftaxainBG,originatingfrom

thearea

Nationalparks 8 1.02 22

Strictreserves 2 0.03 2

Natureparks 11 4.4 62

Specialreserves 80 0.5 ?Importantplantareas(IPA) 94 16.9 67

NationalEcologicalNetwork(NEM)-sites 1510 47 22

Natura2000-sites(pSCI) 756 28.6 13

?-nodataavailable


ThetradeforallthespecieslistedinAppendixIIshouldbecontrolledintheformofexportpermitsandre-exportcertificatesshouldbeorarerequired.Ourcollectionsheld11taxalistedunderAppendixII:Galanthus nivalisL.,Sternbergia lutea(L.)KerGawl.exSpreng., Cyclamen purpurascens Mill., C. hederifolium Aiton,andsevenmembersoftheorchidfamily(Orchidaceae),whichisincludedinAppendixIIasawhole.Nativeorchidspeciesareshort-livedingardenconditions,sowecurrentlygrowSerapias linguaL., Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.)P.F.HuntetSummerh., Gymnadenia conopsea(L.)R.Br., Ophrys sphegodesMill.andOphrys bertolonii MorettifromtheCITES-AppendixII,aswellas Serapias istriaca Perko and Orchis morioL.,whicharenotspecificallylisted,butbelongtothesamefamily.

DISCUSSION

In2007,Pautasso&Parmentiercomparedbotanicalgardensin124countriesaroundtheworld,toestablishdataontherelationbetweenspeciesrichness,sizeandageofbotanicalgardens.Theyfoundthatspeciesrichnesssignificantlyincreaseswithincreas-ingareaandageofbotanicalgardens.Accordingly,theBotanicalGardenoftheFacultyofScience(UniversityofZagreb),withmorethan5000taxaingrowthisabovetheaver-ageinspeciesrichness;inbotanicalgardensworldwide,speciesrichnessisonaverage4000.Furthermore,theyearofestablishment(whichis1889)isoldcomparedtotheaverageyearofestablishmentofthebotanicalgardensintheworld(whichis1923).However,withthetotalareaof4.65ha,ourBotanicalGardenisfarbelowtheaveragesizeofthebotanicalgardensintheworld,whichis45ha(Pautasso&Parmentier,2007).Inthissmallarea,itisvirtuallyimpossibletofulfiltherequirementsofminimumviablepopulationtopreservegeneticdiversityforex situconservationofeachspecies:10-20fortrees,40-50forshrubsand100-200forherbs(Oostermeijeret al.,1994,1996;Fu,2006;Aguilar et al.,2008).Incomparison,theBeijingBotanicalGardenpolicyforex situ con-servation(Zhiming,1993;Xu,1997)wouldbemuchmoreappropriateforourGarden:accordingtothat,thenumberofindividualsofeachraceisusuallynotlessthanfivefortrees,10forshrubsand20forherbs.Short-livingspeciesareexpectedtobemoststrong-lyaffected,asthenumberofgenerationsinisolationisacrucialfactorforthemagnitudeofgeneticerosioninapopulation(Aguilar et al.,2008).Thatcanparticularlyaffectsomeofourendemicshort-livedperennials,likeCroatianstenoendemicDegenia velebitica (De-gen)Hayek(Strgar1979;Šegulja et al.,2005),ornativeorchids.

Ex situcollectionsinbotanicalgardensarevitallyimportantasaninsurancepolicyagainstextinctioninthewild(Dubova et al.,2010).Ex situconservationofplantgeneticresourcescanbeachievedthroughdifferentmethods,suchasseedbanks,fieldgenebanks(artificiallycreatedmodel-biotopes),in vitrostoragemethods,pollenbanksandDNAbanks(Hamilton,1994;Kingson&Walden,2005;Probert et al.,2009;Puchalskiet al.,2011).Theonlysofarwell-developedwayofex situconservationinbotanicalgardensisafield-genebankorlivingcollection(Hurka et al.,2004;Harris et al.,2009).Thistypeofconservationhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Livingcollectionsareoftentheonlyavailableoptionfortheconservationofimportantgermplasm.Whendisplayed,theplantshaveanimportanteducationalvalue:toraisepublicawarenessaboutthethreatenedfloraoftheregionandtoprovideeasy-accessforhorticulture(Hajoš et al.,2003;Stamenković,2008;Karlović,2009).Themainlimitationisthatlivingcollectionsrequireagreatdealofspaceandaredifficulttomaintainandprotectfromnaturaldisasters(Sharrock,2011).Bycontrast,seed-bankingprovidesanalternative

Nat. Croat. Vol. 22(2), 2013 355

andconvenientwayofstoringandmaintaininggeneticdiversity(Wilman,2012;Anon-ymous,2013b).Seed-banksrequiremuchlessspace,theseedsarewellconservedandprotected,buttheexpensesaremuchhigher.Whilethenumberofspeciesrepresentedinlivingcollectionsishigh,thegeneticdiversitythatispresentinthewildpopulationsofthesespeciesisoftennotwellrepresentedinbotanicalgardencollections(Havenset al.,2006;Anonymous,2012b).Moreover,astheimpactsofclimatechangeaccelerate,priorityforex situ conservationshouldalsobegiventothespeciesthatarepotentiallyvulnerable,evenifthesearenotyetconsideredthreatened.Therefore,botanicalgardensneedtobeveryconcernedwithcreatingreservecollectionsex situ as an insurance pol-icy(Schulman&Lehvävirta,2011).Thenatureoflivingplantcollectionsandon-goingex situ effortsinourBotanical

Gardenistomakecollectioninventoriesamovingtarget.Ourcollectionofnativespe-ciesisextensiveandrepresentativeofCroatianwildflora,predominatelyoftheMedi-terraneanandAlpineregions(Fig.1).Thereasonforthisis,aboveall,historical:therearefouroriginalandstatutorilyprotectedrockeriesinourBotanicalGarden,inwhichthenativeplantsaregrown:theKarstic,Sub-Mediterranean,Mediterranean,and(very

Fig. 1.Originofstatutorilyprotected(protectedandstrictlyprotected)vascularplantspe-cies in ex situcollectionsoftheBotanicalGarden,FacultyofScience(UniversityofZagreb,Croatia) – an overview.


small)Alpine,withliterallynowheretoexpand.Therefore,overthedecades,mostfield-andcollecting-tripsweretothecoastalandmountainouspartsofCroatia,particularlythosestatutorilyprotected(Fig.1,Tab.2),whichareinhabitedbyahighnumberofnationallysignificant(protected,endemic)indigenousplantspecies.Thisinvestigationprovidesimportantinformationaboutthreatenedplantsinthe

nativeplantcollectionsofourBotanicalGarden(Tab.1),andalsoquantifiesthegeneticdiversityandrepresentativesamplingofcollections.Ex situlivingplantcollectionsofourBotanicalGardenarerepresentedbyoneormoreplantsperspecies,oftencollectedinseverallocalities.Whileonlygeneticallydiverseandrepresentativecollectionsareappropriatetodirectlysupportin situ conservation(e.g.,reintroduction),livingcollec-tionsrepresentedbyseveralindividualsfromknownsourcesserveimportantindirectconservationpurposesprimarilythroughresearch,horticultureandeducation-unfor-tunately,theydonothavedirectconservationvalue(Kingson&Waldren,2005;Cau-japé-Castells&Pedrola-Monfort,2004).Thesameistrueforthenativeplantcollec-tionsofourBotanicalGarden.WemustconcludethatourBotanicalGardenisstillfarfromachieving„Target8”of

GSPC2011-2020:ourresearchidentifiesonly13.1%(31species)ofCroatianthreatenedtaxafromthecategoriesRE,CR,ENandVUinex situ conservationoftheGarden.The-seresultsarebelowtheglobalaverageof23%(Sharrock et al.,2010)andnotevensli-ghtlycomparabletotheEuropeanaverageof42%(Sharrock&Jones,2009).WhatarethereasonsforsuchlowpercentageofCroatianthreatenedplantsinex situgrowthoftheBotanicalGardentoday?Webelievethattheanswertothatquestionisrathercom-plex:Vastflora-Croatianfloraisveryrichinplanttaxa,makingitdifficultforthebotani-

calgardenstoachievetheproposedhighpercentageofspeciesinex situconservation.F.e.,Vishnevska et al.(2011)presentedalistofendangeredplantsintheex situ collecti-onoftheLatvianUniversityBotanicalGarden,whichmaintains50.4%ofallLatvianvascularplantspeciesinanex situcollection.However,thatisonly120species,58%ofthetotalnumberofspeciesthatwecurrentlygrowinourex situcollections.HistoryoftheGarden-Today,botanicalgardensthroughtheworldarecommitted

tocontainingthespreadofthreatenedplantspecies(Sharrock&Oldfield eds.,2010),butimportantpartsoftheircollectionsremainhistorical,datingfromtheerawhenco-llectingplantsfromothercontinentswasfashionable.AlthoughCroatianbotanistsneverbotanizedindistantregions,approximately70%ofourcollectionsconsistofplantspe-ciesfromothercountriesandcontinents,duetotheseedexchangeviaDelectus Seminum publications.Bycontrast,thecollectionsofCroatiannativeplantswerefoundedratherlate,mostlyaftertheSecondWorldWar(Regula,1997).InadequatefinancialsupportandtheCroatianWarofIndependence-Duringthe

1970sand1980sthefinancesoftheGardenwerescanty,andthencametheCroatianWarofIndependence(1991-1995),whichfurtherdecreasedthenumberofspeciesinallofourcollections.Severalunfavourablecircumstancescombinedduringthatperiod:lackofstaffandmoneyneededformaintainingtheexistingcollections,theimpossibilityofworkingandcollectinginthefieldbecauseofwaractivitiesand,evenaftertheendofthewar,thepresenceofminefieldsspreadacrossCroatia–aperilthatstillexiststoday.Theex situconservationprogramsweresteppedupintheGardenonlyduringthelastdecade,whenwelaidstressonourworkonCroatianthreatened,rareandendemicplantspecies (Naumovski&Stamenković,2004;Stamenković&Naumovski,2005;Stamen-ković,2008;Juretić et al.2009;Stamenković et al.,2010;Sandev et al.,2013).

Nat. Croat. Vol. 22(2), 2013 357

Artificialecosystem–Recently,extensivepollution(theGardenissituatedinthecentreoftheCity)andstiffstatutoryobligationsjoinedwiththestillinadequatebudgetandresearch/staff-equipmentinlimitingourworkseriouslytoimprovethecollections.Despitebeingtended,(any)BotanicalGardenisafterallanartificialecosystem,foundedinanurbanizedareaandunfavourablemicroclimate,wherethepresenceandlocationofmostplantsistheresultofagardener’sdecision(Pautasso&Parmentier,2007).Itcanbeconsideredaplantmeta-populationnetwork,wheremancontrolsmostexchan-ges(Tait et al.,2005;Schwartz et al.,2006;Wania et al.,2006).AfteraforthcomingrevisionofCroatianRed Lists,thetotalnumberofCroatiannati-

veplantspeciesfacingarealriskofextinctioncouldbeonlyhigherthantoday’s226.Obviously,toreachatleast75%ofCR,ENandVUtaxainex situ conservationby2020,whichmeansatleast178speciestorecentcalculations,isnotaworkforasinglebota-nicalgarden.Itisimportanttoemphasize,thatofapprox.9,000globallythreatenedspeciesthrivinginbotanicalgardencollections,aroundone-thirdcouldbefoundinonlyonegarden(Sharrock,2011).Ifex situ collectionsareconsideredan‘insurancepolicy’,questionsmustbeaskedifsingle-locationcollectionsaresufficientlysecure.Thefocusandchallengeforthecomingdecademustthereforesurelybenotonlytoincreasethenumberofthreatenedplantsinex situ collections,butalsoonassessingandensuringtheconservationvalueofsuchcollections(Maunder et al., 2001;MacKay et al.,2010;López-Pujol et al.,2006).Unfortunately,fornow,thereisnootherex situ collection in CroatiaofanysizecomparabletotheoneinourBotanicalGarden,andourresultsinconservingnativeplantsaremodest.AllCroatiangardensandarboretamustfindspa-ceandresourcestoestablishandsecurenativeplantcollections.AtthismomentwedonotknowhowmanyspeciesaregrowninCroatianbotanicalgardensintotal,muchlesshowmanyofthemarenative,threatenedandstatutorilyprotected.Toachievebetterresultsinex situconservationofCroatianwildflora,weproposethe

following:1.toorganizeregularannualmeetingsofallCroatianbotanicalgardens’staff,atwhichconservationissuescanbediscussed,

2.toemphasizetheneedforproperlong-termseedstorageandtheestablishmentofpermanentseed-banksofCroatianthreatenedplants,inaccordancewiththeKewBotanicGardens’Millennium Seed Bank-projectprotocols(Anonymous,2013b),

3.toestablishanationaldatabaseofex situcollectionsofCroatianthreatenedplantsinbotanicalgardens,inordertoestablisha„zero-state”andtokeeptrackoftheprogress,

4.toensurepermanentfunding,necessaryforexpandingandmaintainingnativeplantcollections,andforestablishingnewbotanicalcollections,dedicatedtocon-servationofCroatianflora.

ResultsofthisandfutureassessmentsarenecessarytosupportandguidestrategicactionsthatwillhelptoconserveCroatianflora,bothex situandin situ.JoiningtheEuropeanUnionin2013,Croatiatookonmanyobligations,amongthem,theobligationtopreserveitsnativeplantsinthebestpossibleway.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWewishtothankourcolleaguesfromtheBotanicalGardenoftheFacultyofScience

(UniversityofZagreb),VanjaStamenkovićandBiserkaJuretić,forsharingdataonthe


collections,aswellasNinaVuković(BotanicalDepartmentoftheFacultyofScience,UniversityofZagreb)forpreparingthemapoforiginofplantspeciesinBotanicalGar-den.Thethanksextendtotwoanonymousreviewers,whohelpedwithconstructivecomments.

Received June 19, 2013

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SAŽETAK

Ususret „Cilju broj osam”: Ex situ očuvanje hrvatskih ugroženihi zakonom zaštićenih biljaka u Botaničkom vrtu Prirodoslovno-

-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

D.Sandev,D.Mihelj&S.Kovačić

JedanodglavnihciljevasvjetskihbotaničkihvrtovadokrajaovogadesetljećaslijeditijesmjerniceGlobalne strategije za očuvanje biljaka (Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, GPSC 2011-2020).Jednaod19smjernica,poznatakao„Ciljbrojosam”(„Target 8”),propisujedabibotaničkivrtovido2020.godineuuzgoju(ex situočuvanje)trebaliimatinajmanje75%ugro-ženihsamoniklihbiljnihsvojtimatičnezemlje.Slijedomtoga,glavniciljovogaistraživanjabiojeutvrditi„nultostanje”uBotaničkomvrtuPrirodoslovno-matematičkogfakultetaSve-učilištauZagrebu:izraditidetaljanpopisugroženihizakonomzaštićenihsvojtihrvatskeflore,podrijetlomsdomaćihstaništa,uzbirkamasamoniklihbiljakaHrvatske.UzbirkamaBotaničkogvrtaPrirodoslovno-matematičkogfakultetaSveučilištauZagre-

butrenutačnoraste668samoniklihbiljnihvrsta(iz75porodicai141roda)sabranihnapri-rodnimstaništima,odkojihje118zakonomzaštićeno,a90strogozaštićeno(ukupno208).UCrvenojknjizivaskularnefloreHrvatskepronađenojeukupno80svojtiizzbirkiBotanič-kogvrtaPMF-a,odkojihsejedna(Hippophaë rhamnoides)smatraregionalnoizumrlom(RE).UkategorijamaCR,ENiVUnalazise30vrstaiznašihzbirki,štoukupnočini13,1%ugro-ženihvrstanašezemlje:sedamsvojtinalaziseukategorijikritičnougroženih(CR),šestukategorijiugroženih(EN),a17ukategorijiosjetljivih(VU)svojtiuRepubliciHrvatskoj.NaeuropskomCrvenompopisunalazese24svojte:jedna(Degenia velebitica)ustarijojkategori-jiosjetljivih(„V“),četiriukategorijiniskorizičnih(NT),a19svojtiukategorijinajmanjeza-brinjavajućih(LC).NaIUCN-ovomsvjetskompopisuugroženihvrstanalazise12svojtiizzbirkisamoniklihvrstaBotaničkogvrtaPMF-a:degenijaponovoustarijojkategorijiosjetlji-vih(„V“),dvijeuNT,adevetukategorijiLC.Označajnojugroženostibiljnihvrstaipotrebizaex situzaštitomgovoriičinjenicadaje10biljnihvrstapronađenousamojednom,a24umanjeodpetBotaničkivažnihpodručjaHrvatske(IPA).CITES-regulativetrgovanjaživimbiljkamaobuhvaćaju11našihvrsta.


AnalizompodatakanalazimokakouuzgojuBotaničkogvrtaPMF-adanasimamosamo13,1%ukupnogbrojazaštićenihistrogozaštićenihbiljnihvrstauRepubliciHrvatskoj(kate-gorijeCR,ENiVU).Razlozizatosurazličiti.Primjerice,BotaničkivrtPMF-aosnovanje1889.snamjeromuzgoja-prijesvega-egzotičnihbiljnihvrstasraznihstranasvijeta,kakavjebioobičajširomEuropeudrugojpolovici19.stoljeća.SamVrt,premasvjetskimstandar-dima,površinomjevišenegoskroman(4,65ha),kaoipovršine-kamenjarenamijenjeneuz-gojuautohtonihbiljnihvrsta,kojenemajuprostorazaširenje.Ciljaniuzgojiex situzaštitavrijednihhrvatskihsamoniklihbiljnihsvojtizapočeojetekprijedesetakgodina,itouzoz-biljnepoteškoće,kaoštosuneadekvatnofinanciranje,nedostatakstručnogkadra,nedostatakprostorazapreduzgoj,nedostupnostpojedinihdijelovaHrvatskenakonratnihaktivnostiisl.Inapokon,Hrvatskajefloraiznimnobogata,trećanajbogatijauEuropi,takoda75%ugroženihvrsta–štoiznosioko178svojti,premavažećimmjerilima–nijenimalolakodo-seći.To,naravno,inijeposaozasamojedanbotaničkivrt:svihrvatskibotaničkivrtoviiarboretumitrebalibipokrenutikoordiniraneaktivnostinauzgojuautohtonihvrsta,kakobisedo2020.barempolovicaugroženihvrstanašezemljenašlauex situočuvanju.Danasneznamonikolikobiljnihvrstarasteunašimbotaničkimvrtovima,kamolikolikohrvatskih,ugroženihizakonomzaštićenih.Ovajjeradtekprvikorakpribližavanjatomcilju.

NAT. CROAT. VOL. 22 No 2 363–373 ZAGREB December 31, 2013

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meeting target eight – ex situ conservation of croatian threatened