Medicinski engleski - skripta

7/29/2019 Medicinski engleski - skripta

1/12

1

MEDICAL ENGLISH

WORD BUILDING

TERMS PERTAINING TO THE BODY

AS A WHOLE

1ST

YEAR HANDOUTS


2/12

2

BASIC WORD STRUCTURE OF A MEDICAL TERM

Yesterday morning, I woke up with cephalalgia and an onset oflaryngitis. I sent my boy

out to play, but soon he came bach lacrimating, with ambilateral abrasions on his

patellae, and a large hematoma on the frontal portion of his cranium.

1. CEPHALalgia2. LARYNGitis3. ambiLATERal4. abRASION5. HEMATomaPREFIX WORD ROOT SUFFIX

1. = head = pain

2. = voice box = inflammation

3. = both = side = adj. ending

4. = away from = scratch

5. = blood = tumor, mass

CYT + O + LOGY : cyt = cello = COMBINING VOWEL (necessary when the suffixstarts with a consonant)

logy = study of

word root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM

BASIC RULES:

1. A word root provides the basic meaning of the term.2. A prefix appears before the word root to change/modify its meaning.3. A suffix appears at the end of the word providing some additional information.4. A combinig vowel usually an o connects a word root to a suffix.5. A combining form consists of a word root and a combining vowel.6. A combining vowel is not used before a suffix starting with a vowel, but it is used

between two roots in compound words (e.g. gastrointestinal).

7. The meaning of a medical term can usually be determined by starting with the suffixand moving back to the beginning of the word.


3/12

3

COMBINING FORMS: BODY PARTS AND TISSUES

head = CEPHALO (cephalalgia, hydrocephalus)

skull = CRANIO (craniotomy)

brain = CEREBRO, ENCEPHALO (cerebral, electroencephalogram)mind = PSYCHO, PHRENO (psychology, schizophrenia)

eye = OPHTHALMO (ophthalmoscope), OCULO (periocular)

ear = OTO (otitis)

nose = RHINO (rhinoplasty), NASO (nasal, nasogastric)

mouth = ORO (oral)

tongue = GLOSSO, LINGUO (glossoscopy, sublingual)

lip = LABIO (nasolabial)

neck = CERVICO (cervical)

vertebra, spin. col. = SPONDYLO (spondylosis)breast = MAMMO, MASTO (mammography, mastectomy)

chest = THORACO (thoracic)abdomen = ABDOMINO, LAPARO (laparoscope)

heart = CARDIO (electrocardiogram)

lung = PULM(ON)O (pulmonal, pulmonary, pulmonic)

stomach = GASTRO (gastritis, gastralgia)

intestine (small) = ENTERO (enterovirus)

intestine (large) = COLO(NO) (colonoscopy, colostomy)liver = HEPATO (hepatitis)

kidney = RENO, NEPHRO (renal calculi, nephropathy)urinary bladder = CYSTO (cystitis, cystoscopy)

uterus = UTERO, HYSTERO, METRO (uterocervical, hysterectomy,

metrorrhagia)

arm = BRACHIO (brachiocephalic)

foot = PEDO (orthopedics) (also:PEDO= child pediatrics)

finger (toe) = DACTYLO (dactylospasm)

bone = OSTEO (osteoporosis)

joint = ARTHRO (arthritis)

vessel = ANGIO, VASO (angioplasty, angiography, vasodilation)

nerve = NEURO (neurology, neuralgia)

gland = ADENO (adenoneural, adenoma)cartilage = CHONDRO (chondroma)

muscle = MYO (myoma, myalgia)

skin = DERM(AT)O (dermatitis, dermatosis;

dermal/dermic=CUTANEOUS)

flesh = SARCO (sarcoma)

blood = HEM(AT)O (hematology, hemogram=CBC)

bile,gall = BILI, CHOLO/E (bilirubinemia, choledochus)

b. marr., sp. cord = MYELO (myeloma)

clot = THROMBO (thrombocyte)

cell = CYTO (cytology)


4/12

4

ADDITIONAL COMBINING FORMS

cut = CISO, SECTIO, TOMO (incision, C-section,

tomography)

secrete = CRINO (endo-, exocrine)

tumor = ONCO (oncogenesis)

disease = PATHO (pathology, pathogenic)

nature = PHYSIO (physiology)

X-rays = RADIO (radiologist, radiographer)


5/12

5

S U F F I X E S

1. SUFFIXES DENOTING STATES / DISORDERS / SYMPTOMS

-ALGIA, -DYNIA = pain (gastralgia, gastrodynia)

-CELE = hernia, protrusion (enterocele)

-ECTASIS = dilation, expansion (angiectasis)

-EMIA = pres. of subst. in blood (proteinemia,

hyperbilirubinemia)

-IASIS, -OSIS, -PATHY = diseased condition, formation (lithiasis, dermatosis,

nephropathy) (lith=stone)

-LYSIS = destruction, breaking down (hemolysis)

-MALACIA = softening (osteomalacia)

-MEGALY = enlargement (hepatomegaly,acromegaly)

-PENIA = deficiency, decrease (leukopenia)

-PHOBIA = fear (hydrophobia, acrophobia, xenophobia)

-PLEGIA = paralysis, stroke (paraplegia)

-PTOSIS = downward displacement (nephroptosis)

-RRHAGE/-RRHAGIA = abnormal/excessive flow (hemorrhage)

-RRHEA = flow, discharge (diarrhea, amenorrhea)

-RRHEXIS = rupture, break (angiorrhexis)

-SCLEROSIS = hardening (arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis)

-SPASM = involuntary contraction, convulsion, cramp

(enterospasm)

2. SUFFIXES DENOTING DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

-GRAM = record (angiogram)

-GRAPH = recording instrument (electroencephalograph)

-GRAPHY = recording procedure (electrocardiography)

-METER = measuring instrument (thermometer)

-METRY = measuring procedure ( spirometry)

-SCOPE = viewing/examining instrument (endo/cysto/laryngo/

ophthalmo/laparoscope)

-SCOPY = procedure of visual examination (endo/cysto/laryngo/ophthalmo/

laparoscopy)


6/12

6

3. SUFFIXES DENOTING SURGICAL PROCEDURES

-CENTESIS = puncture (amniocentesis)

-CLASIA = to break (osteoclasia)

-DESIS = binding, fusion (arthrodesis)

-ECTOMY = surgical removal (tonsill-,nephr-, hyster-, gastr-, mastectomy)

-PEXY = surgical fixation/fastening in position ( nephropexy,

orchidopexy)

-PLASTY = surg. reconstruction ( mastoplasty, osteoplasty, rhinoplasty,

labioplasty)

-RRHAPHY = suture, stitching ( ureterorrhaphy, colorrhaphy)

-TRIPSY = crushing, friction (lithotripsy)

-STOMY = creating an artif. opening ( tracheostomy, colostomy)

-TOMY = cutting, incision (craniotomy, tracheotomy)

4. SUFFIXES DENOTING DIMINUTIVE FORMS (noun endings)

-ICLE e.g. particle, ventricle, testicle, auricle, ossicle, vesicle

-OLE e.g. arteriole

-ULE/-ULA e.g. venule, venula

5. SUFFIXES DENOTING ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS ( pertaining to / resembling)

-AC e.g. cardiac -TIC e.g. asthmatic

-AL e.g. dorsal -EAL e.g. laryngeal

-AR e.g. lumbar (lumbo=loins) -OSE e.g. adipose (adipo=fat)-ARY e.g. mammary -OUS e.g. mucous (muco=mucus)

-IC e.g. hepatic

-OID e.g. lipoid (lipo= fat)


7/12

7

P R E F I X E S

1. PREFIXES DENOTING POSITION - LOCATION - DIRECTION (place &

time)

before, in front after, behind

ANTE(RO): antenatal, anterolateral POST(ERO): postmortal,

posterolateral

PRE: precancerous, preaortic RETRO: retroflexion, retropharyngeal

PRO: prodrome, procurvation

outside inside, within

EC(TO): ectocytic, ectocardia ENDO: endocrine, endoscope

EXTRA: extracellular, extrahepatic INTRA: intravenous, intracranialEXO: exocrine

above, over, excessive under, beneath

EPI: epinephrine, epigastric INFRA: infracolic, infracostal

SUPER: superacidity, supercilia SUB: subpatellar, subcutaneous

SUPRA: suprarenal

ULTRA: ultrasonic

(away) from to(ward)

AB: abnormal, abscess AD: adrenal, admedial

EX: excision

right left

DEXTRO: dextrocardia SINISTRO: sinistrocerebral

surrounding, around - PERI: periarterial, perinatal

CIRCUM: circumocular, circumcision

between - INTER: intercostal, intercerebral

middle - MEDI: medial

MESO: mesonasal

near, beside, beyond, apart, abnormal -PARA: paracellular, pararenal,parapsychology

through, across - DIA: diameter, diarrhea

TRANS: transcutaneous, transmucosal

(on) both (sides) - AMBI: ambilateral

AMPHI: amphicranial


8/12

8

2. PREFIXES DENOTING COLOR

white = ALB-, ALBUMINO- (albinism, albuminuria)

= LEUKO- (leukocyte, leukoderma, leukoplakia)

yellow = CIRRHO- (cirrhosis)= XANTHO- (xanthocyte)

= LUTEO- (corpus luteum, macula lutea)

= FLAVO- (flavobacterium)

red = ERYTHRO- (erythrocyte, erythema)

= RUBEO- ( rubeosis= redness, rubeola=measles/morbilli, rubella)

(= ospice) (=rubeola)

purple = PURPURO- (purpura)

green = CHLORO- (chloroma)

blue = CYANO- (cyanosis)

gray = GLAUCO- (glaucoma)

= POLIO- (poliomylelitis)

black = MELANO- (melanoma)


9/12

9

3. MISCELLANEOUS PREFIXES

ANTI- = against, opposite (antibiotic, antiseptic, anticoagulant)

CONTRA- = (contraindication, contraceptive)

BRADY- = slow (bradycardia, bradypnea) TACHY- = fast, rapid

DYS- = poor, bad (dyspepsia, dysfunction) EU- = good, easy

MAL- = (malformation, malnutrition)

HETERO- = different (heterogeneous) HOMO- = same (homogeneous)

HIDRO- = sweat (hidrosis)

HYDRO- = water (hydrophobia, hydrocephalus)

JUXTA- = near, adjoining (juxtaposition)

META- = after, beyond, change (metastasis, metacarpals, metatarsals)

PSEUDO- = false (pseudomeningitis)

SYM- = together, union (symbiosis, symphysis)

SYN- = (syndactyly, synchondrosis)

CON- = (congenital, contact, contamination)


10/12

10

4. PREFIXES DENOTING NEGATION / NUMBER / MEASUREMENT / SIZE

0 = A- (apnea, aphasia, aphagia, arrhythmia)

= AN- (anesthesia)

= IM- (immature, imbalance, immobilize, immedicable)

= IN- (insomnia, inactivity, incurable)

= HEMI- (hemiplegia, hemicolectomy)

= SEMI- (semiflexion, semicomatose)

1 = MONO- (mononuclear, monobrachia, monocardian)

= UNI- (unilateral, uniceps, uninephric)

1st

= PRIMI- (primipara)

2 = BI- (biarticular, bipolar)

= DI- (diplegia, diovulatory)

3 = TRI- (trigone, triceps, trigeminus)

4 = QUAD(RI)- (quadriceps, quadrisection, quadrant)

= TETRA- (tetraplegic,tetradactyly)

many = MULTI- (multipara, multiple)

= POLY- (polyphobia, polymenorrhea)

all = PAN- (pancytopenia, panarthritis)

large = MACRO- (macrocephaly, macrophage, macrorhinia)

small = MICRO- (microgastria, microdontia, microglia)

over, = HYPER- (hypertension, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hyperglycemia)

above, excessive

under, = HYPO- (hypothyroidism, hypodermic)

below, deficient


11/12

11

TERMS PERTAINING TO THE BODY AS A WHOLE

1. Structural organization of the body

CELLS

key words: membrane mitochondria

nucleus endoplasmic reticulum

chromosomes ribosomes

genes catabolism

DNA anabolism

karyotype metabolism

cytoplasm

TISSUES

key words: histologyparenchymal vs stromal tissue

ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

key words: viscus / viscera

integumentary system respiratorymusculoskeletal lymphatic

gastrointestinal (digestive / alimentary) cardiovascular

urinary endocrine

female reproductive nervous

male reproductive sense organs

(see MEDICAL ENGLISH WORKBOOK pp 10-12)


12/12

12

2. Body cavities

key words: cranial

thoracic (mediastinum, pleural)

diaphragm

spinal

abdominal (peritoneum)pelvic

3. Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants

key words: hypochondriac (left and right) RUQ

epigastric LUQ

lumbar (left and right) RLQ

umbilical LLQ

inguinal (left and right)

hypogastric

4. Anatomical division of the back

key words: spinal / vertebral column (backbone)

vertebra, -ae

spinal cord

intervertebral spaces

disk / cartilage pad slipped disk (discus hernia)

division: cervical (C1-C7)

thoracic (T1-T12)lumbar (L1-L5)

sacral (S 5 fused bones)

coccygeal (coccyx - 4 fused bones)

5. Positional and directional terms

key words: anterior (ventral) superior (cephalic)posterior (dorsal) medialdeep lateral

superficial supine

proximal prone

distal afferent

inferior (caudal) efferent

6. Planes of the body

key words: frontal (coronal) anatomical positionsagittal (lateral)

transverse (cross-sectional)

Documents

Medicinski engleski - skripta