Medical Department,Penang General Hospital

68 year old lady, known case of diabetes mellitus for 15 years, hypertension, bilateral knees osteoarthritis. On regular medications from Klinik Kesihatan.

1 week history of poor appetite, lethargic, cough. Noted by family to be confused, SOB on the day of admission.

BP: 90/50mmHg HR : 120 bpm

What other information from the history do you need?

What are the other vital signs that you want to know?

GCS: 11/15 BP: 90/50mmHg PR: 120bpm, not feeble Temperature: 38 degree celsius RR: 40breath/ min, SpO2 under room air: 93% Reflomet: 20mmol/L Clinically pale, dehydrated. Lungs: Lt basal crepitation with occasional rhonchi. CVS: NAD CNS: moving all 4 limbs (unable to follow

command) PA: mild tenderness at epigastric region, otherwise

soft. BS normal.

Why is her GCS low? Why is she tachycardic but with a pulse

which is not feeble? Why is she tachypnoeic? What do the lung findings suggest? Why does she have a tender epigastrium?

What is the cause of her shock?

What tests can you do to help with your diagnosis?

How would you resuscitate her?

24 year old Vietnamese lady, factory worker, came to A+E with 2 days history of abdominal pain, worsening in nature.

Language barrier, minimal history.

On examination:◦ In pain, restless, obey command, moving all 4

limbs.◦ Pale, no jaundice, dry◦ BP: 90/60mmHg PR: 123bpm (feeble) ◦ SpO2: 100% room air RR: 36 breath/min◦ Afebrile

◦ CVS, lungs: NAD◦ PA:

guarded, tender. No hepatosplenomegaly. Bowel sounds present and normal.

What is the diagnosis?

Why is her pulse feeble? Why is she dry?

How would you manage her?

55 year old gentleman, a case of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, on treatment. Under OPD follow up.

C/O: ◦ Sudden left sided chest pain since morning,

associated with SOB, vomiting, profuse sweating.

On examination:◦ Conscious, alert, in pain ◦ BP: 90/60bpm, PR: 110bpm (regular, poor volume),

afebrile, SpO2: 96% under room air, RR: 28breaths/ min

Hydration: fair CVS: S1S2 ESM mitral area Lungs: clear, air entry equal PA: soft, non tender, BS present

Diagnosis?

Explain the murmur? What is the one investigation to order immediately?

What is the diagnosis?

How would you manage him?

So how do you classify shock?

How do you tell them apart?