Medical Entomology Annual Report 2007/08 - DoH Digital Library: … · 2019-04-04 · The Medical Entomology Annual Report 2007/08 is intended to present an overall picture of mosquito

Medical Entomology Annual Report

2007/08

Medical Entomology Centre for Disease Control

Department of Health and Families Northern Territory Government

Darwin NT November 2008

Medical Entomology Annual Report

2007/08

Peter Whelan, Nina Kurucz, Allan Warchot, Jane Carter, Wililam Pettit, Huy Nguyen,

Raelene Whitters, Barbara Love, Darren Bowbridge & Lauren Day

1. EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

1.1 GOAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY To reduce the impact of insects and other arthropods of medical importance on the health of the people of the Northern Territory.

1.2 VISION OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Every major urban area in the Northern Territory located in an environment that is planned, modified or controlled so that residents are not subjected to pest levels of biting insects and are free from the risks of both exotic or endemic mosquito borne disease.

1.3 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY SERVICES

Services provided by Medical Entomology (ME) aim to reduce the impact of biting insects on the people of the Northern Territory (NT). These include the prevention of the re-introduction of malaria, the prevention of the introduction of exotic mosquito vectors of dengue, insecticide and engineering programs for mosquito control, mosquito surveillance programs in the major towns, guidelines and advice on biting insects for both large and small scale developments, a public inquiry service, a public awareness program, and incidental research on biting insects and mosquito borne viruses. Major clients are the general public, but significant clients include local government, the Department for Planning & Infrastructure (DPI), the Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries & Mines (DPIFM), Parks & Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory (PWCNT), Department of Defence, consultants and developers for development and planning advice, and environmental health officers. The main community link is through public mosquito awareness programs, and the Mosquito Control Advisory Committee, which provides public feedback and a means of informing the public and various other organisations about the services of ME. Intersectoral affiliations include: a major involvement with the Darwin City Council in a combined mosquito engineering program in Darwin, with a $300,000 annual program maintaining drains and rectifying urban or near urban mosquito breeding sites; the PWCNT in rectifying mosquito breeding sites and carrying out mosquito

Medical Entomology DHF 1

control in the Casuarina Coastal Reserve and the Botanic Gardens, and local government and Environmental Health Officers in the various towns throughout the NT on mosquito surveillance and mosquito control.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

1. Prevent the re-establishment of malaria by entomologically investigating and appropriately responding to each case of imported malaria in the NT. Eliminate sources of malaria vectors near urban Darwin by engineering means. Carry out incidental research on Anopheles farauti s.l. (s.l. means in the wider sense, ie all of the sibling species) to assist in control methods.

2. Prevent the introduction of exotic dengue vector mosquitoes from overseas

and Queensland by providing appropriate advice and assistance to Quarantine authorities, active surveillance using special egg traps, regular surveys for larvae at vulnerable geographic points of introduction, reduction of potential breeding places by landowner liaison and media advertising, and eradication procedures after detection of importation.

3. Carry out surveillance and control of mosquitoes in all major towns and mine

developments by organising and assisting with regular mosquito trapping and providing advice and assistance with control operations, under the NT Mosquito Borne Disease Control program and a User Pays Scheme.

4. Carry out mosquito surveys throughout the NT, including remote

communities, to determine the distribution and relative abundance of mosquitoes in order to enable the assessment of the risk of mosquito borne disease.

5. Carry out extensive and intensive mosquito larval control operations in

Darwin using a helicopter applied insecticide program in the coastal swamps.

6. Organise and assist the Darwin City Council and the PWCNT with

engineering programs in and adjacent to urban areas, under the combined Mosquito Engineering Control Program.

7. Carry out surveillance of flaviviruses causing human disease by: maintaining

a sentinel chicken surveillance program with the assistance of DPIFM and volunteers, the investigation of outbreaks of mosquito borne disease, and the collection and processing of mosquitoes for arbovirus isolation.

8. Provide planning and development advice and guidelines to DPI and others

to prevent new biting insect problems for various minor and major development projects.


9. Promote public awareness on biting insects and arthropod borne disease by regular public communication, a public reference service, the promotion of the Mosquito Control Advisory Committee, preparation of public information sheets, an intranet site for advice and high quality information pamphlets.

10. Assist students and other bodies in basic research on biting insects and

other arthropods of medical importance. 11. Carry out incidental and applied research both independently or in

cooperation with other researchers on biting insects in the NT to establish improved methods for the avoidance, reduction or control of insects of public health importance.

12. Build and maintain a reference collection of mosquitoes, biting midges and

other arthropods of medical importance in the NT. 13. Provide opportunities for staff development by in-service and external

training, so that they are better able to deliver services.


1.5 PERFORMANCE FOR 2007 – 2008

• There have been no further exotic mosquito importations through ports in the NT this year, and only two detections were made last year. However, the consistent recoveries of NT domestic Aedes species in the NT exotic mosquito ovitrap surveillance program demonstrates that Darwin and surrounding rural areas are receptive to exotic Aedes establishment if any importation crosses the AQIS barrier around port or airport areas.

• The exotic dengue vector Aedes aegypti was officially declared eradicated

from Groote Eylandt in May 2008. Aedes aegypti was first detected in October 2006 by ME of DHF. The eradication program began immediately after detection and subsequently received Commonwealth Health funding assistance. This is only the second successful eradication of a mosquito species in Australia and the first in the wet tropics of Australia.

• There were 187 Ross River virus (RRV) and 51 Barmah Forest virus (BFV)

disease cases in the Darwin region this year compared to 181 RRV and 68 BFV cases in 2006/07. The number of RRV disease cases, is the second highest number of cases since 1994/95 (281). In the NT there were 246 this year compared to 259 last year, with less this year in the East Arnhem and Katherine region.

• This year the ME aerial mosquito control area in swamps near Darwin requiring treatment was higher, with more sprayed at Leanyer, Holmes Jungle, Micket Creek and Shoal Bay swamps (1206ha) compared to last year (1062 ha). This was due primarily to extensive control operations between October and December due to high tides and rain events causing hatching of Aedes vigilax, the northern salt marsh mosquito. Due to the successful control efforts, numbers of Ae. vigilax, remained relatively low, with an average per trap night from the eleven continuous traps of 42.80 compared to 34.76 last year and a long term average of 44.00.

• ME in cooperation with the Darwin City Council continued with a storm water drain road side entry pit rectification program. Nightcliff and Millner were targeted this year and many side entry pits containing water were filled with concrete, and thus are free draining, removing a continuous source of domestic mosquitoes in the urban area.

• The Casuarina Coastal Reserve is a significant source of mosquitoes for

Darwin urban suburbs, particularly for Tiwi, Brinkin and the RDH area, and will become increasingly important due to storm drainage with the development of Lyons and Muirhead. These long term mosquito breeding sites in the tidally influenced areas and freshwater drainage areas require a solution of drainage,


filling with sand, or re-contouring. ME in conjunction with Parks and Wildlife are currently applying for a federal coastcare grant to obtain funds for rectification works.

• One of the most important ongoing issues this year is the lack of a

comprehensive mosquito survey and control operation for Palmerston. ME are unable to carry out this program with existing staff levels. This problem is becoming increasingly relevant as the population of Palmerston increases and more people are placed close to uncontrolled mosquito breeding sites. This problem will need resolution by the managers of Crown Land, the Palmerston City Council and DHF.

• DHF has completed the second year of a three year AusAID funded project to

assist the Timor Leste Ministry of Health (MoH) to develop and implement mosquito vector control programs. The project made progress in the areas of insecticide selection and purchase, equipment selection and purchase, training of MoH staff and volunteers, the development of operational plans and protocols for a dengue outbreak and a routine dengue vector control program in Dili, and implementation of MoH dengue vector surveillance and control activities in the field between end October 2007 and early April 2008. There was no dengue outbreak this year.

• The 12 sentinel chicken flocks were bled a total of 101 times for flavi-virus

antibody testing. The Coastal Plains, Katherine, Nathan River and Robinson River flocks all showed evidence of Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Numerous press releases assisted in the outcome of an absence of MVE virus disease cases this year.

• There were 25 cases of imported malaria in the NT, with 11 requiring

entomological investigation. None of the cases posed a risk of local Anopheles mosquitoes becoming infected. Thus, no precautionary fogging operations were required this year.

• ME completed detailed biting insect assessment reports for the Muirhead

subdivision (Lee Point), Palmerston Eastern Suburbs (includes Bellamack), Rosebery Hub, Frances Creek Iron Ore mine (Pine Creek) and Browns Oxide mine (Rum Jungle). Reports currently under completion are for the Blaydin Point (Inpex) Gas Facility in Middle Arm and Maud Creek Gold mine (Katherine). On-going investigations are occurring at the Berrimah Farm subdivision site, with investigations to be completed in November 2008.

• The second year of a joint three-year Australian Research Council Linkage

Project has been completed (ARC grant of $800K over 3 years). The project involves DHF, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, University of Tasmania, Bureau of Meteorology, Department of Defence and the Department of Infrastructure Planning and Environment and is called Mosquito-borne Disease: an Analysis of Environmental and Population Monitoring Data and Evaluation of Control Programs in the NT. This year an


experiment was carried out in Holmes Jungle swamp, to determine the effects on fire, vegetation and Bti spraying on larval mosquito breeding.

• ME contributed six papers to the Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin,

and was involved in two papers within the ARC Linkage Project as co-author. ME also produced six branch reports, including the ME annual report, and was contributed to the Communicable Disease Network Australia annual report. Three papers on mosquito diversity and seasonal distribution, on endogenous and exogenous factors influencing mosquito abundance patterns, and the efficacy of bifenthrin applications in tyres on Aedes mosquitoes are in preparation.

• ME produced calendars showing pest periods for the mangrove biting midge

Culicoides ornatus and the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax for the coastal Top End of the NT for 2008.


2. INTRODUCTION TO 2007 – 2008 ANNUAL REPORT

The Medical Entomology Annual Report 2007/08 is intended to present an overall picture of mosquito surveillance and control activities carried out in the Northern Territory in 2007/08. In addition, specific figures and tables for regional towns that are not presented in this report, have been produced for Alyangula, Nhulunbuy, Jabiru, Katherine, Tennant Creek and Alice Springs to provide local officers with the detailed information from local programs. These tables and figures are available on request.


CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW...............................................................................1 1.1 GOAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY.......................................................1 1.2 VISION OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY.....................................................1 1.3 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY SERVICES.....................................................1 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY ..........................................2 1.5 PERFORMANCE FOR 2007 – 2008.........................................................4

2. INTRODUCTION TO 2007 – 2008 ANNUAL REPORT .................................7

3. EXOTIC VECTOR SURVEILLANCE............................................................19 3.1 DARWIN ....................................................................................................19

3.1.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program .........................................................19 3.1.2 AQIS Adult Mosquito Trapping Program ....................................................21 3.1.3 Exotic Mosquito Interceptions.....................................................................22 3.1.4 Receptacle Breeding Surveys ....................................................................23

3.2 NHULUNBUY ..............................................................................................24 3.2.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program .........................................................24

3.3 GROOTE EYLANDT .....................................................................................25 3.3.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program .........................................................25

3.4 ALICE SPRINGS .........................................................................................26 3.4.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program .........................................................26

3.5 KATHERINE ...............................................................................................26 3.5.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program .........................................................26

3.6 JABIRU......................................................................................................27 3.6.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program .........................................................27

4. EXOTIC VECTOR ERADICATION PROGRAM ON GROOTE EYLANDT ..28 4.1 DETECTION OF AEDES AEGYPTI ON GROOTE EYLANDT..................................28 4.2 ACTIVITIES OF AEDES AEGYPTI ERADICATION PROJECT.................................28

4.2.1 Aedes aegypti surveillance:........................................................................28 4.3 RESULTS OF SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OPERATIONS ...............................32 4.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK......................................................................33

5. VECTOR SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY 34 5.1 DARWIN ....................................................................................................34

5.1.1 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program ...........................................................34 5.1.2 Vectors & Disease case data .....................................................................36 5.1.3 Routine Ground Larval Mosquito Control Program Darwin ........................38 5.1.4 Aerial Mosquito Control Program ...............................................................40 5.1.5 Mosquito Engineering Control Program .....................................................41 5.1.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control .........................42

5.2 JABIRU......................................................................................................44 5.2.1 Mosquito species recorded in Jabiru ..........................................................44


5.2.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program ...........................................................44 5.2.3 Vector & Disease case data .......................................................................46 5.2.4 Visits or surveys by Medical Entomology ...................................................48 5.2.5 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control .........................48

5.3 NHULUNBUY ..............................................................................................49 5.3.1 Mosquito species recorded in Nhulunbuy...................................................49 5.3.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program........................................50 5.3.3 Larval survey and control program.............................................................53 5.3.4 Vector & Disease case data .......................................................................54 5.3.5 Visits or surveys by ME ..............................................................................54 5.3.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control .........................55

5.4 KATHERINE ...............................................................................................56 5.4.1 Mosquito species recorded in Katherine ....................................................56 5.4.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program ...........................................................56 5.4.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program......................................57 5.4.4 Vector & Disease case data .......................................................................58 5.4.5 Visits or surveys by ME ..............................................................................58 5.4.6 Engineering measures................................................................................59 5.4.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control .........................59

5.5 TENNANT CREEK .......................................................................................59 5.5.1 Mosquito species recorded in Tennant Creek ............................................59 5.5.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program ...........................................................59 5.5.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program..........................................................60 5.5.4 Vector & Disease case data .......................................................................61 5.5.5 Visits or surveys by ME ..............................................................................61 5.5.6 Engineering measures................................................................................61 5.5.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control .........................61

5.6 ALICE SPRINGS .........................................................................................62 5.6.1 Mosquito species recorded in Alice Springs...............................................62 5.6.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program ...........................................................62 5.6.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program..........................................................63 5.6.4 Vector & Disease case data .......................................................................64 5.6.5 Visits or surveys by ME ..............................................................................65 5.6.6 Engineering measures................................................................................65 5.6.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control .........................65

5.7 GROOTE EYLANDT .....................................................................................65 5.7.1 Mosquito species recorded in Groote Eylandt............................................65 5.7.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program ...........................................................66 5.7.3 Vector & Disease case data .......................................................................68 5.7.4 Visits or surveys by ME ..............................................................................69 5.7.5 Engineering measures................................................................................69 5.7.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control .........................69

6. TIMOR-LESTE MOSQUITO PROJECT.......................................................70 6.1 CAPACITY PROJECT TO IMPROVE MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL IN TIMOR-LESTE.......................................................................................................70 6.2 PROJECT PERSONNEL ................................................................................70 6.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF DHF RECOMMENDATIONS ON VECTOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL .............................................................................................................70 6.4 TRAINING OF TIMOR MOH STAFF AND VOLUNTEERS IN MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL ......................................................................................................72


6.5 EFFECT OF CIVIL UNREST AND POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY ON PROJECT OUTCOMES 73 6.6 PROCUREMENT OF APPROPRIATE INSECTICIDES AND EQUIPMENT FOR USE IN VECTOR CONTROL ................................................................................................73 6.7 PROCUREMENT OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT FOR USE IN VECTOR SURVEILLANCE .....................................................................................................74 6.8 TESTING OF THE EFFICACY OF TWO INSECTICIDES TO PREVENT MOSQUITO COLONISATION OF RECEPTACLES ...........................................................................75 6.9 CONTINUATION OF TIMOR-LESTE MOSQUITO PROJECT .................................76

7. MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE CASE DATA IN THE NT ...........................76 7.1 ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE .......................................................................76 7.2 BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE ................................................................76 7.3 MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS DISEASE............................................77 7.4 KUNJIN VIRUS DISEASE ...............................................................................77

8. ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH......................................78 8.1 SENTINEL CHICKEN PROGRAM...................................................................78 8.2 VIRUS ISOLATION PROGRAM .......................................................................79

9. MALARIA SURVEILLANCE ........................................................................79 9.1 CASE DATA................................................................................................79

10. PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS AND COMMENTS 80 10.1 DEVELOPMENT COMMENTS .........................................................................80 10.2 DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS..................................................................81

10.2.1 Muirhead Subdivision .................................................................................81 10.2.2 Palmerston Eastern Suburbs......................................................................81 10.2.3 Rosebery Hub biting midge investigation ...................................................82 10.2.4 Frances Creek Mine ...................................................................................82 10.2.5 Browns Oxide Mine ....................................................................................83 10.2.6 Maud Creek gold mine ...............................................................................83 10.2.7 Berrimah Farm............................................................................................83 10.2.8 Blaydin Point...............................................................................................83

11. MOSQUITO FIELD SURVEYS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY .............84

12. MOSQUITO AWARENESS AND TRAINING...............................................84 12.1 MOSQUITO AWARENESS CAMPAIGN .............................................................84 12.2 ME TRAINING ............................................................................................85

13. PUBLIC ENQUIRIES....................................................................................85

14. COMMITTEES AND ADVISORY GROUPS.................................................85 14.1 NATIONAL ARBOVIRUS ADVISORY COMMITTEE .............................................85 14.2 NORTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH MINISTERS VECTOR WORKING GROUP .............86


14.3 TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP – AEDES ALBOPICTUS ERADICATION PROGRAM TORRES STRAIT ...................................................................................................86

15. RESEARCH .................................................................................................87 15.1 ARC LINKAGE PROJECT ...............................................................................87 15.2 INSECTICIDE TRIAL .....................................................................................87 15.3 IDENTIFICATION OF AEDES ALBOPICTUS AND AEDES KATHERINENSIS LARVAE USING PECTEN TEETH............................................................................................88

16. PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS ..................................................................88

17. REFERENCE COLLECTIONS.....................................................................89

18. DATA MANAGEMENT.................................................................................89 18.1 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM ....................................89 18.2 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS.........................................................90

19. STAFF MATTERS........................................................................................90

20. REFERENCES..................................................................................................92

21. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................93


FIGURES 1 – 26

FIG. 1A. DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM. LOCATION OF WEEKLY ADULT MOSQUITO CO2 BAITED TRAP SITES.

FIG. 1B. DARWIN OVITRAP SITES.

URBAN OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM. LOCATION OF

FIG. 1C. DARWIN RURAL OVITRAP MONITORING PROGRAM. LOCATION OF OVITRAP SITES.

FIG. 2. JABIRU ADULT MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS.

FIG. 3A. ALYANGULA ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITE, SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS.

FIG. 3B. ANGURUGU ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITE AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS .

FIG. 4. NHULUNBUY ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS.

FIG. 5. KATHERINE ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS.

FIG. 6. TENNANT CREEK ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, LARVAL AND SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCK LOCATIONS.

FIG. 7. ALICE SPRINGS ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS.

FIG. 8. AQIS DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM.

FIG. 9A. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP PROGRAM – DARWIN AND CITY AND OUTER DARWIN 2007/08. TOTAL NUMBER OF LARVAE IN ALL THIRTY SEVEN TRAP SITES; RAINFALL AT DARWIN AIRPORT.

FIG. 9B. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM – DARWIN RURAL AND PALMERSTON 2007/08. TOTAL NUMBER OF LARVAE IN ALL TWELVE TRAP SITES; RAINFALL AT DARWIN AIRPORT.


FIG. 10A. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN. AVERAGE NUMBER OF AEDES NOTOSCRIPTUS, AEDES VIGILAX, CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS GROUP, AND ALL SPECIES TRAPPED PER TRAP NIGHT PER YEAR FOR THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES AND ANNUAL RAINFALL IN DARWIN – 1983/84 TO 2007/08.

FIG. 10B. FINANCIAL YEAR & LONG TERM AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED AND ALL FEMALE MOSQUITO SPECIES PER TRAP CAUGHT IN THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

FIG. 11. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN. AVERAGE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALE MOSQUITOES TRAPPED PER TRAP NIGHT AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS DARWIN MONITORING SITES - 1993/94 TO 2007/08.

FIG. 12. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN. COMPARISONS OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF AEDES VIGILAX CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES - 2003/04 TO 2007/08.

FIG. 13. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN. COMPARISONS OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF ALL FEMALE MOSQUITOES PER TRAP NIGHT CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES, 2003/04 TO 2007/08.

FIG. 14. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN. TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE AEDES VIGILAX PER MONTH CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS DARWIN MONITORING SITES 2003/04 TO 2007/08.

FIG. 15A. MONTHLY RAINFALL AND MONTHLY ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES FOR TOWNS OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY FROM JULY 1994 – JUNE 2008. RRV DISEASE CASES FROM CDC, DARWIN. RAINFALL DATA FROM BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY.

FIG. 15B. MONTHLY RAINFALL AND MONTHLY AVERAGE NUMBER OF CX. ANNULIROSTRIS GRP. (AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT, CO2 BAITED TRAPS) FOR TOWNS OF THE NORTEHRN TERRITORY FROM JULY 1994 – JUNE 2008. RAINFALL DATA FROM BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY.

FIG. 16A. DARWIN. TOTAL MONTHLY RAINFALL IN RELATION TO AE. NOTOSCRIPTUS, AE. VIGILAX, CX. ANNULIROSTRIS GRP. & VE. FUNEREA JULY 1991 TO JUNE 2008.

FIG. 16B. DARWIN. MONTHLY BFV DISEASE CASES IN RELATION TO AE. NOTOSCRIPTUS, AE. VIGILAX, CX. ANNULIROSTRIS & VE. FUNEREA JULY 1991 TO JUNE 2008.


FIG. 17. DARWIN. MONTHLY RRV DISEASE CASES IN RELATION TO AE. NOTOSCRIPTUS, AE. VIGILAX, CX. ANNULIROSTRIS & VE. FUNEREA JULY 1991 TO JUNE 2008. 99

FIG. 18. AERIAL APPLIED MOSQUITO LARVAL CONTROL PROGRAM MAJOR MOSQUITO BREEDING AREAS – DARWIN.

FIG. 19. ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE NT: 2002/03 TO 2007/08. LABORATORY NOTIFIED CASES FROM CDC (BY YEAR OF REPORT).

FIG. 19A. BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE NT: 2002/03 TO 2007/08. LABORATORY NOTIFIED CASES FROM CDC (BY YEAR OF REPORT).

FIG. 20. ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT. LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES FROM CDC (BY MONTH OF REPORT) 1997/98 TO 2007/08.

FIG. 21. BARMAH FOREST, ROSS RIVER AND MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008. LABORATORY NOTIFIED CASES FROM CDC (BY MONTH OF REPORT).

FIG. 22. TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS TO FLAVIVIRUS IN SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS THROUGHOUT THE NT 2005/06 TO 2007/08.

FIG. 23. TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS TO FLAVIVIRUS IN SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS THROUGHOUT THE NT 2007/08.

FIG. 24. NORTHERN TERRITORY RAINFALL DECILES 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

FIG. 25. NORTHERN TERRITORY RAINFALL (MM) 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

FIG. 26. LOCATION OF SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS IN THE NT.


TABLES 1 - 53.

TABLE 1. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - DARWIN CITY AND OUTER DARWIN. JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008.

TABLE 1B. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM – DARWIN RURAL AND PALMERSTON. JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008.

TABLE 2. RECEPTACLE BREEDING SURVEYS IN THE NT JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008.

TABLE 3. ADULT MOSQUITO SPECIES LIST DARWIN.

TABLE 4. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008. TOTAL NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ELEVEN CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

TABLE 5.MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008. TOTAL NUMBER OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL 23 WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

TABLE 6. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE 11 CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 7. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN. TOTAL NUMBERS OF ALL MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 11 CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 8. DARWIN – ROUTINE LARVAL SURVEY SITES 2007/2008.

TABLE 9. ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION PER MONTH) JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008.

TABLE 10. BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION PER MONTH) JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008.

TABLE 11. ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT. LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION) 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 12. BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT. LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION) 1991/92 TO 2007/08.


TABLE 13. LOCATION AND MONTH OF ONSET OF CASES OF MVE OR KUN 1974 – 2008 ACQUIRED IN THE NT.

TABLE 14. ARBOVIRUS RISK PERIODS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY.

TABLE 15. SUMMARY OF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE 2007/08. NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING.

TABLE 16. SUMMARY OF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE BY MONTH JUL 1992 – JUN 2008. NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING.

TABLE 17. ADULT MOSQUITO SPECIES LIST JABIRU TOWN.

TABLE 18. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM JABIRU. TOTAL NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 19. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM JABIRU. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE CONTINUOUS CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007.

TABLE 20. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM JABIRU. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 21. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM – JABIRU. JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008.

TABLE 22. ADULT MOSQUITO SPECIES LIST GOVE PENINSULAR.

TABLE 23. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY. NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 24. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE FIVE CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1994/95 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 25. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.


TABLE 26. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM – NHULUNBUY. JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008

TABLE 27. ADULT MOSQUITO SPECIES LIST KATHERINE TOWN.

TABLE 28 . MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE. NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 29. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE THREE CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 30. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 31. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM – KATHERINE JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008.

TABLE 32. SUMMARY OF KATHERINE ROUTINE LARVAL SURVEY SITES 2007/08.

TABLE 33. ADULT MOSQUITO SPECIES LIST TENNANT CREEK TOWN.

TABLE 34. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEK. TOTAL NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 35. .. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEK. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 36 ADULT MOSQUITO SPECIES LIST, ALICE SPRINGS TOWN.

TABLE 37. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGS. TOTAL NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 38. .. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGS. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 39. ... MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGS. AVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.


TABLE 40. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM – ALICE SPRINGS. JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008.

TABLE 41 ALICE SPRINGS ROUTINE LARVAL SURVEY SITES 2007/2008.

TABLE 42. ADULT MOSQUITO SPECIES LIST GROOTE EYLANDT.

TABLE 43. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALYANGULA. TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED TRAPS 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 44. MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALYANGULA. AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1995/96 TO 2007/08.

TABLE 45. AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM – ALYANGULA. JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008.

TABLE 46. AQIS EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM - DARWIN. 1JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008. TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

TABLE 46B. AQIS EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM – EAST ARHNEM. 1JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008. TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

TABLE 47. MALARIA NOTIFICATIONS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 48. MALARIA NOTIFICATIONS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY 1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TABLE 49. ENQUIRIES RECEIVED BY MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2007/08.

TABLE 50. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY SURVEY AND TRAVEL JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008.

TABLE 51. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PUBLICATIONS 2007/08.

TABLE 52. GROOTE EYLANDT MAJOR COMMUNITIES AEDES AEGYPTI ERADICATION PROGRAM SUMMARY 2007/08.

TABLE 53. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PERFORMANCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS 1990/2008.


3. EXOTIC VECTOR SURVEILLANCE

3.1 Darwin

3.1.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program

3.1.1.1 Darwin Urban

The exotic Aedes ovitrap (egg trap) surveillance program is a continuing and routine program to detect the importation of exotic mosquito species in the NT, and to prevent the establishment of these species. Thirty-seven (37) ovitraps in the Darwin area and 12 ovitraps in the Palmerston and rural area are monitored fortnightly. They are located in most of the suburbs and various rural residential areas and are also adjacent to vulnerable entry points for exotic mosquito incursions from either overseas or Queensland, including the port areas, interstate trucking yards, removalist companies, caravan parks, tyre yards and plant nurseries (Tables 1A and 1B; Figs 1B and 1C). The ovitraps are inspected each fortnight for mosquito larvae and eggs. Larvae or eggs laid on the paddles in the ovitraps are reared to fourth instar larvae in the ME laboratory for identification. The ovitrap program was modified slightly to increase efficiency and coverage. In 2007/08, the ovitrap in 25 Temira Crescent was moved to 37 Temira Crescent. The ovitrap at the Nightcliff Sports Club was also discontinued due to unreliable access. A new site was established at 8 Camphor Street in Nightcliff. In Darwin, 34.13% of all ovitraps were positive for mosquito larvae (Table 1A). This percentage of positive ovitraps is lower compared to last year (42.45%). The species most often detected was Ae. notoscriptus (304 times), followed by Ae. tremulus (32 times) and Culex quinquefasciatus (5 times) (Table 1A). The positive ovitraps were mostly positive for Ae. notoscriptus (92.97%), Ae. tremulus (9.79%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (1.53%) (Table 1A). The ovitraps at Perkins Shipping, Rooney’s Shipping, Grace Removals and at Adcock Crescent in Nakara were not positive for larvae in 2007/08, and these sites will be examined to determine if new positions need to be selected at these sites (Table 1A). In Darwin City and suburbs Ae. notoscriptus larval numbers detected in ovitraps increased between July and October 2007, with a peak in October. The initial increase can be attributed to a reduction in competition from receptacles capable of breeding mosquitoes near ovitraps due to increasing desiccating conditions. The peak in October, and continuous higher number of Ae. notoscriptus until March 2008, can be attributed to increases in the overall adult population due to


wet season rain. However, there appears to be a periodic drop and rise in number of ovitraps being positive, where the drops generally follow higher rainfall periods and the increases follow a lower rainfall period. This may be due to adult females selecting alternate breeding receptacles after filling by rain. After the last rains in April 2008, there was a steady decline in the number of Ae. notoscriptus eggs found in ovitraps, probably due to a selection of alternate breeding sites, and later with a decline in overall adult population size (Fig. 9A). In 2007/08, there was a rise in Cx. quinquefasciatus numbers recorded from ovitraps in August when alternate breeding sites would have been dry, and again in October after the first rains when the adult population would have increased (Fig. 9A). Culex quinqufasciatus collections then decreased to low levels and remained low until June 2008. This is presumably due to the availability of alternate breeding sites during and after the wet season. Aedes tremulus numbers recorded in ovitraps were relatively low and consistent from July to December, increasing only slightly during high rainfall periods (Dec-Feb). Numbers decreased towards the end of the wet season (Mar-April) and remained low post wet season, reflecting the drop in the overall population of this species during the dry season. Aedes kochi numbers found in ovitraps were very low throughout the 2007/08 period reflecting their preference for their natural rain filled Pandanus leaf axil breeding sites (Fig. 9A). 3.1.1.2 Darwin Rural

In the 2007/08, Darwin rural and Palmerston ovitrap surveillance program 27.33% of ovitraps were positive for mosquito larvae (Table 1B) compared to 30.32% in 2006/07. The highest percentage of positive ovitraps positive for each species was Ae. notoscriptus (88.24 %), followed by Ae. tremulus (10.59 %) and Ae. kochi (4.71 %) (Table 1B). The highest average number of larvae per trap per fortnight of positive ovitraps was 85 for Cx. annulirostris, followed by 49.79 for Ae. notoscriptus, 26.33 for Ae. tremulus and 14 for Ae. kocki (Table 1B). Although much reduced in abundance, the pattern of Ae. notoscriptus and Cx. quinquefasciatus fluctuations in the Darwin rural and Palmerston ovitrap surveillance program were similar to that of the Darwin city and suburbs (Figs 9A and 9B). Increased numbers of Ae. notoscriptus larvae in the Darwin rural and Palmerston ovitraps were detected in September and were likely due to the lack of alternate breeding site availability. The number of eggs deposited on paddles decreased with the first rainfall, as other more favourable receptacles would have become available for egg laying females. The increase in Ae. notoscriptus numbers in November and December was most likely a result of increases in overall adult population size. Aedes notoscriptus numbers decreased with the heavy rain in early to mid January, and increased again later in the month due to lower rainfall and greater adult mosquito abundance. Aedes notoscriptus numbers peaked again in April, most likely due to the lack of alternative breeding sites, and then fell and remained low probably due to a decrease in overall adult population size (Fig. 9B).


Numbers of larvae detected in the Darwin rural and Palmerston ovitrap program and numbers of positive ovitraps were higher compared to 2006/07. As discussed above, the variation in the end of wet season numbers is probably due to rainfall fluctuations, adult mosquito population size variation, and artificial filling of receptacles through irrigation. There were lower numbers of positive ovitraps, but with higher numbers of larvae detected in 2007/08 (Table 1B). A number of factors could be contributing to this, including localised population fluctuations possibly due to localised rain events, reduction in breeding site availability around some ovitrap sites, or even an addition or increase in the number of nearby alternative breeding sites. Given that the exotic disease carrying vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (both of which are not established in Darwin) can potentially utilise the same receptacles as Ae. notoscriptus, the continuous recovery of this species in relatively high numbers is an indicator that public awareness campaigns aimed at reducing household receptacle mosquito breeding need to be maintained.

3.1.2 AQIS Adult Mosquito Trapping Program There were no exotic adult mosquitoes detected in the AQIS adult EVS traps in Darwin, Gove or Alyangula in 2007/08. Species collected are shown in Table 46A and 46B.

3.1.2.1 Darwin

A routine adult mosquito-trapping program is conducted by AQIS at vessel and aircraft overseas entry points around Darwin. The exotic adult trapping program was established in 1999 in collaboration with ME and is now managed by AQIS. The aim of the program is to monitor adult mosquitoes at vessel or aircraft entry points around Darwin for exotic vector species. The mosquito traps are set by AQIS and the collections are identified by ME staff. There are six routine AQIS adult mosquito monitoring trap sites in Darwin. The trap sites are located at Fort Hill Wharf, Perkins Shipping, Darwin Airport, East Arm Wharf and two traps are located at the RAAF Base (MHS and BRA). The traps are set and collected once a week by the AQIS Vector Officers (Table 46A). After collection, the mosquitoes are forwarded to ME for identification. Once identified, the results are forwarded to AQIS Vector Officers and RAAF Environmental Health Officers. Culex quinquefasciatus, Ae. notoscriptus and Ae. tremulus were the three most commonly collected receptacle breeding species in 2007/08 (Table 46A). The Bomb Re-Armament Area (BRA) (36.57%), Perkins Shipping (30.58%) and the Military Hard Stand (MHS) (19.76%) caught the highest percentage of mosquitoes per trap night (Table 46A). Culex quinquefasciatus numbers detected at Perkins Shipping this year (288) increased from 2006/07 (233). The numbers caught in the traps have been


relatively consistent and a survey to locate the breeding site suggests that a leaf-clogged gutter may have contributed to adult mosquito numbers, as well as the storm water drain outside of Perkins and west of the trap site. This stormwater drain would only breed during the low flow periods where pockets of stagnant water persist. Adult Ae. tremulus numbers at the BRA site were higher than last year, and a survey of the area found very productive tree hole breeding sites, as well as a discarded metal bin. Aedes notoscriptus and Cx. quinquefasciatus were also breeding in the latter site. 3.1.2.2 East Arnhem AQIS started an adult monitoring program in the Gove area in July 2007, which included three traps set at Gove port (Gove port office and Gove Yacht Club) and Alyangula. Adult monitoring by AQIS however cannot be carried out on a routine basis, as it is dependant on the availability of the AQIS officers. Culex quinquefasciatus, Ae. notoscriptus and Ae. tremulus were the three most commonly collected receptacle breeding species in 2007/08 (Table 46B). There were nine trap nights at the Alyangula port, which collected nil mosquitoes. This was due to difficulties in logistics in setting and collecting adult traps. The Gove Yacht Club trap collected 87.85% of the total number of mosquitoes per trap night. This location is an ongoing source of container breeding species, especially Ae. notoscriptus, which utilise the many tyres and boats within the yacht storage compound (Table 46B). AQIS have been in discussion with the Yacht Club management to reduce the mosquito breeding potential of the site.

3.1.3 Exotic Mosquito Interceptions

3.1.3.1 Illegal Foreign Fishing Vessels (IFFV)

In the NT, AQIS survey and treat IFFVs for any exotic pest threats to Australia, including mosquitoes. These vessels are detained and escorted to a port by agencies such as the Royal Australian Navy and Australian Custom Services. Iceboats traditionally carry large 800-1000L drinking water receptacles that are sealed and therefore are not suitable for mosquito breeding. Shark boats however, use open 200L plastic drums as drinking water receptacles that are very suitable for mosquito breeding, and exotic larvae are often detected in these receptacles. Information obtained from the Australian Fisheries Management Authority indicate that a large number of intercepted IFFV’s had been towed to Darwin and a small number to Gove for processing in the 07/08 financial year. There were no exotic mosquito interceptions forwarded by AQIS to ME in this financial year. Vessels are generally not inspected if they are not earmarked for land based assessment and destruction. It is however unknown whether there have actually been a lack of interceptions by AQIS, as there is no formal reporting mechanism between AQIS and ME.


3.1.4 Receptacle Breeding Surveys During 2007/08, 47 premises were surveyed for receptacle breeding mosquito larvae in the Darwin urban and Darwin rural areas to determine the presence of any exotic mosquitoes (Table 2). Eleven receptacle breeding mosquito surveys were also conducted at premises in Gove (Table 2). No exotic mosquitoes were detected during these surveys. A total of 13 survey days were spent on exotic mosquito container breeding surveillance in the NT. Table 2 does not include any surveys undertaken as part of the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti eradication project. Premises that are mainly targeted for the presence of exotic receptacle breeding species are port areas, nurseries, caravan parks and transport companies, as they are potential entry points for exotic mosquitoes in the NT. Some commercial and residential premises outside these categories may also be surveyed if they are close to potential entry points as mentioned above, or contain a large number of potential receptacle breeding sites. Port areas receive a lot of international shipping traffic and are susceptible to potential exotic mosquito incursions from overseas ports. Caravan parks and transport companies represent a risk of interstate commuters inadvertently transporting Ae. aegypti eggs or larvae across the border from Queensland into the NT. Nurseries are considered a risk because they often import plants and pots from interstate (including Queensland) and overseas, and they can contain large numbers of suitable receptacle breeding sites. The highest receptacle breeding indices in Darwin (percentage of receptacles positive for larvae in those receptacles with water) were in descending order, caravan parks (49.1) commercial premises (29.5), port premises (15.1), and nurseries (11.1)(Table 2). The Darwin figures indicate that caravan parks and commercial premises (mainly tyre yards) represent a risk in terms of providing a large number of potential artificial breeding sites. The port premises in the Darwin region are considered a vulnerable entry point. The receptacle index of these sites (15.1) is an indication that the area has sufficient numbers of potential breeding sites for an exotic receptacle breeding vector to become established in the event of an incursion (Table 2). Thus, further ongoing improvements to lower this index value are necessary as the port is our highest potential risk area for exotic mosquito importations. Joint wet season receptacle breeding surveys are conducted with AQIS as part of the routine exotic vector surveillance program. Surveys are conducted by AQIS and ME staff at high-risk entry points within the 400-metre quarantine zone around Darwin, such as East Arm Wharf and Darwin Port In 2006/07, a number of receptacles were treated with residual insecticides, such as methoprene pellets and briquettes (active constituent S-methoprene), and Demand® (active constituent lambda-cyhalothrin) during the surveys. Property owners or residents were advised on receptacle sanitation and health implications of the establishment of exotic vector mosquitoes in the NT.


Regional NT receptacle surveys were conducted in Nhulunbuy and Groote Eylandt. The later survey was part of an Ae. aegypti eradication project and the results are included in section 4. Gove has many vessels arriving on a regular basis from Queensland and overseas every year. These are potential sources of exotic mosquito importations into Gove port areas. There is no longer a likelihood of transporting Ae. aegypti into Gove from Groote Eylandt since Alyangula was declared free of the dengue mosquito in May 2008 by DHF. Many of the premises surveyed in Nhulunbuy were surveyed jointly by AQIS and ME. The receptacle survey for exotic mosquito breeding was conducted at premises around the port areas of Nhulunbuy in March 2008. Receptacle surveys were carried out at Perkins yards, the nearby Gove Yacht Club, Catalina Beach boat yard, the IFFV burn site on Drimmie Head Peninsula and at various residential and industrial properties in the township. The highest receptacle breeding indexes in Gove were in descending order, port premises (47.8), residential (45.9), and commercial premises (33.3) (Table 2).

3.2 Nhulunbuy

3.2.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program Nhulunbuy is a mining town and the principal town in the East Arnhem region. The town is considered a vulnerable entry point for exotic Aedes species into the NT because of mining related transport arriving from overseas and Queensland, as well as IFFV’s being detained near Port Melville and prepared for onshore destruction at Drimmie Head by AQIS. An ongoing ovitrap surveillance program was established in Nhulunbuy in 1995/96 in collaboration with the Nhulunbuy Corporation. IFFVs apprehended near East Arnhem that have been earmarked for destruction are now prepared at Catalina boat yard and burnt at Drimmie Head. The burn site is located 1.5 km south of Gove Yacht Club and 700 m north of the mechanics workshop at Ski Beach community. There are eight routine ovitrap sites in Gove, which are located in the seaport areas, the township, the airport, the waste facility, and Catalina Beach Yacht Club (Fig.4). In the 2007/08 period a total of 202 ovitraps were sampled, with 86 being positive for mosquito larvae (42.57% +ve) (Table 26). Results show that Ae. notoscriptus was the most commonly recorded species (60.47% of +ve ovitraps), followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus (47.67%), Ae. tremulus (12.79%) and Ae. katherinensis (4.65%) (Table 26). The ovitrap at Lot 442 Tamarind Avenue was moved 50m to 67 Providence Court. The frequently sampled New Airport Terminal returned the highest number


of positive traps, with 76% +ve, followed by Catalina Beach boat yard (72%), Wallaby Beach with 58.33% +ve. High numbers of Ae. notoscriptus larvae were detected at the Catalina Boat Yard (1068), the waste facility (399) and the Wallaby Beach Yacht Club (222) (Table 26). Collections of Ae. notoscriptus at Gove airport terminal is a potential problem as it demonstrates that Aedes breeding sites exist in the area and poses a potential risk for exotic mosquitoes to become established. The potential source of exotic Aedes is from aircraft from Qld where Ae. aegypti exists. The ovitrap at the Catalina Beach boat yard and Wallaby Beach Yacht Club were the only traps to detect Ae. katherinensis (Table 26). There were no exotic mosquitoes detected in Nhulunbuy in 2007/08. However, a receptacle survey needs to be conducted to locate and eliminate the probable source of receptacle breeding mosquitoes at all sites showing high numbers of larvae in the ovitraps.

3.3 Groote Eylandt

3.3.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program Alyangula is a mining town located on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in the East Arnhem region. Many of the vessel arrivals are for ore export, or coastal cargo transport by barges to and from Darwin. Similar to Nhulunbuy, the area is considered a vulnerable entry point for exotic Aedes species into the NT from Qld or overseas. The ovitrap program is run in collaboration between the Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) and ME. The ovitrap program was established in July 1998 and continued to March 2000 when it was suspended because of a lack of local staff. The program was re-started in March 2003. The three ovitraps are located at the wharf, the airport and in the Alyangula Township and are serviced fortnightly (Figs 3A and 3B). The paddles that are used for egg laying by the mosquitoes are forwarded to ME, where the eggs are hatched and the larvae reared to fourth instar for identification. In 2007/08 seventy-five traps were sampled and two ovitraps were recorded as being positive for mosquito larvae (2.67% +ve) (Table 45). One of the positive samples was collected from the airport (Ae. tremulus) and the other from Newtown (Ae. notoscriptus). There was also an additional ovitrap established in May, positioned at the mine site. This trap was negative for mosquito eggs. An additional ovitrap is to be placed in ‘Old Town’ and should be in service for 2008/09. In 2006, five Ae. aegypti larvae were detected in the Wharf site ovitrap. This triggered a considerable and immediate Ae. aegypti eradication program, and illustrated the value of the ME exotic vector surveillance program in the NT. The eradication program has been a success and is outlined in Section 4.


3.4 Alice Springs

3.4.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program An ovitrap surveillance program was established in Alice Springs in March 2004 to determine whether Ae. aegypti had been introduced to the area from Tennant Creek after it was found there in 2004. Initially, the program consisted of six ovitraps. These traps are located adjacent to vulnerable points of establishment, such as potential breeding places or entry points into Alice Springs. These points are the freight terminal, the Shell Truck Stop, Tony’s Auto Wreckers, Alice City Tyre Power, the Red Dog Café and No 5 McMinn Street. In January 2007, an additional trap was established at the Alice Springs airport (Fig. 7). The ovitraps are serviced fortnightly by the Alice Springs Environmental Health Officer. The paddles and any larvae are forwarded to ME and larvae are reared to fourth instar larvae and identified. In 2007/08, no exotic mosquitoes were recovered from the Alice Springs ovitraps. The only species recovered were Ae. notoscriptus and Ae. tremulus (Table 40). The exotic vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus can potentially utilise the same or similar receptacles as the species recovered in 2007/08. The recovery of these receptacle breeding species in Alice Springs serves as an indicator that ongoing public awareness campaigns aimed at household receptacle mosquito breeding need to continue.

3.5 Katherine

3.5.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program In February 2004, the dengue vector Ae. aegypti was detected in Tennant Creek. As a result, an ongoing ovitrap surveillance program was established in Katherine in March 2004. The program consists of eight routine ovitraps. The traps are located adjacent to vulnerable entry points into Katherine, including the railway terminal, tyre centers, the Cycad Garden Nursery and the fire station (Fig. 5). The ovitraps are serviced by the Environmental Health Officer in Katherine each fortnight, and the paddles and any larvae are forwarded to ME for larval rearing and identification. Larvae or eggs laid on the paddles in the ovitraps are reared to fourth instar larvae in the ME laboratory for identification. In 2007/08, no exotic mosquitoes were recovered from the Katherine ovitraps. The predominant species found was Ae. notoscriptus (82.50% of +ve ovitraps), with highest numbers being recovered from the O’Keefe residence (3737 larvae) and the Gibson tyre centre (1664 larvae). Another species frequently detected was Ae. tremulus (29.17% of +ve ovitraps) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (10.83% of +ve ovitraps). Aedes katherinensis was recovered on ten occasions from four trap sites (8.33% of all traps +ve) (Table 31).


Given that the exotic disease carrying vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (both of which are not established in Katherine) can potentially utilise the same receptacles as Ae. notoscriptus, the recovery of the receptacle breeding species in Katherine is as an indicator that ongoing public awareness campaigns aimed at household and commercial receptacle mosquito breeding need to continue. In addition, the DHF routinely make concerted efforts to locate and reduce sources of mosquito breeding.

3.6 Jabiru

3.6.1 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program An ovitrap surveillance program was established in Jabiru in February 2005. The program consists of four ovitraps. The traps are located adjacent to vulnerable points of establishment, such as potential breeding places or entry points into Jabiru. These points are the Crocodile Holiday Inn, the Jabiru Caravan Park and the Bowali Visitors Centre, as well as one ovitrap in a residential area, at 1 King Place (Fig. 2). The traps were serviced by the Jabiru Town Council Environmental Officer and sent to Darwin for analysis. Since the recommencement of the ovitrap program in July 2007, 52 traps were sampled with nine found positive for eggs (17.31%) (Table 21). No exotic species were found. Due to operational difficulties with the lack of on site staff to operate these traps, the Jabiru ovitrap surveillance program will be discontinued in 2008/09. The ovitrap surveillance program in Jabiru will be replaced by routine twice-yearly receptacle breeding surveys carried out by ME to coincide with significant rains at the onset of the wet season and towards the end of the wet.


4. EXOTIC VECTOR ERADICATION PROGRAM ON GROOTE EYLANDT

4.1 Detection of Aedes aegypti on Groote Eylandt The exotic dengue vector Ae. aegypti was first detected on Groote Eylandt on the 20th October 2006. An Ae. aegypti eradication program was started immediately after the detection.

4.2 Activities of Aedes aegypti Eradication Project In 2007/08, the Ae. aegypti survey and eradication operations continued. The most important activities were: adult mosquito eradication by receptacle and harborage site spraying, receptacle removal or storage and larval and adult mosquito surveys. Aedes aegypti is a domestic mosquito, and breeds in water filled artificial receptacles such as tyres, pot plant drip trays, buckets, drums and tins in and around houses. Such sites were sampled for larvae, and then treated. The eradication methods employed were similar to those used in the Tennant Creek Ae. aegypti eradication program with the exception that most receptacles were primarily treated with lamda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin instead of bifenthrin. The Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) assisted with the survey and application of insecticides at the wharf, mine, and Alyangula town areas, and provided office accommodation.

4.2.1 Aedes aegypti surveillance: EVS Traps CO2 baited EVS traps were used as a surveillance tool. Limitations on the numbers of traps that could be set, due to availability of dry ice, were alleviated by direct feed of CO2 from gas bottles to the trap. As a result, more extensive EVS trapping was performed in Alyangula from November 2007 through to the end of field surveys in March 2008. In addition to routine and random Ae. aegypti surveillance, during the January to March period, results of EVS trapping of other Aedes species were used to indicate target properties for potential breeding site surveys. Key container breeding indicator species, such as Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. katherinensis and Ae. tremulus were used to set additional traps in the vicinity of positive collection sites for these species. The location and surrounding properties were also surveyed for breeding sites, where the potential breeding sites found were treated.


Sticky traps Sixteen sticky traps were placed throughout the Alyangula residential area on 8/10/07 and collected on 17/10/07. Of the 16 traps set, four had mosquitoes attached to the sticky trap, however none of the mosquitoes were Ae. aegypti. It was decided to discontinue this method of surveillance due to the low levels or absence of adult Ae. aegypti.

Lethal Ovitraps The 22 traps, which had been set on 28/6/07, were collected on 30/7/07. Microscopic examination determined that none of the traps were positive for any mosquito eggs. It was decided to discontinue this method of surveillance due to the low levels or probable absence of adult Ae. aegypti.

BG Traps Four BG traps were set overnight on the 11/10/07. Although various species were found in the traps, no Ae. aegypti were found. It was decided to discontinue this method of surveillance due to the low levels or absence of adult Ae. aegypti.

Ovitraps Broad-scale ovi trapping was conducted between 31st January and 13th March 2008 to assist in the confirmation of the absence of Ae. aegypti. A total of 69 ovitraps were set within the Alyangula residential and Alyangula port/industrial areas. Ten ovitraps were set in the port/industrial area and 59 distributed throughout the Alyangula residential area. No Ae. aegypti were found in any of the traps.

Property inspections: The major activity during this period was the systematic inspection and treatment of all Groote Eylandt residential and business properties, and neighbouring Bickerton Island. All receptacles capable of holding water were surveyed for mosquito larvae and then treated with lamda cyhalothrin or alpha cypermethrin insecticide, chlorine, or methoprene pellets depending on the category and use of the receptacles (Table 52). All mosquito larval samples collected during property inspections were identified on site in Alyangula, providing immediate feedback. Samples were shipped to Darwin for confirmation and storage. Sites inspected and treated from 1st July 2007 included: Alyangula (Groote Eylandt)- residential and business Alyangula (Groote Eylandt) - port and industrial Angurugu (Groote Eylandt) Mine site (Groote Eylandt) (GEMCO manganese mine) Umbakumba (Groote Eylandt) Bickerton Island Malkala (Groote Eylandt) Bartalumba Bay (Groote Eylandt)


Dugong Beach Resort (Groote Eylandt) GEBIE Development (Groote Eylandt) Ndunga (Groote Eylandt) Emerald River (Groote Eylandt) The established population of Ae. aegypti on Groote Eylandt was restricted to the Alyangula township. The community of Angurugu was found to have a single positive site from a tyre containing Ae. aegypti eggs and larvae. A boat located at the same property as the positive tyre had been stored in Alyangula for a number of weeks. The boat may have been the source of transport to Angurugu for Ae. aegypti. Subsequent surveys/treatments of the community indicated that Ae. aegypti did not establish a population in Angurugu and was eliminated during the initial interception and treatment. While the above list represents the major communities and outstations on Groote Eylandt and neighbouring areas, there still remain some remote outstation areas that were not visited. No surveys of these areas were carried out due to time constraints, accommodation issues and budget limitations. However, these outstations have either very few or no residents, or are relatively inaccessible and were deemed not likely to have appreciable Ae. aegypti breeding sites and little likelihood of being remaining foci of infestation.

Storm water drains: Any build up of silt or rubble in the storm water pipes can cause localised pooling of water in the pipes and their associated side entry pits. This can provide potential mosquito breeding sites. The problem of sediment in the storm water system continued to be a issue in Alyangula during 2007/08. A street sweeper was used to do regular circuits of the town and cleared all blocked side entry pits. This reduced the amount of sediment entering the system. Town storm water drain outlets were excavated to facilitate better flow. The main problem in removing sediment from inside the pipes was the condition of the pipes. The pipes were fragile and the corrugated iron lining was in poor condition. These pipes were treated with insecticides. This storm water drain problem could be a major problem should a new incursion of exotic mosquito species occur.

Telstra pit and manhole survey and treatment: In October, 223 Telstra pits in Alyangula were treated in liaison with a Telstra Officer. Pit lids were removed by the Telstra employee allowing treatment with a Prolink briquette (S-methoprene) and alpha-cypermethrin (Bestox). The Prolink briquettes were glued to a piece of styrofoam and anchored with fishing line to the inside of the pit. During the process, 17 of the concrete lids were found to be damaged and were replaced by Telstra.


Water/electricity pits Between 9th and 11th October 2007, 243 water/electricity pits were opened by Delta FM, a subsidiary of the GEMCO general maintenance group. All pits were treated with Prolink briquettes and sprayed with Bestox. During treatments, the eradication team discovered a significant mosquito-breeding site (unsealed septic tank) located near the Four-X Hill demountables. There was previous suspicion of a breeding site in this area due to the trapping of Cx. quinquefasciatus, but previous attempts to find the location were unsuccessful. The site was treated with Prolink briquettes and alpha-cypermethrin. The site was reported to the Township Superintendent and the concrete lid of the sewer was re-positioned and re-sealed.

Side entry pits On the 8th October 2007, eradication teams treated 42 side entry pits in Alyangula with Prolink briquettes and bifenthrin. The briquettes were placed into the deepest section of the pit and anchored to the top of the side entry pit with the aid of fishing line.

House gutters All house gutters received S-methoprene pellets thrown by hand from below. Replacement and repair of house gutters was continuing at the completion of the field project. The Alyangula Township Manager has a crew working systematically through the town altering/removing/fixing house roof gutters. When gutters were replaced/repaired, the crew also checked the condition of gutters in surrounding properties. Project staff identified some properties still needing attention to gutters. It was indicated that some of those properties will have gutters replaced with the more open style that promotes better flushing/draining.

4.2.1.1 Media activities: Alyangula Dengue Mozzie Day (ADMD) was held on the morning of Saturday 20th October 2007, to publicise the presence of the dengue mosquito incursion and to encourage residents to discard potential breeding receptacles from their yards prior to the onset of the next wet season. ADMD consisted of the following programs and activities:

• Promotional advertisements in the “Eylandt Echo” newsletter in the six weeks leading up to ADMD.

• School based activities included lectures from ME, cartoon colouring in competition, poster and essay competitions with prizes attached. The involvement of the education department staff was very positive and the competition submissions from students successful.

• House inspections in the week immediately prior to ADMD included a pamphlet drop suggesting items that may be considered for either disposal or better storage. The pamphlet drop had two strategies. Firstly to encourage residents to clean up their yards and remove potential receptacles prior to the onset of the coming wet season. This outcome was only achieved in some locations of the town. Secondly, the pamphlet had a competition entry form to win two return airfares to Darwin. The intention


was that residents had to tear off this entry form and bring it to the Dengue Mozzie Day displays in the shopping arcade and place it in the entry box. Overall this strategy was considered to be successful with approximately 30% of entry forms coming from the residential pamphlet drop.

• Shopping arcade sausage sizzle, publicity displays, promotional giveaways and competitions on ADMD. Poster boards displaying mosquito life cycles, photographs of common offending receptacles and other general mosquito related material were keenly viewed by residents providing opportunities for interactive discussion between ME staff and the residents. There were also static displays of traps used in the eradication program and various offending receptacles, Giveaways including pens, rulers, mouse pads, calculators and hats all with the message, “STOP THE DENGUE MOZZIE” or similar were keenly sought by residents. Many of these hats and pens have been seen in Alyangula since ADMD, so it is clear that the message was widely spread.

• Alyangula Health Centre staff attended the arcade with displays and clinical advice on dengue disease. The Clinical Nurse Manager had a poster board presentation displaying some of the clinical aspects of dengue disease including coloured photographs of dengue affected individuals.

• GEMCO provided staff and trucks for removal of articles left for disposal on front household yard verges. The items were taken to the rubbish tip as soon as possible. The GEMCO Environment Officer was closely involved in preparations for ADMD, including sourcing and funding of some of the arcade giveaways, preparation of “Eylandt Echo” notices and attendance as a representative of GEMCO at the arcade.

The ADMD was rated as a success by residents and ME in terms of promoting awareness of the dengue mosquito incursion and solutions for residents to adopt in their own homes to minimise breeding receptacles. The secondary aim of encouraging residents to dispose of unwanted building materials and other rubbish took longer to be realised. The initial response seemed poor but project field staff indicated a marked improvement in general yard cleanliness in late December and early January.

4.3 Results of surveillance and control operations The last interception of Ae. aegypti was in a single property in Alyangula on 4th June 2007. The following rounds of surveys, treatments and surveys targeting potential breeding sites from June 2007 to March 2008 over a complete wet season, indicated that Ae. aegypti had been eradicated.


4.4 Conclusions and outlook The successful eradication of Ae. aegypti was officially announced 8th May 2008 on Groote Eylandt by Dr. Vicki Krause Director of the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), DHF. This is the second successful eradication of Ae. aegypti in Australia and the first in the wet tropics of Australia. A number of factors contributed to the success of the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti Eradication Project. Identified factors contributing to success were:

• The monitoring program that was in place to allow early detection of exotic mosquito incursions.

• The quick field reaction by ME and staff to the initial discovery of Ae. aegypti on Groote Eylandt.

• The significant assistance from CDC/DHF and assistance from volunteers to the ME effort for the initial field response.

• The successful eradication of this species from Tennant Creek by ME supplied invaluable practical experience and background knowledge. This allowed a good plan of action incorporating a sustained program of survey and treatment to be implemented.

• The rapid bridge funding and resolution from CDC and the NT Health Minister. The bridge funding allowed a quick response for program activation, while waiting for approval of funds from DOHA.

• The selection of appropriate chemicals. Those used were for adult harbourage around houses (bifenthrin), adults and larvae in receptacles (lamda cyhalothrin and alpha cypermethrin), roof gutters (S-methoprene), and egg infested receptacles or water, food or recreation use receptacles (chlorine plus detergent).

• An eradication program that incorporated thorough and repeated larval searches of every possible place, treatment of every possible receptacle, evaluation of potential Ae. aegypti presence with the aid of ovitraps, CO2 baited EVS traps and larval searching of high risk locations.

• The assistance given by GEMCO and other enterprises on Groote Eylandt, and the residents of the various communities. Without the extensive assistance, a successful outcome for the project would have been doubtful. The positive response by the people of Groote Eylandt was reflected in both the reduction in artificial receptacles after the ADMD exercise and increased cooperation by residents to allow entry of field staff to properties.

• The dedicated project team backed by the ME team. Increased monitoring of Alyangula residential and Alyangula port/industrial areas have been implemented and will continue until the end of the 2008/2009 wet season. This will be in the form of increased numbers of ovitraps and CO2 baited EVS traps. ME will continue to liaise with GEMCO regarding the level of exotic mosquito monitoring required on Groote Eylandt.


Problems encountered include the fact that there was no mechanism for inspection of cargo, vessels including barges, or personal small boats and dinghies leaving Alyangula or other Groote towns, for other NT coastal destinations to prevent vessels/cargo from transporting receptacles containing Ae. aegypti larvae or eggs off Groote. In addition there were staff accommodation issues on Groote that caused disruption of field operations. This aspect needs a national approach to exotic vector eradication projects, such as a dedicated vessel or rented vessel capable of providing accommodation and laboratory space, with flexibility to be moved quickly around northern Australia when required.

5. VECTOR SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

5.1 DARWIN The most important mosquito species recorded from routine CO2 baited EVS traps in Darwin in 2007/08 and their relative numbers are shown in Tables 4-7. There were 50 adult mosquito species collected in Darwin in 2007/08 (Table 3). No new adult mosquito species were recorded in 2007/08 (Table 3).

5.1.1 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program

5.1.1.1 Monitoring program The routine adult mosquito monitoring program in Darwin involved 20 CO2 baited EVS traps set throughout the Darwin urban area and three in Palmerston (Table 5, Fig. 1A). Eleven of the trap sites have been monitored continuously using the same trap types from 1985 to the present. A few of these trap sites have been consistently monitored from 1979 to the present, representing one of the longest consistent mosquito monitoring data sets in Australia. This data is used to evaluate mosquito control and disease incidence.

5.1.1.2 Adult mosquito numbers The longer-term mosquito monitoring results for the 11 continuous traps are shown in Table 6 and 7. The total number of mosquitoes trapped at the 11 continuous sites has decreased from 111,902 last year to 82,883 this year (Table 7). Palm Creek recorded by far the highest numbers of mosquitoes out of the 11 continuous trap sites, with 27,814 mosquitoes recorded (Table 7). The next most productive of the 11 continuous trap sites were Karama (17,819), Longwood Ave (8,723), Leanyer Dump (6,715) and Casuarina (5284) (Table 7). When comparing all of the Darwin and Palmerston trap sites, Holmes Jungle (20,842) and Malak (17,618) were the second and third most productive trap sites after Palm Creek (Table 5).


The average number of Ae. vigilax per trap night for the 11 continuous traps increased from 34.76 in 2006/07 to 42.80 in 2007/08 (Table 6). The increase in average Ae. vigilax numbers was due to notable increases in numbers during the months of September and November 2007 (Fig. 14), which are when seasonally high tides or early wet season rainfall leads to large hatches of this species. November rainfall in 2007 was higher than November rainfall in 2006 (Fig. 16A), and therefore was the most likely factor in the increased November abundance in 2007. The magnitude of high tides was also a possible factor in increased abundance, as the high tides that lead to the November 2007 peak were 7.89m in late October, while the high tides that lead to the November 2006 peak were 7.81m. The increase in September numbers may be partly attributed to a slightly higher September tide (7.76m) in 2007, as compared to the September 2006 monthly high tide (7.71m). The increase in September could also have been due to other conditions such as wind and humidity effects on spray operations. Conversely, Ae. vigilax numbers in January, April and May were lower in 2007 than in 2006, possibly due to rainfall patterns but most likely due to more effective aerial control. Average Cx. annulirostris numbers per trap night in the eleven continuous traps decreased from 91.2 in 2006/07 to 63.73 in 2007/08 (Table 6). Anopheles bancroftii average numbers (8.46) decreased from an average of 16.15 last year (Table 6). Coquillettidia xanthogaster decreased markedly from an average of 21.56 per trap night in 2006/07 to an average of 6.56 per trap night in 2007/08 (Table 6). Since 1998/99, the average number of all mosquito species per trap night has shown a good correlation with annual rainfall (Fig. 10A), although 2007/08 was an exception to this trend. Despite the higher rainfall, the average number of all mosquitoes per trap decreased (Fig. 10A, Table 6). This may have been due to methoprene applications and increased mosquito control in the Holmes Jungle swamp during the mid wet season and early dry season this year which would have impacted on other species, such as Cx. annulirostris, An. bancroftii and Cq. xanthogaster. 5.1.1.3 Seasonal occurrence The salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax is most common in the Darwin area from September to January inclusive (Figs 14 and 16A). Minor numbers can also be encountered in February, April, May and June in some years (Figs 14 and 16A). In 2007/08, Ae. vigilax was by far the most abundant in November, with high numbers also encountered in September and December (Fig. 14). Abundance of Ae. vigilax is associated with monthly high tides (7.2m or over) and/or significant daily rainfall (25mm and above) during peak abundance months. The common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris is most common during the months of January to August (Fig. 16A). In most years, two peaks in abundance generally occur during these months, a mid wet season peak in January or February, and an extended minor peak during the months of April to June. The early wet season peak is generally a result of initial widespread flooding of the Holmes Jungle and Leanyer swamps, and other swamps and smaller ground


depressions in other locations, with high mosquito productivity due to the lack of mosquito larvae predators after initial flooding. The peak in April to June is a result of the larger breeding sites, such as the Holmes Jungle Reed swamp and the Leanyer floodplain drying-out, resulting in the formation of thickly vegetated pools with restricted access for mosquito larvae predators. In 2007/08, the larger peak occurred in the mid wet season month of February, while aerial mosquito control operations minimised the late wet season/early dry season peak. Other important mosquito species such as Cq. xanthogaster, An. bancroftii, An. farauti s.l. and Mansonia uniformis are most abundant in the late wet season and early dry season.

5.1.1.4 Trapping sites When comparing total numbers of all mosquito species from all monitoring sites, the Holmes Jungle and Palm Creek sites recorded the highest numbers (Table 5). The high numbers of all mosquito species at these sites is due to very large areas of reed swamp and other wetland breeding areas in the nearby Holmes Jungle reed swamp and upper mangrove areas close to the sites. These breeding sites are considerably influenced by rainfall and tides providing suitable habitats for both freshwater and brackish water mosquito species. This swamp is not targeted by engineering control methods due to the ecological sensitivity and the importance as a fish breeding site. ME does not routinely control mosquitoes other than the salt marsh mosquito in this swamp, unless there is a relatively high risk of mosquito borne disease from Cx. annulirostris or if numbers of this species and other pest mosquitoes such as An. bancroftii become markedly high.

5.1.2 Vectors & Disease case data

5.1.2.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease In 2007/08 there were 187 RRV (Table 9) and 51 BFV (Table 10) disease cases reported in the Darwin region (which includes Palmerston, the Darwin Rural area, Jabiru and the mid north coast around to Maningrida, south to Adelaide River township and west to Port Keats), compared to 181 RRV and 68 BFV disease cases in 2006/07 (Tables 11 and 12). The number of RRV disease cases was the third highest since 1994/95 (Table 11), while the number of BFV disease cases was the third highest recorded since 1991/92 (Table 12). The number of RRV disease cases in the Darwin region was highest in January and February, with November and April being the next most productive months, while all other months also recorded RRV cases (Table 9). BFV disease cases were relatively evenly spread throughout the year, with slightly higher numbers in the February to June period and August and November (Table 10). The two main vectors of RRV and BFV in the Darwin region of the NT are the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax and the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris. Aedes vigilax numbers in Darwin increase from the late dry season, when the tides become large enough to flood breeding areas, and into the early wet season when rainfall floods breeding areas (Fig. 14). Culex annulirostris numbers are


relatively high in the middle to late wet seasons and the early dry season (Fig. 15B). The latter part of the dry season causes reduced longevity of Ae. vigilax and hence a reduced capacity for it to be a vector of RRV in this period. This is why large numbers of Ae. vigilax in October - November generally do not correlate with higher RRV cases, except for November when 19 cases were recorded, similar to January cases. As soon as the heavy rain comes (usually in December or January), the increased day time humidity in areas both near the breeding places and near people, together with the vegetation growth, probably increases the longevity of Ae. vigilax enough to result in an increase in RRV transmission. As well, maximum tide levels per month increase from mid July to December, so that increasing inundation of salt marsh habitats occurs, and the numbers of Ae. vigilax increase steadily to reach a peak in November-January. The high numbers in November to January is usually a result of highest tides and/or first flooding rains. High tides after January flooding rains and increased rainfall from February to April does not usually result in Ae. vigilax breeding. There are almost no Ae. vigilax present from February to June each year. Unlike temperate areas, seasonal temperature variation does not seem to play a part in the production of Ae. vigilax. Maximum temperatures in the day does not vary much, so the temperature in the water is unlikely to be a factor affecting larval development and hence adult production. With Cx. annulirostris, there are low numbers in the period September to October before the first significant rains. It is only after the first heavy rains that the population begins to rise. The population arising from ephemeral habitats (wet season flooded grasslands or swamps in the process of filling) reaches a peak in January to February, while the peak of numbers from extensive perennial swamps reaches a peak as the swamps dry from late March to around May and reeds lodge over, reducing the impact of fish predation. For example, peaks in Cx. annulirostris can occur in April, May or even June depending on rainfall in the preceding wet season and proximity to and extent of the nearest perennial swamp. High numbers of Cx. annulirostris in April, May or June are not correlated with high RRV disease cases because the longevity of Cx. annulirostris is reduced in this period of lower humidity. In the NT, RRV disease is not necessarily correlated with peak numbers of Cx. annulirostris. The RRV disease cases in 2007/08 were similar to the RRV disease cases in 2006/07. The elevated number of RRV disease cases in November could be attributed to peak Ae. vigilax abundance in November (Fig. 17), while the February RRV disease cases could be attributed to peak Cx. annulirostris abundance in February (Fig. 15B). The April and May RRV cases could be attributed to low Cx. annulirostris abundance in March, April and May (Fig. 17). The BFV disease cases in Darwin urban from September to December inclusive correlate with Ae. vigilax abundance, while the slight peak in BFV disease cases in February to May correlate with higher Cx. annulirostris abundance in January to April, although the February cases could also be partly attributed to Ae. vigilax abundance in January (Fig. 16B). January BFV disease cases are likely to be attributed to December and January abundance of Ae. vigilax. Aedes notoscriptus


abundance is also at its highest in January, indicating this species may play some role in BFV transmission for February. BFV disease cases in July, and March to June, appear to correlate with Cx. annulirostris abundance (Fig. 16B). The cases in August, September, February and March are most likely due to Cx. annulirostris abundance, although the February cases could also be attributed to January Ae. vigilax abundance. However, there have been other years of relatively high Ae. vigilax abundance followed by relatively high Cx. annulirostris abundance (94/95, 98/99, 02/03 and 03/04, Fig. 16B), yet none resulted in very high BFV disease cases (Table 12). The 1994/95 financial year also recorded relatively high average Ae. notoscriptus numbers (Fig. 16B), when BFV disease cases were relatively low. Currently, there is no obvious reason for the unusually high BFV disease cases since 2005/06. There may be a difference in the actual tests or patient testing procedures last year. Until we know more of the ecology of this virus, the reason for these increases in BFV disease cases is speculative.

5.1.2.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system to detect the activity of MVEV and KUNV and to indicate potential risk periods for MVEV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2007/08 is summarised in Table 18 and discussed in Section 8. There were no MVEV cases in the Darwin region in 2007/08 (Table 13).

5.1.3 Routine Ground Larval Mosquito Control Program Darwin

5.1.3.1 Larval Survey and Control program Larval mosquito surveys in Darwin urban are carried out as a partnership between the Darwin City Council (DCC), the NT Parks and Wildlife Services (PWSNT), and ME, as part of the Northern Territory Disease Control Program (NTDCP). ME has produced aerial photo vector control maps with 100m grid references of the Darwin and suburban areas, and has categorised all the potential mosquito breeding sites. Potential breeding sites are generally inspected by the body responsible for the management of the area, after advice on potential hatches of mosquitoes from ME. These maps have been undergoing an upgrade with recent aerial photography using GIS, which is also compatible with Google Earth and allows maps and breeding site localities to be sent electronically to land managers. DCC is responsible for the inspection and control of all storm water drains and areas of swamp adjacent to suburban areas except those in Leanyer swamp and the Casuarina Beach/Lee Point area. DCC responsibility includes Frances Bay, Fannie Bay, East Point Reserve, Vesteys Beach, Mindil Beach, Ludmilla swamp, Coconut Grove, Nightcliff Foreshore and the Rapid Creek area above the mangrove margin downstream of Trower Road, and the Rapid Creek area upstream of Trower Road. The PWSNT areas include Casuarina Coastal Reserve, Darwin Botanic Gardens and Charles Darwin National Park.


The responsible body for the management of each area usually carries out larval control, with assistance by ME after large rainfall events. Small localized sites discovered during surveys after isolated or small rainfall events are usually treated by ME, as these events may not warrant large scale surveys or treatment by DCC or PWSNT. ME also conducts trials with residual larvicide products in various sites, to determine the suitability of these products in different habitats, particularly mosquito breeding sites that are difficult to control due to accessibility or are extensive and time consuming to control. These trials allow the improvement in the management of certain mosquito breeding sites. ME advises the DCC and PWSNT of specific times and areas to inspect for mosquito breeding. This is generally following high tides, critical amounts of rain, or periods during the dry season when low flows occur in drains. ME frequently inspects the various key sites in certain areas first to determine the current potential of the breeding sites. During the financial year 2007/08, DCC carried out larval control on four occasions, PWSNT controlled Casuarina Coastal Reserve on ten occasions and PWSNT controlled Botanic Gardens on 24 occasions. ME carried out 55 larval survey and control operations in DCC and PWSNT control areas (Table 53.6), which also included ad-hoc investigations of routine and non-routine sites based on the Darwin adult mosquito monitoring results.

5.1.3.2 Larval mosquito survey results The most prevalent species found breeding in the Darwin area during the year were Ae. vigilax (detected 137 times at various breeding sites), Cx. annulirostris (detected 57 times at various breeding sites) and Verrallina funerea (detected 23 times at various breeding sites) (Table 8). Another common species found breeding was Cx. sitiens (detected 13 times) (Table 8). Mosquito breeding was mostly detected at Darwin Botanic Gardens (191), compared to 70 times in the Darwin City suburbs and 50 times at Casuarina Coastal Reserve/Lee Point/Charles Darwin National Park (Table 8). The major breeding site at the Darwin Botanic Gardens was a tidally influenced Brackish Fern area at the base of Bullocky Point, and numerous ground depressions and drains east of Gilruth Ave, and in the Mindil Beach area. Productivity is usually high in the ground depressions at the Darwin Botanic Gardens. A large depression at the base of Bullocky Point was filled in 2007, although breeding still occurred in smaller depressions upstream of the filled area, and in the outlet drain. The major breeding sites in DCC controlled areas were grassy pools at Vesteys Lake, Lake Alexander, the upper tidal reaches of Ludmilla Creek, interdune areas and upper tidal areas and drains at Kulaluk (Coconut Grove). Productive breeding sites were also controlled at East Point, in particular around the DCC mulch piles, Mindil Beach in the car park area, and concrete drains between the tennis courts and casino lawns, grassy pools at Little Mindil, Nightcliff Foreshore rock pools between the jetty and Nightcliff Pool, Fannie Bay near the Ludmilla Wastewater Treatment Plant, and Frances Bay drainage lines.


The major breeding sites at Casuarina Coastal Reserve were the upper tidal reaches of Sandy Creek, and numerous large and productive interdune depressions scattered along the coast from Dripstone Cliffs to Buffalo Creek, with the Lee Point area containing the majority of interdune breeding sites. A large breeding site at the Sky City Casino lawns was controlled with methoprene residual insecticide by a pest controller or pumped out by the owners, at the request and guidance of ME. Sky City has agreed to control mosquitoes at this site until it is rectified. 5.1.3.3 Larval ground control A combination of mosquito larvicides were used during routine larval ground control surveys (Table 8). The most common larvicide used was Abate 10SG, which is a sand granule formulation of the organophosphate temephos. The sand granule formulation has proven to be the most practical larvicide to use during ground operations, as it is easily dispersed by hand and acts quickly to kill larvae. It was the most common larvicide formulation used in DCC control areas and Casuarina Coastal Reserve/Lee Point/Charles Darwin National Park, although methoprene (pro-link) formulations were also widely used at Casuarina Coastal Reserve/Lee Point/Charles Darwin National Park. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i) was the main larvicide used at the Darwin Botanic Gardens. S-Methoprene 30 day residual pellets were used at Casuarina Coastal Reserve on multiple occasions. This included aerial application of 30 day pellets to a large interdune depression adjacent to the lower reaches of Sandy Creek. This depression is inaccessible in some parts on the ground and thus aerial application of pellets was necessary. S-Methoprene pellets have the advantage of providing continuous control of mosquito larvae for 30 days, but are more suited to mosquito breeding areas that are uniform i.e one flooded water body and not multiple small pools. In situations with many small pools, a S-methoprene sand formulation would be more suitable. S-Methoprene 150 day residual briquettes were also utilised in several uniformly flooded depressions at Casuarina Coastal Reserve, with very good results. S-Methoprene 150 day briquettes were placed in Ludmilla swamp to cover breeding in a tidal mudflat and mangrove area that is time consuming to control by ground methods. The breeding area is large and uniform in nature, and lends itself to control with briquettes. ME plans to further utilise and expand the use of S-methoprene products in the future, although in areas of tidal flow, the briquettes do not last the full label indicated effectiveness of 150 days. Thus, further trials are required using various materials such as stockings on briquettes to contain the briquettes, to minimise the impact of tidal flows destroying the integrity of the briquettes.

5.1.4 Aerial Mosquito Control Program The helicopter larval control program in Darwin is aimed primarily at the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax, and the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris. Salt marsh swamps within a 5km range of the northern suburbs of Darwin are routinely surveyed by either helicopter or all terrain quad bikes by ME after high tides or critical amounts of rain. The swamps surveyed and controlled


by helicopter include Leanyer swamp, the Leanyer bomb crater area, Holmes Jungle reed and mangrove swamps, Micket swamp and parts of the Shoal Bay communication base swamp (Fig. 18). Insecticides are applied by helicopter in liquid formulations, primarily the bacterial insecticide B.t.i. or liquid S-methoprene. The area at Leanyer swamp and adjacent swamps treated by helicopter in 2007/08 (1206 ha) was higher compared to the previous year (1062 ha) (Table 53.8). This was due primarily to more extensive control operations required between October and December.

5.1.5 Mosquito Engineering Control Program The Mosquito Engineering Control Program is a cooperative effort between ME and DCC to maintain and upgrade those Darwin drains which are actual or potential mosquito breeding sites, as well as to rectify depressions that are mosquito breeding sites. It is funded on a 1:2 dollar basis between DCC : DHF. It is a major program for ME, involving inspections and maintenance work on existing drains and concrete upgrading of sections of drains where there are demonstrated mosquito breeding problems. This financial year, 32.8km of drains were de-silted in Darwin (Table 53.10). Some of the drains desilted included those at Leanyer swamp, Coconut Grove, The Gardens, Fannie Bay, Rapid Creek and Vesteys Beach. A total of $272,984 (GST excl) was spent on mosquito engineering measures in the Darwin area (Table 53.10). A total of 222m in linear length of drains was upgraded with concrete inverts, drains or piping of drains, which included construction of a 100m concrete drain for the lower reaches of the Fitzer Dve drain in Ludmilla to remove Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris and Cx. quinquefasciatus breeding sites. Two open drains at Vesteys Lake were upgraded with concrete pipes. Piping was chosen in this instance to remove the need for annual maintenance. A total of 9.003km of drains have now been upgraded with concrete under the combined DCC:ME mosquito engineering program (Table 53.10). Fill operations carried out this year totalled to 540m3 (Table 53.10). Fill operations were carried out at Leanyer swamp. ME and DCC also continued with a road side-entry pit rectification program in Darwin. Inspections continued in the older suburbs of Nightcliff and Rapid Creek, with side entry pits capable of ponding water rectified by filling the floor of the pits with concrete such that the invert of the pits matched the invert of the outlet pipes. Mosquito breeding was found in several pits, indicating the program is rectifying long standing endemic domestic mosquito breeding sites within the older suburbs of Darwin, as well as removing potential breeding sites for exotic mosquitoes. Inspections also commenced in the adjacent suburb of Miller. The key to the successful mosquito engineering control program is the continued cooperation between ME and DCC, as well as assistance from the Power and


Water Corporation and DPI. The ME database is a valuable tool in identifying frequent mosquito breeding sites. The development of the ME geographic information system will aid in the planning and monitoring of future work programs.

5.1.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control Mosquito engineering control measures are still required at Lake Alexander, Vesteys Lake, Ludmilla Creek, Darwin Botanic Gardens and Casuarina Coastal Reserve (including Lee Point and Buffalo Creek) and Leanyer swamp. These areas contain very productive salt marsh mosquito breeding sites, most of which can be engineered to prevent or significantly reduce mosquito breeding. This will require the relevant authorities to acknowledge that mosquito breeding is a considerable pest and public health problem for people in the area and nearby suburbs and that rectification should be given a high priority. The combined DCC:ME engineering program does not have adequate funds to rectify all of these sites, and some sites are more correctly the responsibility of various landowners. Lake Alexander requires minor fill operations in numerous grassy depressions, while Vesteys Lake requires extensive fill operations or minor surface drainage in several large low lying areas to enable surface water runoff. It needs to be recognised that mosquito engineering rectification in these parks should be a high priority, as visitors are seasonally exposed to unacceptable levels of adult mosquitoes, and adjacent residents are also affected by mosquitoes sourced from breeding sites at Vesteys Lake and Lake Alexander. Currently DCC are arranging fill to rectify the numerous small depressions, and a contour survey is planned for Vesteys Lake to assist DCC decisions on permanent rectification measures. The DCC Environment Section has acknowledged that mosquito breeding at the East Point Council mulch stockpile is an issue, and has agreed to conduct rectification works as necessary, which would be the placement of road base or gravel in the small depressions and wheel ruts within the mulch stockpile area. Leanyer swamp requires maintenance of numerous existing open earth drains that are potentially blocked by mangroves, as well as works to minimise ponding after high tides and rainfall events in the areas of the swamp close to Leanyer and Karama. The main drainage channel requires the removal of mangrove growth, which is constricting drainage in the channel. The upper tidal reaches of Ludmilla Creek opposite Richardson Park and Ludmilla School is an extensive Ae. vigilax and Cx. sitiens breeding site and is becoming progressively more extensive and productive each year. Ponding problems in this area are a result of a silted outlet channel from the Bagot Rd pipe outfall opposite the school. As well as a mosquito breeding problem, the silted drainage channel is also causing wet season flooding in the Narrows and Bagot Rd. The outlet channel requires desilting from the Ludmilla School pipe outfall to the Dick Ward Dve culvert, and would need to be placed on a regular maintenance program by


the relevant authority to remove silt. The smaller drainage channels in the Ludmilla upper tidal reaches also require desilting once the outlet channel has been rectified. The Darwin Botanic Gardens requires extensive rectification works, which includes extensive fill operations in low lying areas. Open concrete invert drains and filling would improve drainage of many areas but may not be an aesthetically acceptable option. Parks and Wildlife have acknowledged that many sites require rectification, and have earmarked several major breeding areas to be rectified during future major upgrades to the Gardens, which are expected to commence in 2009. A major breeding site at the base of Bullocky Point was filled in 2007, although some further works are required downstream of the new fill to totally eliminate water ponding at this site. Casuarina Coastal Reserve requires large scale rectification works to rectify numerous interdune depressions, particularly around the Lee Point area, just east of Lee Point. The sand accumulating process from long shore drift is gradually creating new mosquito breeding sites, which are more extensive and productive each year. This would require the importing of sand from the lower beach line and filling and grading the depressions. If carried out correctly, this would permanently rectify some breeding sites, as has previously been achieved by ME and DCC in interdune areas in Coconut Grove (Kululuk area) and other areas in the Casuarina Coastal Reserve. ME in conjunction with Parks and Wildlife Service of the NT (PWSNT) have applied for a federal grant to conduct rectification works around Lee Point under the Community Coastcare program. The largest and most productive mosquito breeding site in Casuarina Coastal Reserve, the Lee Point Pillbox depression (approximately 500m west of Lee Point) requires a relatively permanent engineering solution by sand filling and grading, and yearly opening of the creek mouth onto the beach in early to mid December, to prevent significant water ponding and mosquito breeding. The other major mosquito breeding site is the upper reaches of Sandy Creek near the hospital residential houses. PWSNT and the Lyons developers need to conduct maintenance works on the upper Sandy Creek low flow pipe system, which has been blocked with silt for several years and is resulting in ecological change to the upper tidal reaches of Sandy Creek, which is leading to increased mosquito breeding. Significant mosquito engineering works are also required in the Buffalo Creek area, to rectify drainage problems previously caused by the construction of the road to the boat ramp. PWSNT have earmarked several poorly draining areas to be rectified during future extensions to the car park. Adult mosquito trapping from Darla revealed similar numbers to Leanyer Gate and higher numbers than in all of the Darwin inner suburbs (Table 8). This indicates that an ongoing adult and larval mosquito monitoring and mosquito engineering program in conjunction with the relevant authorities and landholders is required to reduce mosquito breeding and potential mosquito borne disease


risk in the area. With work on the new suburb of Bellamack about to commence in late 2008, and future development of suburbs between Mitchell and Brooking Creek, a mosquito program for Palmerston is required as soon as possible. In Palmerston, preliminary investigations by ME have revealed most Ae. vigilax breeding sites occur in upper tidal areas of Mitchell Creek and at stormwater discharge points at the mangrove fringe on the west side of Palmerston. Recent ME baseline surveys for the Palmerston Eastern Suburbs have located many potentially significant Ae. vigilax breeding sites associated with upper tidal areas of Mitchell and Brooking Creek, which require rectification where possible, routine control with larvicides or a combination of both. The Fairway Waters trap results (Table 5) indicate the presence of nearby Cx. annulirostris and Cq. xanthogaster breeding sites that require rectification or control, while Ae. vigilax numbers at Fairway Waters indicate the likely presence of nearby small tidal breeding sites that require locating and rectification. Trap results at Darla Estate and Farrar indicate a pest problem from Cq. xanthogaster, probably coming from natural breeding sites associated with Mitchell Creek and the several un-maintained silt traps on the eastern edge of Palmerston. Other mosquito species were relatively low.

5.2 Jabiru

5.2.1 Mosquito species recorded in Jabiru The most important mosquito species recorded in Jabiru are shown in Table 17. A total of 40 mosquito species were recorded in Jabiru for the 2007/08 financial year, compared to a total of 55 mosquito species that have been recorded in all types of adult mosquito collection in Jabiru since 1977. Uranotaenia moresbyensis was recorded in Jabiru for the first time. It is possible that some other mosquito species of lower occurrence may have been missed, due to large numbers of mosquito catches being sub-sampled for identification in Jabiru for 2007/08.


5.2.2.1 Monitoring program Five routine adult mosquito monitoring traps were set weekly in Jabiru at the Top of the Lake, the Caravan Park, West of Town, the Golf Club and 11 Sergison Place (Fig. 2). Traps were set and collected weekly by Ian Lindsay, Margaret Lindsay and Steve Sheffield from the Jabiru Town Council.


5.2.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers Culex annulirostris was the most common mosquito species trapped in Jabiru in 2007/08, accounting for 57.96% of all mosquitoes (Table 18). The next most common mosquito species was Cx. palpalis (28.65%), followed by Cq. xanthogaster (7.8%). Culex annulirostris and Cx. palpalis were previously identified as Cx. annulirostris grp. in Jabiru until June 1999, as both species have very similar morphological characteristics. ME was able to separate the two species from June 1999. However, for the purpose of comparing long term averages, both species have been grouped together so that data before June 1999 could still be analysed. Average weekly Cx. annulirostris grp. numbers in Jabiru increased from 780 in 2006/07 to 950 in 2007/08, which was the highest since 2004/05 (Table 19). Higher Cx. annulirostris grp. numbers in Jabiru are associated with years of lower rainfall, particularly at the tail end of the rainfall period. Higher and extended seasonal rainfall causes breeding sites to be flooded with deeper water, allowing widespread fish access and allowing aquatic predator insect populations to establish. Deeper water also discourages dense semi-aquatic reed growth and emergent vegetation, which results in less favourable breeding sites during the wet season and during the early dry season when floodwaters recede. The low late wet season rainfall in the Top End of the NT in 2007/08 compared to the previous two wet seasons would have contributed to the increase in average Cx. annulirostris grp. numbers in 2007/08. Average Cq. xanthogaster numbers in 2007/08 (85.91) were very similar to 2006/07 (84.77) (Table 19). This species breeds in association with emergent vegetation, such as grasses and semi-aquatic vegetation, with larvae attaching themselves to the roots of the host plants (Lee et al. 1988a, Lee et al. 1988b). The lower late wet season rainfall did not appear to be a factor in Cq. xanthogaster abundance. Therefore, the relatively similar abundance over the previous three years indicates favourable conditions for this species (areas with semi-aquatic vegetation) have remained similar over the past few years despite the different rainfall patterns. Aedes vigilax numbers increased from an average of 4.48 per trap night in 2006/07 to 34.61 in 2007/08 (Table 19). The reason for this increase could have been due to higher breeding in the coastal swamps within 50km of Jabiru from various environmental factors, such as tide or rainfall in the those particular areas. The increase in Ae. vigilax numbers may have been due to more favourable winds assisting dispersal of this species to Jabiru. The West of Town trap site accounted for the majority of mosquitoes, with this trap site collecting 51.47% of all mosquitoes in 2007/08 (Table 18). The next most productive trap site was the Caravan Park (32.33%), followed by the Golf Club (11.41%), Top of Lake (3.29%) and Sergison Place (1.5%) (Table 18). The highest numbers at the West of Town and Caravan Park trap sites indicate that the Nourlangie swamp and Corndorl Creek to the west of Jabiru are probably the


largest sources of mosquitoes for Jabiru, with the extensive Nourlangie swamp likely to be by far the larger source, and a source of mosquitoes into the mid dry season as it remains flooded all year. Corndorl Creek is likely to be mostly dry by early to mid June in most years, with the exception of numerous isolated, deeper pools that would be minor mosquito breeding sites, and thus will be a significant source of mosquitoes in the late wet season and early dry season months only. The lowest numbers at the Top of Lake and Sergison Place trap sites are probably a result of both traps being set within developed areas of Jabiru, where there are distracting lights and more alternative attractants to CO2 baited EVS traps, such as pet animals, people and the relative absence of localised sources of mosquitoes near these trap sites. A major source of mosquitoes to the golf club is likely to be Bararil Creek, with smaller sources being the nearby drains and probably also the golf course water storage pond.

5.2.2.3 Seasonal occurrence Culex annulirostris grp numbers are greatest during the months of April to August, while a smaller early to mid wet season peak also occurs most years in January (Fig. 15B). The source of early to mid wet season Cx. annulirostris grp. numbers are likely to be newly flooded grassy pools associated with Baralil Creek and Corndorl Creek, while the source of Cx. annulirostris grp. in April to August are likely to be residual pools vegetated with Eleocharis reeds or grasses in Corndorl Creek and Baralil Creek, together with a major dispersal of mosquitoes to Jabiru from Nourlangie and Magela Swamps. Coquillettidia xanthogaster is also most common during the months of April to August, with breeding sites likely to be similar to Cx. annulirostris grp (ie Eleocharis reed and grassy areas). Aedes vigilax is most common in Jabiru during the months of September to January inclusive, when early wet season rainfall and tides initiate breeding in the coastal swamps within 50km of Jabiru.

5.2.2.4 Mosquito control Major mosquito breeding sites within 10km of Jabiru include the large Magela floodplain to the north and extensive floodplains associated with the South Alligator River (Nourlangie Swamp) to the south west. Smaller mosquito sources that are located nearby to the township include Baralil Creek to the east, and Corndorl Creek to the west. Due to the location of Jabiru within mosquito flight range of these extensive freshwater swamps and wetlands, larval mosquito control of natural wetlands would be impractical and prohibitively costly. The people of the town have to rely on self-protection measures in times of high mosquito numbers, which is generally between January and August.

5.2.3 Vector & Disease case data

5.2.3.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease Jabiru has consistently higher average numbers of Cx. annulirostris grp. compared to Darwin or any other major population centre in the NT (Fig. 15B). Average numbers of the other RRV vector species Ae. vigilax and Ae.


normanensis in Jabiru are generally low and are not likely to cause an appreciable or extended disease risk (Table 19). There were four cases of RRV disease in Jabiru in 2007/08, compared to one case in the previous year (Fig. 15A). One case was recorded in March, two cases were recorded in April, and one case was recorded in May. The April and May cases can be attributed to high Cx. annulirostris grp. numbers in April 2008, while the March RRV disease case could be due to elevated Cx. annulirostris grp. abundance in February. The slight increase in RRV disease cases in Jabiru in 2007/08 could also be due to the increase in Cx. annulirostris grp numbers, increased virus activity in host animals, or increased blood testing of suspected cases. There was one Barmah Forest virus (BFV) case in Jabiru in 2007/08, which was the same as last year. Numbers of confirmed RRV disease cases in Jabiru are consistently lower than in most other regional towns in the NT, and similar to Alyangula (Fig. 15A). The low number of RRV disease cases in Jabiru may be partly due to a discrepancy between the number of notified RRV disease cases and the actual number of annual RRV disease cases in Jabiru. Underestimated RRV disease cases may be due to people not presenting themselves to medical practitioners when experiencing symptoms of RRV, as they know there is no specific treatment or cure, or a change in blood testing practices for suspect cases. Low numbers of RRV disease cases may also be partly due to increased public awareness about personal protection from mosquitoes, population decrease, or reduced population change and a corresponding increase in overall population immunity. It is possible that in Jabiru all of the above have occurred. The low number of RRV disease cases in Jabiru can also be attributed to Cx. annulirostris grp. numbers generally being greater during the early to mid dry seasons (Fig. 15B), which is outside the peak RRV risk period of January to March (Table 14). As well as possible low virus presence, when Cx. annulirostris grp. numbers are highest, the longevity of the mosquito would be reduced during these dry season months of lower humidity. The reduction in life span decreases the chance of the mosquito surviving long enough to pick up the virus from a marsupial host, survive for a minimum of 3-5 days when the virus multiplies in the mosquito, and then pass on the virus to a human during its next blood meal. Jabiru has a relatively small population (approx. 2000 people). It is likely that over time most of the long term residents have been exposed to the virus. As immunity is developed after being infected once with RRV, over time it is likely that fewer long-term residents in Jabiru will be at risk of contracting RRV, resulting in lower annual reported cases. The level of immunity in local animal host populations also plays a key role in RRV transmission. A relatively large proportion of non-immune animals in a host population provides a risk of a relatively large number of animals becoming infected with RRV, which in turn can infect local mosquitoes and lead to local RRV transmission. With a reduced vegetation burning regime and less open


areas of grass near Jabiru, the local population of agile wallabies may be reduced and hence reduce RRV transmission levels. It is also possible that any year of higher than normal RRV disease cases may be a result of an increase in local virus activity that occurs in natural cycles that are as yet beyond our understanding (Russell, 1994). 5.2.3.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance No cases of the potentially fatal MVEV disease were recorded from Jabiru in 2007/08. The peak risk period for MVEV is from March to May (Table 14). Higher numbers of Cx. annulirostris or Cx. palpalis mosquitoes in Jabiru tend to occur from April until August, during the latter stages or after the peak risk period. This partly explains why Jabiru has not had a reported case of MVEV disease (Table 13), although enough potential vectors do occur in the risk months to constitute a potential risk for unprotected people in the evenings and at night. The longevity of vector mosquitoes is reduced in the dry season months of low humidity, minimising the probability of a female mosquito living long enough to obtain and pass on the MVE virus. Generally only one in 1000 people infected with MVEV develop symptoms and therefore a large proportion of long-term residents may have immunity. High risk people, such as visitors from areas where MVEV is not present, and young babies and children, may practice or be offered self-protection measures, due to public awareness notices advising people to avoid being bitten. The low population of Jabiru and self awareness of residents to guard against mosquito bites may also minimise the likelihood of MVEV transmission in Jabiru. Another aspect is that historically there have been lower numbers of MVEV disease cases in the Top End of the NT despite the large population and MVEV activity in sentinel chickens (Table 16).

5.2.4 Visits or surveys by Medical Entomology There were no site visits by ME to Jabiru in 2007/08.

5.2.5 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control One of the problems facing Jabiru is the extensive mosquito breeding occurring in large floodplains and swamps within 10km of the township. Large scale larval control operations in wetlands within 10km of Jabiru to reduce mosquito numbers to below pest levels are impractical. Residents and visitors have to rely on personal protection and avoidance to prevent mosquito bites. However, populations of mosquitoes close to the town can be reduced to some extent. Biannual inspections of open stormwater drains (pre-wet season and immediately after the wet season) for maintenance requirements, such as desilting or herbiciding should be conducted, to minimise potential mosquito breeding close to the township of Jabiru. The open stormwater drains subject to dry season low flows at the Golf Club should be treated with methoprene 150 day


briquettes to control mosquitoes when breeding occurs in these drains. The water retention pond at the Golf Club should be maintained/upgraded or managed to prevent mosquito breeding. As bore water is pumped into the pond and used for irrigation, the pond can be maintained on a seven day wet/dry cycle, or be upgraded to have steep sides (450 or steeper) and permanent deep water (1.8m or greater) to minimize semi-aquatic vegetation growth. Maintaining the lake margin free of any dense areas of semi-aquatic reeds (Eleocharis and Typha sp.) would also be required to minimize potential mosquito breeding close to the township of Jabiru. At some time in the future, if localized mosquito breeding occurs in the lake to the extent that it causes pest numbers, the possibility of the lake edges being excavated to produce a steep margin should be considered. Barrier insecticide treatment for adult mosquito control using bifenthrin should be conducted in selected public places in Jabiru during periods of high mosquito numbers and high arbovirus disease risk periods. Areas in Jabiru suitable for bifenthrin applications include the Jabiru School, the Gagudju Crocodile Holiday Inn, the Aurora Caravan Park, the Lakeview Caravan Park, the Golf Club, the mine accommodation area, the swimming pool, the shopping centre, Jabiru Social Club and other select public areas around Jabiru. Residents in Jabiru should also be made aware that the product could be applied in private yards by a pest control operator, or be privately purchased and sprayed by the householder. However, there are strict precautions required when applying bifenthrin, and for effective use, the insecticide should be applied to dense low surrounding vegetation or surfaces where mosquitoes harbour around the sites to be protected, and there should be no space spraying of the insecticide into the air or runoff or disposal of bifenthrin that could end up in an aquatic habitat with fish. Jabiru receives a large number of interstate visitors each year, potentially some will originate from North Queensland where the dengue mosquito Ae. aegypti is present. As an improved vector surveillance measure, ME proposes to conduct twice yearly receptacle surveys in Jabiru, at the beginning and end of each wet season. This will replace the ovitrap program, which has experienced operational difficulties.

5.3 Nhulunbuy

5.3.1 Mosquito species recorded in Nhulunbuy Thirty-nine mosquito species were recorded from the Gove Peninsula in 2007/08 (Table 22). The most important mosquito species found in Nhulunbuy are shown in Table 23. Culex gelidus was not detected in 2006/07 or 2007/08, after an absence in 2004/05 and recorded again in 2005/06. The first adult mosquito of this species was recorded in Nhulunbuy in early 2002. Its apparent absence is probably due to the lack of breeding sites high in organic matter close to the trap sites.


5.3.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program

5.3.2.1 Monitoring program There are six routine adult mosquito monitoring sites in Nhulunbuy (Fig. 4). Traps are currently located at Wallaby Beach, Buffalo Creek, Rear Jasper, Contractors Village, the Industrial Estate and Nhulunbuy South. Environmental Health Officers from DHF set and collect the traps on a weekly basis during the wet season and fortnightly during the dry season. The mosquitoes are sent to ME in Darwin for identification. Once identified, the results, comments and control advice are forwarded to the Nhulunbuy Corporation, Nhulunbuy Environmental Health Officers and Arnhem Land Pest Control (ALPC), who then organise mosquito control as required. 5.3.2.2 Adult Mosquito Control ‘Fogging’ or adulticiding by Ultra Low Volume applications (ULV) conducted by Arnhem Land Pest Control for the Nhulunby Corporation is based on adult mosquito monitoring figures and public complaints. Fogging thresholds have been set for the mosquito species Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris. Fogging is recommended once a week for two weeks, or until numbers go below the thresholds when Ae. vigilax numbers exceed 50/trap night and Cx. annulirostris numbers exceed 100/trap night at any of the relevant trap locations. The fogging frequency is recommended to increase to three times a week for two weeks on occasions when there are over 100/trap night for Ae. vigilax and over 200/trap night for Cx. annulirostris adult mosquitoes are recorded (Montgomery & Love 1995). In 2007/08, the number of fogging hours in Nhulunbuy was 310, mainly carried out in the ‘Town Lagoon’ (includes Rear Jasper, the Dog Pound, Golf Club and Arnhem Club), ‘West of Town’ (includes Contractors Village) and ‘Wallaby Beach’ (includes SPL270, Crocodile Creek to old wet tip, and the yacht club) areas. The peak fogging period was from December to March, which received a total of 175-fogging hours and coincided with increases in Ae. vigilax abundance and RRV disease incidence. 5.3.2.3 Adult mosquito numbers The average number of all mosquitoes caught per trap night in the five continuous monitoring traps in 2007/08 was 149.51 (Table 24). This is a decrease from last year’s average of 175.89 and a further decrease from 2005/06 of 217.32 (Table 24). Average numbers are the lowest they have been for the last seven years, and lower than the long-term average of 169.83 per trap night. Aedes vigilax (50.62 average no per trap night) and Cx. annulirostris (52.54 average no per trap night) were still the two most commonly detected species in Nhulunbuy in 2007/08 (Table 24). Results also show that the average number of Ma. uniformis recorded this year remained at similar numbers to the previous year, but Cq. xanthogaster numbers decreased from an average of 23.63 to 8.64 per trap per night (Table 24). There was also a noticeable decrease in the


number of An. farauti from 13.64 recorded in 2006/07 to 2.88 in 2007/08 (Table 24). Average numbers of Ae. vigilax were the lowest since the 2000/01 financial year (Table 24). The routine trap sites that usually record high numbers of Ae. vigilax in Nhulunbuy are Buffalo Creek, Wallaby Beach, Contractors Village and Nhulunbuy South. These sites are in close proximity to six of the major salt marsh mosquito breeding areas on the Gove Peninsula; the upper tidal areas of No Name Creek, the Special Purpose Lease area 270 at the reclaimed red mud ponds (SPL270), Crocodile Creek, the western mudflats, Buffalo Creek and Rainbow Beach. Historically, there have been large-scale emergences of Ae. vigilax detected on the Gove Peninsula following the first monsoonal rains. The highest Ae. vigilax total numbers in 2007/08 were detected at Wallaby Beach (5903), Buffalo Creek (1366) and the Industrial Estate (1025) trap sites (Table 23). Contractors Village and Nhulunbuy South trap collections of Ae. vigilax were lower in 2007/08 compared to last year, possibly due to high rainfall over a shorter period this year, which extended from December to March/April, quickly filling areas for prolonged periods, and thus reducing the availability of suitable breeding sites. The major breeding sites for Cx. annulirostris on the Gove Peninsula are in the depressions on the SPL270 (reclaimed red mud ponds), the upper reaches of Freshwater Creek, and Nhulunbuy Lagoon. During 2007/08 the trap sites at Contractors Village (2717), Rear Jasper (2695), and Wallaby Beach (2426) collected the highest total number of this species (Table 23). This indicates that the most productive breeding sites for Cx. annulirostris during 2007/08 were the swamps along the eastern side of the western mudflats, Nhulunbuy Lagoon, the Freshwater Creek and the SPL270. Culex annulirostris has also been detected breeding in high numbers in discrete rain filled pools at the top of Freshwater Creek and along the margins of the Contractors Village storm water drain. These pools stay filled during monsoonal periods and contain vegetation and other nutrients that are attractive for Cx. annulirostris oviposition. 5.3.2.4 Seasonal occurrence Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris are the two major vector species found on the Gove Peninsula, and their numbers are often closely related to rainfall patterns. During 2007/08, a total of 1186.2 mm of rain was recorded in Nhulunbuy compared to last year 1270.3mm (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology). This is lower than the average rainfall amount of 1456mm. The rainfall pattern during 2007/08 was generally intermittent where heavy rainfall fell over short periods. In the 2007/08 financial year, 1054.2mm (88%) of the total rainfall fell over four months (December to March) compared to 2006/07 where 1106.8mm (87%) of the total rainfall fell over a six-month period (December to May) (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology) (Fig 15B). Due to this year’s rainfall pattern, the major mosquito breeding water bodies, such as the Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the SPL270, would have filled relatively quickly at staged intervals. This allowed multiple peaks in Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris adult abundances.


Aedes vigilax breeds in salt marsh or upper mangrove areas affected by high tides or rain. This species is usually detected in relatively high numbers after spring tides at most routine traps around Nhulunbuy. However, historically, the largest population peak occurs after the first monsoonal rains, when depressions on the SPL270 become filled and cause a hatch of eggs deposited on the surface of the mud during the previous season. This happened again in 2007/08 when large numbers of Ae. vigilax (3671) were detected at the Wallaby Beach trap site during January and February after relatively high rainfall in December and January. These numbers decreased once the pools became permanently filled and started to decrease in salinity, and therefore became less attractive to Ae. vigilax as oviposition sites. The peak Cx. annulirostris breeding period in Nhulunbuy is usually between January and April. This species can breed in high numbers in vegetation that becomes lodged around the margins of the Nhulunbuy Lagoon as water levels retreat. In 2007/08, the highest peak of this species was in February with the last major peak in mid April.

5.3.2.5 Trapping sites There are a number of major mosquito breeding sites around Nhulunbuy, which vary according to species preferences and seasonal suitability. The most important Ae. vigilax breeding sites are on the SPL270, Macassar Creek, Crocodile Creek, the western mudflats, No-Name Creek, Buffalo Creek and Rainbow Creek. The main Cx. annulirostris breeding sites are at the top of Freshwater Creek behind Contractors Village, the Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the SPL270. In 2007/08, the Wallaby Beach trap site detected the highest percentage of mosquitoes (33.59%), followed by Rear Jasper (23.91%), Contractors Village (18.87%), Buffalo Creek (9.55%), the Industrial Estate (8.31%) and Nhulunbuy South (5.76%) (Table 23). The highest numbers of freshwater reed and swamp breeding species excluding Cx. annulirostris, such as Ma. uniformis and Cq. xanthogaster were detected at the Rear Jasper, Industrial Estate and Contractors Village trap sites (Table 23). The major breeding sites for these species around Nhulunbuy are similar to Cx. annulirostris and continue to be the Nhulunbuy Lagoon, the swamps along the eastern side of the western mudflats, Freshwater Creek, and potentially the storm water drains around the golf course The Wallaby Beach trap site detected the highest number of Ae. vigilax in 2007/08 (Table 23). The most productive breeding sites for this species were again in the nearby Crocodile Creek, Macassar Creek and in the SPL 270 depressions. The major malaria vector in the NT An. farauti s.l. was most commonly detected in the Buffalo Creek and Rear Jasper trap sites. Both of these trap sites are in close proximity to residential areas in Nhulunbuy, with subsequent risks of local transmission of malaria if imported malaria cases occur in the town, especially during this species’ peak abundance period from March to June.


The six adult baited EVS traps required replacement of the CO2 delivery system with new CO2 tank regulators installed due to difficulties in maintaining gas flow up to the time of trap collection when using the micro-regulator system. Trap failures were high until the new and simpler tank regulators were installed in February 2008.

5.3.3 Larval survey and control program Tony O’Riley from the Nhulunbuy Corporation and Dave Suter from Arnhem Pest Control carry out larval surveys in liaison with ME. High tides (over 2.9-3.0 m) or significant rain (in excess of 20 mm in 24 hrs) determine the need for larval surveys. Breeding sites are visited about 2-3 days after rain or high tide events. Larval surveys are limited to areas accessible during the wet season. Some parts of the western mudflats become inaccessible during the wet season and the Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the Special Lease 270 are only accessible from the edges. Larval control with B.t.i is therefore limited to the areas that can be controlled by all terrain vehicle spray equipment. 5.3.3.1 Larval mosquito numbers Larval samples are collected by Arnhem Land Pest Control (ALPC) or Nhulunbuy Land Corporation (NLC) personnel and submitted to ME on an ad hoc basis. In 2007/08, no larval samples were sent to ME. 5.3.3.2 Larval control Larval control is carried out by ALPC using Abate® 10SG (granules) for manual control, and B.t.i when using spray equipment. All terrain vehicles are used to enable more effective larval control operations, particularly at large sites where control is difficult. In 2007/08 larval control was conducted by ground methods due to the lack of a helicopter in Nhulunbuy. S-methoprene briquettes were used for larval control at Crocodile Creek, Buffalo Creek, SPL270, the Western Mudflats and around the margins of Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the top of Freshwater Creek. Aedes vigilax numbers recorded in 2007/08 were lower compared to the previous three years (Table 24), and can be attributed to effective control in these areas, and a shorter breeding season compared to 2005/06 and 2006/07. Factors influencing Ae. vigilax numbers include isolated rain events, causing mosquito breeding and consequently dispersal of adult mosquitoes into the monitoring area from external breeding sites. Although larval survey and control operations targeted these species during the periods when high numbers were detected, it is possible that some breeding sites remain undetected. Some areas in Nhulunbuy Lagoon can be inaccessible during the wet season, hindering larval surveys and control operations at these sites. The Nhulunbuy Corporation also organises weedicide of Typha reeds in the Nhulunbuy Lagoon, which contributes to the reduction of mosquito breeding habitats for Cx. annulirostris, Ma. uniformis and Cq. xanthogaster.



5.3.4.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease In 2007/08, 11 cases of RRV disease (Table 9) and two cases of BFV disease (Table 10) were recorded in the East Arnhem region. The six RRV case and the two BFV cases were recorded from Nhulunbuy and three RRV case from Alyangula. November through to March is the highest risk period for RRV and BFV disease in the NT. The majority of RRV disease cases recorded in the East Arnhem region in 2007/08 occurred during this period. However, the two BFV disease cases occurred in August 2007 and April 2008 with none in the main risk period. Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris are the main potential vectors of these diseases. The number of RRV disease cases in the east Arnhem region in 2007/08 is the lowest recorded since 2003/04 (Table 11). There were two BFV disease cases recorded in East Arnhem in 2007/08, which is at a three-year low (Table 12). The BFV cases reported in Nhulunbuy generally follow the peak and troughs of Cx. annulirostris numbers. Aedes vigilax peaks appear to have little impact on the number of BFV cases reported in Nhulunbuy.

5.3.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The sentinel chicken program is designed to detect flavivirus activity, such as MVEV and KUNV, as well as exotic flaviviruses such as JEV in the NT. The flock in Nhulunbuy is located in a residential area near Nhulunbuy Lagoon and is managed by Hazel and Richard Trudgeon. In 2007/08, no chickens seroconverted to MVEV or KUNV (Table 15). Generally, MVEV and KUNV activity in Nhulunbuy and the East Arnhem region is relatively low, with most seroconversions occurring in the period April to June (Table 16). There has only been one recorded case of MVEV disease in the East Arnhem region over the last 30 years, which was in 1981 on Groote Eylandt (Table 13).

5.3.5 Visits or surveys by ME ME visited Nhulunbuy in March 2008 to assist local Environmental Health Officers (EHO) in the installation of simple-to-use gas regulators for the routine adult mosquito-monitoring program. Previous gas delivery set-ups proved irregular in their performance and were troublesome to operate. An exotic Aedes receptacle breeding survey was conducted by ME and AQIS to confirm the absence of Ae. aegypti in Nhulunbuy during the eradication project of this species on Groote Eylandt. Receptacle breeding surveys were conducted at various risk locations, such as port areas with ad hoc surveys of residential and commercial areas in Nhulunbuy. No exotic mosquito species were collected within the areas surveyed.


Whilst in Nhulunbuy, ME met and discussed the ovitrap program with the Nhulunbuy Land Corporation (NLC) officer currently maintaining the program. ME forwarded the ovitrap protocols to the NLC officer. ME also discussed the vector control program with ALPC, including the frequencies of fogging operations, which are recommended in section 5.3.2.2.

5.3.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • An ongoing dry season drain maintenance program is required to ensure

the free flow of water in the Nhulunbuy drains, to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce the risk of arbovirus borne disease. In particular, the drains around the Nhulunbuy Lagoon, Nhulunbuy Golf Course and Contractors Village need ongoing maintenance. This should include, weediciding to remove vegetation, filling in depressions to prevent pooling, re-engineering where the inverts are incorrect level, lining with rock baskets or concrete, and maintaining the batter to improve water flow and reduce erosion. It is recommended that this program be carried out in liaison with ME and ALPC, with guidance on the most effective methods of preventing mosquito breeding in town drains.

• ME recommend ongoing maintenance of all fogging tracks during the dry season. These tracks are subject to damage and erosion during the wet season, and if not regularly maintained they can restrict vehicular access, and therefore the overall effectiveness of adult control operations.

• ME recommends regular exotic vector surveys in Nhulunbuy. The presence of IFFVs, and the increased shipping traffic from South East Asia due to the refinery expansion increases the risk of an exotic vector incursion at this location. The planned Perkins shipping service from Cairns will potentially increase the potential for Ae. albopictus importation to occur.

• Regular reviews and assessments of larval control operations are needed to ensure that all Ae. vigilax control operations are capable of being carried out in all areas within the three to four days after tides or rain events.


5.4 Katherine

5.4.1 Mosquito species recorded in Katherine Mosquito species recorded in Katherine in 2007/08 are shown in Table 27. No new species were detected in Katherine in 2007/08.


5.4.2.1 Monitoring program There were six regular mosquito adult monitoring sites located in Katherine in 2007/08 (Fig. 5). The Brigalow Farm (Dairy Dam), Meatworks and the Sewage Ponds trap sites are continuous monitoring sites. The Hickeys Lake and O’Keefe trap sites were established in 2001/02 to increase the monitoring potential close to a large mosquito breeding site and close to the urban area (Katherine Annual Regional Report 2001/02). The trap at Hickey’s Lake is only operated during the wet season, as the area is dry during the dry season. A further trap site was established in November 2004 at the Government Centre in the town as part of the Ae. aegypti eradication program in Tennant Creek to monitor the possible incursion of this species into Katherine. Traps are set and collected on a fortnightly basis by Environmental Health Officers (Josh Cufley and Brendon Sherratt). The results of the ME identification of adult mosquitoes are forwarded to the DHF Environmental Health Officers, in Katherine, who then coordinate mosquito control with the local Katherine Council or other landholders. 5.4.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers There was an increase in the average number of adult mosquitoes of all species per trap night collected from the three continuous routine adult monitoring sites in 2007/08 (119.17) compared to 2006/07 (60.67) (Table 29). This year’s numbers were higher mostly due to higher numbers of Cx. pullus and Cx. annulirostris collected at all three sites, due to the highest rainfall occurring in February (469.8mm) compared to 97.7mm the previous year (Fig. 15A).

5.4.2.3 Seasonal occurrence The total annual rainfall for Katherine in 2007/08 was 1374 mm compared to 1027mm in 2006/07 (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology). During this year 106mm of rain fell in November, 331mm in December, 219mm in January, 470mm in February and 196mm in March. In 2007/08 mosquito numbers of most species were similar compared to 2006/07, but Cx. annulirostris and Cx. pullus numbers dramatically increased. Both species peaked in February and March, with highest numbers of Cx. annulirostris (1475) recorded at the Dairy Dam in February 2008 and highest numbers of Cx. pullus (475) at the Meatworks in March 2008. Culex quinquefasciatus peaked in August, with high numbers recorded (148) at the Meatworks. Total Ae. normanensis


numbers also remained low (41) in 2007/08 (Table 28) compared to the previous year (220).

5.4.2.4 Trapping sites In 2007/08 the Dairy Dam was the most prolific trapping site of all the routine monitoring sites, with 35.28% of the total catch, followed by the Meatworks with 25.81% (Table 28). At the Dairy Dam, breeding mostly occurs in the dams and the trench running south east along the dams, and is controlled by the Dairy Dam Manager. Breeding at the Meatworks mainly occurs in the borrow pits and the secondary sewage pond, and is controlled by the Meatworks Manager.

5.4.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program

5.4.3.1 Larval monitoring program There has been regular larval survey and control activities of the prime mosquito breeding areas in Katherine (Table 32). The Katherine Environmental Health Officers carries out the larval survey program on a weekly basis. The larvae samples are sent to ME for identification. The results of the ME identifications are forwarded to the Environmental Health Officer in Katherine, who then coordinates mosquito control with the local council or other landholders as above.

5.4.3.2 Larval mosquito numbers In 2007/08 Cx. annulirostris was the predominant species detected. It was detected 31 times with a total of 610 larvae recovered during the surveys (Table 32). The second most common species was Cx. quinquefasciatus. It was detected 18 times with a total of 1020 larvae recovered (Tables 32).

5.4.3.3 Breeding sites In 2007/08 the town sites were the most prolific breeding sites, with Cx. annulirostris being detected 24 times with a total of 285 larvae (Table 32). Numbers of Cx. quinquefasciatus were also highest at the town sites, where the species was detected 18 times with a total of 1020 larvae (Table 32). The town sites are mostly the storm water drain end points, or the storm water drains. 5.4.3.4 Larval control In Katherine, larval mosquito control is the responsibility of the local council or other landholders as above. If mosquito control operations are required, the local council or landholders are notified by the EHO and control options are discussed. The local EHO usually receives feedback on control carried out from the local council. In 2007/08 a total of 318 mosquito larval surveys were conducted, with 56 requiring treatment (Table 32).



5.4.4.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease RRV disease cases in Katherine coincide with high rainfall and the start of an increase in Cx. annulirostris numbers (Figs 15A and 15B). November through to March is the highest risk period for RRV disease. There were 28 RRV disease cases reported in the Katherine region in 2007/08 compared to 37 in 2006/07 (Table 11), with 18 cases reported in Katherine town (Fig. 15A). Most of the cases in the Katherine region occurred in January (7) and March (7) 2007 (Table 9). There were three cases of BFV disease reported in the Katherine region in 2007/08, compared to nine in 2006/07 (Table 12), with one of those cases reported in Katherine town in April 2008.

5.4.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system for the potential risk of MVEV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2007/08 are summarised in Table 15. The highest risk period for MVEV disease in Katherine is March to May (Table 16). There were two seroconversions to MVEV in March and April 2008 (Table 15) but no MVEV disease cases were reported.

5.4.5 Visits or surveys by ME The ME Operations Manager and a Technical Officer visited Katherine in November 2007 to introduce the Environmental Health Officers, Brendon Sherratt and Josh Cufley, to the mosquito surveillance and control program in Katherine. A storm water drain survey was carried out during the visit. Drains under Katherine Town Council responsibility inspected included the Acacia, First, Second and Third Street drains and the New Subdivision and Lindsay Street drains. Drains under DPI responsibility inspected included the Lockheed Rd, DeJulia, Ronan Court and Martin Crescent drains. Two drains at the Katherine railway terminal were inspected, and mosquito breeding was found. Vegetation growth and silt deposits were found in all the above mentioned drains, and correspondence was sent to the Katherine Town Council, DPI and the NT Railway Manager to carry out immediate storm water drain maintenance and rectification. During the visit the Meatworks were inspected. The primary, secondary and tertiary sewage ponds and the evaporation ponds were filled in. The area should be surveyed in the 2008/09 wet season, to ensure no pooling of water occurs, but generally the area should not be a significant mosquito breeding site in the future. The Katherine waste disposal area was inspected, but no mosquito breeding was detected.


5.4.6 Engineering measures In 2007/08 the Lockheed Rd drain was cleaned and graded prior to the ME visit in November 2007. However, vegetation was already growing back in the drain in November, and correspondence was sent to DPI (see section 5.4.5). Storm water drain maintenance in Katherine has to be carried out on a routine basis before each wet season to allow flood waters to drain away.

5.4.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • As mentioned in the previous year, improvements in post flood drainage

are needed to both reduce the extent of the flooding and the extent of flooded areas requiring mosquito larval control. The drainage improvements would enable sooner access to certain areas and ensure floodwaters drained much sooner after flooding (see ME annual report 2005/06).

• An ongoing drain maintenance program is required to ensure the free flow of water in the Katherine drains, to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce the risk of arbovirus borne disease.

• For Brigalow Farm, ME recommends ongoing maintenance, including removal of all vegetation on the dam walls and in the base of the first dam and the trenches, to provide access to all sites for mosquito monitoring and to reduce mosquito breeding. Vegetation can be removed by aerial weediciding using Glyphosate (Roundup) as the weedicide of choice. Maintenance such as vegetation removal and weediciding of both drains and dams should be carried out on an annual basis.

5.5 Tennant Creek

5.5.1 Mosquito species recorded in Tennant Creek Mosquito species recorded in Tennant Creek in 2007/08 are shown in Table 33. There have been no Ae. notoscriptus recorded since February 2004. This species was eliminated when the Ae. aegypti eradication program was carried out in 2004 to 2006, and has apparently not been reintroduced since.


5.5.2.1 Monitoring program

The routine adult mosquito monitoring in Tennant Creek is only conducted during the wet season. Trapping was carried out between 8th January to 15th April 2008 by the Tennant Creek EHO. There were three regular routine trap sites used in 2007/08 (Fig. 6).


5.5.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers The average number of female mosquitoes per trap night for all species at routine adult monitoring sites in 2007/08 was lower, with 32.38 this year compared to 51.82 for the 2006/07 mosquito monitoring period (Table 35). This decrease in average mosquito numbers was due to the lower summer rainfall (Dec – Feb) in 2007/08 (92.6mm) compared to the very high rainfall in 2006/07 (292mm).

5.5.2.3 Seasonal occurrence The total rainfall for Tennant Creek in 2007/08 was 133.2 mm (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology). This year, the highest rainfall occurred in December 2007 (37.4) and February 2008 (38mm). Total numbers of Cx. annulirostris and Ae. normanensis were lower in 2007/08, with total numbers of 1010 and 19 respectively for all three routine trap sites (Table 34), compared to 1436 and 364 in 2006/07, with a total rainfall of 464.2mm. Highest numbers of both species were recorded at the sewage ponds (Table 34), with highest numbers for Cx. annulirostris (266) in early January, and highest numbers for Ae. normanensis (15) at the end of February, in accordance with the highest rainfall in December and February. 5.5.2.4 Trapping sites The major breeding sites for both Ae. normanensis and Cx. annulirostris are the secondary treatment and evaporation ponds in the sewage treatment area and grassy areas east of Ford Crescent. After heavy rain events, water pools in the disused secondary treatment and evaporation ponds, as well as in the grassy areas near Ford Crescent, providing favorable breeding sites for both species. The Brown House mosquito, Cx. quinquefasciatus, was recorded in relatively low numbers at the Ford Crescent and Hospital Grounds trap sites (Table 34). Numbers of this species are underestimated by CO2 baited EVS traps. Thus, only a few specimens of this species in one trap indicate a pest problem. The Hospital trap site continuously shows elevated numbers of this species. The most likely breeding site is the side entry pit of the hospital drain running along Leichhardt Street. This site is routinely treated. In 2007/08 the Sewage Ponds remained the most prolific site with 78.38% of the total catch, followed by Ford Crescent with 11.74% and the Hospital Grounds with 9.88% (Table 34). The predominant species recorded at the sewage pond this year was Cx. annulirostris, with a total of 914 specimens (Table 34).

5.5.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program In Tennant Creek, routine larval survey and control activities are carried out by the local EHO, after significant rainfall. In 2007/08 the drain at the corner of Stuart Street and Perry Street was surveyed on 7th January 2008. Larval mosquito species found were Cx. annulirostris, An. annulipes and Cx. quinquefasciatus.



5.5.4.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease RRV disease cases in Tennant Creek are usually associated with high summer rainfall (November to March) due to the higher number of Cx. annulirostris. In the 2007/08 wet season, between November and March, Tennant Creek experienced less rainfall (111mm) compared to the previous year (411mm). As a result, mosquito numbers remained low, and only two Ross River virus disease case were reported, in September 2007 and January 2008 (Fig. 15A). There was one BFV disease cases reported in Tennant Creek in October 2007 (Table 10).

5.5.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system for the potential risk of MVEV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2007/08 are summarised in Table 15. The risk period for MVEV disease in Tennant Creek is from February to May, with a correlation with the highest rainfall and the highest Cx. annulirostris numbers (Figs 15A and 15B, Table 16). No chickens seroconverted to MVEV in Tennant Creek in 2007/08 and no MVEV disease cases were reported.

5.5.5 Visits or surveys by ME ME did not visit Tennant Creek in 2007/08. However, due to the Ae. aegypti incursion in 2004, ovitraps were set by the Tennant Creek EHO between 7th March and 15th April to evaluate the presence of Ae. aegypti in Tennant Creek. Eleven ovitrap sites were deployed during this period, and of the 31 ovitraps sampled none were positive for eggs.

5.5.6 Engineering measures No engineering measures were carried out in Tennant Creek in 2007/08.

5.5.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • ME recommends the introduction of a routine larval survey and control

program in Tennant Creek. Larval surveys should be carried out after heavy rainfall, inspecting and controlling all storm water drains, low laying grassy depressions and the sewage ponds in Tennant Creek.

• An ongoing storm water drain maintenance program is required in Tennant Creek, with maintenance being carried out by DIPE and the Tennant Creek Town Council, to prevent mosquito breeding and to prevent mosquito borne disease. Drain maintenance and rectification should be carried out before each wet season to ensure free water flow.

• Ongoing sewage ponds maintenance, including weediciding, is required at the Tennant Creek Sewage Treatment Plant, to prevent mosquito breeding. Weediciding should be carried out on an annual basis before each wet season. If breeding occurs in the evaporation ponds, they should be treated with methoprene pellets. It is also suggested that there needs to


be a division of the evaporation pond #1 into two or three ponds so that excess water from tertiary pond #1 can be directed into a number of small ponds, rather than having one big pond which rarely fills and is often heavily vegetated during the wet season.

5.6 Alice Springs

5.6.1 Mosquito species recorded in Alice Springs Mosquito species recorded in Alice Springs in 2007/08 are shown in Table 36. There have been no Cx. gelidus recorded from Alice Springs since 2001, probably due to the draining of the Ilparpa swamp and less rainfall.


5.6.2.1 Monitoring program There are six regular mosquito monitoring sites located in Alice Springs, with CO2 baited EVS traps set and collected on a weekly basis by the Alice Springs Environmental Health Officer (Fig. 7). ME carries out the identifications and forwards the results to the Environmental Health Officer, who then coordinates mosquito control.

5.6.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers Average numbers of female adult mosquitoes per trap night (11.99) collected in the continuous adult mosquito monitoring traps in 2007/08 were the lowest recorded since 1990/91 (Table 38). The low mosquito numbers were due to very low summer rainfall (Dec – Feb) (34mm) in 2007/08 (Table 38). The prevalent species caught during 2007/08 in all monitoring traps was Cx. annulirostris, comprising 55.81 % of the total mosquitoes trapped (Table 37). Average Cx. annulirostris numbers per trap night have been very low since the last peak of average numbers per trap night of 420.50 in 2000/01 (Table 39), before the drainage of the Ilparpa swamp, representing a significant decline in the available breeding places in Ilparpa swamp because of the drainage measures and the effluent management practices by PAWA. Culex globocoxitus was not recorded in Alice Springs in 2007/08, and only in extremely low numbers in 2006/07, reflecting the dry weather conditions and the unavailability of suitable breeding sites in Ilparpa swamp (Table 39). 5.6.2.3 Seasonal occurrence The total rainfall for Alice Springs in 2007/08 was 86.8 mm, with 27.2mm occurring in November and 21mm in December (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology) (Fig. 15A). Due to the low summer rainfall and the low overnight temperatures in the dry season, Cx. annulirostris adult numbers remained very low, with an average of 5.18 per trap per night in 2007/08 (Table 37). Usually this


species breeds in high numbers in grassy and reed pools and margins in Ilparpa swamp during the summer months.

5.6.2.4 Trapping sites In 2007/08, the Ilparpa swamp B was the most prolific collection site with 37.51% of the total catch, followed by Ilparpa swamp A with 30.72% (Table 37). Although Ilparpa swamp has been the most prolific breeding site, average mosquito numbers per trap night remained low, with the highest of 21.08 at Ilparpa swamp B. The source of mosquitoes in the Ilparpa swamp B trap was most likely the tree plantation, which held water for most of the year. However, the low mosquito numbers in the swamp are due to low winter temperatures and regulated PAWA discharge into the Ilparpa swamp area. This included discharge on a wetting and drying cycle to interrupt the life cycle of mosquitoes breeding in standing water. In 2007/08, high numbers of adult Cx. quinquefasciatus were detected in the Bloomfield Street trap (Table 37). This has also been observed in previous years. Numbers of this species are underestimated by adult CO2 baited EVS traps. This means that even though numbers seem to be low, there is likely to have been a significant pest problem nearby. The breeding source was successfully located by ME staff during a storm water drain inspection in September 2006 (For more details see section 5.6.5).

5.6.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program

5.6.3.1 Monitoring program In 2007/08, larval surveys were conducted on a weekly basis in Ilparpa swamp (Table 41), and two comprehensive drain surveys were carried out in November and December 2007 in the Alice Springs urban areas. The program is carried out by the Alice Springs Environmental Health Officer. The result of the ME identification of larval mosquitoes are forwarded to the Environmental Health Officer, who then coordinates mosquito control with the local Council Officers or other responsible authorities for other than Council land.

5.6.3.2 Larval mosquito numbers During urban larval surveys, Cx. quinquefasciatus was detected in the Scott Terrace drain and in a drain opposite the Oasis resort with a total number of 39 and 3 larvae recovered respectively. Other larvae recovered were An. annulipes s.l. in the Oasis resort drain. No breeding was detected in the Ilparpa swamp in 2007/08 (Table 41). 5.6.3.3 Breeding sites No regular mosquito larval control is carried out in the Ilparpa swamp due to the size (approximately 100 ha) and inaccessibility of the swamp, and the lack of local aerial control equipment. When vector mosquito numbers exceed control thresholds in the routine adult mosquito monitoring traps, adult fogging operations


are conducted around the swamp margins using ULV equipment mounted on a vehicle. However, mosquito breeding in Ilparpa swamp can be reduced through controlled effluent release from the sewage ponds into the swamp. The timing and location of effluent release is crucial to reduce the availability of potential breeding habitat. ME recommends effluent release into the swamp A area (eastern end) through the EP7 outlet pipe, as this greatly reduces the swamp area available for mosquito breeding. In an emergency, effluent might also be released into the swamp B area (western end). To allow summer rain and related effluent flows to be retained in the ponds, effluent discharge should occur during the winter (between May and August) season. Effluent should not be released after the end of August or September if possible, to allow the swamps to dry up before summer rain and higher temperatures promote the breeding of Cx. annulirostris. If released in summer, it should be pulse released, with a few days release followed by a spell of enough days to let all the released water evaporate.


5.6.4.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease In Alice Springs, the number of RRV disease cases correlates with high average numbers of Cx. annulirostris (over 300) and accumulated summer rainfall >100mm (Whelan et al. 2003). High summer rainfall (Dec – Feb) is likely to result in localised flooding and pooling that creates breeding sites for Cx. annulirostris, the main vector for RRV disease in Alice Springs. There were 15 RRV disease cases reported in Alice Springs in 2007/08 (Fig. 15A). The low number of cases is most likely due to the relatively low accumulated summer rainfall of only 49.8mm (Dec-Feb) in Alice Springs (Bureau of Meteorology), resulting in the low average number of Cx. annulirostris (7.17) collected in the four routine trap sites (Table 38). There were five cases of BFV disease reported in Alice Springs in 2007/08.

5.6.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The highest risk period for mosquito borne disease in the Alice Springs region is between January and May when Cx. annulirostris numbers are highest due to high summer rainfall (Fig. 15B). MVEV seroconversions of sentinel chicken flocks occur in Alice Springs primarily between February and June (Table 16). During this time there is an increased potential risk of an MVEV disease outbreak. However, in 2007/08 no chickens seroconverted to MVEV (Table 15). This indicates the low potential for human cases of MVEV disease, as birds usually get infected before human cases occur. This lack of seroconversions is a direct result of the low rainfall and low vector numbers, and is in accord with the previous DHF predictions regarding rainfall (see publication Whelan et al. 2003).


5.6.5 Visits or surveys by ME ME did not visit Alice Springs in 2007/08.

5.6.6 Engineering measures In September 2006, ME conducted a storm water drain inspection in liaison with EH, DIPE and the Alice Springs Town Council. Correspondence was prepared and sent to the Alice Springs Town Council and DIPE in September 2006, outlining recommendations for storm water drain maintenance and rectifications required. The major issue identified during the ME visit was the storm water drain ownership and responsibility between the Alice Springs Town Council and DIPE. Sine the correspondence was sent in September 2006, ME attempted to follow up on any progress made in regard to storm water drain maintenance and rectifications carried out on numerous occasions between September 2006 and May 2008. However, there seems to be a lack of response from DIPE. Storm water drain ownership in Alice Springs still remains an issue. For more details see the Mosquito Survey Alice Springs 4-5 September 2006 report. The issue was again discussed between the Alice Springs EH and ME in June 2008, and will be addressed by Alice Springs EH in 2008/09.

5.6.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • Some of the Alice Springs storm water drains have been found in poor

condition during an inspection by ME staff in September 2006. To prevent mosquito breeding in those drains, an ongoing drain maintenance program is required, with drain maintenance and rectification to be carried out before each wet season. Drain re-construction is also required for some of the drains. In September 2006, the ME forwarded some correspondence to the Alice Springs Town Council and DIPE outlining the works required. In order for the works to be carried out as required, the storm water drain ownership issue need to addressed by the Alice Springs Town Council and DIPE in liaison with Alice Springs EH.

• During the ME visit in September 2006, the collapsed drain pipe section of the Bloomfield Street drain, in front of Lot 2907, was identified as a major breeding site for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Numbers of this species were still high in the CO2 baited EVS trap at Bloomfield Street in 2007/08. There is a need to rectify this drain to prevent mosquito breeding in the future. Until rectification of the drain can be carried out, the site entry pits need to be surveyed and controlled on a regular basis.

5.7 Groote Eylandt

5.7.1 Mosquito species recorded in Groote Eylandt In 2007/08, 36 mosquito species were recorded on Groote Eylandt (Table 42). Culex gelidus was again recorded in 2007/08. This species was first recorded on Groote Eylandt in 2000, and last reported in 2004. In previous years, the absence


of Cx. gelidus in routine adult trapping was due possibly to it being restricted to areas in which no routine vector monitoring was carried out.


5.7.2.1 Monitoring program There are three routine adult mosquito-monitoring sites on Groote Eylandt. Traps are located at the mine site near Angurugu, the wharf area in Alyangula Township and the Golf Club (Figs 3A and 3B). An Environmental Adviser from GEMCO conducts trapping on a fortnightly basis. The adult mosquitoes are sent to ME in Darwin for identification, and comments and the results are then forwarded to the Environmental Advisor on Groote Eylandt, who coordinates mosquito control if required. 5.7.2.2 Adult Mosquito Numbers The average number of mosquitoes caught per trap night in the Alyangula adult trapping program in 2007/08 was 27.50 (Table 43), and much lower compared to the previous year (38.80) (Table 44). The prevalent species caught during 2007/08 were, Ae. vigilax comprising 40.42 % of the total mosquitoes trapped, followed by Cx. quinqufasciatus 34.55%, and Ae. notoscriptus with 6.34 % (Table 43). It should be noted that numbers of container breeding mosquitoes are expected to be lower due to extensive source reduction campaigns and treatment rounds of residual insecticides to potential mosquito breeding receptacles during the Ae. aegypti eradication project (see section 4). The average number of Cx. quinquefasciatus per trap night detected in 2007/08 (9.50) was lower compared to 2006/07 (14.40), but still high compared to 2005/06 (1.69) (Table 44). The numbers of Cx. annulirostris recorded in 2007/08 were lower compared to 2006/07 and were predominantly from the Alyangula Golf Course area (Table 43). The average number per trap night of Ae. vigilax detected in 2007/08 (11.11) was slightly higher than in 2006/07 (9.64)(Table 44). The relative low numbers of Cx. annulirostris recorded this year are probably due to delayed rainfall, but higher than average levels of rainfall in February and March allowing fish and other biological control earlier access to breeding areas. In 2007/08, Cx. quinquefasciatus were mostly recorded from the Mine site (651), with only low recorded in Alyangula town (13) (Table 43). The high numbers at the mine site where most likely due to breeding in the large number of tyres. Following the relatively high average numbers of Ae. notoscriptus collected during 2006/07, numbers decreased to a record low (0.37) in 2007/08. This is the lowest since 1995/96 (Table 44) and can be attributed to the Ae. aegypti eradication project (see section 4). 5.7.2.3 Seasonal occurrence The slight decrease in Cx. annulirostris numbers recorded on Groote Eylandt in 2007/08 is most likely related to the pattern of wet season rainfall. The rainfall recorded in Alyangula in 2007/08 (1053.3mm) was lower than in 2006/07


(1206mm). Rainfall in February and March were above the mean monthly rainfall figures (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology). The rainfall recorded in December and January 2007/08 coincided with the highest spring tides both at 2.24m, and probably increased the flooding of some major Ae. vigilax breeding sites around Alyangula. Aedes vigilax possibly were sourced from Connexion Island or from closer and localised sites on the coast north and north east of the town. It is also possible that Ae. vigilax are breeding in rock pools in the sandstone pools around the north coast near the North West Bluff close to the town.

5.7.2.4 Trapping sites Two of the three adult routine trap sites are located near Alyangula town. The first is at the Golf Course and the second at the port area, while the third trap site is situated at the mine site, some 20 kilometres south of the township (Figs 3A and 3B). The major breeding sites of Ae. vigilax on Groote Eylandt are the coast near the Golf Club, the upper reaches of the mangrove creeks east of the road to Deception Bay, near the Ngadumiyerrka community (‘little paradise’), and on Connexion Island. This is indicated by the higher numbers of Ae. vigilax caught in the northern most trap at the golf course, compared with the more southerly positioned trap sites at the township and the mine. A large number of rock pools to the north of Alyangula, near the North West Bluff, may also be capable of producing large Ae. vigilax numbers after the first wet season rains. The pools hold water and become saline from wind borne sea spray. It is possible that a large proportion of the Ae. vigilax adult population detected at Alyangula originated from the extensive breeding sites on Connexion Island. Connexion Island is situated approximately 6km west of Alyangula, which is within the flight range of Ae. vigilax. During the monsoon months of January and February, Groote Eylandt experiences prevailing northwesterly winds. Records from previous years show that Ae. vigilax numbers in Alyangula usually increase during this period. This indicates that the adult mosquitoes detected in Alyangula are potentially dispersing with the aid of the wind from Connexion Island into the township. Connexion Island has a number of large potential Ae. vigilax breeding sites that have previously been identified by ME and GEMCO. These include some small tidally influenced areas on the southern and eastern shores of the island, and a large salt lake at the northern end of the island. The salt lake is not tidally influenced, but become extensively flooded after the monsoon rains. The major Cx. annulirostris breeding sites near Alyangula are located in the north of the town apart from the Golf Course. There are extensive freshwater swamps and sub-coastal areas of grassland behind Deception Bay and directly north of Alyangula, that provide suitable breeding sites for this species. This is supported by the significantly higher number of Cx. annulirostris detected in the Alyangula Golf Course adult trap site in 2007/08, compared to the other two trap sites (Table 43).


The Alyangula township trap site detected high numbers of Ae. notoscriptus in 2006/07 (333), but collected only five individuals in 2007/08 due to concerted efforts to locate and remove breeding receptacles in bushland nearby (Table 43). This trap site is close to the port, industrial and commercial areas. These areas often have items such as large tyres, drums, bins and plant machinery that can hold water during the wet season. The potential presence of breeding receptacles near the port area points to a need to conduct larval control and receptacle clean up operations near the port area to prevent Ae. aegypti re-establishment.


5.7.3.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease RRV disease cases occur mostly during or towards the end of the wet season. Ross River virus and BFV disease cases on Groote Eylandt have been relatively low since the 1992/93 financial year. One to five cases per year of both diseases seem to reflect the normal status (Fig. 15A). In 2007/08, there were 11 reported cases of RRV disease in East Arnhem (Table 11), only three of which were from Alyangula. There were also two BFV disease cases recorded in East Arnhem in 2006/07 (Table 12), with no reported cases from Alyangula. Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris are the main vectors for these diseases. There was a slightly less than average number of BFV disease cases reported for Alyangula in 2007/08, but RRV disease cases were slightly above average. Factors influencing the number of cases of both these arbovirus diseases including an under-reporting of cases by medical practitioners not requesting blood samples, symptomatic people not consulting a medical practitioner, low levels of virus activity in resident marsupial hosts, or effective personal protection measures being employed by Alyangula residents during peak transmission periods.

5.7.3.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The sentinel chicken program is designed to detect flavivirus activity, such as MVEV and KUNV, as well as exotic flaviviruses such as JEV in the NT. In cooperation with GEMCO environmental staff, a sentinel chicken flock was established in Alyangula in April 2006. Sentinel chicken flocks are being maintained, bled monthly and tested for flavivirus in a combined program between DPIFM, DHF, and the volunteer sentinel chicken carers. In Alyangula, the flock is located in a residential area in the northern part of the town, adjacent to the Golf Course. In the three months that the Alyangula sentinel chicken flock was operational in 2007/08 there were no seroconversions to MVEV or KUNV (Table 16). There has been one recorded case of MVEV disease on Groote Eylandt, which occurred in 1981 (Table 13).


5.7.4 Visits or surveys by ME On 8th of May 2008, representatives from ME and the director of CDC officially declared Alyangula and Groote Eylandt free of Ae. aegypti since its detection in 2006 in one of the ovitraps used in the exotic vector surveillance program. Presentations were delivered to GEMCO at the mine-site office and to residents of Alyangula at the Alyangula Recreation Club. For more details on the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti eradication project see section 4.

5.7.5 Engineering measures No engineering measures were carried out in Alyangula in 2007/08.

5.7.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • It is important to regularly maintain all storm water drains in urban areas of

the Top End. Drains that are not regularly cleared of vegetation, and do not have the drain floor graded to eliminate depressions, can pool water from wet season rainfall or dry season low flow. Pools that form along drain lines that have dry season low flows often have a high organic content from vegetation and debris that collects in the drain. These pools are often associated with the presence of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. annulirostris larvae, the adults of which can be detected in relatively high numbers at the Mine and the Golf Course site on Groote Eylandt. It is recommended that a storm water drain maintenance program be implemented in Alyangula and Angurugu, and that any drains that require maintenance are cleared and graded before each wet season.

• It is recommended that exotic Aedes receptacle breeding surveys be

conducted periodically by ME in Alyangula, especially at the beginning and during the 2008/09 wet season. In addition, receptacle surveys should be conducted on a routine basis in Umbakumba and Milyakburra and other small outstations in the area that are considered to be at risk to an exotic vector incursion through overseas importations (IFFV landings). The surveys should include premise-by-premise surveys for receptacle breeding larvae in residential areas, as well as person landing and adult trapping targeting exotic vector species. The surveys should be undertaken in liaison with AQIS officers, indigenous ranger groups and GEMCO Environmental staff.


6. TIMOR-LESTE MOSQUITO PROJECT

6.1 Capacity project to improve mosquito surveillance and control in Timor-Leste Since August 2006 DHF has been involved in a three year AusAID funded project in collaboration with the Timor-Leste Ministry of Health (MoH) on providing assistance for setting up mosquito surveillance and control programs. The aim of the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project (Mosquito-Borne Disease Control and Surveillance in East Timor: practical capacity building partnerships) is to increase the capacity of the MoH to carry out effective mosquito surveillance and control programs so that the incidence of mosquito-borne disease in Timor-Leste can be reduced. This collaborative effort involves DHF officers from both ME and Health Services Policy. Initially the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project will focus on the development and implementation of vector control programs to reduce the incidence of dengue in Timor-Leste.

6.2 Project personnel The DHF staff directly involved in the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project is Peter Whelan (Director – ME) as one of the part-time Project Managers, Ms Sally Matthews (Director – Health Services Policy) as part-time Project Coordinator, and Mr Bill Pettit (ME) as the full-time Medical Entomologist/Technical Advisor. The MoH staff directly involved in the project is Mr Ivo Guterres (Unit Officer – Vector Control), Ms Tomasia da Sousa (Head – Environmental Health and part time Project Manager for the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project), Mr Estanislau da Cruz (ex Director – Health Services Delivery) – left position in April 2008, and Mr Jose dos Reis Magno (Director – Health Services Delivery) – commenced position in April 2008. 6.3 Implementation of DHF recommendations on vector surveillance and control DHF visits to Timor-Leste were suspended in February 2007 during a period of civil unrest. The suspension of travel was further extended as Presidential and Parliamentary elections were run and decided. When DHF visits resumed in October 2007 (first visit in eight months), MoH plans for dengue vector control operations during the 2007/08 wet season were not well advanced. DHF proposed to MoH that Timor-Leste Mosquito Project funds could be used to engage 12 MoH volunteers to undertake property by property larval surveys and insecticide receptacle treatments between 22nd October and 31st December in Dili, that MoH would commit senior national and Dili District staff to assist in the planning, implementation and management of the activity, and that MoH would fund and support that activity from 1st January through to the end of the wet season (end April 2008). The initial period of the activity (22/10/07 – 31/12/07) was seen as an intensive dengue vector control training exercise for MoH staff and volunteers. Formal recommendations for dengue vector control that DHF


made to MoH in the document “Operational Plan and Protocols for a Routine Dengue Vector Surveillance and Control Program in Dili, Timor-Leste. September 2007” were used during the planning, implementation and management of the dengue vector control program in Dili. On 9th November 2007 the MoH officially launched the dengue vector control program in Dili in front of 150 invited guests that included the President of Timor-Leste, Jose Ramos Horta, the Vice-Minister of Health, Madelena Soares, the NT Minister for Health, Chris Burns, and the WHO Representative to Timor-Leste, Alex Andjaparidze. During the launch MoH senior staff publicly supported involvement of the cooperative relationship between the NT DHF and the MoH, and acknowledged the importance of dengue vector control activities to reducing the incidence of dengue. The official launch of the dengue vector control program coincided with a Dili clean-up day (10/11/07) aimed at removing unwanted receptacles from residential areas and moving them to the Dili landfill. Both the official launch of the dengue vector control program and the Dili clean-up day were organised and funded by MoH. MoH records show that during the 2007/08 wet season 6853 households were inspected and treated in Dili, with 3887 households inspected and treated in the period October 2007 to end January 2008, and 2955 households inspected and treated in the period February 2007 to end April 2008. The numbers of properties that were positive for mosquito larvae in receptacles during these periods were 44.0% and 62.7% respectively. Although MoH does not routinely collect larval samples for identification it is probable that more than 90% of receptacles found with mosquito larvae contained Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus. From 54 larval samples that were collected from receptacles in Dili between 2004 and 2006 and brought to ME for taxonomic identification, 52 samples (96.3%) contained Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus larvae (41 and 23 samples respectively). From December 2007, as the number of dengue cases in Dili rose steeply, MoH staff and volunteers focused their inspection and treatment efforts on dengue case houses, and on houses within 100m of each of the case houses. The number of reported dengue case in Dili in October, November, December, January, February and March were 3, 9, 19, 56, 42 and 4 respectively. A limited roll-out of the MoH dengue vector surveillance and control program was attempted in Baucau during the 2007/08 wet season (December 2007) but did not receive MoH funding to continue during 2008 and was discontinued in early January 2008 after only three weeks of activity. The number of reported dengue cases in Baucau in November, December, January and February were 0, 23, 30 and 3 respectively. Although the MoH has not formally accepted and adopted any of the DHF recommendations for the dengue control program, the use of many of the recommendations by the MoH Dengue Vector Control Program during the 2007/08 wet season indicate that the MoH has been willing to consider and trial DHF recommendations. The MoH has also made purchases of insecticide and equipment based on DHF recommendations.


6.4 Training of Timor MoH staff and volunteers in mosquito surveillance and control During the 2007/08 dengue vector control program DHF staff repeatedly travelled to Dili and provided demonstrations and guidance to MoH staff and volunteers on how properties should be surveyed for dengue mosquito larvae and how receptacles should be treated with a select range of insecticides to prevent colonisation by mosquitoes. In December 2008 there were 30 reported dengue cases in Baucau, 130km east of Dili. This was steep rise in incidence given that no cases had been reported in the previous month. Bill Pettit (ME) and Ivo Guterres (MoH) travelled to Baucau on 14/12/08 and delivered a one day dengue vector control workshop to ten MoH staff and volunteers from Baucau. The workshop focused on practical aspects of survey and insecticide treatment of receptacles. In March 2008, two MoH officers (Cristiano Belo and Alfredo Jorge) travelled to Broome, WA, to participate in a five-day mosquito surveillance and control course. The course introduced the MoH officers to mosquito surveillance and control training and theory, and also gave them a chance to spend time and exchange information with officers that implement vector surveillance and control programs in Australia. The course was also attended by two ME officers, and the Director-ME was one of the presenters. The MoH officers who attended the course are District Public Health Officers who are responsible for conducting vector control programs their districts (Baucau and Los Palos). On their return from Broome to Dili the two officers spent three days at the ME participating in routine mosquito surveillance activities, taxonomic identification of larval and adult mosquitoes, and learning about the ME vector surveillance and control programs. In April 2008 the MoH Unit Officer – Vector Control (Mr Ivo Guterres) spent one week at ME on a study tour to the ME laboratory to learn about the ME vector surveillance and control programs and to progress the planning of activities for the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project with his counterpart, Bill Pettit, and the Director – ME, Peter Whelan. At the time of the visit DHF officers were not able to visit Timor-Leste due to potential civil unrest. In July 2008 a two-day dengue vector surveillance and control workshop will be held in Baucau, Timor-Leste, for 30 MoH staff and volunteers. The subjects covered in the workshop will include mosquito biology and identification, field surveys for larvae, insecticide and application equipment handling and use, and the insecticide treatment of receptacles for the control of receptacle breeding mosquitoes (ie. dengue mosquitoes). The practical sessions of the course will provide participants with an opportunity to handle and use insecticide application equipment, identify actual and potential dengue mosquito breeding sites, and to view mosquito larvae under the microscope. The lectures and practical sessions have been produced and will be delivered by ME staff Peter Whelan and Bill Pettit. Ivo Guterres will act as translator and assistant with the lectures and the practical sessions.


In July 2008 three Timor-Leste doctors will travel to Thailand to participate in a two week workshop on dengue disease management and control at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine at Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. The Timor-Leste Mosquito Project is fully funding the doctors’ attendance at the workshop to help MoH staff involved in the treatment of dengue patients gain critical knowledge in the treatment of dengue cases and to understand the importance of rapid case reporting to the disease surveillance staff and vector control staff. In the third year of the project DHF and MoH are planning to conduct further mosquito surveillance and control workshops in Timor-Leste for MoH vector control staff and volunteers. There are also plans to host a number of study tours to Darwin for MoH staff to learn about the planning, implementation and management support of vector control programs. Lecture notes and general information handouts will be translated to Tetum (the native language of Timor-Leste) whenever possible. 6.5 Effect of civil unrest and political uncertainty on project outcomes Since the people of Timor-Leste formally gained independence from Indonesia in 2002, there have been intermittent periods of violent civil unrest and several of these have been prominently reported in Australian media. Civil unrest (or the likely prospect of civil unrest) in Timor-Leste caused the suspension of travel by DHF staff to Timor-Leste from February 2007 to October 2007, and from February 2008 to June 2008. In February 2007 DHF staff travel to Timor-Leste was suspended following violent civil unrest in Dili. Between April and June 2007 Presidential and Parliamentary elections were held in Timor-Leste. Uncertainty about the level of violent civil unrest that could arise prior to, during and following the election periods caused the DHF to continue the suspension of travel of its staff to Timor-Leste until October 2007. On 11/02/2008 the President of Timor-Leste was shot, and a car the Prime-Minister was travelling in was shot at. Visits to Timor-Leste by DHF staff were suspended by DHF senior management following the shooting and did not recommence until June. Civil unrest and political uncertainty in Timor-Leste (especially Dili) during the last two years has had a negative impact on the ability of the AusAID Mosquito Project to deliver regular training activities with MoH staff in Timor-Leste. It has also adversely affected the ability of senior MoH management to consider and implement DHF proposed activities to improve the MoH dengue vector control program. 6.6 Procurement of appropriate insecticides and equipment for use in vector control In June 2008 a shipment of 77 metal sprayers and spare parts arrived at MoH from India (65 x 6L sprayers, 12 x 12L sprayers). The robust sprayers will see use in dengue endemic towns/cities where dengue vector control programs are being


implemented. The shipment was partly funded by the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project to assist the MoH to roll-out dengue vector control training programs in the districts during the life of the project. Many more sprayers are needed to fully implement effective vector control programs in districts where mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and malaria are common. MoH dengue and malaria control programs rely on the use of a select range of insecticides. These are bought in bulk by MoH and distributed to the districts were they are used in vector control programs. The use of insecticides by MoH and the quantities in storage are likely to increase as the size and number of vector control programs increases in the districts. Currently there are no dedicated secure insecticide storage facilities at MoH in any of the districts. In May 2008 the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project purchased three dangerous goods shipping containers to safely and securely store insecticides. These containers will be shipped from Darwin to Timor-Leste before the end of October 2008 for use in Dili and Baucau. 6.7 Procurement of appropriate materials and equipment for use in vector surveillance At the commencement of the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project in 2006 the MoH was not well resourced to plan, implement and manage vector control programs. Very limited quantities of insecticides and insecticide application equipment severely restricted the extent to which MoH could attempt to reduce vector populations through source reduction (receptacle insecticide treatment) and adult control (ULV). During the first two years of the project ME officers have worked with the MoH to procure appropriate insecticides and survey and control equipment for use in Timor-Leste. Insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin, S-methoprene, temephos granules) and equipment (hand pressure sprayers, PPE, ladles) that were recommended by DHF were sourced from overseas suppliers by MoH. Backpacks for MoH volunteers that contain essential surveillance equipment have been set up using locally sourced items such as ladles, collection vials, turkey basters, field data sheets in a clipboard and sealed containers for temephos granules and S-methoprene. Initially sets of backpacks have been set up by ME for use by MoH in vector control training and delivery of vector control activities, but it is expected that in future the MoH will be able to provide this equipment to the districts as the Dengue Vector Control Program rolls out its activities to the districts. DHF has encouraged the MoH to use its own procurement processes whenever possible to buy insecticides and equipment for its vector control programs, even though the MoH procurement process is protracted and cumbersome. It is important that MoH vector control officers work with the MoH Procurement Department to make the MoH procurement processes work as efficiently as possible and to improve them. During the past two years of the Timor-Leste Mosquito Project the MoH procurement process has been used with some success. In addition to MoH purchases, two dissecting microscopes, a compound microscope, a LCD projector, and three modified dangerous goods shipping


containers (for secure insecticide storage) have been directly purchased by DHF for use in MoH vector surveillance and control programs. In July 2007 high resolution digital aerial images of Dili and Baucau were purchased by DHF. ME used these images to develop sets of operational field maps that are now used for planning and implementation of vector control activities, disease incidence mapping, and vector surveillance activities in those districts. In June 2008 digital aerial images of Los Palos, Maliana, Manatuto, Viqueque, Liquica were purchased by ME for use in developing operational field maps. These will be used as the basis for operational field maps that should be delivered to MoH officers in those districts before the build-up to the 2008/09 wet season. 6.8 Testing of the efficacy of two insecticides to prevent mosquito colonisation of receptacles The surface treatment of receptacles using residual insecticides that have both an adulticidal and larvicidal effect is a key component of dengue vector control programs. There is some literature that suggests that alpha-cypermethrin may be longer acting than lambda-cyhalothrin in preventing the colonisation of tyres by mosquitoes. ME is interested in determining the difference in efficacy of these insecticides, as insecticide receptacle treatments are routinely carried out by ME during dengue mosquito eradication projects (ie. Tennant Creek 2004-2006 and Groote Eylandt 2006-2008), and will be carried out by the MoH in Timor-Leste. In June 2007, ME commenced a field trial in Darwin to test the efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin to prevent the colonisation of water filled tyres by endemic mosquitoes such as Ae. notoscriptus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Commercially available preparations of alpha-cypermethrin (Cyperthor; 50g/L a.i.) and lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand; 25g/L a.i.) are being compared in the trial. For effective control of larvae it is necessary for control by residual insecticides to last at least 6-8 weeks. Aedes notoscriptus larvae were first recovered in an alpha-cypermethrin treated tyre on week 22 during the 24 week trial. They were not recovered from lambda-cyhalothrin treated tyres during the trial. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were first recovered in an alpha-cypermethrin treated tyre in week 11 of the trial. They were first recovered in lambda-cyhalothrin treated tyres in week 15 of the trial (wet treatment and dry treatment). The results of this trial indicate that a receptacle treated on its inside surfaces with either Demand (lambda-cyhalothrin) or Cyperthor (alpha-cypermethrin) at the rates used in this trial is unlikely to be colonised by any receptacle breeding mosquito species until at least nine weeks post-treatment. The full results of this trial will be presented at the Mosquito Control Association of Australia conference in September 2008, and will be written up in a refereed journal article before the end of 2008.


6.9 Continuation of Timor-Leste Mosquito Project AusAID has agreed in principal to fund the project for a period of 3 years to September 2009, conditional on the achievement of agreed outcomes. While intermittent periods of civil instability in Timor-Leste make the achievement of all agreed project outcomes unlikely, progress is being made towards the establishment of practical vector control programs. A continuation of AusAID funding in the third year of the project will give DHF further opportunities to work with the MoH to plan and implement effective vector control programs at both national and district levels. 7. MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE CASE DATA IN THE NT

7.1 Ross River virus disease RRV disease is the most common arbovirus disease in the NT. RRV is a mosquito borne alpha virus, which is the cause of RRV disease, previously known as epidemic polyarthritis. The major vectors for RRV in the coastal and sub-coastal areas of the Top End are thought to be Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris, with Cx. annulirostris and Ae. normanensis the probable main vectors in inland areas. Aedes normanensis commonly occurs sub-coastally south of Darwin to around the Tennant Creek area. It has recently been collected in Alice Springs. Culex annulirostris is the principal vector in most inland areas including Central Australia. The isolation of RRV from the domestic receptacle breeding mosquito Ae. notoscriptus was first documented in the NT and more recently in Queensland and New South Wales (Russell 2002). Recent information on its vector competence indicates that this species may play a minor part as an urban vector of RRV in the NT in situations where vector numbers are relatively high and RRV disease cases are present. There were 246 laboratory notifications of RRV infection in the NT in 2007/08, compared to 259 in 2006/07 (Table 11, Figs 19, 20 and 21). In 2007/08 most cases (187) occurred in the Darwin region (Tables 9 and 14, Fig. 19) with a peak in February (29), (Table 9, Figs 20 and 21). Cases recorded in the Alice Spring (15) and the Barkly region (5) were similar to last year, while fewer cases were recorded in the East Arnhem region (11) and the Katherine region (28) compared to previous years (Table 11).

7.2 Barmah Forest virus disease BFV disease is the second most common arbovirus disease in the NT. The symptoms of this disease are similar to RRV disease but are milder and of shorter duration. The isolation of BFV from Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris and Ae. normanensis in the NT indicates that these species are the probable vectors in the NT. The isolation of BFV from Ae. vigilax in Gove in the NT during the first recorded outbreak of BFV disease indicates that this species is probably the


principal vector in coastal areas of the NT. The recent vector competence work on Ae. notoscriptus indicates that this species may also be involved as an urban vector of BFV disease under certain circumstances. Interstate, Verrallina funerea has also been implicated as a possible vector, and this species is common in certain coastal local areas in the NT during the wet season. There were 63 laboratory notified cases of BFV disease in the NT in 2007/08, with the largest number (51) in the Darwin region (Tables 10 and 12). Most cases in the Darwin region occurred between February and June (Table 10). The cases in February to June are probably due to Cx. annulirostris acting as a vector, as there are very few Ae. vigilax at this time. However, without accurate information on place of infection and on likely date of infection, as opposed to date of notification, little can be said of the probable place of infection and corresponding vector numbers. For more detailed information, refer to rainfall and disease case data of specific regions above. In 2007/08 BFV disease cases recorded in the Darwin regions were slightly lower compared to the last two years, but still dramatically higher compared to all other years. since recording began in 1991/92 (Table 12). For possible explanations see the ME annual report 2006/07.

7.3 Murray Valley encephalitis virus disease MVEV disease is a potentially fatal disease caused by infection with the flavivirus MVEV. The vector for MVEV in the NT is thought to be primarily Cx. annulirostris, with possible Cx. palpalis involved near large coastal swamp areas associated with the larger rivers. There were no cases of MVEV disease recorded in the NT in 2007/08 (Table 13). This might have been partly due to the numerous health warnings that were issued for the Top End of the NT based on mosquito vector numbers, rainfall and sentinel chicken results. Sentinel chicken surveillance indicated, that during the 2007/08 season, MVEV was present in the Adelaide River region in February, in Katherine in March and April, at Nathan River in February and March and at Robinson River between January and May (Table 15). The highest number of sentinel chickens seroconverting in one flock was in Nathan River in February. Health warnings were issued throughout the main MVE risk period between January and June (Table 16).

7.4 Kunjin virus disease KUNV is another member of the flavivirus family. Cases and seroconversions in sentinel chickens occur periodically throughout mainland Australia and are commonly recorded in the NT and the north west of Western Australia. KUNV causes an illness characterised by fever and severe headache and usually has much less severe symptoms than MVEV disease, with encephalitis a rare occurrence. The vector for KUNV in the NT is thought to be primarily Cx.


annulirostris. There were no cases of KUNV disease reported in 2007/08 (Table 13). The main risk period for the NT is February to June, but there is still a risk in most other months except October and November (Table 16). 8. ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH

8.1 Sentinel Chicken Program The sentinel chicken program in the NT is part of a national program involving WA, NSW and VIC and is designed to detect flavivirus activity (including the endemic arboviruses MVEV and KUNV, as well as exotic arboviruses such as JE (Broome et al. 2001). The current NT program commenced in January 1992 and replaced an earlier program run by Commonwealth Quarantine (AQIS). Sentinel chicken flocks in the NT are maintained, bled and analysed for flavivirus in a combined program between the DHF, DPIFM and volunteers. Sentinel chicken flocks are presently at Leanyer, Howard Springs, Coastal Plains Research Station (CPRS), Katherine, Nhulunbuy, Tennant Creek, Jabiru, Alice Springs (2), Nathan River, Robinson River and Alyangula (Fig. 26). DPIFM officers or volunteers usually bleed flocks once a month and the samples are tested for MVEV and KUNV. When chickens from a flock show new antibodies to MVEV during a prime risk period, a media warning is issued for the general area for the risk period. These warnings advise residents of the need to take added precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Chickens are replaced at least annually, and more frequently if birds die or a large proportion seroconvert. They are well positioned to detect flavivirus activity near the principal towns of the NT and hence provide timely and accurate indication of risk to people in those towns. In the 2007/08 season, MVEV activity was detected in the Adelaide River region in February and April, in Katherine in March and April, in Nathan River in February and March and in Robinson River in May (last bleed prior to MVE detection was in December 2007) (Table 15). Kunjin virus activity occurred in all regions except in East Arnhem and the Barkly region, with chickens seroconverting to KUNV between August 2007 and May 2008 (Table 15). It is notable that the first probable KUNV activity was recorded in the Alice Springs flocks in February and April 2008 since the last seroconversions in 2000/01. However, the titres for both seroconversions were low (9 and 10) and the seroconversions could not be confirmed as KUNV with certainty. The lack of MVEV and the low KUNV activity is thought to be due to the draining of the Ilparpa swamp, as well as the relatively low summer rainfall in Alice Springs.


8.2 Virus Isolation Program Patients with possible arbovirus illness who are negative for the specific tests for the alpha viruses RR virus and BF virus or the flaviviruses MVE and Kunjin should be further tested for a range of viruses including the bunyaviruses (Gan Gan and Trubanaman), the other flaviviruses (Edge Hill and Kokobera), and the other alphavirus Sindbis. The prevalence of antibodies to these viruses has not been recently established in the NT human population. There are reports of a number of arbovirus-like illnesses that are negative for the more routinely tested arboviruses. More information on case data and requests for specific testing by general practitioners for the lesser known arboviruses known to occur in the NT may shed light on some of these viral illnesses. When indications of viral transmissions are detected, the ME could target specific areas for arbovirus isolation to determine if the arboviruses are circulating and what are the possible vectors. No mosquito trapping and testing for virus was carried out in 2007/08. 9. MALARIA SURVEILLANCE

9.1 Case data There were 25 cases of imported malaria in the NT in 2007/08 referred to ME by CDC for entomological evaluation (Tables 47 and 48). Eleven of these cases were assessed as requiring entomological investigations, which included adult mosquito trapping at the case house and at the nearest harbourage and/or breeding site. None of the entomological investigations concluded that precautionary mosquito control was required. All of the entomological investigations were conducted in the Darwin region (Table 47). Of the 25 malaria cases in the NT, 24 had their first fever in the Darwin region including one in Desert Springs (Table 47). All of the malaria cases investigated by ME in 2007/08 had low potential malaria vector numbers detected at the case residence and closest harbourage sites, and no further action was recommended (Tables 47 and 48). People diagnosed with malaria in Darwin are likely to report to medical practitioners, thereby facilitating rapid detection, treatment and reporting of the case, and allowing for timely entomological investigations. A delay in the detection of a case can delay the epidemiological and entomological investigations. This delay means a less accurate measure of vector presence and abundance at the case residence at the time when the case was or might have been infective to local Anopheles. The epidemiological and entomological information is used to determine if further action is required. Delays in detection of cases after a first fever potentially allow the parasite to develop sexual stages in the blood of the patient, which can then be transmitted to local vector Anopheles mosquitoes.


The number of cases each year is variable and is related to the volume of international travellers entering the NT, destinations, time of year and the malaria situation in various countries. The numbers of malaria cases reported in the NT in 2007/08 was lower than for 2005/06 and 2006/07 (44 cases each). The Melaleuca Refugee Centre in Darwin keeps records of the refugee arrivals in Darwin. The number of arrivals in 2007/08 was approximately 146, a slight decrease compared to last year (176). Of the total number of refugee arrivals, 50 of these departed from refugee camps in Thailand (Burma) and 96 from various countries in Africa. Cases originating from Indonesia decreased from ten to four primarily due to the declining trend in foreign fishers being intercepted from Australian waters. (Table 48). Intercepted vessels were towed to, and detained at NT ports. The majority of these vessels went to Darwin with a small number to Gove. There was no discernible change in the ratios of the species of malaria parasites detected in the NT in 2007/08 compared to 2006/07. The majority of Plasmodium falciparum cases were mainly due to refugees arriving in Darwin from Africa (11) where P. falciparum is the most prevalent form of malaria. Cases of P. vivax predominantly originated from the South East Asia and Pacific Islands (eight cases). Pre-screening and treatment of refugees for malaria have been conducted for some individuals at the country of departure (began in February 2006). In 2007/08 no malaria cases become evident from pre-screened treated patients after arrival in Australia. However, cases have occurred after pre-screened patients have entered Australia in 2006/07 suggesting that secondary screening is required on arrival. The main parasite detected in imported malaria cases in the NT in 2007/08 was P. falciparum, accounting for 17 cases, followed by P. vivax accounted for eight cases (Tables 47 and 48). The area north of the 19° parallel (just north of Tennant Creek) is regarded as the area receptive for malaria reintroduction in the NT, but transmission can occur throughout the whole of the Territory during summer. 10. PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS AND COMMENTS

10.1 Development comments Routine planning and development responses have been devolved from the central Environmental Health Directorate to regional Environmental Health Offices. Each region is responsible for a coordinated DHF response to the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) for planning developments in that region. Each region submits planning proposals to ME for comment when there are potential biting insect problems, or for the larger urban and rural residential


developments. The urban and rural residential development planning process in Darwin usually requires a ME officer to inspect and approve certain aspects such as drainage construction before title to the land is issued. For larger projects such as Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and Preliminary Environmental Reports (PER), where specific advice on biting insects is sought at an early planning stage (Notice of Intent), ME continues to deal with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the proponent. Routine planning and development responses were lower in 2007/08 (61) compared to 2006/07 (74) (Table 53.12). The majority of routine planning and development responses come from Darwin rural areas where drains are usually open and unlined, and the land may contain creek lines and seasonally flooded areas. The main issues associated with urban subdivisions were stormwater drainage, and in particular the end point of dry season low flows. Major comments were also provided on Notice of Intent, PER and EIS reports for large projects such as Frances Creek Mine near Pine Creek, Browns Oxide Mine near Batchelor, Maud Creek Mine in Katherine, Muirhead Subdivision at Lee Point, Palmerston Eastern Suburbs Urban Development (including Bellamack) and Blaydin Point LNG Facility at Middle Arm.

10.2 Development investigations

10.2.1 Muirhead Subdivision The Muirhead Biting Insect Investigation was completed in February 2008. The major findings were very high seasonal numbers of the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax, moderate to high seasonal numbers of the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris, and relatively low numbers of other mosquito species. Pest biting midges were also affecting Muirhead, with very high seasonal numbers of the mangrove biting midge C. ornatus and the marine estuary midge C. species near subimmaculatus (northern form). Biting midges were most common within 1km of tidal areas, with moderate to high seasonal numbers up to 1.5km from tidal areas. The major recommendations were a 1km urban biting insect buffer from the landward mangrove margin of Buffalo Creek, rural residential lots on the eastern side of the 1km urban buffer, and a 200m open wind buffer on the eastern edge of the rural residential buffer, as well as suitable stormwater drainage to prevent the creation of new mosquito breeding sites. The developer has accepted the 1km urban biting insect buffer but is considering alternative proposals for sub division designs. Further information can be found in the report ‘Muirhead Biting Insect Assessment February 2008’.

10.2.2 Palmerston Eastern Suburbs The Palmerston Eastern Suburbs Biting Insect Investigation was completed in April 2008. The Palmerston Eastern Suburbs included the future residential suburbs of Bellamack, Mitchell, Zuccoli and Johnston. The major findings were


very high seasonal numbers of the mangrove biting midge C. ornatus within 1km of the landward mangrove margins of Mitchell Creek, Brooking Creek and the Elizabeth River, with moderate to high seasonal numbers up to 1.5km from the mangrove margin. Mosquitoes in the Palmerston Eastern Suburbs were generally low, with the exception of the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax, which was trapped in seasonally high numbers throughout most of the Palmerston Eastern Suburbs. The suburb of Bellamack is to be the first urban suburb in the NT to utilise Water Sensitive Urban Design strategies to treat stormwater, which are generally a series of water treatment components designed to treat and retain/detain stormwater, and are more complex in design than the simple lakes that are present in other suburbs of Darwin and Palmerston. Water Sensitive Urban Design has resulted in the creation of mosquito breeding sites in other parts of Australia. The main recommendation was no urban development within 1km of the landward mangrove margins of Mitchell Creek, Brooking Creek and the Elizabeth River. Rural residential lots were recommended within 1km of tidal mangrove areas, to provide a buffer for the urban lots. Another major recommendation was the commencement of a mosquito control program for the Palmerston Eastern Suburbs and rectification of Ae. vigilax breeding sites. Stormwater drainage was also a major issue, and ME created a new guideline to assist developers and land managers in developing suitable Water Sensitive Urban Design features that minimise the potential for mosquito breeding (see Constructed Wetlands in the Northern Territory-Guidelines to Prevent Mosquito Breeding May 2008). For further information on the Palmerston Eastern Suburbs see the report ‘Palmerston Eastern Suburbs Biting Insect Assessment April 2008.

10.2.3 Rosebery Hub biting midge investigation New sporting facilities were proposed to be built at Rosebery Hub by NT Government and Palmerston City Council. Due to the potential for biting midges to disrupt sporting activities, ME was requested to conduct a biting midge investigation of the development site. The major findings were seasonally high numbers of biting midges throughout the proposed development site. The major recommendations from the biting insect investigation was to construct sporting facilities either in Zuccoli near Lambrick Ave or in Johnston. If local facilities were to be constructed at Rosebery Hub, then a biting insect management plan would be required. This included sporting clubs avoiding late evening training four days around the full and new moons from August to November, and competitive games being played at least two hours after sunrise and finishing at least two hours before sundown. A regional sporting facility was not recommended. For further details see the report ‘Rosebery Hub Biting Midge Investigation February 2008’.

10.2.4 Frances Creek Mine The Frances Creek Baseline Biting Insect Assessment report was completed in October 2007. The major findings were relatively low numbers of mosquitoes, although actual and potential mosquito breeding sites were present in the mine lease, mostly from artificial sites created by past mining activities. The main


emphasis for the mine project was not to create or exacerbate mosquito breeding, and to rehabilitate existing artificial mosquito breeding sites where practical. Ore from Frances Creek mine was to be transported to East Arm Port in Darwin for stockpiling before exporting by ship. The construction of the ore stockpile site partially removed and improved drainage of a significant mosquito breeding site (large sedimentation pond) at East Arm Port in Darwin. For further details see the report ‘Frances Creek Mine Baseline Mosquito Assessment October 2007’.

10.2.5 Browns Oxide Mine A Baseline Biting Insect Assessment was completed at the Browns Oxide mine in Batchelor. Monthly trapping for 12 months commenced in November 2006 and ceased in October 2007. Trap results revealed mainly low numbers of mosquitoes, with moderate numbers during the late wet season. The main mosquito species present were Cx. annulirostris and Cq. xanthogaster. A small swamp adjacent to the Browns Oxide mine main sediment pond appears to be the main local source of mosquitoes, while small ephemeral creek lines within the mine lease were also potential mosquito breeding sites. The adjacent Finnis River is potentially a significant source of mosquitoes, while one of the nearby existing Rum Jungle mine pits is vegetated with semi-aquatic reeds and is a probable localised mosquito breeding site. For further details see the report ‘Browns Oxide Project Biting Insect Assessment May 2008’.

10.2.6 Maud Creek gold mine Baseline trapping was completed at Maud Creek gold mine in Katherine in March 2008. Mining is proposed to occur at the existing open pit created by previous mining operations, and in Gold Creek, which is a tributary of Maud Creek. Maud Creek is located on the western edge of Nitmiluk National Park, and flows into the Katherine River. The major findings were seasonally high numbers of the pest and disease vector species Ae. normanensis, with minimal numbers of other mosquito species. The major mosquito breeding site affecting the mine site was a large low lying plain. The report is currently in preparation.

10.2.7 Berrimah Farm Biting insect trapping commenced at Berrimah Farm, which is to be an urban subdivision in Darwin. Preliminary investigations have located seasonally high numbers of the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris, and high numbers of the mangrove biting midge C. ornatus. Further trapping is proposed in August and September 2008 for peak season biting midge numbers, as well as trapping after the November 2008 high tide for Ae. vigilax. A field survey is proposed for the November 2008 monthly high tide to locate nearby Ae. vigilax breeding sites.

10.2.8 Blaydin Point Biting insect trapping was conducted at Blaydin Point on the Middle Arm Peninsular in Darwin Harbour, for the proposed multi billion dollar Inpex Gas Plant. Trapping was conducted during peak season months for the pest biting midge C. ornatus, and revealed extremely high numbers throughout the Blaydin


Point Island and on the mainland closer to Channel Island Rd. The extremely high numbers of biting midges will have a considerable impact on the workforce. Peak season trapping was conducted for the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax, with only low seasonal numbers collected due to the lack of large breeding sites in the adjacent upper tidal areas. Other mosquito species are not expected to be present in high numbers due to the absence of large seasonally flooded areas, although nearby borrow pits will possibly be significant mosquito breeding sites. The construction of the gas plant is likely to remove many of the potential localised mosquito breeding sites at Blaydin Point. 11. MOSQUITO FIELD SURVEYS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

In 2007/08 five field surveys were conducted in response to mosquito complaints, and six surveys were conducted as part of investigations for various developments (Table 53.11). Major development survey investigations (EIS) are discussed in Section 10 above, while other development investigations were also conducted at urban development and rural development sites in Darwin, Palmerston and Litchfield Shire. There were also eleven malaria case surveys and fifty-eight premises surveyed for exotic Aedes in the 2007/08 financial year (Table 53.11). All malaria case surveys were conducted in Darwin (Table 48). Aedes aegypti surveys were conducted in Darwin (47) and Nhulunbuy (11) over a total of thirteen survey days (Table 2). 12. MOSQUITO AWARENESS AND TRAINING

12.1 Mosquito awareness campaign A mosquito awareness campaign was conducted this year along similar lines to other years. The program included self-protection and mosquito borne disease awareness through television and newspapers in form of newly developed cartoon advertisements, that were screened on Channel Nine between 4th May and 22nd June 2008. Various radio and newspaper interviews were given during periods of high mosquito numbers or potential disease situations in various towns. A total of 11 newspaper media releases were issued in 2007/08 (Table 53.21). This also included a media release on the ARC mosquito project, the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti Eradication Project, and biting midges.


12.2 ME training In 2007/08, the technical officers at ME received considerable on the job training on vector identification, vector surveys and control, and data entry and retrieval. ME staff attended nine different external training courses, including a writing skills course, a Diploma of Government (Finance Services), a mosquito management course in Broome, and a Health Aspects of Disaster course. (Table 53.22). ME Officers also attended a dengue control workshop in Timor Leste. 13. PUBLIC ENQUIRIES

There have been a consistent number of inquiries about mosquitoes and mosquito borne disease (74) out of a total of 181 inquiries for the year (Tables 49 and 53.16). The next highest category of inquiries was planning inquiries (34), followed by media inquiries (11) (Table 49). The number of complaints about mosquitoes were higher, with 29 this year compared to ten last year (Table 53.17). This is due to increased complaints from Darwin and Litchfield Shire. An increase in complaints was mainly due to very high Ae. vigilax abundance in November in Darwin urban, as well as Darwin rural areas within 5-10km of the Howard River swamp. Complaints from Darwin suburbs not bordering the Leanyer swamp were due to Ae. vigilax in November dispersing to inner suburbs, as well as complaints from urban areas adjacent to localised tidal breeding sites. Complaints from Palmerston were due to Ae. vigilax dispersal from uncontrolled tidal breeding sites at Mitchell Creek.

14. COMMITTEES AND ADVISORY GROUPS

14.1 National Arbovirus Advisory Committee The National Arbovirus Advisory Committee (NAAC) was formed in September 2000 after the National Public Health Partnership formally agreed to form a technical advisory group to report to the National Public Health Partnership (NPHP) through the Communicable Disease Network of Australia (CDNA). This decision was in part a result of pressure from the Chief Health Officer (CHO) of the NT. The Committee includes Dr Bart Currie from Menzies and Peter Whelan from ME. In 2003 The National Arbovirus Advisory Committee was renamed the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee (NAMAC) to reflect and include aspects of malaria surveillance in Australia. A number of NAMAC telephone conferences and two face to face meetings in were held May and June, including a working group meeting in 2007/08. The main topics discussed were the Ae. albopictus incursion in the Torres Strait, Commonwealth funding for exotic mosquito control operations, the increase in foreign fishing vessels in northern Australia, AQIS procedures for treatment of


water receptacles on foreign fishing vessels, climate change and vector borne diseases, the JE and MVE response plans, and Rift Valley Fever, Zika virus and Chikungunya risk assessments. The NAMAC makes recommendations to CDNA on surveillance models for arboviruses. It will also make recommendations on a Memorandum of Understanding between States, Territories and the Commonwealth, detailing co-operation in relation to arbovirus matters, including surveillance and control of exotic vectors, information dissemination and arbovirus disease response plans, as well as recommendations towards strategic approaches for arbovirus disease management and control. The NAMAC website is http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/nphp/workprog/cdna/

14.2 North Australian Health Ministers Vector Working Group In 2007/08 no formal Northern Australian Health Ministers (NAHM) Vector Working Group face to face meeting took place. However, the medical entomologists from the three northern states or territory (Qld, NT, WA) had informal discussions relating to vector incursions in northern Australia.

14.3 Technical Advisory Group – Aedes albopictus Eradication Program Torres Strait The Ae. albopictus Eradication Project Technical Advisory Group (TAG) was formed in 2005 following the detection of Ae. albopictus in the Torres Strait in May 2005. The Director of ME is an invited member of the TAG. The role of the TAG is to advise the Manager of the Tropical Population Health Unit Network of technical aspects associated with the Queensland Health, Population Health Branch Ae. albopictus Eradication Project in Queensland. In addition, the role of the TAG is to review the activities of the Ae. albopictus Eradication Project, particularly following each wet season, and to advise on the appropriateness of such activities and make recommendations for improvements to the project. The TAG also reviews current information available on the distribution and control of Ae. albopictus and assist in the dissemination of this information to mosquito control agencies in Queensland. A TAG face to face meeting was held in Cairns in September 2007 and an Entomologists meeting in May 2008. Points of discussion included the Ae. albopictus adult and larval survey results in the Torres Strait since the start of the eradication project, the Ae. albopictus survey and control operations to be conducted on specific islands, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus surveillance techniques, and the development of risk level indicators for surveillance programs in areas where Ae. aegypti was present. The Ae. albopictus incursion in the Torres Straight is apparently a multi incursion and a continuing phenomena. During the year it became apparent that the eradication program was facing severe limitations with personnel and access, and that the eradication program will need to be re-organised to incorporate a “cordon


sanitaire” program around Thursday Island, Horne Island and the tip of Cape York. 15. RESEARCH

15.1 ARC LINKAGE Project The ARC Linkage project, Modelling and Control of Mosquito Borne Diseases in Darwin Using Long-Term Monitoring, is a collaborative research project involving Charles Darwin University, Menzies Health, DHF, the Bureau of Meteorology, DPI, the NT Department of the Chief Minister and the Department of Defence. The project commenced in August 2006 and will continue over a three year period. It aims to establish the links between mosquitoes, landscape, and the environment with mosquito borne disease in an effort to improve the management of mosquito borne disease. The research programme has three core objectives, namely the analysis of the population bionomics of a twenty-year dataset of mosquitoes collected by ME, the analysis of historical trends of arboviral diseases, and the evaluation of mosquito control programs. Highlights in 2007/08 included;

• A fire, vegetation and insecticide experiment carried out in Holmes Jungle swamp, to determine the effects of fire, vegetation and insecticides on larval mosquito breeding. The experiment was conducted over a one week period, and ME technical and professional staff assisted with the field work. The results will be published in 2008/09;

• analyses of habitat change, focusing on mangrove communities in Leanyer swamp;

• analyses of historical trends of arboviral diseases and their association with mosquito population dynamics;

• completion of a one year CO2 baited trap mosquito grid sampling regime to determine the sampling error of single trap sampling;

• comparison of light versus CO2 baited adult mosquito trap results • Vegetation and mosquito larvae density analyses; • preparation and publication of several scientific papers (see Section 16).

15.2 Insecticide trial In June 2007, ME commenced a field trial in Darwin to test the efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin to prevent the colonisation of water filled tyres by endemic mosquitoes such as Ae. notoscriptus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. For more details see section 6.8.


15.3 Identification of Aedes albopictus and Aedes katherinensis larvae using pecten teeth. Some species belonging to the subgenus Aedes (Stegomyia), especially the scutellaris group, are very difficult to differentiate at the larval stage due to morphological similarities. In the NT, quarantine collections of the exotic mosquito Ae. (Stg) albopictus occur in locations where the endemic Ae. (Stg) katherinensis exists and these are very difficult to differentiate in the larval stage by normal morphological examination. Currently, the larvae of Ae. albopictus is distinguished from Ae. katherinensis using the keys from Huang (1972), where the features of Ae. katherinensis are indistinguishable from Ae. (Stg) scutellaris and Ae. (Stg) alcasidi. However, the variable nature of larval characters for identification within Ae. albopictus and or other species of the Ae. (Stg) scutellaris grp. including Ae. katherinensis make the positive identification of the target mosquito even more problematic when relying on published taxonomic keys (Lee at al. 1988, Whelan et al. 2001, Lamche et al. 2003). The ME Exotic Vector Surveillance Officer is currently investigating the use of pecten teeth characters as an additional feature to distinguish between fourth instar larvae of the exotic Ae. albopictus and the endemic species Ae. katherinensis. 16. PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS

ME produced a number of reports over the year (Table 51). These included the Muirhead and the Browns Oxide project biting insect assessment, the Rosebery Hub Biting Midge investigation, the Palmerston eastern suburbs biting insect assessment, the Frances Creek mine baseline mosquito assessment and the ME annual report 0607. Scientific publications included papers on the dengue mosquito incursion and eradication program on Groote Eylandt, Ross River and Barmah Forest virus infections, personal mosquito protection while overseas, the Zika virus disease, detection and elimination of Ae. albopictus in Darwin, and the importance of endogenous feedback controlling long term mosquito abundance (Table 51). A paper on the interplay between endogenous and exogenous factors in controlling temporal abundance patterns of tropical mosquito species is currently in preparation, and will be published in 2008/09. Two presentations on the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti eradication project and the Timor Lest project were given at the CDC conference in Darwin in 2007.


17. REFERENCE COLLECTIONS

Cataloguing and improving the reference collections has continued this year. The reference collection is continually added to from each locality visited or as relevant specimens become available from the monitoring programs. The majority of the collection consists of mosquitoes and biting midges, but also includes other insects and arthropods of medical importance. This reference collection is a very valuable resource and is the definitive collection of mosquitoes from the NT. In 2007/08, Ae. vexans larval samples collected from Timor Lesté were sent to WA Health in April for confirmation and research purposes. ME has been asked to retain certain mosquito species for a Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project that aims to increase the rate of new mosquito species discovery and taxonomic description. The Research Entomologist at the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, manages the project. Preserved specimens will be forwarded in late 2008. A number of taxonomic aids and keys for NT use have been produced or updated. These include:

• Comparative key to selected Culex (Culex) species with banded proboscis in the NT.

• Key to 4th instars of Cx. (Lophoceraomyia) in the NT. • Key to adult Cx. (Lophoceraomyia) in the NT. • Ae. purpureus and Ae. pecuniosus: Characters for separating adult

females. 18. DATA MANAGEMENT

18.1 Medical Entomology Data Collection System ME has a data collection system in the form of a Microsoft Access 97 database. This database stores all insect specimen records and allows data to be retrieved and collated for trend analysis and report writing. In 2006/07 changes were made to incorporate an additional “other insect” section into the database. These changes were implemented in 2007/08, and database testing was commenced for the migration of the database into Access 2003 in 2008/09. ME utilises various other access databases for data management such as public enquiries and for data management such as publication and handout filing. In 2007/08 enhancements, such as the linking of all ME publications to the Access database, in the publication section were completed. Improvements to the electronic and hard copy alpha file section were also completed in 2007/08. A future vision is to also utilise the ME database to manage the sentinel chicken, malaria data, and to produce output reports.


18.2 Geographic Information Systems ME has been developing a Geographical Information System (GIS) for all ME mosquito monitoring, survey and control programs. This system has been developed to aid recording, reporting and performing spatial analysis for mosquito breeding issues in the Northern Territory. It has been applied to the Leanyer, Holmes Jungle, Micket Creek and Shoal Bay swamp mosquito helicopter surveys. It has also been applied to the Groote Eylandt data collected in the Ae. aegypti Eradication Project. The system allows outputs in the form of maps of areas and the results of larval surveys. During 2007/08 all aspects of the ME mosquito monitoring, survey and control programs were recorded, presented and managed through the GIS. Aerial control data, combined with Ae. vigilax density data collected between July 2000 and June 2007 was analysed, and will be presented at the MCAA conference in September 2008.

19. STAFF MATTERS

In 2007/08 ME professional and technical staff visited East Timor (Dili), Katherine, Gove and Groote Eylandt and close communities to conduct adult and larval mosquito surveillance. In September 2007 the Senior Medical Entomologist attended the Ae. albopictus Technical Advisory Group meeting. In September 2007 two Technical Officers attended the Gold Coast Mosquito Control Course, and in November the Operations Manager and a Technical Officer visited Katherine to induct the Katherine Environmental Health Officers to the Katherine adult mosquito surveillance program. In December, the Senior Medical Entomologist attended the CDC Section Head meeting at Lake Bennett, and in January 2008 attended the Australia Day Local Hero Award Recipient Ceremony in Canberra. In February 2008 he attended the Chikungunya workshop in Brisbane, and in March assisted withthe Mosquito Control Course in Broome. The East Timor Mosquito Project Officer, an ME Technical Officer and two East Timor delegates attended as students. In March, the Exotic vector Officer and a Technical Officer visited Nhulunbuy to conduct an exotic mosquito survey. In May 2008 the Senior Medical Entomologist attended a meeting with Queensland Health in Cairns and a Queensland Health meeting in Brisbane, to discuss the possible dengue vector incursion in Qld. In June, the Senior Medical Entomologist attended the NAMAC meeting in Canberra. Throughout 2007/08, the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti Eradication team and other professional and technical ME staff travelled to Groote Eylandt and adjacent communities on 24 occasions. The East Timor Project Manager, a Professional


and Technical Officer and the Senior Medical Entomologist visited Dili on four occasions during this time. All Medical Entomology survey and travel events are shown in Table 50. Melina McDowell was employed with ME from July to October 2007, as a Technical Officer within the ARC Linkage Project. Barbara Love joined ME as a Technical Officer in August 2007, and Alan Niscioli resigned from ME in January 2008 for another position. Tamara Pearce continued her employment with CDC, in the position of Assistant Finance Officer, and Kerith Donnan was employed part time by ME as the Administration Officer from December 2007 to March 2008. In January Niamh Buckley joined ME for six weeks, and Lauren Day joined ME in February. Both Lauren and Niamh were employed as part time Administration Officers. Kerith Donnan left ME in March 2008, and Lauren Day took over her position, as the new full time Administration Officer. In April Basant Singh, who was previously employed within the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti Eradication project as Technical Officer (T1), took on the position of ME Technical Officer (T2), which was funded by CDC until the end of June 2008. Nadine Copley went on maternity leave in May 2008 for twelve months. Within the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti Eradication project Colin Smith joined the team in August 2007. Myron Kulbac the Project Manager left the project in November 2007, and Darren Bowbridge, who joined the project in September 2007 took on the position as Project Manager. Goeff Cole resigned in November 2007, Kevin Horig left in December, and Graham Goodwin resigned in January 2008. Brett Devitt, Bruce Hitchins and Colin Smith continued their employment until the completion of the project at the end of March 2008. ME is a small but highly productive team, making a large and measurable contribution to the health and well being of the people of the NT. ME, together with other members of the DHF, other individuals, other government and local government departments, and other organisations who have assisted in the mosquito monitoring and control program, have once again made a significant contribution in preventing mosquito pest and disease problems in the NT. Peter I. Whelan, Director Medical Entomology and Nina Kurucz, Operations Manager Medical Entomology October 2008


20. REFERENCES

Huang YM. 1972, Mosquito Fauna of Southeast Asia, XIV. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 9:1. Lamche GD and Whelan PI. 2003. ‘Variability of larval identification characters of exotic Aedes albopictus (Skuse) intercepted in Darwin, Northern Territory’. Communicable Disease Intelligence. 27:1:105-109. Lee DJ, Hicks MM, Griffiths M, Debenham ML, Brian JH, Russell RC, Geary M, Marks EN (1987). ‘The Culicidae of the Australasian Region Vol. 4’ Commonwealth Department of Health & School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Monograph Series, Entomology Monograph No. 2. Lee, D. J., Hicks, M. M., Griffiths, M., Debenham, M. L., Bryan, J. H., , R. C., Geary, M., Russell, R. & Marks, E. N. (1988a), ‘The Culicidae of the Australasian Region Vol. 6’, Commonwealth Department of Health & School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Monograph Series, Entomology Monograph No. 2. Lee, D. J., Hicks, M. M., Griffiths, M., Debenham, M. L., Bryan, J. H., , R. C., Geary, M., & Marks, E. N. (1988b), ‘The Culicidae of the Australasian Region Vol. 9’, Commonwealth Department of Health & School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Monograph Series, Entomology Monograph No. 2. Penn HG. 1947, The larval development and ecology of Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris (Walker, 1959) in New Guinea. J. Paraitology, 33: 1: 43-50 Russell RC (2002). Ross River virus: Ecology and distribution. Annual Review of Entomology 47, 1-31. Warchot, A. & Whelan, P. (2005), ‘Biting Insect Assessment Andranangoo Creek West & Lethbridge Bay West Mining Prospects, Tiwi Islands. 29 September – 1 October 2005’, Study undertaken on behalf of URS Australia Pty Ltd for Matilda Minerals Ltd. Medical Entomology Branch, Department of Health and Community Services. Whelan, PI, Montgomery, B., Hayes, G., Nowland, R, & Love, B (1994), ‘Biting Insect Investigations Darwin South Stage II’, Study undertaken on behalf of the Department of Lands, Housing and Local Government. Medical Entomology Branch, Department of Health and Community Services. Whelan PI, Susan PJ, Melville L, Broom A, Currie J, Krause VL, Brogan B, Smith F and Porigneaux P (2003). Rainfall and vector mosquito numbers as risk indicators for mosquito borne disease in Central Australia. Comm Dis Intell 2, 110-116.


Whelan, P.I. (1997), ‘Problems mosquito species in the Top End of the NT – Pest and vector status, habitat and breeding sites’, Medical Entomology Branch, Department of Health and Community Services. Whelan PI, Russell RC, Hayes G, Tucker G and Goodwin G. 2001. ‘Exotic Aedes mosquitoes: Onshore detection and elimination in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia’. Communicable Disease Intelligence. 25:4:283-285.

21. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following are gratefully acknowledged for their valuable contributions and ready assistance over the last year: DHF Centre for Disease Control - in particular, Dr Vicki Krause, Dr Peter Markey, Merv Fairley and Lesley Scott, Veronica Barrett, Tracy Ward, Kathleen Hocking, Tamara Pearce and Janelle Baker; The Executive of the DHF, and in particular the Assistant Secretary Jenny Cleary and support staff; Medical Entomology staff, Jane Carter (Technical Officer), Nadine Copley (Technical Officer), Allan Niscioli (Technical Officer), Barbara Love (Technical Officer), Basent Singh (Technical Officer), Nina Kurucz (Operations Manager), Huy Nguyen (Exotic Surveillance Officer), Tamara Pearce (Administration Officer), Lauren Day (Administration Officer), Kerith Donnan (Administration Officer), Niamh Buckley (Administration Officer), Bill Pettit (East Timor Project Manager), Allan Warchot (Advice & Control Officer), Peter Whelan (Director), Raelene Whitters (Information & Data Officer), and the Aedes aegypti Mosquito Eradication Project staff: Brett Devitt (Technical Officer), Graham Goodwin (Technical Officer), Samantha Gualandi (Administration Officer), Bruce Hitchins (Technical Officer), Kevin Horig (Technical Officer), Colin Smith (Technical Officer), Goeff Cole (Technical Officer) and Myron Kulbac and Darren Bowbridge (Project Managers); Members of the Mosquito Control Advisory Committee Peter Adamson (Chairman); Members Lt Col Richard Wiltshire (Larrakeyah Barracks, Department of Defence), Dr Vicki Krause, Maj. Mark Tamblyn (EHO, Robertson Barracks, Department of Defence), Rod Applegate, (DPI); Dal Hartley (Parks and Wildlife Commission NT); Bob Elix (Darwin City Council); Luccio Cercarelli (Palmerston Town Council), Dr Brian Reid, (medical practitioner); and Allan McEwan (resident); Menzies School of Health Research - Dr Bart Currie and Susan Jacups; DHF Alice Springs Environmental Health Officers - Fiona Smith and Philip AhChee;


DHF Darwin Urban Environmental Health Officers - including Paul Csizmadia, Mick Kinnaird, Michael Bethune, Josh Heath and Katie Thomson; DHF Environmental Health directorate -Xavier Schobben; DHF Darwin Rural Environmental Health Officers – Alexandra Mullins; DHF Katherine Environmental Health Officers – Joshua Cufley and Brendon Sherratt; DHF Transport - Basil Damaso and staff; All of the support staff of DHF, and in particular Purchasing, Contracts, Personnel, Finance, and Travel, including Michelle Phillips; Barkly Region Environmental Health Officer – Richard Elder; Nhulunbuy Corporation – Tony O’Riley, Jon Spencer; Nhulunbuy Environmental Health - Bob Small and Alex Kopczynski; Arnhem Land Pest Control – David Suter and staff; Jabiru Town Council – Ian Lindsay, Margaret Lindsay and Steve Sheffield; Department of Planning and Infrastructure - Jim O’Neill, Neville Jones, Del Batton, Brian Dobey, Chris Humphries, Amanda Warren, Fiona Ray, Sharon Hinton, Phill Piper, and Joanne Manson; Lyons Development Corporation; Geoff Smith and Phil Charlton; Darwin City Council staff involved in mosquito engineering works - David Thiele (Operations Manager), Bac Lam (Engineer), Dino Ribeiro (Foreman), John Brown (Supervisor), Tony Vincent, John Mousellis (Contractor) and Peter Johnson (Contractor); Darwin City Council staff involved in mosquito surveillance and control - George Webster, Tony Vincent, Klaus Helwig, John Scharnberg and Jumbo Mohammed; Northern Territory Parks & Wildlife Commission - senior officers and technical staff for Casuarina, Howard Springs and Holmes Jungle – particularly Dal Hartley (Darwin District Parks Manager), Paul Cawood, Louise Kean, Ruth Peek, Mark Durand, Bob More, Dave West; and for the Botanic Gardens staff, Ben Wirf and Dave Griffiths; MacMahon; Shoal Bay Dump– Don Thompson and Irma Gerridzen; Staff at Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM); John Mulkearns, Brendon Flood and Holly Durrant;


Earl James and Associates – Kevin Dodd; Browns Oxide mine – Sally Horsnell; GBS Gold Maud Creek mine – Sven Sewell, Harmony Teelow; GHD – Andrea Videion and William Freeland; URS Australia Pty Ltd – Ian Hollingsworth and Carrie Doncon RAAF – Darwin – FLT LT Clint Morton; Power and Water Authority Darwin (Mark Dunbar), Katherine, Alice Springs and Tennant Creek; Australian Quarantine Inspection Service – Dan McLaughlin, Chris Norwood, Lorena Kruk, Hugo Espinoza, Loren French; GEMCO Groote Eylandt - Ross McDonald (Environmental Advisor), Lana Samsonenko, Matt O’Hare, Peter Finney and Peter Merritt; Jayrow Helicopters - Larry Tessman, Derek Tessman, Matthew Leahy, Anthony Saraceno, Gai McNeill, and Diana; University of Western Australia - Cheryl Johansen; Department of Health WA – Mike Lindsay; DPIFM - Dr Lorna Melville, Neville Hunt, Steven Davis and other staff at the Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory involved in the sentinel chicken program; Sentinel chicken volunteers - Leanne Ludlow, Richard and Hazel Trudgeon, Debbie Roberts, Stewart Woerle, Tom Haines, Johan Uys, Peter Saville, Greg Crawford, Ian Lindsay, Bill South, Dr Prez Mureceo and Kathy Campbell; Our apologies to anyone inadvertently omitted. If you have been inadvertently omitted could you please advise Nina Kurucz on 89228807.


Figures

FIGURE 1A: DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM LOCATION OF WEEKLY ADULT MOSQUITO CO2 BAITED TRAP SITES

Medical Entomology DHF

FIGURE 1B: DARWIN URBAN OVITRAP MONITORING PROGRAM LOCATION OF OVITRAP SITES

NB: The sentinel chicken flock at Howard Springs is not shown on this map


FIGURE 1C: DARWIN RURAL OVITRAP MONITORING PROGRAM LOCATION OF OVITRAP SITES


FIGURE 2: JABIRU ADULT MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS


FIGURE 3A: ALYANGULA ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES,

SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS


FIGURE 3B: ANGURUGU ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES AND

OVITRAP LOCATIONS


FIGURE 4: NHULUNBUY ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, SENTINEL CHICKEN AND OVITRAP

LOCATIONS


FIGURE 5: KATHERINE ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES,



FIGURE 6: TENNANT CREEK ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP

SITES, LARVAL AND SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCK LOCATIONS


FIGURE 7: ALICE SPRINGS ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES,



FIGURE 8: AQIS DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM


FIGURE 9A:

Aedes aegypti ovitrap surveillance program - Darwin City and Outer Darwin 2007/08Total number of larvae in all thirty seven trap sites; rainfall at Darwin airport

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

03-J

ul-0

7

17-J

ul-0

7

01-A

ug-0

7

13-A

ug-0

7

27-A

ug-0

7

10-S

ep-0

7

24-S

ep-0

7

08-O

ct-0

7

22-O

ct-0

7

05-N

ov-0

7

19-N

ov-0

7

03-D

ec-0

7

17-D

ec-0

7

31-D

ec-0

7

14-J

an-0

8

29-J

an-0

8

11-F

eb-0

8

26-F

eb-0

8

10-M

ar-0

8

25-M

ar-0

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07-A

pr-0

8

21-A

pr-0

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ay-0

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19-M

ay-0

8

02-J

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8

Collection date

Num

ber

of la

rvae

in a

ll tr

aps

0

100

200

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400

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600

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Total rainfall (mm) between date set and collected Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) kochi


FIGURE 9B:

Aedes aegypti ovitrap surveillance program - Darwin Rural and Palmerston 2007/08Total number of larvae in all twelve trap sites; rainfall at Darwin airport

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

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02-J

ul-0

7

16-J

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04-D

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12-F

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25-F

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8

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26-M

ar-0

8

08-A

pr-0

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pr-0

8

07-M

ay-0

8

20-M

ay-0

8

03-J

un-0

8

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8

30-J

un-0

8

Collection date

Num

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of la

rvae

in a

ll tr

aps

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Total rainfall (mm) between date set and collected Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Mac) tremulus


FIGURE 10A: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN

AVERAGE NUMBER OF AEDES NOTOSCRIPTUS, AEDES VIGILAX, CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS GROUP, AND ALL SPECIES TRAPPED PER TRAP NIGHT PER YEAR FOR THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES AND ANNUAL

RAINFALL IN DARWIN 1983/84 TO 2007/08

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

35019

83/8

4

1984

/85

1985

/86

1986

/87

1987

/88

1988

/89

1989

/90

1990

/91

1991

/92

1992

/93

1993

/94

1994

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1995

/96

1996

/97

1997

/98

1998

/99

1999

/00

2000

/01

2001

/02

2002

/03

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

FINANCIAL YEAR

AV

ER

AG

E N

UM

BE

R O

F FE

MA

LE

M

OSQ

UIT

OE

S PE

R T

RA

P N

IGH

T

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

RA

INFA

LL

(mm

)

Rainfall All species Cx. annulirostris grp.* Ae. notoscriptus Ae. vigilax

Cx. annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris & Cx. palpalisDarwin Airport rainfall data from Bureau of Meterology


FIGURE 10B: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN

FINANCIAL YEAR & LONG TERM AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED AND ALL FEMALE MOSQUITO SPECIES PER TRAP CAUGHT IN THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS

ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITESFinancial year - 2007/08

0

50

100

150

200

250

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350

1990

/91

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/01

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2003

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2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

Ave

rage

num

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of fe

mal

e m

osqu

itoes

per

trap

All mosquitoes All mosquitoes LTA, 11 sites Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus LTAAe. (Och) vigilax Ae. (Och) vigilax LTA An. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Ano) bancroftii LTAAn. (Cel) farauti s.l An. (Cel) farauti s.l. LTA An. (Cel) hilli An. (Cel) hilli LTAAn. (Cel) meraukensis An. (Cel) meraukensis LTA Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster LTACx. (Cux) annulirostris grp. Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp. LTA Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Ma. (Mnd) uniformis LTA

Long term average data (LTA) 1990/91 - 2007/08


FIGURE 11: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN

AVERAGE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALE MOSQUITOES TRAPPED PER TRAP NIGHT AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS DARWIN MONITORING SITES - 1993/94 TO 2007/08.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

FINANCIAL YEAR

Ave

rage

num

ber

of fe

mal

e m

osqu

itoes

per

trap

nig

ht



COMPARISONS OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF AEDES VIGILAX CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES,

2003/04 TO 2007/08.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450L

eany

er G

ate

Lon

gwoo

d A

v

Lea

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Cre

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Mar

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useu

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Mar

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ange

Cas

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TRAP LOCATION

AV

ER

AG

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UM

BE

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F FE

MA

LE

AE

DE

S V

IGIL

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2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08



COMPARISONS OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF ALL FEMALE MOSQUITOES PER TRAP NIGHT CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES, 2003/04 TO 2007/08.

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2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08



TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE AEDES VIGILAX PER MONTH CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS DARWIN MONITORING SITES

2003/04 TO 2007/08.

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21812


Darwin

Alyangula

Alice SpringsNhulunbuy

Tennant CreekJabiru

Katherine

RR virus casesMonthly rainfall

Figure 15A : Monthly rainfall and monthly Ross River Virus cases for towns of the Northern Territory from July 1994 - June 2008. RRV disease cases from CDC, Darwin.

Rainfall data from Bureau of Meteorology.

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F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2007_08\meb_anrp_0708\RR_rain0708 Medical Entomology, DHF

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Katherine

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i rost

risgr

ppe

r mon

thM

onth

ly a

vg. n

o. o

f Cx.

ann

uli ro

stris

grp

per m

onth

Mon

thly

avg

. no.

of C

x. a

nnul

i rost

risgr

ppe

r mon

th

Mon

thly

avg

. no.

of C

x. a

nnul

i rost

risgr

ppe

r mon

th

Mon

thly

avg

. no.

of C

x. a

nnul

i rost

risgr

ppe

r mon

thM

onth

ly a

vg. n

o. o

f Cx.

ann

uli ro

stris

grp

per m

onth

Monthly average number of Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap nightMonthly rainfall

Figure 15B : Monthly rainfall and average number of Cx. annulirostris grp per month (average per trap night, CO2 baited traps) for towns of the Northern Territory from July 1994 - June 2008.

Rainfall data from Bureau of Meteorology.

Number of trap sites per town: Darwin: 11; Jabiru: 4, Nhulunbuy:5; Alyangula: 3; Katherine: 4; Tennant Creek: 3 (irregular trapping after rainfall only); Alice Springs; 4.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2007_08\meb_anrp_0708\Cxannul_rain0708 Medical Entomology, DHF

Mon

thly

avg

. no.

of C

x. a

nnul

i rost

risgr

ppe

r mon

th

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1524

926714260

5939 6932 6898 28547587, 5963 8899

1080

1146

1112 1713 3934

1142


FIGURE 16A:

DARWIN. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp., & Ve. funerea July 1991 to June 2008

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1991

/92,

Jan

1992

/93,

Jan

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

Mon

thly

rai

nfal

l (m

m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

No.

of A

e. n

otos

crip

tus,

Ae.

vig

ilax,

Cx.

ann

ulir

ostr

is

grp.

, &

Ve.

fune

rea

per

trap

nig

ht

Total monthly rainfall (mm), Darwin AirportAverage monthly no. of female Ae. notoscriptus per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ve. funerea per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)


FIGURE 16B:

DARWIN. Monthly BFV disease cases in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp., and Ve. funerea July 1991 to June 2008

0

2

4

6

8

10

1991

/92,

Jan

1992

/93,

Jan

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

Mon

thly

BFV

dis

ease

cas

es

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

No.

of

Ae.

not

oscr

iptu

s, A

e. v

igila

x, C

x.

annu

liros

tris

grp

., &

Ve.

fune

rea

per

trap

ni

ght

No. of laboratory confirmed Barmah Forest virus disease cases in Darwin Suburbs (includes Berrimah)Average monthly no. of female Ae. notoscriptus per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ve. funerea per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)


FIGURE 17:

DARWIN. Monthly RRV disease cases in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp., and Ve. funerea July 1991 to June 2008

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1991

/92,

Jan

1992

/93,

Jan

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

Mon

thly

RR

V d

isea

se c

ases

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

No.

of

Ae.

not

oscr

iptu

s, A

e. v

igila

x &

Cx.

an

nulir

ostr

is g

rp.,

& V

e. fu

nere

a per

trap

nig

ht

No. of laboratory confirmed Ross River virus disease cases in Darwin Suburbs (includes Berrimah)Average monthly no. of female Ae. notoscriptus per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ve. funerea per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)


FIGURE 18: AERIAL APPLIED MOSQUITO LARVAL CONTROL PROGRAM MAJOR MOSQUITO BREEDING AREAS - DARWIN.


FIGURE 19: ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE NT: 2002/03 TO 2007/08.LABORATORY NOTIFIED CASES FROM CDC (BY YEAR OF REPORT).

0

50

100

150

200

250

Alice Springs Barkly Darwin East Arnhem Katherine

Region

NU

MB

ER

OF

CA

SES

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08


FIGURE 19A:

BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE NT 2002/03 TO 2007/08

LABORATORY NOTIFIED CASES FROM CDC (BY YEAR OF REPORT).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


NU

MB

ER

OF

CA

SES

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08


FIGURE 20:

ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES FROM CDC (BY MONTH OF REPORT)

1997/98 TO 2007/08

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jul

Oct

1997

Ja

n

Apr Ju

l

Oct

1998

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

1999

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2000

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2001

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2002

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2003

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2004

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2005

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2006

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2007

Jan

Apr Ju

l

Oct

2008

Jan

Apr

MONTH AND YEAR OF REPORT

NU

MB

ER

OF

CA

SES


FIGURE 21:BARMAH FOREST, ROSS RIVER AND MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008. LABORATORY NOTIFIED CASES FROM CDC (BY MONTH OF REPORT)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

MONTH

NU

MB

ER

OF

DIS

EA

SE C

ASE

SNo of BFV disease cases No of MVEV disease cases No of RRV disease cases


FIGURE 22: TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS TO FLAVIVIRUS IN SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS THROUGHOUT THE NT 2005/06 TO 2007/08.

(NB: Months are dates of blood sample - seroconversions occurred at some time between the previous blood sample and the date of blood sample)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

NU

MB

ER

OF

NE

W S

ER

OC

ON

VE

RSI

ON

S

MVEV 2005/06 MVEV 2006/07 MVEV 2007/08


FIGURE 23: TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS TO FLAVIVIRUS IN SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS THROUGHOUT THE NT 2007/08.

(NB: Months are dates of blood sample - seroconversions occurred at some time between the previous blood sample and the date of blood sample)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

NU

MB

ER

OF

NE

W S

ER

OC

ON

VE

RSI

ON

S

KUNV MVEV OTHER FLAVIVIRUS


FIGURE 24:


FIGURE 25:


FIGURE 26: LOCATION OF SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS IN THE NT


Tables

TABLE 1A: AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - DARWIN CITY AND OUTER DARWIN. JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

f f

pt

SITE NO. SUBURB TRAP LOCATIONLOCATION

TYPENUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE

TIMES SPECIES RECORDED(TOTAL NUMBER OF LARVAE)

Ae. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Culicine pupae Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusNil

mosquitoesNot collected mosquitoes

Trap failure mosquitoes

No of times detected

Sum of No olarvae


Sum of Noof larvae


Sum of Noof larvae


Sum of No olarvae


Sum of Noof larvae




1 Wanguri 2 Aubrey St. Residential 26 10 38.46 0 0 10 291 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 02 Leanyer 127 Leanyer Drive Residential 25 5 20.00 0 0 5 96 1 2 0 0 0 0 20 1 03 Malak 55 Darwent Street Residential 26 14 53.85 0 0 14 479 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 04 Marrara Malak Caravan Park. No. 440 McMillans Rd. Caravan 26 1 3.85 0 0 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 07 Berrimah_Ovitra Ascot Haulage No. 16 Berrimah Rd. Transport company 26 14 53.85 0 0 13 501 2 25 1 1 0 0 12 0 08 Winnellie Shady Glen Caravan Park. No. 11 Farrell Cresen Caravan 26 9 34.62 0 0 6 132 6 77 0 0 0 0 17 0 09 Winnellie Grace Removals No. 504 Stuart Highway Transport company 26 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 010 Winnellie Kennons residence No. 6 Menmuir Street Residential 26 19 73.08 0 0 19 315 2 19 0 0 0 0 7 0 011 The Narrows 46 Wilmot St. Residential 25 20 80.00 0 0 18 721 2 7 1 1 0 0 5 1 012 Ludmilla 46 Wells Street Residential 26 22 84.62 0 0 22 1206 1 41 2 3 0 0 4 0 013 Parap 45 Gregory Street Residential 26 15 57.69 0 0 15 622 0 0 1 1 0 0 11 0 014 Fannie Bay 28 East Point Rd. Residential 26 15 57.69 0 0 15 733 0 0 1 1 0 0 11 0 015 Stuart Park 3 Graham St Residential 26 23 88.46 0 0 23 2297 0 0 2 3 0 0 3 0 016 Darwin City 15 Sheperd St. (Auserv) Residential 26 8 30.77 0 0 7 104 1 2 0 0 1 1 18 0 017 Larrakeyah 6 Murray Street. Residential 26 11 42.31 0 0 11 325 1 21 0 0 0 0 15 0 020 Coconut Grove Bahkita Village Residential 25 6 24.00 0 0 6 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 122 Rapid Creek 124 Ryland Rd. Residential 26 18 69.23 1 2 17 774 0 0 1 2 0 0 8 0 0

25 Darwin CityLot 5552 Frances Bay Dr. (Dinah beach Mooring Basin) Port 26 2 7.69

0 0 1 25 1 1 0 0 0 0 24 0 0

26 Darwin City

Lot 5500 Frances Bay Dr. (VB Perkins shipping yard). Trap moved 28/2/06 from lot 5360 to lot 5500. Port 26 0 0.00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0

27 Darwin CityLot 5360 Frances Bay Dr. (VB Perkins shipping yard). Port 26 1 3.85

0 0 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0

30 Darwin City Kitchener Dr. (Fort Hill Wharf) Port 26 1 3.85 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 035 East Arm Rooney Shipping, Muramats Rd - TDZ Port 26 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0

36 East ArmTiwi Barge Service 3245 Muramats Rd. SW side of toilet block Port 26 6 23.08

0 0 6 236 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0

37 East Arm

Tiwi Barge Service 3245 Muramats Rd. Previously NE side of small containers in yard under electrical box, moved to clump of coconut trees LHS driveway 28/2/06. Port 26 7 26.92

0 0 7 441 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0

42 East Arm VB Shipping yard (Lot 5360 , Back of shed) Port 26 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 045 Darwin City NT News Commercial 26 7 26.92 0 0 7 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 046 East Arm Toll Services, under demountable LHS at front. Commercial 26 4 15.38 0 0 0 0 4 65 0 0 0 0 22 0 0

47 East ArmNorthern Cement on Berrimah Road - under demountable LHS when driving towards exit.. Commercial 26 1 3.85

0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 25 0 0

05A Nakara 20 Adcock Crescent Residential 26 19 73.08 0 0 18 724 0 0 0 0 3 244 7 0 018A Cullen Bay Marina Office Port 25 1 4.00 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 118B Larrakeyah 37 Temira Cres Residential 26 10 38.46 1 20 10 189 1 14 0 0 0 0 16 0 019B Ludmilla 12 Mawalan Court Residential 26 24 92.31 0 0 24 3098 1 9 1 2 1 20 2 0 021A Nightcliff Nightcliff Sports Club, 11 Camphor St Commercial 5 2 40.00 0 0 2 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 021B Nightcliff 8 Camphor Street Residential 21 9 42.86 0 0 9 430 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 023A Jingili Borella Circuit no 65 Residential 26 15 57.69 0 0 14 402 1 3 0 0 0 0 11 0 0

29A Darwin PortMavie St, LHS exit Frances Bay Marine, under bushes Port 26 1 3.85

0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0

40A East Arm Visy Board Lot 4433 Lilwall Rd Commercial 26 7 26.92 0 0 0 0 7 77 0 0 0 0 19 0 0

41A East ArmPJ's Custom Brokers & Darwin Forwarding Pty Ltd. Unit 1, 3302 Export Drive. Commercial 26 0 0.00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0

Totals 958 327 2 22 304 14419 32 364 10 14 5 265 631 2 2

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 34.13 0.61 92.97 9.79 3.06 1.53

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 11.00 47.43 11.38 1.40 53.00

% of ovitraps recovered = 99.58

* The Nightcliff Sports Club trap was moved to 8 Camphor Street


TABLE 1B: AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - DARWIN RURAL AND PALMERSTON. JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

f f

SITE NO. SUBURB TRAP LOCATION LOCATION TYPE

NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE


Ae. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Culicine pupae Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Nil mosquitoesNot collected mosquitoes

Trap failure mosquitoes Ur. Species Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp


Sum of No olarvae


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No opupae


Sum of No of larvae

Ndetected

o of times Ndetected



o of times Sum of No of larvae

Ndetected

o of times Sum of No of larvae

32 Holtze Lot 10, Wallaby Holtze Rd. Residential 27 13 48.15 1 5 10 417 7 219 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 033 Durack (Fairway Waters) 6 Hayward Place, Fairway Waters Residential 26 1 3.85 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 1 0 0 0 0R1 Driver 1/16 McInnis Circuit Residential 27 12 44.44 0 0 12 190 0 0 1 1 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0R2 Gray 49 Essington Ave Residential 27 22 81.48 0 0 22 1804 0 0 1 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 2 0 0R3A Woodroffe 46 Emery Ave, Fire Station Commercial 26 3 11.54 0 0 3 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 1 0 0 0 0R4 Howard Springs Sunrise Nursery, 140 Callistemon Rd Nursery 10 4 40.00 0 0 3 210 0 0 1 1 1 106 6 0 0 0 0 0 0R4A Howard Springs Jenny's Orchid Garden Nursery 16 4 25.00 0 0 4 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0

R5A Howard SpringsHoward Springs Caravan Park, 170 Whitewood Rd Caravan 27 6 22.22

1 8 5 171 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0

R6 Humpty Doo Arnhem Nursery, 35 Arnhem Hwy Nursery 27 7 25.93 2 43 6 494 0 0 1 1 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0R7 Humpty Doo J & B Tyre Recycling Pty Ltd, 12 Spencely Rd Commercial 8 2 25.00 0 0 1 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0R7A Humpty Doo ABC Transport, 42 Spencely Rd Transport company 12 2 16.67 0 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 0 0 10 3 2 0 0 1 85

R8 Virginia17 Mile Service & Muffler Centre, Lot 1 Virginia Rd Commercial 24 5 20.83

0 0 5 297 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 2 0 0 0 0

RB1 HoltzeSenior Officers Quarters, House 820 McLaurin Place, Robertson Barracks Residential 27 0 0.00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0

RB2 Holtze Under Fuel Station Depot, Robertson Barracks Transport company 27 4 14.81 0 0 3 36 0 0 0 0 1 1 23 0 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 311 85 4 56 75 3734 9 237 4 5 2 227 5 6 1 2 1 85

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 27.33 4.71 88.24 10.59 4.71 2.35 1.18 1.18

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 14.00 49.79 26.33 1.25 0.00 2.00 85.00


*The Sunrise Nursery and the T&B Tyre Recycling traps were moved to Jenny's Orchid Garden and ABC Transport


TABLE 2:RECEPTACLE BREEDING SURVEYS IN THE NT - JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008

Commercial Premises

Port Premises

Caravan Park Nurseries TOTAL

Commercial Premises

Port Premises Residential TOTAL

Number of premises inspected 22 18 6 1 47 1 4 6 11

Number of receptacles found 8700 534 104 474 9812 66 468 140 674

Number of receptacles sampled 798 427 78 183 1486 9 69 70 148

Number of receptacles holding water 763 344 57 180 1344 9 69 61 139

Number of receptacles breeding 225 52 28 20 325 3 33 28 64

Receptacle (container) Index " 29.5 15.1 49.1 11.1 33.3 47.8 45.9

*Receptacle surveys in and around G roote Eylandt were part of the Aedes aegypti eradication program. For details refer to section 4.3 text." Receptacle Index: percentage of receptacles positive for mosquito larvae of number of receptacles holding water

EAST ARNHEM REGION *

Gove

DARWIN REGION

Darwin


TABLE 3:

Adult mosquito species list Darwin Collected by ME, DHF

Mosquito species collected since 1977 to 2006/07

(all collection types)Mosquito species

collected in 2007/08Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) britteniAe. (Cha) tulliae Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Fin) quasirubithorax s.l.Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) species 76Ae. (Fin) quasirubithorax s.l. Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Lor) dasyorrhus Ae. (Mol) pecuniosusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Mac) species 126 Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Mac) species nr 147? Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) stoneorum Ae. daliensisAe. (Mac) tremulus An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Ano) powelliAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Och) normanensis An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Och) phaecasiatus An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Och) species 159 An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Och) species 85 An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. (Och) vigilax Cq. (Coq) near crassipesAe. (Psk) bancroftianus Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Rhi) longirostris Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. daliensis Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Cux) gelidusAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Cux) palpalisAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cx. (Cux) sitiensAn. (Cel) hilli Cx. (Cux) squamosusAn. (Cel) meraukensis Cx. (Cux) vicinusAn. (Cel) novaguinensis Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCq. (Coq) near crassipes Cx. (Lop) cubiculiCq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp Ma. (Mnd) uniformisCx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchus Mi. (Eto) elegansCx. (Cux) crinicauda Ml. ( ) genurostrisCx. (Cux) gelidus Tp. (Trp) magnesianusCx. (Cux) palpalis Ur. (Ura) albescensCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Ur. (Ura) lateralisCx. (Cux) sitiens Ur. (Ura) nivipesCx. (Cux) species 32 Ur. (Ura) species 49Cx. (Cux) species 92 Ve. (Ver) funereaCx. (Cux) squamosus Ve. (Ver) reesiCx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) cylindricusCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 154Cx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Ho. ( ) species 157 Lu. (Met) halifaxiiMa. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaMl. ( ) genurostrisTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusTx. (Tox) speciosus Ur. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Pfc) hirsutifemoraUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) amiensisUr. (Ura) amiensis?Ur. (Ura) argyrotarsisUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) moresbyensisUr. (Ura) nivipes Ur. (Ura) novaguinensisUr. (Ura) paralateralis?Ur. (Ura) species 156Ur. (Ura) species 49Ur. (Ura) species 82Ur. (Ura) tibialisVe. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) leilae (tentative E. Marks id. in ref coll)Ve. (Ver) reesi


TABLE 4: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008.TOTAL NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ELEVEN

CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

SITE TRAP SITE TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES TOTALNO. OF

SUCCESSFUL TRAP

NIGHTS

AVERAGE %NO. PER

Ae. (Fin) notoscritpus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) hilli An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other TRAP

1 Leanyer Gate 6 1441 11 17 304 7 25 1850 111 400 4172 52 80.23 5.03

2 Longwood 85 3916 136 239 9 6 53 3889 21 369 8723 52 167.75 10.52

3 Leanyer Dump 107 2169 119 44 127 16 78 3401 112 542 6715 51 131.67 8.10

4 Karama 121 7407 673 493 90 116 337 8055 45 482 17819 52 342.67 21.50

5 Palm Creek 130 5124 3723 696 87 389 2248 12245 174 2998 27814 52 534.88 33.56

6 Marrara Round Swamp 90 169 16 7 4 44 73 501 6 63 973 51 19.08 1.17

7 Aviation Museum 359 417 11 9 6 9 498 1999 7 957 4272 51 83.76 5.15

8 Marrara Rifle Range 69 189 48 41 0 48 239 1434 34 2266 4368 51 85.65 5.27

9 Casuarina 364 2342 61 55 0 10 117 1907 12 416 5284 52 101.62 6.38

10 Coconut Grove 303 285 4 16 0 0 15 228 1 154 1006 52 19.35 1.21

11 Totem Road 166 854 1 36 5 2 42 536 5 90 1737 52 33.40 2.10

TOTALS 1800 24313 4803 1653 632 647 3725 36045 528 8737 82883 568 145.92 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 3.17 42.80 8.46 2.91 1.11 1.14 6.56 63.46 0.93 15.38 145.92

PERCENTAGE % 2.17 29.33 5.79 1.99 0.76 0.78 4.49 43.49 0.64 10.54 100.00


TABLE 5: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008.TOTAL NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 23 WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

SITE TRAP SITE TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES TOTALNO. OF

SUCCESSFUL TRAP

NIGHTS

AVERAGE %NO. PER

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) hilli An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other TRAP

1 Leanyer Gate 6 1441 11 17 304 7 25 1850 111 400 4172 52 80.23 2.90

2 Longwood Avenue 85 3916 136 239 9 6 53 3889 21 369 8723 52 167.75 6.07

3 Leanyer Dump 107 2169 119 44 127 16 78 3401 112 542 6715 51 131.67 4.67

4 Malak 267 6069 153 196 97 93 254 9441 93 955 17618 52 338.81 12.26

5 Karama 121 7407 673 493 90 116 337 8055 45 482 17819 52 342.67 12.40

6 Holmes Jungle 10 3681 2251 422 483 285 1433 9471 388 2418 20842 52 400.81 14.50

7 Palm Creek 130 5124 3723 696 87 389 2248 12245 174 2998 27814 52 534.88 19.36

8 Marrara Round Swamp 90 169 16 7 4 44 73 501 6 63 973 51 19.08 0.68

9 Aviation Museum 359 417 11 9 6 9 498 1999 7 957 4272 51 83.76 2.97

10 Marrara Rifle Range 69 189 48 41 0 48 239 1434 34 2266 4368 51 85.65 3.04

12 Casuarina 364 2342 61 55 0 10 117 1907 12 416 5284 52 101.62 3.68

13 Rapid Creek 29 266 2 0 0 0 26 205 0 334 862 51 16.90 0.60

14 Coconut Grove 303 285 4 16 0 0 15 228 1 154 1006 52 19.35 0.70

15 Totem Road 166 854 1 36 5 2 42 536 5 90 1737 52 33.40 1.21

16 Fannie Bay 121 462 1 24 4 0 106 1061 7 531 2317 52 44.56 1.61

17 Botanic Gardens 72 200 11 24 1 1 35 584 10 293 1231 52 23.67 0.86

18 Bayview Haven 103 62 3 2 1 0 11 169 1 51 403 52 7.75 0.28

19 Fairway Waters 87 258 25 7 2 21 622 1751 20 272 3065 50 61.30 2.13

21 Vestys Beach 94 326 7 25 0 0 35 849 2 182 1520 52 29.23 1.06

22 Richardson Park 17 222 3 17 0 0 37 1726 6 599 2627 51 51.51 1.83

23 Farrar*1 52 1175 26 9 10 160 1409 655 48 279 3823 52 73.52 2.66

24 Darla*2 31 1119 33 38 59 135 1473 1438 84 428 4838 52 93.04 3.37

25 Defence Establishment Berrimah*3 131 205 6 8 3 6 422 625 7 259 1672 52 32.15 1.16

TOTALS 2814 38358 7324 2425 1292 1348 9588 64020 1194 15338 143701 1188 120.96 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 2.37 32.29 6.16 2.04 1.09 1.13 8.07 53.89 1.01 12.91 120.96

PERCENTAGE % 1.96 26.69 5.10 1.69 0.90 0.94 6.67 44.55 0.83 10.67 100.00Note: *1 - Farrar monitoring commenced 4/4/06.*2 - Darla monitoring commenced 4/4/06.*3 - Defence Establishment Berrimah monitoring commenced 28/4/06.


TABLE 6: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWINAVERAGE NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE ELEVEN

CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

a

SPECIES AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus 2.40 2.62 2.09 4.06 4.29 2.68 3.16 2.34 2.81 3.09 1.45 4.08 2.32 2.88 2.05 3.57 3.81 3.17

Ae. (Och) vigilax 23.96 10.78 20.65 137.96 59.71 17.34 20.15 23.38 66.50 16.22 9.03 12.06 94.46 63.13 23.28 93.05 34.76 42.80

An. (Ano) bancroftii 13.94 14.43 27.49 39.33 23.80 38.09 21.82 7.57 35.24 47.54 22.85 11.52 14.77 19.62 29.77 13.30 16.15 8.46

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 2.41 2.63 2.02 6.79 6.14 13.79 5.51 1.95 22.41 34.50 5.18 10.10 3.88 6.23 3.22 8.98 6.44 2.91

An. (Cel) hilli 1.13 1.43 1.56 2.61 1.53 2.75 6.73 1.76 3.93 5.44 5.18 3.92 2.09 1.36 1.05 1.62 0.95 1.11

An. (Cel) meraukensis 4.27 4.32 1.72 10.06 9.86 2.98 2.46 2.40 7.95 3.92 2.69 0.80 2.06 4.17 1.04 4.14 2.13 1.14

Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster 7.93 9.69 27.83 10.47 11.24 31.12 15.22 17.92 27.71 35.24 30.81 19.12 20.90 29.87 17.87 13.61 21.56 6.56

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 74.12 24.84 35.62 89.33 61.08 51.39 64.57 60.89 91.26 80.07 64.88 52.04 87.03 148.71 83.16 71.92 91.20 63.73

Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 1.32 2.67 1.54 1.71 1.77 16.21 0.61 1.40 2.43 9.81 8.95 1.42 0.81 1.81 3.06 1.28 1.89 0.93

Other species 20.75 9.21 12.12 23.53 28.15 20.24 22.01 13.98 37.61 23.65 12.98 17.89 20.17 27.28 12.51 28.88 18.47 15.11

TOTALS 152.22 82.62 132.65 325.85 207.57 196.58 162.22 133.58 297.85 259.50 164.01 132.94 248.48 305.08 177.01 240.37 197.36 145.92

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp. * includes Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palp

Changes to trap sitesTotem Road commenced 8/5/1985. Trap site moved approx 20 m (remained within Tropicus Nursery) 7/1/1992Marrara SE ceased 18/10/94 & was replaced by Aviation Museum on the 25/10/95


TABLE 7: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWINTOTAL NUMBERS OF ALL MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE ELEVEN

CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

SITE TRAP SITENO. 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

1 Leanyer Gate 8647 5658 9672 22609 10876 13865 9147 9800 20164 21042 6338 8611 14797 10166 5683 10700 5531 4172

2 Longwood 8572 4358 6122 25482 12180 9429 5585 4565 12223 8230 4255 6031 7087 9749 6022 11878 10196 8723

3 Leanyer Dump 12717 4315 6530 22259 9835 9749 8780 7491 11603 10559 9755 7910 19508 20872 10543 17676 13534 6715

4 Karama 13380 8146 12080 28521 13709 18253 14381 13140 35279 32202 22269 15029 27282 36818 18043 34641 17318 17819

5 Palm Creek 25509 12974 24775 46982 26817 38163 33312 19672 50650 50169 32557 20602 38140 56930 42215 34588 37382 27814

6 Marrara Round Swamp 1905 2012 2797 3753 4602 4337 5349 5470 7012 3242 3391 2552 5204 6050 2930 3834 2524 973

7 Marrara S.E./Aviation Museum 4885 4646 6671 8841 4956 5719 3961 3068 5422 6940 5576 5780 7036 10115 5485 5991 6984 4272

8 Marrara Rifle Range 2908 1378 1242 3723 4089 3484 2820 5003 9171 4635 3958 2620 3907 5995 1989 4424 5123 4368

9 Casuarina 3851 1299 3423 14223 23334 6441 6316 6525 11081 6593 3496 2913 11774 12129 5266 8049 5714 5284

10 Coconut Grove 2738 1055 1010 5593 3560 1326 1130 1013 1453 856 256 1357 2058 2702 1166 1906 1654 1006

11 Totem Road 1370 1206 1826 4330 3025 1661 1982 2129 6047 3706 1961 2506 4981 5725 1909 3083 5942 1737

TOTALS 86482 47047 76148 186316 116983 112427 92763 77876 170105 148174 93812 75911 141774 177251 101251 136770 111902 82883

TOTAL SUCCESSFUL TRAP NIGHT 572 569 583 572 560 572 572 583 572 571 572 571 571 581 572 569 567 568

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 151.19 82.68 130.61 325.73 208.90 196.55 162.17 133.58 297.39 259.50 164.01 132.94 248.29 305.08 177.01 240.37 197.36 145.92

Totem Road commenced 8/5/1985. Trap site moved approx 20 m (remained within Tropicus Nursery) 7/1/1992Marrara South East ceased 18/10/94 & was replaced by Aviation Museum on the 25/10/95


TABLE 8 : DARWIN - ROUTINE LARVAL SURVEY SITES 2007/08

SURVEY DETAILSTREATMENT DESCRIPTION OF SITE

(NO. OF TIMES OF TREATMENT) TIMES SPECIES RECORDED AND TOTAL NUMBER OF LARVAE

SUBURB NU

MB

ER

OF

SIT

ES

SUR

VE

YE

D

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

BR

EE

DIN

G

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

NO

T B

RE

ED

ING

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

BR

EE

DIN

G N

OT

APP

LIC

AB

LE

D

UE

TO

AB

SEN

CE

OF

WA

TE

R P

OO

LIN

G

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

NO

INFO

RM

AT

ION

ON

BR

EE

DIN

G

CO

LL

EC

TE

D

PER

CE

NT

OF

TIM

ES

SIT

E P

OSI

TIV

E F

OR

BR

EE

DIN

G

Ae. (

Muc

) alte

rnan

s

Ae. (

Och

) vig

ilax

Ae. (

Rhi)

long

iros

tris

Ae. d

alie

nsis

An. (

Cel

) far

auti

s.l.

Cul

icin

e pu

pae

Cx.

(Cui

) pul

lus

Cx.

(Cux

) ann

ulir

ostr

is

Cx.

(Cux

) qui

nque

fasc

iatu

s

Cx.

(Cux

) siti

ens

Cx.

(Lop

) spe

cies

Lu. (

Met

) hal

ifaxi

i

Ml.

( )

genu

rost

ris

N/A

mos

quito

Nil

mos

quito

es

No

sam

ple

sent

Not

col

lect

ed m

osqu

itoes

Ur.

(Ura

) alb

esce

ns

Ur.

(Ura

) arg

yrot

arsi

s

Ve. (

Ver)

fune

rea

AB

AT

E 1

0SG

AL

TO

SID

- U

nspe

c. F

orm

ula

VE

CT

OB

AC

Bar

rier

con

trol

NO

T T

RE

AT

ED

NO

TR

EA

TM

EN

T R

EQ

UIR

ED

NO

INFO

RM

AT

ION

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Pro-

link

Bri

quet

tes

Pro-

link

Pelle

ts

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Casuarina Coastal ReserveLee PointCharles Darwin National ParkAlawa NTU 210 50 3 40 21 23.81 33 0 0 0 5 138 8 4 22 2 2 54 323 2 4 1 43 0 0 1 7 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 78 60 0 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 7 17

Darwin Botanic Gardens 211 191 15 202 143 90.52 1 0 70 0 0 133 7 0 0 2 5 27 119 2 3 1 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 33 178 5 5 4 22 1 1 0 0 0 0 68 61 0 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 5 9

Darwin City Suburbs 455 70 0 63 78 15.38 35 4 0 1 20 341 6 9 39 0 0 56 319 1 2 1 48 1 2 3 8 0 0 23 125 0 0 8 34 0 0 1 1 0 0 148 200 0 8 4 4 0 0 0 0 11 32

TOTALS 876 311 18 305 242 69 4 70 1 25 612 21 13 61 4 7 137 761 5 9 3 101 1 2 4 15 1 1 57 305 5 5 13 57 1 1 2 2 1 1 294 321 0 15 4 4 2 4 1 1 23 58


TABLE 9:ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION PER MONTH)

JUL 2007 TO JUN 2008

FINANCIAL YEAR REGION TOTALS


JULY 1 0 14 0 1 16

AUGUST 0 0 11 2 0 13

SEPTEMBER 1 1 11 0 1 14

OCTOBER 0 3 12 1 0 16

NOVEMBER 2 0 19 3 1 25

DECEMBER 1 0 14 0 2 17

JANUARY 2 1 24 3 7 37

FEBRUARY 0 0 29 0 4 33

MARCH 3 0 11 1 7 22

APRIL 2 0 19 1 4 26

MAY 1 0 16 0 0 17

JUNE 2 0 7 0 1 10

TOTALS 15 5 187 11 28 246


TABLE 10:

BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC

(BY REGION PER MONTH)JUL 2007 TO JUN 2008

MONTH REGION TOTALS


JULY 1 0 2 0 0 3

AUGUST 1 0 5 1 0 7

SEPTEMBER 0 0 3 0 1 4

OCTOBER 0 1 3 0 0 4

NOVEMBER 0 0 6 0 0 6

DECEMBER 0 0 2 0 0 2

JANUARY 0 1 2 0 0 3

FEBRUARY 0 0 6 0 0 6

MARCH 1 0 6 0 1 8

APRIL 1 0 6 1 1 9

MAY 1 0 5 0 0 6

JUNE 0 0 5 0 0 5

TOTALS 5 2 51 2 3 63


TABLE 11:ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION)

1990/91 TO 2007/08



1990/91 31 49 306 22 45 453

1991/92 3 6 116 54 15 194

1992/93 12 32 188 29 36 297

1993/94 1 4 286 23 20 334

1994/95 35 5 281 20 38 379

1995/96 1 4 67 17 24 113

1996/97 51 24 123 5 28 231

1997/98 5 1 86 11 21 124

1998/99 1 7 112 11 16 147

1999/00 16 9 98 9 27 159

2000/01 7 69 106 4 48 234

2001/02 1 5 41 7 17 71

2002/03 0 5 99 10 20 134

2003/04 5 1 170 7 20 203

2004/05 4 0 136 12 21 173

2005/06 8 5 216 16 19 264

2006/07 13 2 181 26 37 259

2007/08 15 5 187 11 28 246TOTALS 209 233 2799 294 480 4015


TABLE 12: BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGIONS)1991/92 TO 2007/08



1991/92 0 1 0 41 0 42

1992/93 1 0 10 7 2 20

1993/94 0 1 24 6 2 33

1994/95 0 0 9 1 2 12

1995/96 1 0 17 4 3 25

1996/97 4 5 24 4 6 43

1997/98 1 1 11 2 5 20

1998/99 0 0 17 5 2 24

1999/00 1 1 8 2 1 13

2000/01 1 5 14 6 7 33

2001/02 0 1 18 5 1 25

2002/03 2 0 13 2 1 18

2003/04 3 1 5 2 3 14

2004/05 7 0 31 2 3 43

2005/06 14 2 64 10 6 96

2006/07 17 2 68 12 9 108

2007/08 5 2 51 2 3 63

TOTALS 57 22 384 113 53 569


TABLE 13:

Year Month of onset

Ethnicity Sex Age Virus Location of infection(Region)

No's. Comment

1974 February MVE Tennant Creek (Barkly) 1March MVE Alice Springs (Alice) 1March MVE Alice Springs (Alice) 1March MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1April MVE Barkly Area 1

1981 March MVE Groote Eylandt (East Arnhem)

1

1987 July A M 18 mth MVE Belyuen (Darwin) 1

1988 March A M 1 mth MVE Maningrida (Darwin) 1April O M 7 mth MVE South Alligator (Darwin) 1

May A M 4 MVE Maningrida (Darwin) 1

1991 April O F 74 MVE Berry Springs (Darwin) 1 Patient died

May A M 8 mth MVE Tanami (Alice) 1

1992 Aug O F 40 KUN (Darwin) 1

1993 April A F 6 mth MVE Beswick (Katherine) 1April A F 1 MVE Lajamanu (Katherine) 1 Patient diedApril O M 22 MVE Tennant Creek (Barkly) 1May U F 33 MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1May O M 61 MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1April O M 32 MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1

1995 Nov O F 61 KUN unknown 1

1997 March O M 59 MVE* Alice Springs (Alice) 1 Died. Presumptive caseCont NT, notif Qld

May M 21 KUN Eva Downs (Barkly) 1May KUN Eva Downs (Barkly) 1 ? Cont NT, notified in WAJune F 26 KUN Eva Downs/Ten

Ck.(Barkly)1

1999 May M 66 KUN (Darwin) 1

2000 March A F 3 mth MVE Willowra (Alice) 1 Flaccid quadrapMarch A M 69 MVE Docker River (Alice) 1 Severe impairmentApril A M 2 mth MVE Hermannsburg (Alice) 1 Recovery completeMay O M 15 MVE Borroloola/Roper

(Katherine)1

Igm + ve plus clinical

LOCATION AND MONTH OF ONSET OF CASES OF MVE OR KUNJIN 1974-2008 ACQUIRED IN THE NT

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND FAMILIES


TABLE 14: ARBOVIRUS RISK PERIODS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

VIRUS FROM VECTORS/

ABUNDANCE &

LONGEVITY

FROM VIRUS

ISOLATION

FROM SENTINEL ANIMALS

FROM CASE

DATA

PEAK RISK

PERIOD

PROBABLE

MAIN RISK

PERIOD

MVE JAN-SEPT MAR DEC-OCT FEB-JULY FEB-MAY JAN-JULY

KUNJIN JAN-SEPT APRIL-JUN DEC-SEPT MARCH-JUN FEB-MAY JAN-JULY

RR NOV-SEPT JAN-APR - JAN-DEC JAN-MAR DEC-JUN

BF NOV-SEPT DEC-APR - DEC-OCT JAN-MAR DEC-JUN


TABLE 15: SUMMARY OF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE 2007/08NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING

LOCATION July August September October November December January February March April May June + ve Totals Totals bledDarwin Rural Date bled 24/7 29/8 26/9 24/10 28/11 20/12 23/1 20/2Howard Springs Nos bled 12 12 12 11 9 9 9 1 75

Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 1 1MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Darwin urban Date bled 31/7 29/8 26/9 24/10 28/11 20/12 23/1 20/2 26/3 30/4 21/5 24/6Leanyer Nos bled 12 11 12 12 11 11 12 11 12 12 12 12 140

Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 1 1 1 2 5MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Coastal Plains Research Date bled 5/7 16/8 6/9 1/11; 29/11 10/1 7/2 6/3 3/4 15/5 5/6; 10/6Research Station Nos bled 11 11 11 11; 9 10 9 9 9 9 9,12 100Adelaide River Flock change New Flock

Flavi only 0KUNV 1 1 1 3MVEV 1 1MVEV/KUNV 1 1

Nhulunbuy Date bled 21/7 26/8 3/10 20/11 21/1 29/2 2/3 27/4 30/5Nos bled 11 11 11 11 8 4 8 11 11 86Flock change 4 new chickensFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Katherine Date bled 19/7 16/8 17/9 16/10 19/11 10/12 10/1 5/2 6/3 14/4 3/6; 27/6Nos bled 12 11 11 10 10 11 11 11 11 10 10; 10 128Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 2 2MVEV 1 1 2MVEV/KUNV 0

Tennant Creek Date bled 16/7 8/8 17/9 6/12 18/3Nos bled 6 6 6 13 10 41Flock change New flockFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0


TABLE 15: SUMMARY OF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE 2007/08NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING

LOCATION July August September October November December January February March April May June +ve Totals Totals bledAlice Springs Date bled 10/7 9/8 14/9 11/10 20/11 12/12 8/1 5/2 4/3 1/4 8/5 5/6Arid Zone Nos bled 8 8 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 115Research Flock change New flockInstitution Flavi only 0

KUNV 1 1MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Alice Springs Date bled 10/7 9/8 14/9 11/10 20/11 12/12 8/1 5/2 4/3 1/4 8/5 5/6Ilparpa Nos bled 8 8 8 8 12 12 10 10 9 9 8 8 110

Flock change New flockFlavi only 0KUNV 1 1MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Kakadu Date bled 31/7 31/8 20/11 17/3 7/5Jabiru Nos bled 9 9 10 11 10 49

Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 1 2 1 4MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Alyangula Date bled 29/2 21/4 29/5Nos bled 12 11 9 32Flock change New flockFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Nathan River Date bled 15/8 23/9 19/10 15/1 20/2 20/3 10/6; 30/6Nos bled 10 9 8 6 9 12 12; 12 78Flock change New flockFlavi only 0KUNV 1 2 3MVEV 2 0MVEV/KUNV 1 1

Robinson River Date bled 19/9 6/12 30/5Nos bled 12 13 11 36Flock change New flockFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 2 2MVEV/KUNV 0

Totals Flavi only 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0KUNV 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 4 1 4 20MVEV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 2 0 7MVEV/KUNV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2Number bled 89 97 89 68 93 80 77 78 93 73 79 94 0 990


TABLE 16: SUMMARY OF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE BY MONTH JUL 1992 - JUN 2008 NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING

ME - DHF

LOCATION Flock established July August September October November December January February March April May June + ve Totals Totals bledDarwin Rural January 1992 Nos bled 125 155 127 140 120 142 146 114 119 167 179 164 1698Howard Springs KUNV 2 1 4 3 1 3 1 5 4 24

MVEV 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 7 21Darwin urban September 1992 Nos bled 166 166 188 191 158 179 155 141 142 149 187 165 1987Leanyer KUNV 2 2 2 1 3 7 10 4 31

MVEV 1 11 1 6 4 23Coastal Plains July 1993 Nos bled 154 168 172 125 174 103 158 156 202 191 171 175 1949Research Station KUNV 3 2 1 3 6 5 20Adelaide River MVEV 4 2 6 12 5 8 5 42Nhulunbuy January 1992 Nos bled 76 65 93 99 63 36 73 96 74 67 96 62 900

KUNV 1 1 1 3 1 7 14MVEV 1 1 1 3 5 3 14

Alyangula Nos bled 10 9 20 23 9 10 81KUNV 0MVEV 0

Katherine June 1993 Nos bled 123 114 108 133 88 141 125 151 166 153 117 137 1556KUNV 1 3 1 3 4 4 5 5 26MVEV 2 2 1 6 8 6 10 4 39

Tennant Creek February 1995 Nos bled 50 54 46 48 59 80 86 79 100 126 94 62 884KUNV 1 1 1 2 7 2 1 15MVEV 25 9 13 8 1 56

Alice Springs November 1996 Nos bled 108 127 105 104 110 115 78 104 116 98 94 127 1286Arid Zone KUNV 3 1 4Research Institution MVEV 1 5 4 8 2 2 22Alice Springs January 2002 Nos bled 53 75 53 63 63 56 53 65 53 65 62 75 736Ilparpa KUNV 1 1

MVEV 0Kakadu November 2004 Nos bled 9 20 12 12 22 16 8 7 26 8 23 27 190Jabiru KUNV 1 2 5 1 9

MVEV 1 2 2 5Nathan River April 2006 Nos bled 18 16 14 17 11 17 19 22 22 22 44 222

KUNV 1 1 1 2 5MVEV 2 1 3 3 9

Robinson River September 2007 Nos bled 12 13 11 36KUNV 0MVEV 2 2

Totals KUNV 6 12 8 1 1 4 3 12 15 24 40 23 149MVEV 9 3 1 6 1 1 1 46 45 37 52 31 233Number bled 874 962 932 929 883 892 899 952 1020 1069 1065 1048 11525


TABLE 17:

Adult mosquito species list Jabiru townCollected by ME, DHF


(all adult mosquito collection methods)

Mosquito species collected in 2007/08

(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Fin) britteniAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Mac) species 76Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Mol) pecuniosusAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mac) stoneorum Ae. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Mac) tremulus Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mol) pecuniosus Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Muc) alternans Ae. (Stg) katherinensisAe. (Neo) lineatopennis Ae. daliensisAe. (Och) normanensis An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Och) phaecasiatus An. (Ano) powelliAe. (Och) pseudonormanensis An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Och) species 159 An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Stg) katherinensis An. (Cel) hilliAe. daliensis An. (Cel) meraukensisAn. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Cel) novaguinensisAn. (Ano) powelli Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Cui) pullusAn. (Cel) annulipes Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cx. (Cux) gelidusAn. (Cel) hilli Cx. (Cux) palpalisAn. (Cel) meraukensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAn. (Cel) novaguinensis Cx. (Cux) sitiensCq. (Coq) near crassipes Cx. (Cux) squamosusCq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchus Ma. (Mnd) uniformisCx. (Cux) gelidus Ur. (Ura) albescensCx. (Cux) palpalis Ur. (Ura) moresbyensisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Ur. (Ura) nivipesCx. (Cux) sitiens Ve. (Ver) funereaCx. (Cux) species 32 Ve. (Ver) reesiCx. (Cux) squamosusCx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Lu. (Met) halifaxiiMa. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) albosternopleuraUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) novaguinensisUr. (Ura) species 141Ve. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi


TABLE 18: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM JABIRU1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

ESITE NO. TRAP SITETOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TOTALS NO. OF AVERAG %

Ae. (Och) normanensis Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Cux) palpalis Other TRAP PER

NIGHTS TRAP

1 Caravan Park 172 4788 168 63 5118 39476 17484 1128 68397 48 1424.94 32.33

2 Top of Lake 13 178 8 1 498 3950 2039 281 6968 48 145.17 3.29

3 Golf Club 25 560 149 178 1635 16330 3885 1369 24131 47 513.43 11.41

4 West of Town 140 1049 176 85 9071 61291 36052 1018 108882 47 2316.64 51.47

5 Sergison Place 0 147 12 1 187 1579 1143 110 3179 45 70.64 1.50

TOTALS 350 6722 513 328 16509 122626 60603 3906 211557 235 900.24 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 1.49 28.60 2.18 1.40 70.25 521.81 257.89 16.62 900.24

PERCENTAGE % 0.17 3.18 0.24 0.16 7.80 57.96 28.65 1.85 100.00


TABLE 19:MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM JABIRU

AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 4 CONTINUOUS CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08


Ae. (Och) normanensis 28.72 4.77 3.02 5.85 3.46 7.32 3.92 1.87 3.30 1.65 0.55 0.41 0.61 1.26 1.05 8.81 1.38 1.84

Ae. (Och) vigilax 10.50 15.37 11.26 101.16 4.27 3.94 5.02 0.85 46.33 2.60 6.45 14.12 12.75 8.54 9.57 42.75 4.48 34.61


An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 0.58 0.37 1.34 1.61 0.63 5.77 1.04 3.51 13.96 9.97 9.55 1.44 2.82 2.40 1.50 4.58 1.44 1.72




Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 13.94 9.11 2.99 7.73 3.74 20.99 2.66 11.89 23.80 4.53 13.94 18.63 8.31 34.04 27.54 1.84 4.62 4.36

Other species 20.95 31.32 13.27 21.01 83.78 14.11 6.44 13.06 11.96 12.80 11.57 16.44 22.78 9.93 11.88 25.46 17.84 11.82

TOTALS 1660.30 3402.39 1789.97 3559.84 1529.49 1430.61 967.51 2207.50 1342.38 799.52 855.17 1141.54 1000.69 1349.96 1787.41 748.69 900.47 1096.73

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes: Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp. and Cx. palpalis.


TABLE 20:MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM JABIRU

AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 5 CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.



Ae. (Och) vigilax 10.50 15.37 11.26 101.16 4.27 3.94 5.02 0.85 46.33 2.60 6.45 14.12 12.75 8.54 8.79 36.12 3.68 28.60


An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 0.58 0.37 1.34 1.61 0.63 5.77 1.04 3.51 13.96 9.97 9.55 1.44 2.82 2.40 1.37 3.73 1.18 1.40




Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 13.94 9.11 2.99 7.73 3.74 20.99 2.66 11.89 23.80 4.53 13.94 18.63 8.31 34.04 26.42 1.54 3.80 3.57

Other species 20.95 31.32 13.27 21.01 83.78 14.11 6.44 13.06 11.96 12.80 11.57 16.44 22.78 9.93 11.30 21.43 15.33 9.94

TOTALS 1621.08 3382.26 1775.69 3452.83 1521.75 1419.35 958.57 2204.79 1292.75 795.28 848.18 1141.54 987.32 1340.16 1678.94 577.87 739.62 900.24

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes: Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp. and Cx. palpalis.


TABLE :21 AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - JABIRU. JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

f


NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE


Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Ae. (Stg) katherinensis Nil mosquitoesNo of times

detectedSum of No o

larvae No of times

detectedSum of No

of larvaeNo of times

detectedSum of No

of larvae No of times

detectedSum of No

of larvae No of times

detected

J1 Jabiru EastGagudju Crocodile Holiday Inn, under rear right leg (staircase) of hotel Commercial 13 2 15.38

0 0 0 0 1 68 1 95 11

J2 Jabiru Eastadjacent (east) to reception�Jabiru Caravan Park Caravan 13 4 30.77

3 43 0 0 0 0 1 2 9

J3 Jabiru EastHeadquarters, next to stormwater pipe from under shop Commercial 13 0 0.00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13

J4 Jabiru EastNo. 1 King Place, next to drain sump left hand (south) side of house Residential 13 3 23.08

0 0 3 38 0 0 0 0 10

Totals 52 9 3 43 3 38 1 68 2 97 43

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 17.31 33.33 33.33 11.11 22.22

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 14.33 12.67 68.00 48.50


The ovitrap program commenced 16 February 2005Not collected mosquitoes = no traps set


TABLE 22:

Adult mosquito species list Gove PeninsularCollected by ME, DHF




(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) britteniAe. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) species 76Ae. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Mol) pecuniosusAe. (Mac) tremulus Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mol) pecuniosus Ae. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Muc) alternans Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Neo) lineatopennis Ae. (Rhi) longirostrisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis Ae. daliensisAe. (Och) normanensis An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Och) phaecasiatus An. (Ano) powelliAe. (Och) pseudonormanensis An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Psk) bancroftianus An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Rhi) longirostris An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Stg) katherinensis An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. daliensis An. (Cel) novaguinensisAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Cui) pullusAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cx. (Cux) palpalisAn. (Cel) hilli Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAn. (Cel) meraukensis Cx. (Cux) sitiensAn. (Cel) novaguinensis Cx. (Cux) squamosusCq. (Coq) near crassipes Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchus Ho. ( ) species 157Cx. (Cux) gelidus Ma. (Mnd) uniformisCx. (Cux) palpalis Mi. (Eto) elegansCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Ve. (Ver) funereaCx. (Cux) sitiens Ve. (Ver) reesiCx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) squamosusCx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Ho. ( ) species 157Ma. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) amiensisUr. (Ura) argyrotarsisUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) novaguinensisUr. (Ura) species 82Ve. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi


TABLE 23: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY.1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

SITE NO. TRAP SITETOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TOTALS NO. OF AVERAGE %

Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other TRAP PER TRAP

NIGHTS NIGHT

1 Contractors Village 403 40 9 21 419 2717 100 1491 5200 25 208.00 18.87

2 Rear Jasper 301 325 187 115 941 2695 1656 369 6589 27 244.04 23.91

3 Buffalo Creek 1366 38 277 24 25 403 12 488 2633 31 84.94 9.55

4 Wallaby Beach 5903 179 10 8 3 2426 5 724 9258 30 308.60 33.59

5 Nhulunbuy South 582 20 4 8 41 554 3 376 1588 28 56.71 5.76

6 Industrial Estate 1025 35 17 16 24 238 274 661 2290 28 81.79 8.31

TOTALS 9580 637 504 192 1453 9033 2050 4109 27558 169 163.07 100.00


PERCENTAGE % 34.76 2.31 1.83 0.70 5.27 32.78 7.44 14.91 100.00


TABLE 24: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE FIVE CONTINUOUS

WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1994/95 TO 2007/08.

SPECIES AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

Oc. (Och) vigilax 14.45 75.69 35.18 44.26 84.29 43.45 32.97 95.74 65.02 98.65 135.04 105.34 66.36 50.62

An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. 1.74 1.85 2.27 3.07 1.39 1.30 1.60 4.82 3.38 3.39 3.87 2.16 1.98 3.56

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 2.37 4.56 2.61 9.61 9.39 9.89 3.86 5.78 1.58 3.44 9.98 2.19 13.64 2.88

An. (Cel) meraukensis 0.69 0.77 0.80 0.54 0.81 0.45 1.14 0.33 0.24 0.96 1.60 0.69 1.08 1.04

Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster 1.59 3.10 3.29 1.69 7.66 3.14 8.00 4.61 5.32 22.21 16.59 9.37 23.63 8.46

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 19.74 24.39 26.30 36.52 39.25 34.05 37.67 100.55 115.81 52.83 81.96 73.59 43.09 52.54

Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 5.15 12.83 8.88 9.97 22.84 29.44 36.62 19.58 0.77 8.45 32.23 4.48 11.26 10.51

Other species 7.07 10.73 9.55 12.41 14.35 13.41 15.96 37.42 9.70 12.41 13.69 19.50 14.86 19.91

TOTALS 52.79 133.91 88.88 118.09 179.97 135.13 137.82 268.83 201.82 202.34 294.96 217.32 175.89 149.51

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp. and Cx. palpalis.


TABLE 25: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY.AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.


1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

Ae. (Och) vigilax 78.94 81.59 52.67 57.77 14.45 75.69 35.18 44.26 84.29 43.45 32.97 95.74 65.02 98.65 124.56 101.93 64.92 56.69

An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. 1.40 2.65 4.87 2.67 1.74 1.85 2.27 3.07 1.39 1.30 1.60 4.82 3.38 3.39 3.42 1.89 1.69 3.77

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 16.12 25.39 14.51 6.28 2.37 4.56 2.61 9.61 9.39 9.89 3.86 5.78 1.58 3.44 8.82 1.94 11.74 2.98




Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 6.51 3.06 4.67 11.76 5.15 12.83 8.88 9.97 22.84 29.44 36.62 19.58 0.77 8.45 28.48 3.91 9.68 12.13

Other species 9.30 12.46 10.29 9.27 7.07 10.73 9.55 12.41 14.35 13.41 15.96 37.42 9.70 12.41 13.45 19.63 15.56 23.80

TOTALS 136.38 154.01 112.02 137.24 52.79 133.91 88.88 118.09 179.97 135.13 137.82 268.83 201.82 202.34 268.42 204.26 164.32 163.07



TABLE 26: AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - NHULUNBUY. JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

N e


NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE


Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Culicine pupae Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus il mosquitoTrap failure mosquitoes Lu. (Met) halifaxii Ae. (Stg) katherinensis


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae




Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae

G01 Unknown-Nhulunbuy Gove Airport Port 1 1 100.00 1 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0G02 Unknown-Nhulunbuy Customs Enclosure Port 26 6 23.08 0 0 1 2 0 0 5 33 20 0 0 0 0 0G03 Wallaby Beach Wallaby Beach Yacht Club Port 24 14 58.33 9 222 2 9 0 0 6 34 10 2 0 0 1 4G04 Wallaby Beach Cargo Wharf Port 1 1 100.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0G05 Unknown-Nhulunbuy Export Wharf Port 1 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0G06 Unknown-Nhulunbuy Lot 442 Tamarind Ave no 2 Residential 1 1 100.00 1 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0G07 Unknown-Nhulunbuy New Airport Terminal Transport company 25 19 76.00 5 72 3 10 0 0 18 157 6 1 0 0 0 0G08 Unknown-Nhulunbuy House 11 Wallaby Beach Residential 26 4 15.38 1 1 2 5 0 0 2 7 22 0 0 0 0 0G09 Unknown-Nhulunbuy Perkins Wharf Port 25 2 8.00 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 23 0 0 0 0 0G10 Nhulunbuy South Catalina Beach Boat Yard - G10 Ovitrap Commercial 25 18 72.00 17 1068 2 40 1 1 4 19 7 0 1 1 3 19G11 Unknown-Nhulunbuy Waste Facility Commercial 22 8 36.36 7 399 1 6 0 0 2 11 14 0 0 0 0 0G12 Unknown-Nhulunbuy 67 Providence Court Residential 25 12 48.00 10 101 0 0 1 1 2 14 13 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 202 86 52 1989 11 72 2 2 41 286 116 3 1 1 4 23

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 42.57 60.47 12.79 2.33 47.67 1.16 4.65

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 38.25 6.55 1.00 6.98 1.00 5.75



TABLE 27:

Adult mosquito species list Katherine town Collected by ME, DHF




(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Cha) wattensis Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Fin) mallochi Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Stg) katherinensisAe. (Mac) stoneorum An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Och) phaecasiatus Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) species 159 Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusAe. (Och) vigilax Cx. (Cux) crinicaudaAe. (Och) vittiger Cx. (Cux) gelidusAe. (Psk) bancroftianus Cx. (Cux) palpalisAe. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe.(Och) pseudonormanensis Cx. (Cux) squamosusAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Cux) starckeaeAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Cux) vicinusAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Ma. (Mnd) uniformisAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Tp. (Pol) punctolateralisAn. (Cel) hilli Ur. (Ura) albescensAn. (Cel) meraukensisAn. (Cel) novaguinensisCq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicus - (possible misidentification)Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiens Cx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) squamosusCx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Ma. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) nivipesVe. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi


TABLE 28: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE.1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTALS NO. OF AVERAGE %

Ae. (Och) normanensis Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) amictus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other TRAP PER TRAP

NIGHTS NIGHT

1 Dairy Dam 7 4 45 17 1053 2245 80 158 3609 20 180.45 35.28

2 Meatworks 3 22 3 9 1286 558 630 129 2640 22 120.00 25.81

3 Katherine Sewage Ponds 21 15 48 4 210 786 5 170 1259 21 59.95 12.31

4 Hickey's Farm 4 8 32 6 137 858 1 35 1081 7 154.43 10.57

5 O'Keefe Residence 4 42 1 71 294 491 63 263 1229 21 58.52 12.01

6 Second Street - Govt. Centre. 2 8 2 4 128 48 114 106 412 22 18.73 4.03

TOTALS 41 99 131 111 3108 4986 893 861 10230 113 90.53 100


PERCENTAGE % 0.40 0.97 1.28 1.09 30.38 48.74 8.73 8.42 100.00


TABLE 29: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE.AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 3 CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS

FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.

l


1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08


Ae. (Och) vigilax 1.34 0.26 0.60 1.17 1.41 0.09 0.51 0.30 2.15 1.37 0.13 0.34 0.66 2.09 0.05 0.61 0.53 0.65

An. (Cel) amictus 63.16 2.93 10.34 7.77 2.89 5.78 7.60 6.93 7.01 3.95 3.53 3.92 1.58 1.80 4.65 12.53 1.86 1.52


Cx. (Cui) pullus 4.58 0.15 2.43 5.66 16.52 0.59 8.69 18.32 7.25 22.53 50.96 33.66 19.42 38.17 1.40 134.59 12.19 40.46


Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 2.84 0.98 0.87 1.45 1.82 1.09 2.94 1.26 1.28 1.37 4.34 5.91 1.80 17.01 6.16 6.36 12.03 11.35

Other species 2.87 0.67 1.00 0.55 2.53 1.34 2.69 0.81 5.39 14.72 22.15 13.21 3.09 9.05 3.50 69.85 7.86 6.33

TOTALS 274.87 35.85 154.06 107.77 137.01 38.97 95.32 149.11 62.54 107.49 148.13 266.68 69.83 136.58 27.21 326.46 60.67 119.17

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp.* and Cx. palpa

Continuous trap sites includes Dairy Dam, Meatworks and Katherine Sewage Ponds


TABLE 30: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE.AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS

FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.


1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08


Ae. (Och) vigilax 1.18 0.21 0.51 1.51 1.67 0.08 0.63 0.39 2.06 1.22 0.23 0.37 0.78 2.47 0.12 1.23 0.59 0.88

An. (Cel) amictus 44.09 2.71 8.71 6.71 2.54 4.75 6.19 6.53 5.56 5.74 4.67 7.22 1.30 2.04 3.24 8.80 1.27 1.16


Cx. (Cui) pullus 10.69 1.56 7.94 7.94 35.60 0.95 14.60 16.17 7.12 24.28 56.07 31.09 26.70 37.23 1.99 117.02 12.04 27.50



Other species 3.95 1.77 2.20 1.47 3.09 1.61 3.73 1.97 7.24 19.01 31.24 14.94 6.59 10.11 8.90 47.95 6.57 6.89

TOTALS 352.80 62.37 156.81 127.67 159.68 32.58 108.44 151.61 71.76 161.93 201.13 305.14 80.51 131.51 30.58 270.26 46.98 90.53



TABLE 31: AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - KATHERINE JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY


NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE


Ae. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Nil mosquitoesTrap failure mosquitoes Ae. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Culicine pupae Ae. (Mac) species


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae




Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of larvae


Sum of No of pupae


Sum of No of larvae

K1 Katherine industrial Railway Yards - Freight Terminal (Kath) Transport company 23 18 78.26 1 18 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 596 15 545 2 9 1 7K2 Katherine North Lot 1883 O'Shea Tce no. 3 (Beaurepaires) Commercial 25 10 40.00 0 0 2 140 15 0 0 0 9 314 0 0 0 0 0 0K3 Katherine North Gibson Tyre Centre Commercial 25 22 88.00 0 0 2 98 3 0 0 0 20 1664 2 11 4 35 0 0K4 Katherine South Bridgestone Tyre Centre, 1129 Victoria Hwy Commercial 23 14 60.87 1 14 0 0 9 2 0 0 14 591 3 51 1 2 0 0

K5 Katherine WestPandion Haulage Pty Ltd, NT Freight, 2840 Zimin Dr Transport company 23 14 60.87

3 15 1 43 9 2 1 11 13 976 2 40 2 5 0 0

K6 Katherine SouthO'Keefe residence, Riverbank Dve - 1942 Museum Residential 25 23 92.00

0 0 2 76 2 0 1 1 22 3737 12 319 6 20 0 0

K7 Katherine North Cycad Gardens Nursery Nursery 25 14 56.00 5 26 2 9 11 0 0 0 11 281 1 1 2 6 0 0K8 Katherine East Katherine Fire Station Commercial 25 5 20.00 0 0 4 83 20 0 0 0 4 128 0 0 2 2 0 0

Totals 194 120 10 73 13 449 74 6 2 12 99 8287 35 967 19 79 1 7

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 61.86 8.33 10.83 1.67 82.50 29.17 15.83 0.83

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 7.30 34.54 6.00 83.71 27.63 4.16 7.00



TABLE 32: SUMMARY OF KATHERINE ROUTINE LARVAL SURVEY SITES 2007/08

TRAP LOCATION NU

MB

ER

OF

SUR

VE

YS

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

SIT

E

BR

EE

DIN

GN

UM

BE

R O

F T

IME

S N

OT

B

RE

ED

ING

NO

T A

PPL

ICA

BL

E

NO

T C

OL

LE

CT

ED

PER

CE

NT

BR

EE

DIN

G

AB

AT

E 1

0SG

NO

TR

EA

TM

EN

T

RE

QU

IRE

D

INFO

RM

AT

ION

AB

SEN

T

VE

CT

OB

AC

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Springvale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Meatworks 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0Rowlands Dairy 17 4 0 13 0 24 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 3 127 0 0Sewage Ponds (PAWA) 37 4 33 0 0 11 0 33 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 4 198 0 0Town Sites 258 48 135 67 8 19 1 226 64 7 3 8 0 0 2 9 0 0 133 0 24 285 18 1020Totals 318 56 168 86 8 1 282 68 7 3 8 0 0 3 14 0 0 171 0 31 610 18 1020

SURVEY DETAILS COUNT OF TREATMENT TYPE

MOSQUITO SPECIES

Nil

mos

quito

es

Cx.

(Cux

) ann

ulir

ostr

is

An.

(Cel

) ann

ulip

es s.

l.

An.

(Cel

) am

ictu

s

Cx.

(Cui

) pul

lus

Cx.

(Lut

) hal

ifaxi

i

Cx.

(Cux

) qui

nque

fasc

iatu

s


TABLE 33:

Adult mosquito species list Tennant Creek town Collected by MB, DHF




(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ae. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Mac) species nr 147?Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Mac) species nr 147? Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) tremulus Ae. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Och) eidsvoldensis Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Och) species 159Ae. (Och) species 71Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Och) vittigerAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Stg) aegypti*An. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.An. (Cel) hilliAn. (Cel) novaguinensis (possible misidentification)Cx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicusCx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Cux) Vishnui group #Cx. (Lop) cylindricusTp. (Pol) punctolateralisVe. (Ver) species

*Note: Recently established in Tennant Creek and declared eradicated in March 2006.#Note: Features rubbed


TABLE 34: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEK1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.



Ae. notoscriptus Ae. normanensis An. amictus Cx. annulirostris Cx. quinquefasciatus Other TRAP PER

NIGHTS TRAP NIGHT

1 Ford Crescent 0 0 2 52 36 62 152 13 11.69 11.74

2 Hospital Grounds 0 2 4 44 18 60 128 14 9.14 9.88

3 Tennant Creek Sewage Ponds 0 17 60 914 0 24 1015 13 78.08 78.38

TOTALS 0 19 66 1010 54 146 1295 40 32.38 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.00 0.48 1.65 25.25 1.35 3.65 32.38

PERCENTAGE % 0.00 1.47 5.10 77.99 4.17 11.27 100.00


TABLE 35: MOSQUITI MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEKAVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.


Ae. (Och) normanensis 11.00 0.00 20.74 9.17 3.67 n/a 6.40 1.17 n/a 15.90 439.76 28.76 94.35 56.52 0.13 9.31 5.35 0.48

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.56 n/a 3.00 0.25 n/a 7.57 19.15 2.04 0.50 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

An. (Cel) amictus 71.50 0.08 2.64 2.13 0.00 n/a 57.20 1.88 n/a 2.10 3.91 0.67 16.65 0.74 0.88 6.97 13.41 1.65

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* 86.00 3.00 44.26 5.97 1.11 n/a 75.60 9.21 n/a 118.33 744.18 29.33 130.35 12.26 1.86 24.26 21.19 25.25

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 0.50 0.83 18.31 7.10 17.78 n/a 14.60 7.88 n/a 5.29 3.33 2.41 14.70 7.48 1.00 3.91 8.04 1.35

Other species 4.25 0.42 2.79 0.50 0.44 n/a 8.60 0.33 n/a 28.33 6.64 2.33 4.08 9.37 0.95 24.86 3.82 3.65

TOTALS 173.25 4.33 88.74 25.03 23.56 0.00 165.40 20.71 n/a 177.52 1216.97 65.54 260.63 86.63 4.82 69.31 51.82 32.38

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.

No traps set for 1995/96 and 1998/99

Continuous trap sites includes Ford Crescent, Hospital Grounds and Tennant Creek Sewage Ponds

Trapping is conducted in the wet season only.


TABLE 36:

Adult mosquito species list Alice Springs town Collected by ME, DHF


(all collection methods)Mosquito species collected in

2007/08Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) mallochi Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Och) eidsvoldensisAe. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Och) sapiensAe. (Mac) species 126 - (possible misidentification) Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Mac) species nr 147? An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Muc) alternans Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis Cx. (Cux) australicusAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Och) sagaxAe. (Och) sapiens Ae. (Och) species 159Ae. (Och) species 71Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Och) vittigerAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe.(Och) pseudonormanensisAn. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicusCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) globocoxitusCx. (Cux) palpalis - (possible misidentification)Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) species 92Cx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) cylindricusTp. (Pol) punctolateralis


TABLE 37: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGS.1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

SITE NO. TRAP SITE

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TOTALS

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL

TRAP NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

NIGHT %

An. (Cel) amictus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Cux) australicus Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other

1 Ilparpa Swamp A 10 25 527 181 0 81 22 846 51 16.59 30.72

2 Ilparpa Swamp B 28 4 846 57 0 92 6 1033 49 21.08 37.51

3 Bloomfield Street 2 3 2 0 0 276 3 286 50 5.72 10.38

4 Old Timers 1 1 45 7 0 151 4 209 48 4.35 7.59

5 Lilliecrapp Road 5 5 4 6 0 55 43 118 50 2.36 4.28

6 Greatorex Road 11 12 113 64 0 23 39 262 49 5.35 9.51

TOTALS 57 50 1537 315 0 678 117 2754 297 9.27 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.19 0.17 5.18 1.06 0.00 2.28 0.39 9.27

PERCENTAGE % 2.07 1.82 55.81 11.44 0.00 24.62 4.25 100.00


TABLE 38: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGSAVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE

CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.


An. (Cel) amictus 1.02 0.30 0.18 1.45 0.55 0.00 39.09 0.09 0.16 10.62 15.56 4.31 3.61 0.44 0.05 0.08 1.32 0.21


Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* 98.01 28.84 30.13 23.59 129.59 4.21 116.63 6.38 76.32 315.48 433.47 96.79 67.42 23.75 0.60 0.62 12.88 7.17

Cx. (Cux) australicus 158.95 12.89 31.54 47.20 32.45 22.44 12.10 9.40 19.18 10.75 1.03 1.04 1.89 14.85 0.37 2.75 0.84 1.24

Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus 20.76 439.82 78.54 45.18 25.02 91.97 25.89 26.49 259.82 116.90 162.29 212.52 81.09 100.48 75.75 10.15 0.12 0.00


Other species 0.40 8.02 1.35 1.34 2.00 0.19 1.06 0.31 0.79 8.79 7.44 2.81 2.41 1.15 0.12 0.74 0.51 0.18

TOTALS 777.39 534.54 170.36 159.78 236.99 129.04 215.14 48.16 376.63 483.99 636.51 323.89 164.48 149.28 78.75 20.43 19.42 11.99

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* includes: Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.


TABLE 39: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGSAVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE

WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2007/08.


An. (Cel) amictus 1.02 0.30 0.18 1.31 0.59 0.00 52.34 0.09 0.13 21.60 13.83 4.56 2.88 0.74 0.05 0.14 1.20 0.19


Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* 98.01 28.84 30.13 20.29 128.89 3.28 131.82 5.18 65.64 350.21 420.50 95.30 62.42 24.90 0.61 0.68 9.72 5.18

Cx. (Cux) australicus 158.95 12.89 31.54 42.17 28.20 22.87 10.84 7.80 16.84 10.78 1.20 1.37 1.63 12.69 0.78 4.05 0.78 1.06

Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus 20.76 439.82 78.54 44.87 22.20 94.49 30.64 22.02 232.88 115.05 154.70 225.36 63.00 93.30 74.45 13.65 0.09 0.00


Other species 0.40 8.02 1.36 1.09 1.65 0.14 0.74 0.21 0.53 5.79 4.93 1.94 1.63 0.77 0.13 2.39 0.88 0.39

TOTALS 777.39 534.54 170.36 149.94 245.26 130.15 262.82 39.83 340.56 533.56 610.58 334.38 137.84 140.66 77.72 25.45 15.50 9.27

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* includes: Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.


TABLE 40: AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - ALICE SPRINGS. JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

s


NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE


Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Nil mosquitoeNo of times

detected

of larvaeSum of No

detectedNo of times

of larvaeSum of No

detectedNo of times

AS1 Unknown-Alice Springs Shell Truck Stop Commercial 27 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 27AS2 Unknown-Alice Springs Tony's Auto Wreckers Railyards Commercial 27 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 27AS3 Unknown-Alice Springs Railway Yards - Freight Terminal (A/S) Commercial 27 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 27AS4 Unknown-Alice Springs Alice City Tyre Power Commercial 27 1 3.70 0 0 1 3 26AS5 Unknown-Alice Springs Red Dog Australiana Café (64 Todd Mall) Commercial 27 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 27AS6 Unknown-Alice Springs Lot 485 McMinn St no. 5 Residential 27 4 14.81 4 69 0 0 23AS7a Unknown-Alice Springs Alice Springs Airport Commercial 27 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 27

Totals 189 5 4 69 1 3 184

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 2.65 80.00 20.00

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 17.25 3.00



TABLE 41: ALICE SPRINGS ROUTINE LARVAL SURVEY SITES 2007/08

SURVEY DETAILS

N/A

mos

quito

es

Nil

mos

quito

es

SITE NO. TRAP LOCATION Fl

owin

g

Pool

ing

Dry

Dam

p

No

feed

back

Not

surv

eyed

Floo

ded

N/C

AB

AT

E 1

0SG

NO

INFO

RM

AT

ION

A

VA

ILA

BL

E

NO

INFO

RM

AT

ION

A

VA

ILA

BL

E

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Num

ber o

f lar

vae

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

Tim

es sp

ecie

s det

ecte

d

6353.2 Plantation drains 50 0 17 2 31 0 26 3 17 0 0 0 3 1 0 49 1 0 0 0 0 18 326362.3 Western side of EP10 - Ponds A 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 06365.4 EP7 drain 51 0 48 0 3 0 2 0 48 0 0 0 0 1 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 48 36451.2 Ponds C overflow 51 0 47 0 4 0 1 2 47 0 0 0 0 1 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 47 46454.1 North western edge of tree plantation 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 16463.2 EP10 overflow (rocket) 52 0 47 0 5 0 2 2 47 0 0 0 0 1 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 47 56463.3 EP10 drain (covered) 51 0 16 0 35 0 2 32 16 0 0 0 0 1 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 16 356553.4 Ponds B overflow 51 0 35 0 16 0 2 13 35 0 0 0 0 1 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 35 166653.2 Swamp B, drain overflow 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 06658.1 South eastern edge of tree plantation 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 06658.3 Outfall Ponds B 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

6758.11 Ponds B drain outlet 51 0 50 0 1 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 1 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 50 16767.2 Eastern edge of Swamp A 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 06769.2 OUD (Ilparpa Rd) 50 0 44 0 6 0 3 2 44 0 0 0 0 1 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 45 56853.2 Disused outfall Ponds B 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

6853.21 Ponds C drain outlet 49 0 47 0 2 0 1 0 47 0 0 0 0 1 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 47 26961.2 Fire track at edge of swamp - flooded 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0142a Log bridge 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

TOTALS 466 0 360 2 104 39 55 360 0 0 0 3 9 0 465 1 0 0 0 0 362 104

Cx.

(Cux

) qui

nque

fasc

iatu

s

TREATMENT DESCRIPTION OF

SITE

COUNT OF WATER DESCRIPTION TYPE TIMES SPECIES RECORDED

(TOTAL NUMBER OF LARVAE)

NU

MB

ER

OF

SUR

VE

YS

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

SIT

E B

RE

ED

ING

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

NO

T B

RE

ED

ING

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

BR

EE

DIN

G N

OT

A

PPL

ICA

BL

E

NU

MB

ER

OF

TIM

ES

BR

EE

DIN

G N

OT

C

OL

LE

CT

ED

PER

CE

NT

BR

EE

DIN

G An.

(Cel

) ann

ulip

es s.

l.


TABLE 42:

Adult mosquito species list Groote Eylandt (Includes collections from Alyangula town, Angurugu and Umbakumba)

Collected by ME, DHFMosquito species collected since

1978 to 2006/07 (all adult mosquito collection methods)


(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ) species 161 - ID by E. Marks Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Rhi) longirostrisAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Stg) katherinensisAe. (Mac) tremulus Ae. daliensisAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Ano) powelliAe. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Och) normanensis An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Och) phaecasiatus An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Rhi) longirostris An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Stg) katherinensis An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. daliensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Cui) pullusAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Cux) crinicaudaAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) gelidusAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cx. (Cux) palpalisAn. (Cel) hilli Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAn. (Cel) meraukensis Cx. (Cux) sitiensAn. (Cel) novaguinensis Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Ho. ( ) species 157Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchus Ma. (Mnd) uniformisCx. (Cux) crinicauda Mi. (Eto) elegansCx. (Cux) gelidus Tp. (Trp) magnesianusCx. (Cux) palpalis Ve. (Ver) funereaCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Ve. (Ver) reesiCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) squamosusCx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Ho. ( ) species 157Ma. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) moresbyensisUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) species 156Ve. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi

Note: Ae. (Stg) aegypti was detected in Alyangula in October 2006, and declared eradicated in May 2008.


TABLE 43: MOSQUITO MONITORNING PROGRAM ALYANGULA1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.




Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other TRAP PER TRAP

NIGHTS NIGHT

1 Mine Site 1 0 19 19 2 8 651 181 880 25 35.20 45.71

2 Township Site 2 5 321 2 22 10 13 27 400 24 16.67 20.78

3 Alyangula Golf Course Site 3 21 438 4 5 104 1 72 645 21 30.71 33.51

TOTALS 26 778 25 29 122 665 280 1925 70 27.50 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.37 11.11 0.36 0.41 1.74 9.50 4.00 27.50

PERCENTAGE % 1.35 40.42 1.30 1.51 6.34 34.55 14.55 100.00


TABLE 44:MOSQUITO MONITORNING PROGRAM ALYANGULA

AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 3 CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1995/96 TO 2007/08.

SPECIES

1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 0.76 0.14 0.29 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.89 1.85 2.38 1.05 0.48 0.41 0.36

Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster 0.79 0.06 0.23 1.23 0.64 1.19 1.32 1.31 0.75 0.37 0.29 0.13 0.41

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 3.06 1.66 5.14 2.35 2.52 2.68 2.89 7.11 5.09 1.97 6.26 2.53 1.74

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 8.61 13.54 10.57 4.33 11.43 10.34 5.63 20.50 10.42 7.18 1.69 14.40 9.50

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus 2.18 3.03 2.26 10.00 5.89 3.21 0.84 2.50 2.89 1.56 4.26 5.26 0.37

Ae. (Och) vigilax 9.27 15.94 16.34 14.44 1.84 4.13 9.58 43.20 37.48 3.56 16.28 9.64 11.11

Other species 2.67 1.94 4.34 7.28 6.02 2.79 3.21 10.46 11.00 4.84 9.26 6.43 4.00

TOTALS 27.33 36.31 39.17 39.81 28.55 24.53 24.37 86.94 70.02 20.53 38.52 38.80 27.50

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp.* and Cx. palpalis.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT


TABLE: 45 AEDES AEGYPTI OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - ALYANGULA. JULY 2007 - JUNE 2008MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

s


NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE


Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Nil mosquitoeNot collected mosquitoes

No of timesdetected

of larvae

Sum of No detected

No of times of larvae

Sum of No detected


No of times

1 Alyangula Groote Wharf site 1 (AJ) Port 25 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 25 0

2 Alyangula Groote Airport site 2 (AA) Transport company 25 1 4.00 0 0 1 2 24 0

5 Alyangula Groote newtown site 5 (AN) Residential 23 1 4.35 1 1 0 0 22 26 Alyangula Groote GEMCO Mine site (AM) Commercial 2 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 2 0

Totals 75 2 1 1 1 2 73 2

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 2.67 50.00 50.00

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 1.00 2.00



TABLE 46A: AQIS EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM - DARWIN1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008


SITE NO. TRAP SITE

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TOTALSNO. OF TRAP

NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

NIGHT%

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Ae. (Mac) species Other

1 QM Perkins Shipping Yard 288 2 0 1 291 582 45 12.93 30.58

2 QM BRA (RAAF) 194 42 111 0 349 696 52 13.38 36.57

3 QM MHS (RAAF) 107 78 3 0 188 376 51 7.67 19.76

4 QM Airport 3 5 2 0 10 20 50 0.40 1.05

5 QM FortHill Wharf 103 1 1 0 105 210 49 4.29 11.04

6 QM East Arm Wharf 6 2 1 0 10 19 50 0.38 1.00TOTALS 701 130 118 1 953 1903 297 6.41 100.00AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 2.36 0.44 0.40 0.00 3.21 6.41PERCENTAGE % 36.84 6.83 6.20 0.05 50.08 100.00


TABLE 46B: AQIS EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM - EAST ARHNEM1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008.


SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TOTALSNO. OF TRAP

NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

NIGHT%

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Ae. (Mac) species Other

1 QM Gove Port Office 27 21 0 0 29 77 21 3.67 12.15

2 QM Gove Yacht Club 1 260 15 0 281 557 24 23.21 87.85

3 QM Alyangula Port 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0.00 0.00TOTALS 28 281 15 0 310 634 54 11.74 100.00AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.52 5.20 0.28 0.00 5.74 11.74PERCENTAGE % 4.42 44.32 2.37 0.00 48.90 100.00


TABLE 47:

LOCATION OF NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMBERFIRST FEVER OF CASES ENTOMOLOGICAL REQUIRING

P.falciparum P.vivax INVESTIGATIONS MOSQUITO CONTROL

Berrimah 3 1 2 2 -

Malak 1 1 -

Nightcliff 1 1 -

Tiwi 2 1 1 -

Karama 8 8 6 -

Knuckey Lagoon 1 1 1 -

Coconut Grove 2 2 -

Wulagi 1 1 -

Moil 1 1 -

Wanguri 1 1 -

Casuarina 1 1 -

The Gardens 2 2 2 -

Desert Springs 1 1 -

Total 25 17 8 11 0

I JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008 PARASITE SPECIES

MALARIA NOTIFICATIONS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

*Malaria case investigation centred on two incidences of separate cases (one with 2 and the other with 6 individuals) residing at the same address


TABLE 48:

COUNTRY OF NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMINFECTION OF CASES ENTOMOLOGICAL REQU

P. falciparum P. vivax INVESTIGATIONS MOSQUITO

East Timor 2 2

Indonesia 4 2 2 2

Irian Jaya 1 1 1

PNG 4 1 3 2

Sudan 1 1

Uganda 5 5 2

Sierra Leone 5 5 4

Thailand 2 1 1

Samoa 1 1

TOTALS 25 17 8 11

PARASITE SPECIES1 JULY 2007 TO 30 JUNE 2008

MALARIA NOTIFICATIONS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY



TABLE 50: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY MOSQUITO SURVEYS AND TRAVEL JULY 2007 TO JUNE 2008

DATE LOCATION PERSON PURPOSE

30/07-03/08/07 Groote Eylandt Myron Kulbac, Bruce Hitchins

Kevin Horig, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith

Groote Eylandt Aedes aegypti Eradication Project

07-10/08/07 Groote Eylandt Myron Kulbac, Bruce Hitchins Kevin Horig, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith


03-07/09/07 Groote Eylandt Myron Kulbac, Bruce Hitchins Kevin Horig, Darren Bowbridge, Colin Smith






18-24/9/07 Cairns Peter Whelan Aedes albopictus Project TAG meeting



01-05/10/07 Dili Bill Pettit, Sally Matthews East Timor Project 08-10/10/07 Groote Eylandt Myron Kulbac, Bruce Hitchins

Kevin Horig, Nina Kurucz Groote Eylandt Aedes aegypti Eradication Project

18-20/10/07 Groote Eylandt Myron Kulbac, Bruce Hitchins Kevin Horig, Darren Bowbridge, Colin Smith, Nina Kurucz, Bill Pettit

Groote Eylandt Aedes aegypti Eradication Project Dengue Day

12-21/10/07 Miami, Gold Coast

Nadine Copley Alan Niscioli

Mosquito Control Course

05-09/11/07 Dili Bill Pettit, Jane Carter, Peter Whelan

East Timor Project

05-09/11/07 Groote Eylandt Bruce Hitchins, Colin Smith, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith, Darren Bowbridge


08-09/11/07 Katherine Nina Kurucz Barbara Love

Mosquito survey and EHO induction



19-23/11/07 Groote Eylandt Myron Kulbac, Bruce Hitchins, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith


26-30/11/08 Groote Eylandt Bruce Hitchins, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith, Darren Bowbridge


03-04/12/07 Lake Bennett Peter Whelan CDC Section Heads Workshop


03-07/12/07 Groote Eylandt Darren Bowbridge, Bruce Hitchins, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith


11-17/12/07 Dili Bill Pettit East Timor Project

07-11/01/08 Groote Eylandt Alan Niscioli, Darren Bowbridge, Bruce Hitchins, Brett Devitt


14-18/01/08 Groote Eylandt Darren Bowbridge, Bruce Hitchins, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith, Basent Singh




24-25/01/08 Canberra Peter Whelan Australia Day Award Recipient Ceremony

29/01/08 – 01/02/08

Groote Eylandt Bruce Hitchins, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith, Basent Singh




12-14/02/08 Brisbane Peter Whelan Chikungunya workshop



03-07/03/08 Groote Eylandt Darren Bowbridge, Bruce Hitchins, Brett Devitt, Colin Smith


05-06/03/08 Nhulunbuy Huy Nguyen, Barbara Love Exotic mosquito survey

10-14/03/08 Broome Peter Whelan, Bill Pettit, Barbara Love

Mosquito Control Course



07-09/05/08 Groote Eylandt Dr. Vicki Krause, Peter Whelan, Darren Bowbridge, Huy Nguyen, Myron Kulbac

Groote Eylandt Aedes aegypti Eradication Project, official eradication declaration

14-16/05/08 Cairns Peter Whelan Queensland Health meeting

29-30/05/08 Brisbane Peter Whelan Dengue mosquito incursion workshop

16-19/06/08 Canberra Peter Whelan NAMAC meeting

16-20/06/08 Dili Bill Pettit East Timor Project


TABLE 51: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PUBLICATIONS 2007/08

REPORTS Medical Entomology Annual Report 2006/07. Muirhead Biting Insect Assessment. Browns Oxide Project Biting Insect Assessment. Rosebery Hub Biting Midge Investigation. Palmerston Eastern Suburbs Biting Insect Assessment. Frances Creek Mine Baseline Mosquito Assessment. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Liu C, Begg K, Johansen CA, Whelan PI, Kurucz N, Melville L (2007) ‘Communicable Diseases Network Australia National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee Annual Report 2006-2007’. Kulbac M, Whelan PI (2007). ‘Dengue mosquito incursion and the eradication program on Groote Eylandt NT’. Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin. 14:3:30-34. Nguyen H, Whelan PI (2007). ‘Detection and elimination of Aedes albopictus on cable drums at Perkins Shipping, Darwin, NT’. Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin. 14:3:39-41. Jacups S, Whelan PI and Currie B (2008). ‘Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus infections: a review of history, ecology and predictive models, with implications for tropical northern Australia’ Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 8:2 pp. 283-97. Whelan I (2008). ‘Personal mosquito protection while overseas’ Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin. 15:1:18-19. Whelan I (2008). ‘Mosquito borne disease warning for the Top End of NT 28 March 2008’ Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin. 15:1:17-18. Whelan I, Hall J. (2008). ‘Zika virus disease’ Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin. 15:1:119-21. Pettit W, Whelan I. (2007).’Timor Leste AusAid mosquito project – an update’ Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin. 14:3:35-38. Yang G, Bradshaw C, Brook B, Whelan I. (2008). ‘Importance of Endogenous Feedback Controlling the Long – Term Abundance of Tropical Mosquito Species’ Population Ecology 50: 293-305.


LocationSt

art D

ate

Fini

sh D

ate

Surv

eyed

& T

reat

ed

Surv

eyed

Onl

y

No

Ent

ry/A

cces

s

Tot

al P

rope

rtie

s with

Mos

quito

Lar

vae

Tot

al R

ecep

tacl

es w

ith L

arva

e

Prop

ertie

s Pos

itive

for A

edes

aeg

ypti

Posi

tive

for A

edes

aeg

ypti

(%)

Ae.

(Fin

) not

oscr

iptu

s

Ae.

(Mac

) tre

mul

us

Ae.

(Stg

) kat

heri

nens

is

Cx.

(Cux

) qui

nque

fasc

iatu

s

Cx.

(Cux

) ann

ulir

ostr

is

An.

(Cel

) ann

ulip

es s.

l.

Lu. (

Met

) hal

ifaxi

i

Cx.

(Cux

) cri

nica

uda

Ae.

(Mol

) pec

unio

sus

Cx.

(Cui

) pul

lus

Tp. (

Pol)

punc

tola

tera

lis

Cx.

(Cux

) spe

cies

Cul

icin

e pu

pae

Mos

quito

dam

aged

/ uni

dent

ifiab

le

Tot

als

03/09/2007 27/09/2007 445 0 0 31 39 0 0 0 0 0 38 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 5108/11/2007 03/12/2007 438 0 7 24 26 0 0 1 0 2 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3207/01/2007 06/02/2008 445 0 0 37 44 0 0 2 0 15 30 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 17 1 6926/02/2008 17/03/2008 20 168 2 20 24 0 0 6 1 1 17 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 3420/09/2007 27/09/2007 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 026/11/2007 29/11/2007 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 005/02/2008 06/02/2007 30 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 331/07/2007 03/09/2007 189 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1005/11/2007 03/12/2007 0 188 1 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 16

Airport 04/12/2007 04/12/2007 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Mine Site (Angurugu)

08/01/2008 10/01/2008 13 0 0 5 50 0 0 7 14 13 9 2 12 2 3 1 0 1 0 8 072

Ndunga 10/01/2008 10/01/2008 7 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4

Umbukumba 06/12/2007 06/12/2007 0 112 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 526/09/2007 26/09/2007 7 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 129/11/2007 29/11/2007 7 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Malkala 31/07/2007 31/07/2007 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1Milyakburra

(Bickerton Is.)05/12/2007 05/12/2007 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GEBIE Development

04/12/2007 04/12/2007 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

09/08/2007 09/08/2007 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 004/12/2007 04/12/2007 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 009/08/2007 09/08/2007 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 004/12/2007 04/12/2007 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 1693 543 15 147 214 0 0 17 17 35 143 4 13 7 3 1 3 2 1 53 1 300

Bartalumba Bay

Emerald River

Groote Eylandt Major Communities Aedes aegypti Eradication Program Summary (2007 - 2008 Financial Year )TABLE 52:

Dugong Beach Resort

Alyangula (Port)

Alyangula (Residential)

Angurugu

Total number of samplesPROPERTIES SURVEYED


Table 53 : MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PERFORMANCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS 1990/2008.1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

53.1 Mosquito Borne Diseases (NT)Imported Malaria cases 42 32 37 33 45 24 38 29 22 83 87 34 41 22 56 44 44 25Malaria cases requiring control 1 3 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0Ross River 453 194 297 330 379 113 231 124 147 159 234 71 134 203 173 264 259 246Kunjin 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Murray Valley encephalitis 2 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0Dengue Fever (local) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Barmah Forest 0 41 20 33 12 25 43 20 24 13 33 25 18 14 43 96 108 63

53.2 Aedes Ovitrap Program

Medical Entomology Darwin (urban)

No. of traps sites 28 28 28 28 28 30 31 31 35 41 45 45 46 43 39 44 38 36No. of traps sampled 1240 725 694 723 733 775 835 782 864 913 1100 1153 1059 1049 949 963 973 958No. of traps positive 394 381 403 458 374 364 312 311 204 216 385 285 206 147 410 386 413 327% traps positive 31.77 52.55 58.07 63.35 51.02 46.97 37.37 39.77 23.61 23.66 35.00 24.72 19.45 14.01 43.2 40.08 42.45 34.13No. of times with exotics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Medical Entomology Darwin (rural)No. of traps sites 12 13 12 12No. of traps sampled 282 305 310 311No. of traps positive 139 103 94 85% traps positive 49.29 33.77 30.32 27.33No. of times with exotics 0 0 0 0

Nhulunbuy CorporationNo. of traps sites 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 9 7 8No. of traps sampled 0 0 0 0 0 69 61 65 76 88 73 84 64 80 55 136 148 202No. of traps positive 0 0 0 0 0 19 15 11 20 23 23 35 24 15 14 38 49 86% traps positive 27.54 24.59 16.92 26.32 26.14 31.51 41.67 37.50 18.75 25.45 27.94 33.11 42.57No. of times with exotics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GEMCO BHP, Groote EylandtNo. of traps sites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 2 2 2 3 3 4No. of traps sampled 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 12 0 0 16 43 48 47 69 75No. of traps positive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 5 5 25 2% traps positive 12.90 8.33 0 2.33 10.42 10.64 36.23 2.67No. of times with exotics 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Jabiru Town CouncilNo. of traps sites 3 3 4 4No. of traps sampled 15 8 0 52No. of traps positive 1 0 0 9% traps positive 6.67 0 0 17.13No. of times with exotics 0 0 0 0

Katherine Environmental HealthNo. of traps sites 8 10 8 8 8No. of traps sampled 56 211 202 207 194No. of traps positive 32 101 93 109 120% traps positive 57.14 47.87 46.04 52.66 61.86No. of times with exotics 0 0 0 0 0

Alice Springs Environmental HealthNo. of traps sites 6 6 6 7 7No. of traps sampled 43 148 153 160 189No. of traps positive 1 10 12 21 5% traps positive 2.33 6.76 7.84 13.13 2.65No. of times with exotics 0 0 0 0 0

Exotic mosquito importations to NT * 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 4 3 15 34 12 35 13 22 9 2 0*(New category 1995/96)

53.3 Arbovirus Research Program

No. of virus collection traps set 57 325 212 212 0 28 5 23 24 15 2 13 0 4 0 0 3 0No. of mosquitoes processed 14716 27817 61063 48071 0 8384 1827 7117 7915 4471 1628 11934 0 99 0 0 415 0Virus identificationRoss River virus 0 4 7 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Barmah Forest virus 2 6 12 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Corriparta 0 0 21 11 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sindbis 2 1 59 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Mapputa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0MVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Koolgol 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Kowanyama 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Picola 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Warrego 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Wongorr 2 11 1 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Paroo River 1 1 15 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Wongorr group 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Eubenangee 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Orbivirus like 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Unidentified Alpha virus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Unidentified viruses 6 13 1 4 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Unknown virus 0 0 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Viruses not reisolated 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Queries 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Blue tongue type 16 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0TOTAL 22 39 131 50 0 24 1 3 0 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

No. of virus collection traps set 57 325 212 212 0 28 5 23 24 8 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0No. of Ceratopogonidae processed 0 50 0 3581 0 0 445 1374 1594 209 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Virus identificationNone recordedTOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/0853.4 NT Health Sentinel Chicken program

Number of chicken flocks - 2 5 5 6 5 7 7 7 7 7 9 8 8 9 11 11 12Number of seroconversions to MVEV - 0 8 39 8 4 21 2 20 27 26 17 2 2 12 15 11 9Leanyer Swamp - 0 1 7 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0Howard Springs - 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 0Coastal Plains - - 0 13 0 4 4 0 5 3 3 1 0 0 1 4 1 2Nhulunbuy - - 0 3 - - 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0Alyangula - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 - - - 0 0 0Katherine - - 0 12 0 0 3 1 2 3 2 4 0 0 4 2 3 2Tennant Creek - - - - 7 0 7 0 10 8 12 6 0 0 1 1 1 0Alice Springs Arid Zone - - - - - - 7 0 0 5 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0Alice Springs Ilparpa - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Jabiru - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 2 0 0Nathan River - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 3 3Robinson River - - - - - - - - 2Gapuwiyak - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 - - - - - -

Number of seroconversions to KUNV - 0 5 7 2 6 4 9 3 7 9 10 8 11 12 15 24 20Leanyer Swamp - 0 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 4 0 3 5 1 6 5Howard Springs - 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 1Coastal Plains - - 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 4 2 4Nhulunbuy - - 1 2 - - 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 5 0 1 0Gapuwiyak - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 - - - - - -Katherine - - 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 0 7 6 0Tennant Creek - - - - 0 0 3 3 0 2 0 0 1 4 0 1 1 0Alice Springs Arid Zone - - - - - - 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Alice Springs Ilparpa - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Alyangula - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0Nathan River - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 1 4Robinson River - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0Jabiru - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 5 4

53.5 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Statistics

DarwinTotal mosquitoes 88442 58341 121089 271335 167623 170872 152801 121820 286315 225679 146381 127041 222701 268023 154688 229864 217522 143701No. of trap sites 12 14 14 14 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 20 21 21 23 25 23No. of traps set 624 670 722 706 779 884 884 901 931 935 936 935 964 986 990 1073 1185 1188Av/trap/night 142 87 168 384 215 193 173 135 307 241 156 136 231 272 156 214 184 121

Ranger mineTotal mosquitoes 1103 1719 1901No. of trap sites 2 2 2No. of traps set 4 4 8Av/trap/night 276 430 238

Alice SpringsTotal mosquitoes 132306 112686 28224 31163 49069 30529 57980 10724 86844 151530 183183 99957 41627 40932 26815 7686 4587 2754No. of trap sites 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6No. of traps set 167 187 194 177 198 230 228 244 256 284 304 299 302 291 345 302 296 297Av/trap/night 777 535 170 150 245 130 263 40 341 534 611 334 138 141 78 25 16 9

JabiruTotal mosquitoes 264781 555916 314993 653437 267360 261430 175766 390728 222834 128723 149865 205478 158109 182245 293135 95049 151622 211557No. of trap sites 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5No. of traps set 172 164 176 184 175 182 181 177 166 161 173 180 158 135 164 153 205 235Av/trap/night 1539 3390 1790 3551 1528 1436 971 2207 1342 799 866 1142 1001 1350 1787 621 740 900

NhulunbuyTotal mosquitoes 25070 27538 22753 27776 12721 32864 22484 30348 46973 34324 32800 59681 42150 37635 41068 36154 26291 27558No. of trap sites 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6No. of traps set 183 179 203 201 241 247 252 258 263 254 191 222 215 186 173 177 160 169Av/trap/night 137 154 112 138 53 133 89 118 179 135 172 269 196 202 237 204 164 163

KatherineTotal mosquitoes 19853 6281 14842 10926 15133 2770 10610 15009 6961 17074 24600 32093 8615 14337 2752 37026 5262 10230No. of trap sites 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 5 5 6 7 6 6No. of traps set 64 83 95 88 96 87 99 103 97 105 102 105 107 109 90 137 112 113Av/trap/night 310 76 156 124 158 32 107 146 72 163 241 306 81 132 31 270 47 91

Tennant CreekTotal mosquitoes 0 0 3723 746 212 0 799 394 0 3728 41794 3015 10426 2639 371 7485 3524 1295No. of trap sites 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 4 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3No. of traps set 0 0 43 30 9 0 5 16 0 21 39 46 40 27 77 108 68 45Av/trap/night 0 0 87 25 24 0 160 25 0 173 1161 66 261 98 5 69 52 32

Groote EylandtTotal mosquitoes 0 0 0 0 501 904 1273 1526 1712 1256 1153 463 4695 4467 1273 2504 2716 1925No. of trap sites 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3No. of traps set 0 0 0 0 17 33 38 35 43 44 47 19 54 63 62 65 70 70Av/trap/night 0 0 0 0 29 27 33 44 40 29 24 24 87 71 21 39 39 28

Total no of traps set (towns) 1210 1283 1433 1386 1515 1663 1687 1734 1756 1804 1792 1804 1840 1797 1901 2019 2100 2117

53.6

DarwinDarwin City Council 3 5 13 16 35 22 14 7 14 13 22 3 5 8 8 9 11 4Parks and Wildlife Commission NT Casuarina Coastal reserve 2 0 6 14 31 32 29 26 19 8 13 9 8 7 14 17 14 10Parks and Wildlife Commission NT Botanic Gardens 0 0 0 0 0 27 23 25 23 21 19 28 17 11 15 13 13 24

Medical Entomology Casuarina/ Lee Pt. 0 0 0 0 24 34 28 10 9 32 27 19 25 17 27 44 16 12Medical Entomology Darwin 0 0 0 0 12 22 38 29 26 37 27 50 54 58 97 57 46 43

Medical Entomology Leanyer (non helicopter) 0 0 0 14 38 57 54 53 42 37 22 41 30 20 28 31 28 22

Medical Entomology (other areas) 1 5 5 11 28 14 2 10 16 19 3 8 14 7 6 11 2 4

NT Disease Control Program Larval surveys and control operations/days

** Figures prior to 1993/94 not complete


1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

53.7Alice SpringsAlice Springs Council/EHO 26 26 19 38 36 36 24 16 12 14 31 27 5 7 11 - 59 55

Katherine SurveysKatherine Environmental Health Surveys 1 1 2 3 73 70 67 76 72 76 72 74 72 83 91 76 66 33Katherine Council (control) 26 52 25 25 38 28 33 31 52 18 24 21 54 33 50 50 45 19PAWA (control) 3 6 10 8 7 6 6 13 24 4 5 6 25 3 23 25 27 7Private Meatworks (control) 3 3 13 18 11 13 9 14 25 10 7 4 28 9 24 26 27 0Dairy (control) 1 3 6 11 6 11 8 13 25 15 9 12 25 8 22 26 26 4Springvale homestead (control) 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 19 0 0 1 23 23 19 15 16 0Other Areas (control) 1 5 0 0 5 21 2 2 3 3 1 0

NhulunbuyNhulunbuy Corporation 30 10 52 6 40 41 33 40 44 No data No data No data 5 No data 8 No data No data No data

JabiruJabiru Town Council 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0

Tennant CreekDept. of Transport & Works 0 0 35 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Environmental Health 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 1

53.8Control survey/spraying (days) 13 14 15 22 34 41 36 35 33 17 30 27 33 32 36 21 34 31Hectares treated 423 405 1190 1160 1337 1686 1675 2004 1408 581 1131 716 932 1099 1249 1534 1062 1206Field trials (days) 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 12 0 0 0 0 0Bti used (litres) 780 1180 2395 2673 1640 1580 2528 1975 2873 1252 2081 1085 1187 1543 1749 1818 1791 1749Bti wettable powder 0 0 0 0 0 224 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Abate used (litres) 0 0 62 50 210 460 187 336 204 89 180 57 94 154 5 55.6 6 0Altosid liquid (litres) 5.5 5 25 67Altosid pellets (kg) 40.03 34 30 20Bti granules (kg) 0 0 0 534 0 354 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Helicopter cost (survey and control)(new category 2000/01) $92,494 $76,362 $108,608 $161,959 $155,312 $130,729 $111,031 $113,539Cost/ha treated (new category 2000/01) 127 157 161 147 124 111 139 127

CCNT T&W KATH KATH KATH KATHSurvey/spray days 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 8 0 3 0 2 0 0 3 3 0 0Hectares treated 0 0 162 0 0 15 0 254 0 92.3 0 32 0 0 - 209 0 0BTI used (L) 0 0 300 0 0 60 0 386.5 0 126 0 80 0 0 - 400 0 0

53.9Darwin 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 0Alice Springs 22 14 0 11 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Data 7 1 0 0 0 0Jabiru 83 80 77 113 36 68 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Nhulunbuy 80 102 95 140 110 149 60 45 126 No Data No Data No Data 56 58 47 102 126 175Katherine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Tennant Creek 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0* fogging after Katherine floods.

53.101. DARWIN CITY COUNCILMaintenance worksDrains weedicided (km) 5.0 3.1 3.5 5.5 6.0 7.0 2.475 1.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No data No data No dataDrains desilted (km) 2.00 5.15 4.30 4.42 1.00 3.20 13.86 14.43 13.65 6.75 6.46 8.60 4.50 20.41 15.97 27.35 21.73 32.80

New WorksStone pitching (square metres) 0 0 182.0 90 400 23 110 108 30 150 0 18 0 0 0 0 50 0Rock/reno mattress (square metres) 0 0 672.0 903 252 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gabions installed/repaired 0 0 0.0 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Concrete lined drains (km) 0 0 0.5 1 1 1 1 0 0.3 0.6 0 0.38 0.205 0.187 0.359 0.07 0.26 0.1Concrete lined drains (square metres) 0 0 0.0 0 0 1060 0 0 0 0 0 384 0 305 0 - -Open unlined drains (km) 0 0 0.0 1 0 2 1 0 0.05 0 0.075 0.025 0 0.084 0 0.04 0 0.05Pipe Drains (km) 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.061 0.122Fill areas (cubic metres) 0 0 1170.0 0 200 3000 9111 2900 4000 4200 8160 3396 1068 4671 125 11,298 1491.8 540Access road (square metres) 0 0 0.0 0 0 550 450 10350 0 24750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Stabilisation of erosion damage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cumulative totals of drainsDrains concreted (km) 1.6 1.8 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.2 5.7 6.05 6.35 7.32 7.32 7.7 7.905 8.092 8.451 8.521 8.781 9.003Drains open unlined (km) 37.5 38.1 38.1 37.6 38.6 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.15 40.15 40.22 40.25 40.25 40.33 40.33 40.37 40.37 40.42Drains under program (km) 39.1 40.0 40.4 40.9 42.9 45.3 45.8 46.2 46.5 47.5 47.5 47.9 48.2 48.43 48.781 48.891 49.212 49.423Money spent on mosquito engineering [(2:1) NTG:Council] excl GST 0 0 224,000 228,000 216,000 228,000 229,000 230,000 232,500 240,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 262,500 272,984

New WorksFill areas (cubic metres) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,600 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Open unlined drain (km) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total Cost (dollars) $150,000

3. DEFENCE FORCEFill and grade (dollars) $1,700,000 0 0 $130,367 0 0 0 0

NT Disease Control Program Larval surveys and control operations/days

Helicopter Larvicide Control Darwin

Darwin Mosquito Engineering Program

Helicopter larvicide for other organisations

NT Disease Control Program Adult Mosquito Control Fog Nights (Non Malaria Operations).

2. PARKS AND WILDLIFE COMMISSION


1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

53.11

** new category for 94/95Aedes aegypti surveys (No. of days) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 13 11 9 10 8 13Planning/EIS surveys (including visits to sites) 7 12 13 13 11 6 8 0 17 8 13 13 9 6Mosquito complaint investigations 7 8 14 9 18 26 14 3 5 2 0 3 6 5Arbovirus collections 0 3 4 14 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Malaria surveys 6 3 3 3 4 10 18 12 9 2 5 5 5 11

Aedes aegypti surveys (No. of days) 3 5 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 42 3 12 3 2Planning/EIS surveys (including visits to sites) 1 1 1 7 3 16 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 2 0Mosquito complaint investigations 15 11 5 2 4 2 5 3 9 6 5 0 3 0 3 2 3 8Arbovirus collections 4 8 3 2 0 5 0 0 1 3 1 3 0 4 0 0 0 0Malaria surveys 1 2 0 3 1 0 4 0 2 2 4 1 0 0 3 0 0 0

53.12Commonwealth Government/Defence 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Darwin City Council 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Dept. of Health and Community Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 1 2 0Dept. of Planning and Infrastructure 20 7 14 79 159 166 142 134 111 21 12 21 15 13 30 12 10 8Dept. of Mines & Energy 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Dept of Transport & Works 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Development Consent Authority 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 30 27 14 28 42 36 19 31Mine site 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Northern Territory Planning Authority 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Parks and Wildlife Commission NT 7 2 1 2 2 0 4 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Power and Water Authority 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0Private consultants 2 1 3 0 5 5 3 5 2 9 4 7 5 19 14 15 1 3NoI/EIS / PER (New category 1996/97) 13 6 7 0 0 11 4 8 19 28 27 13Environmental Protection Agency (excluding NoI/EIS/PER) (New Category 2005/06) 12 15 6

53.13 PublicationsScientific papers 3 6 2 0 1 3 6 7 9 2 10 4 7 6 12 4 10 8Conference Papers 2 0 6 1 1 1 0 4 4 2 0 0 3 0 4 0 3 0Branch reports 4 4 8 4 13 7 10 11 10 8 3 8 6 9 13 14 13 6

53.14Northern Territory 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other States 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

53.15*(new categories 95/96) 2 1 1 5 0 3 1 0 4 9 6 14 11

53.16 Public EnquiriesMosquitoes/Disease 113 74 154 352 370 265 296 262 198 116 146 90 138 110 76 91 36 74Other 92 147 142 109 135 138 131 160 155 71 187 142 122 43 89 189 45 107

53.17 Mosquito ComplaintsSuburbs bordering Leanyer 9 10 24 17 2 9 9 3 22 2 9 0 12 7 0 9 3 5Suburbs bordering Casuarina Coastal Reserve 0 0 0 0 9 2 0 4 8 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 2 4Others in Darwin 11 13 2 27 10 14 10 5 16 3 6 5 16 6 10 10 3 9Palmerston & Litchfield Shire 4 12 6 15 3 18 6 12 5 4 4 8 1 6 5 1 7Litchfield 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3Jabiru 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Kakadu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Katherine 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0Dunmarra 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Alice Springs 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1Warrego 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Nhulunbuy 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Tennant Creek 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Groote Is 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Argyle Diamond Mine, W.A. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rustlers Roost Mine, Arnhem H'way 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Oenpelli 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Snake Bay 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Southport 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Shoal Bay 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pepperminarti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Brunei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Dundee Beach 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finke River Mission 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finnis River Station 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Location Unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Troughton Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pine Creek 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Ngukur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Lajamanu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Elliott 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Totals 24 35 32 63 34 48 34 34 61 12 25 13 41 16 21 24 10 29

53.18 Major Projects carried outMine site baseline studies 0 0 1 3 5 8 3 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 2

Other biting insect investigations 4 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 0 2 4 2 4 5 5

53.19 Other non mosquito identifications* 26 19 27 18 18 17 12 8 11 10 33 18 7*(new categories 95/96)

53.20Quarantine identifications and advice*(new category 95/96) 6 16 6 3 12 32 6 19 8 13 9 5 10

53.21 Media releases *(new category 00/01) 13 13 10 14 20 21 14 11

53.22 ME staff trainingNo. of Staff Training Courses MEB staff attended 3 3 7 10 7 3 8 9No. of MEB staff attending 6 3 14 6 9 11 18 18*(new categories 00/01)

Non Darwin (by Medical Entomology & Regions)

Presentations to Public and other organisations

Mosquito Control Course Assistance

Planning and Environmental Responses

Vector Mosquito Surveys (adult & larval mosquito)Darwin urban/Darwin rural (by Medical Entomology)


Documents

Medical Entomology Annual Report 2007/08 - DoH Digital Library: … · 2019-04-04 · The Medical Entomology Annual Report 2007/08 is intended to present an overall picture of mosquito