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Did the fall of the Roman Empire cause health to decline?A case study of York from Roman times to the end of the
Middle Ages
Use pages 58 –61 to make a timeline to show health issues in York from Roman times to the end of the
Middle Ages. Include things like: Diseases Life expectancy Infant mortality rates Housing Pubic health facilities Climate Diet Effects of wars
You can decide how you want to make the timeline but you can use the following instructions if you are stuck:-
1. Draw a line across the centre of a full page in your exercise book – it is best to have this landscape
2. Divide the line into 4 sections, one each for Roman York (Eboracum), Saxon York (Eoforwic), Viking York (Jorvik) and York in the Middle Ages. Label each section with the name of York at that time and with the dates. For example, Roman York would be labelled ‘Eboracum’ with the dates AD71 – 400.
3. Then add the labels about health issues above and below the line.
Rheumatism – disease in joints/joint muscles causing painArthritis – painful swelling of jointsRickets – lack of Vitamin D leading to deformed bonesInfant Mortality – rate at which young children dieWorms – parasites in intestinesParasites – organism living on another organism
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Task
Medical Dictionary
Look carefully at your evidence.
You need to decide if health did decline during the Middle Ages. Think about things like:- What happened after the Romans left, especially in
Saxon and Viking York What was health like throughout the Middle Ages? Did
it worsen or improve? Some of you may be able to think about whether York makes a
good case study for measuring the health of the whole country.
During the last hundred years or so of the Roman Empire, Christianity became the official religion. However, when the Empire fell Europeans worshipped a variety of gods. From the 6th
Century Christianity was reintroduced to Britain and gradually most people followed the faith. The Christian Church filled the void left by the collapse of the Roman centralised government. The Christian Church became extremely powerful – so, what was its role in medicine?
Red text book page 62 – 63
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Conclusion
Task 1
What was the role of the Church in Medieval Medicine?
Did the medieval church encourage supernatural or natural approaches to medicine? The easiest way of answering this is to make a mind map. On one side add evidence of supernatural explanation and on the other natural approaches.
Reach a conclusion. Which approach is the Church encouraging?
Red text book page 64 – 65
Use the sources to answer questions 1 – 3 on page 65
White text book page 76 – 77
Did the Christian Church help or hinder medical progress in the Middle Ages? Complete the Task on page 76 and write your research onto the worksheet of the same title.
What was the role of the Church in Medieval Medicine?Think about
How the Church helped the sick How the Church hindered progress The methods used by the Church especially
supernatural approaches
Remember to PEE!
As you have seen, the Dark Ages was a period of war and destruction in Europe. Medical progress ceased and many aspects of medicine declined. For example, organised training of doctors ended. Progress continued in the East where Arabs followed the medical ideas of the Greeks. In the later Middle Ages, doctors in Western Europe were able to study some of the medical text books written by Arabs, Galen and Hippocrates when scholars translated books into Latin. The translations were used to teach medical students in European universities. Many books were still not available for study. Avicenna’s “Cannon” was translated, which was important because it was well written and contained the important Greek ideas such as Clinical Observation.
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Task 2
Task 3
Conclude your Enquiry
A Medieval Doctor
Salerno in Italy was the first medical school to open in the Middle Ages. Others followed in Italy and France. With more schools the number of doctors increased. By the 14th Century there were many universities and they were even allowed to witness some dissections and debate Hippocrates and Galen.
Make a spider diagram about a medieval doctors training, their beliefs, the treatments and remedies used. You should use the following page references to help you:-
Training p.68 (especially Sources 1, 2, 3)Beliefs p.68 (last paragraph)Treatments p.69 (including sources 4, 5) and p.71 (herbs)
Use the Red Text book pages 66 - 69(Tony McAleavy) Complete the questions on page 67 Complete the questions on page 69
Use the white text book page 66 – 67
Complete the Activity. Identify the 14 descriptions and then make a simple note of each of the public health problems onto worksheet 30.
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Task 2 Was progress made in medicine in the Middle Ages?
Task 1.Use the white text books p. 68 - 71
Task 2
Task 1
What was the state of Public Health in the Middle Ages?
Answer questions 1 – 4 on page 67. For questions 1 and 2 simply list the numbers of the descriptions in the sources.
Use the red text book page 72 – 73 and what you learned in the previous exercise
Complete the question on page 73
Answer the questions on page 75
White text book page 62 - 65 Make a table or mind map to show what
medieval people believed caused the Plague, the methods they used to prevent it and the ‘cures’ they used.
There is some additional information below for you to use. As panic spread many different ideas were tried.Prevention
Changing diet – fish and spices shouldn’t be eaten or fasting
Fumigate homes with sweet herbs Inhale perfumes ‘Fast, far, late’ – run as fast as you can, as far as you
can come back as late as possible’!
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Task 3
Task 4
The Black Death
Task 1
Italian cities imposed ‘Quarantenaria’ - 30/40 day quarantine
Cures Lancing sores or cauterizing them ‘Theriac’ – potion of chopped snake bodies that had
been dead for 10 years Cress, mustard and poppy Blood-letting Charms such as the leg of a black cat! Holy relics Sipping mercury Bull’s blood and dung
Plague doctorsSome doctors were said to have had success in keeping the plague away. They wore a special masks soaked in medicines and herbs to filter the air. One doctor apparently managed to ‘cure’ the plague by burning out the boils with a red hot iron.
Some people just gave up! They said there was no point in struggling. The plague would come anyway and so they may as well ‘eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we die’.
Complete the source exercise on page 79
ExplanationLittle progress was made in the treatment of disease but with surgery you can often see what is wrong and so treatments can succeed or fail. Surgery was often carried out by barber-surgeons who were not formerly trained. Even those that were trained were not highly regarded by doctors – surgery at this time was regarded as a very low profession. Because there was a lot of war in the Middle Ages surgeons got plenty of practice at developing new wound treatments and techniques.
Use page 70 – 71 of the red text book to make a mind map of medieval surgery. Include the following:-
Who practiced surgery Operations carried out Pain and infection management
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Task 2 Red text book pages 76 – 79
Task 1
Medieval Surgery
Progress and new ideas Understanding of anatomy via dissection
You could colour code each of the above once you have finished your diagram
Why do you think medieval surgery was an area where progress was made?
Write an answer to this question
PreparationUse your notes and page 80 – 81 of the red text book to make a table or mind map of Progress/Negative Progress or ‘Regression’
How to go about writing up an answer:-
1. Write an introduction. To answer the question effectively you need to compare the Middle Ages to what went before. Briefly explain medicine in Roman times then explain that medicine ‘regressed’ in the Middle Ages. Explain how you are going to answer the question.
2. Explain any progress that was made in the Middle Ages. 3. Explain any negative progress or regression
4. Reach a conclusion. Answer the question, use evidence to back up your points and explain them. (PEE)
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Task 2
Was there any progress in medicine during the Middle Ages?
Review
Task
